NAME :- CHHAVI OJHA

SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100208

Experiment-1(a)
Objectives:-
Explain Ohm's Law

Theory:-

Ohm's Law

1. The law states that the current through a conductor between two
points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points.
Such a conductor is characterized by its ‘Resistance’ – R measured in
Ohms.
2. V=I×R

 V is the Voltage in Volts across the conductor.

 I is the current in Amperes through the conductor.
 Voltage(V) is directly proportional to current i.e V=I×R
 Resistance(R) in inversely proportional to current(I) i.e I=VR

Figure 1: Ohm's Law triangle

NOTE:

From the above figure, the equation may be represented by a triangle

known as Ohm's Law triangle, where V (voltage) is placed on the top
section, the I (current) is placed to the left section, and the R (resistance) is
placed to the right. The line that divides the left and right sections indicates
 NAME :- CHHAVI OJHA
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100208

multiplication, and the divider between the top and bottom sections indicates
division.

Therefore equations derived from Ohm's law triangle are-

V=I×R

I=VR

R=VI

Explaination of Ohm's Law

Figure 2: Current through resistor

From the circuit:

 NAME :- CHHAVI OJHA
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100208

The voltage across resistor is equal to source voltage:

VR=VS

The current through the resistance is given by:

I=VRR
Procedure:-
Let us go through the experiment of confirming Ohms Law.

1. Set DC voltage(0-30 V).

2. Set the Resistance Value(1 Kohm - 100 Kohm) .
3. Voltmeter is placed parallel to resistor and ammeter series with
resistor.
4. Now note the Voltmeter and Ammeter reading for DC voltage.
5. Increase the DC voltage by 2 factor and note Voltmeter and
Ammeter Readings. Keep resistance value constant
6. Plot the V-I graph to verify Ohm's Law.
7. Repeat step 2 to 6 for another set of resistance value.
8. V versus I graph is a straight line.
9. Therefore from the graph we see that the resistance do adhere
to Ohm’s law. Thus resistance is said to be an Ohmic device.

Observation:-
 NAME :- CHHAVI OJHA
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100208

Graph:-

Experiment-1(b)

Objective:-

Explaination of Ohm's Law for Resistance in series

Ohm's Law for Resistance in series

Series circuits are sometimes called current-coupled or daisy chain-coupled.

The current in a series circuit goes through every component in the circuit.
Therefore, all of the components in a series connection carry the same
current. There is only one path in a series circuit in which the current can
flow.

Current:
I=I1=I2=I3
 NAME :- CHHAVI OJHA
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100208

Resistance:
Req=R1+R2+R3

Voltage:
VS=VR1+VR2+VR3

Figure 3: Series resistors

From the circuit:

The equivalent resistance,

Req=R1+R2

The total current of the circuit,

IT=VSReq
 NAME :- CHHAVI OJHA
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100208

Voltage across each resistance are,

For resistance R1,
VR1=R1×IT

For resistance R2,

VR2=R2×IT

In a series circuit, the current through each of the resistors is the same,
and the voltage across the circuit is the sum of the voltages across each
resistor.

Procedure:-

Let us go through the experiment of confirming Ohms Law with Resistance

in series.

1. Set DC voltage(0-30 V).

2. Here resistance are kept in series. Set the resistance R1(1 Kohm -
100 Kohm) value and set resistance R2(5 - 15 Kohm).
3. Voltmeter is placed parallel with resistor and ammeter series with
resistor.
4. Now note the Voltmeter and Ammeter reading for DC voltage.
5. Increase the DC voltage by 2 factor and note Voltmeter and Ammeter
Readings. Keeping resistance value constant
6. Plot the V-I graph to verify Ohm's Law
7. Repeat step 2 to 6 for another set of resistance value.
 NAME :- CHHAVI OJHA
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100208

Observation:-]

Graph:-
 NAME :- CHHAVI OJHA
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100208

Experiment-1(c)

Objective :-
Explaination of Ohm's Law for Resistance in parallel

Ohm's Law for Resistance in parallel

If two or more components are connected in parallel they have the same
potential difference (voltage) across their ends. The potential differences
across the components are the same in magnitude, and they also have
identical polarities. The same voltage is applicable to all circuit components
connected in parallel. The total current is the sum of the currents through
the individual components, in accordance with Kirchhoff’s current law.

Voltage:
V=V1=V2=V3

Resistance:
1Req=1R1+1R2+1R3

Current:
IT=IR1+IR2+IR3
 NAME :- CHHAVI OJHA
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100208

Figure 4: Parallel resistors

From the circuit:

The equivalent resistance,

Req=R1×R2R1+R2

The total current of the circuit,

IT=VSReq

Current across each resistance are,

For resistance R1,
IR1=VSR1
 NAME :- CHHAVI OJHA
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100208

For resistance R2,

IR2=VSR2

In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each of the resistors is the same,
and the total current is the sum of the currents through each resistor.

Procedure:-

Let us go through the experiment of confirming Ohms Law with Resistance

in parallel.

1. Set DC voltage(0-30 V).

2. Here Resistances are kept parallelly. Set the resistance R1 (100 ohm-
2 kohm) value and set resistance R2(1 -30 kohm).
3. Voltmeter is placed parallel to resistor and ammeter series with
resistor.
4. Now note the Voltmeter and Ammeter reading for DC voltage.
5. Increase the DC voltage by 2 factor and note Voltmeter and Ammeter
Readings. Keeping Resistance value constant
6. Plot the V-I graph to verify Ohm's Law.
7. Repeat step 2 to 6 for another set of resistance value.
 NAME :- CHHAVI OJHA
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100208

Observation:-

Graph:-
 NAME :- CHHAVI OJHA
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100208

Experiment-1(d)

objective:-

Explaination of Non Ohmic Device

Non Ohmic Device

A Non ohmic device is a device that does not obey Ohm's Law i.e. the
resistance is not constant, but changes in a way that depends on the
voltage across it.The device is said to be non-Ohmic. In this case V versus
I graph is not a straight line, but has some curvy shape. Such devices do
not have a constant value of resistance and the resistance is called dynamic
resistance because it is constantly changing.Examples of such devices are
tungsten filament (bulb), diode,thermistor etc.

Figure 5: Non Ohmic Device

Note
 NAME :- CHHAVI OJHA
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100208

1. Ohms Law is a very useful law but it only applies to devices that
behave like resistors – ie – I is simply proportional to V.
2. Ohms Law describes one possible relationship between V and I in a
component, but there are others, like
1. Capacitors ( I proportional to rate of change of V )
2. Diodes ( I flows in only 1 direction )
3. Thermistors ( Temperature dependent resistors )

Procedure:-

Let us go through the experiment of confirming Non Ohmic Device.

1. Set DC voltage to 5 V .
2. Use the resistor of 100K ohms and a diode.
3. Voltmeter is placed parallel to Silicon diode and ammeter series with
resistor.
4. Now note the Voltmeter and Ammeter reading for DC voltage 5V.
5. Decrease the Resistance as 75K, 51K, 24K and 10K Ohms and take
the readings and note Voltmeter reading across Silicon diode and
Ammeter reading.
6. Plot the V-I graph and observe the change.
7. The Change is not simply proportional. V versus I graph is not a
straight line.
8. Therefore from the graph we see that the diode does not adhere to
Ohms law.Thus diode is said to be non-Ohmic device.
 NAME :- CHHAVI OJHA
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100208

Observation:-

Graph:-
 NAME :- CHHAVI OJHA
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100208

Quiz
Test Your Knowledge!!

 1. What is the value of this resistor, in ohms

o 270 Ω

o 27 kΩ

o 2700 kΩ

o 2.7 kΩ

Answer:- (d) 2.7 kΩ

 2. Shunt resistance is labeled with the following rating: 150 A , 50 mV. What is
the resistance of this shunt, in ohms?

Shunt resistors are often used as current-measuring devices, in that they are
designed to drop very precise amounts of voltage as large electric currents pass
through them. By measuring the amount of voltage dropped by a shunt resistor,
you will be able to determine the amount of current going through it:
 NAME :- CHHAVI OJHA
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100208

o 333.3 μΩ

o 33.33 mΩ

o 3.333 Ω

o 3.333 mΩ

Answer :- (a) 333.3 μΩ

 3. If doubling the voltage across a resistor doubles the current through the
resistor then

o the resistor value decreased

o the resistor value did not change

o the resistor value increased

o it is impossible to determine the change in the resistor value

Answer:- (b) the resistor value did not change

 4. If the voltage across a fixed value of resistance is increased five times, what
does the current do?

o Not enough information

o It decreases by a factor of five.

o It stays the same.

o It increases by a factor of five

Answer :- (d) it increases by a factor of five

 5. What is the power in the given circuit?

 NAME :- CHHAVI OJHA
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100208

o 3.6 W

o 245 W

o 175 W

o 35 W

Answer :- (d) 35W

 6. If the voltage in the given circuit was cut in half, what would the current
equal?

o 30 mA

o 60 mA

o 10 mA

o 90 mA

Answer :- (b) 60mA

 7. Resistance and current are _________.

 NAME :- CHHAVI OJHA
SCHOLAR NUMBER :- 2100208

o inversely proportional

o directly proportional

o not related

o similar to voltage

Answer :- (a) inversely proportional