Other Geologic Hazards Week 6 DRRR

OTHER GEOLOGIC
HAZARDS
Other Geologic Hazards Week 6 DRRR

TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 What are geologic hazards?

02 Major types of geologic hazards

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GEOLOGIC HAZARDS
Geologic hazards are “geologic processes that may cause the loss of
lives, injuries, damage to property, social and economic disruption as it
may result in the loss of livelihood, or environmental damage” according
to the United nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR).

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 When we say “geologic processes,” we
refer to phenomena involving
TRANSITION HEADLINE landforms, earth processes, earth-
structure interaction, change in slope,
or any movement of the earth, rocks,
and soil.

What do we mean by These geologic hazards may also

the term geologic? destroy infrastructure; places where

people work; thus, stopping the source
of income of hundreds of people.

Whenever geologic hazards occur,

there are social and economic
implications to the communities within
its locality.

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Other Geologic Hazards Week 6 DRRR

Geologic Hazards in a form of

MASS WASTING OR SLOPE MOVEMENT

The geomorphic process by which soil, sand,

regolith, and rock move downslope typically as a
mass influenced by gravity and frequently
affected by water or water content.

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MASS WASTING EVENTS

In geology, mass wasting events may be caused by volcanic

eruptions, earthquakes, heavy rainfall resulting in increased
soil moisture, increased overburden from structures,
deforestation resulting in the reduction of roots holding the
soil to bedrock, undercutting of the slope by excavation or
erosion, and bioturbation, among others.

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Bioturbation is the idea

Regolith refers to the that the biological
Geomorphic processes layer of “loose and reworking of soils and
refer to the changing heterogeneous material sediments are
evolution of topographic composed of dust, soil, continuously done by
features of the earth , broken rock, and other plants and animals.
created by various related materials,”
physical processes taking covering the surface of
place on the earth’s solid rock.
surface.
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“ Mass wasting or slope movement

can be destructive, and as
responsible citizens, we must be
prepared for these geologic
hazards at all costs.

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MAJOR TYPE OF GEOLOGIC HAZARDS

Sudden Geologic Hazards

Slow Geologic Hazards

Both are mass wasting events.

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Sudden Geologic Hazards

When geologic hazards happen very quickly and with
little or no warning, it is considered a sudden geologic
hazard.
Often, these are recurrent, small-scale, low severity
disasters.
In some instances, it can affect more people because
many families residing in disaster prone area.
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The examples of sudden geologic hazards mostly fall under the category of landslides.
Other Geologic Hazards Week 6 DRRR

DEFINITION OF A LANDSLIDE

LANDSLIDE LANDSLIDE
A general term referring to all Landslide often travel a horizontal
types of surface movement, distance that is at most twice the
particularly those involving the height from where the material has
mass downhill movement of soil, fallen.
rock, or snow due to gravity,
including the landform that
LANDSLIDE
results from such movements.
A sudden geographic hazard, which can
occur in an instant, as the stability of the
slope of the terrain changes to an
unstable condition. 11
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CLASSIFICATION OF LANDSLIDE: according to

A Depth of soil or rock movement

Refer to Table 2. Landslide
classification on page 60 of
your book.
B Type of movement

C Material involved

D Velocity of the landslide event

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Kindly read the checkpoints on pages 58-59 of your book.
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CATEGORIES OF LANDSLIDES BASED ON
DEPTH OF THE LANDSLIDE

SHALLOW LANDSLIDE DEEP-SEATED LANDSLIDE

Occur when the sliding surface Have deep sliding surfaces that
range from a few decimeters to are located below the
a few meters of soil or maximum rooting depth of
weathered bedrock. trees, often at depths of more
than 10 meters.

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Fall

This occurs when soil or rocks abruptly detach from a steep slope or cliff,
about 45 to 90 degrees (nearly vertical), and often with a high elevation.

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Topple

Toppling is similar to a domino falling down when it is resting on its narrow edge, a
loaf of bread that is being sliced on its width.

A topple can be extremely slow or extremely rapid, sometimes accelerating

throughout its movement, depending on the distance it has or will travel.

When the slope failure is sudden, or the speed at which the toppling occurs is very
fast, it can be dangerous for people and destructive to property.

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Slide
When slide occurs, the slide material made up of a rock or soil mass has a
downslope movement, and is separated from more stable underlying material.

The horizontal layer where the slide material is detached from the stable
underlying material is the distinct zone of weakness or surface of rupture.

Types of slide:
▰ Rotational slide
▰ Translational slide
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Type of Slide: Rotational Slide

The surface of rupture is curved concavely upward and slide movement roughly
rotates about an axis that is parallel to the ground surface transverse across the
slide.

The displaced slide material follows the curve of the surface of rupture as it
moves downward, and may have little internal deformation.

Rotational slide movement can be extremely slow, around less than a foot every
five years, or as fast as more than 1.5 meters per month.

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Type of Slide: Translational Slide

This type of slide wherein the landslide mass moves along a roughly planar
surface with almost no rotation or backward tilting.

Translational slide can occur with a velocity of 1.5 meters per month or as fast
as 1.5 meters per day, moving faster to turn into a debris flow.

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Spread

A type of slide, caused by soil liquefaction or the general subsidence of a fractured

rock or soil mass into softer underlying material.

Lateral spreads distinctively occur on very gentle slopes or almost flat terrain, when a
stronger upper layer of rock or soils (or both), moves or disintegrates above an underlying
softer or weaker underlying material.

Rock spreads refer to solid or hard ground that pulls from the stable ground in one solid
mass, moving over the weaker layer without necessary forming a recognizable surface of
rupture.
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Flow

A flow is a continuous movement of displaced mass, resembling a viscous liquid.

Often, a slide changes into a flow depending on the water content, mobility, and
evolution of movement.

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Types of Flow: Rock Flow

This refers to the movements on bedrock that are slow, and usually occurs on slopes
that are at 45 to 90 degree angle. The flow consists of stones, large rocks and
boulders, moving downhill.

Rock Avalanche
While the rock flow is slow, the rock avalanche is extremely rapid with massive
amounts of flow material made of fragmented rock from a large rock slide or rock
fall.

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Rock avalanche is dangerous because of volume of the material that can bury whole towns.
Other Geologic Hazards Week 6 DRRR

Types of Flow: Debris Flows

A form of rapid to extremely rapid mass movement in which loose soil, rock, and
sometimes organic matter such as trees and vegetation, combine with water to
form a slurry that flows downslope.

Debris refers to the flow material with more than half the particles having sizes that
are larger than those of sand, such material from gravel to boulders.

Debris Avalanche
An essentially large, extremely rapid, open slope flows formed when an unstable
slope collapses and the resulting fragmented debris is rapidly transported away
from the slope.
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Earthflow

Usually occur on gentle to moderate slopes, generally in fine-grained soil.

Mudflow
An earthflow consisting of material that is wet enough to flow rapidly wherein more
than half are sand, silt, and clay particles.

Creep or Slow earthflow

Steady downward movement of slope-forming soil or rock-producing permanent
deformation.
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Causes of Landslides

Natural Causes

Human Causes

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Natural Causes of Landslides

Undercutting of cliffs
and banks by waves Volcanic eruption
or river erosion

The saturation of
slope material from Vibrations made by
intense or prolonged earthquakes
rainfall or seepage.

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Human Causes of Landslides

Mining and quarrying Excavation or Removal of

activities displacement of rocks
Vegetation

Vibrations from heavy Leaking pipes such as

traffic those for water and
sewer

Modification of slopes
by the construction of
Overloading slopes
roads, railways,
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buildings
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Gradual Geologic Hazards

Slow geologic hazards often take years, decades, or even centuries to form and
become a danger to a population residing in a specific area.

These are caused by natural processes happening in our planet.

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Subsidence

The motion of the surface as it shifts downward, relative to reference point such as
sea-level.

This involves natural processes of erosion.

Sinkholes often form through the process of suffusion, when loose soil lies on top
of limestone containing fissures.

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Alluvial Fan

The fan or cone-shaped deposit of sediment crossed and created by streams.

Alluvial Fan is composed of the following:

Hydrographic apex. The point in fan with highest elevation.
Topographic apex. The highest of an alluvial fan. Has streamflow that passes
through the main channel or tributary.
Active zone. Flood deposit sediment beyond the hydrographic apex.

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Differential Compaction

The process by which a sediment continuously loses its porosity because of the
effects of the loading.

Compaction partially forms lithification.

Lithification is the process by which sediments compact under pressure, expel

liquids and gradually become solid rocks.

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Shoreline and Stream Erosion

Erosion is a natural process that can be aggravated by human activities. It involves

the removal of soil and rock from one location, then transporting it to another
location where it is deposited.

Wind and water are agents of erosion.

Erosion causes land degradation, sedimentation of aquatic ecosystems, and

airborne dust pollution, which can be harmful to people in the long run as it
depletes natural resources and becomes a health risk.

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Kindly read the

remaining topics in
your book from
page 69-71.
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GREAT! You are

done with week
5 materials.

Week 6
DRRR 33