Development of the visual organ

ASPERA CHAMBERED NAUTILUS

membrane
OPTICS receptors

secretion
OF THE
receptor
EYE supporting
aper-
ture
cell
1.
Development of
the visual organ simple eye-cup
nerve
nerve without lens pinhole eye
1 2

Resolution:
Disadvantages:
aper-
ture

/ open
/ not point like imaging d d
/ poor resolution

Size of the spot ≈ size of the e.g.

aper- d
aperture (d) 2m
ture 2 mm d 2 cm

25 mm 25 cm 25 m

smaller d for loss of intensity and

3 better resolution diffraction 4
 Refraction on curved surface Image formation on curved surface
(for light rays near to the axis!) n < n’
n'
f =R
n '−n n n’
F
f
o i
n ' n '−n O I
Power of the surface (D): D= =
f R

n: refractive index of the 1. medium

n’: refractive index of the 2. medium n' n
D>0 convergent D= +
R: radius of the curved surface i o
D<0 divergent
>0, when convex
<0, when concave
5 6

Simple sphere as eye? Accommodation?

f ≤ 2R

n'
f =R ≤ 2R
n '−n

n =1 n '≥ 2 !!

n’ = 1.333
r ≈ 6.25 mm
f = 2R = 25 mm

7 8
Development of the visual organ

snail memb-
rane
pigment
cell
OPTICS
OF THE
EYE
nerve
2.
receptor
lens
eye with moving lens
9 10

The human eye

Power of the human eye

n '− n
D=
R

D : power (dpt)

n : refr. index of the

1. medium

n’ : refr. index of the

2. medium

R : radius (m)
+ convex
– concave

11 12
 int Accommodation power (ΔD)
r po on
Accommodation fa visi
of or

n' n
Dr = +
i or
op
n' n 1 1
Dp = + ΔD = Dp − Dr = −
ne i op o p or
of ar p
vi oi
sio nt
n

e.g. or = ∞
ΔD = 13 dpt
focused to a far object focused to a near object o p = 0.07 m
(just sharp) (just sharp)

far point of vision: or near point of vision: op 13 14

Defects of the eye: nearsightedness

Extrem example: induced accomodation of duck’s eye

overland under water

15 16
 Defects of the eye: farsightedness Defects of the eye: aging of the eye

17 18

Image formation Visual acuity (resolution)

Model:
reduced eye

Limiting angle: Visual acuity:

The image:
a a 360 (°) ⎛'⎞ 1(' )
• real α≅ (rad) α (' ) = (rad ) ⋅ ⋅ 60 ⎜ ⎟ visus = (⋅100 %)
x x 2π (rad ) ⎝°⎠ α (' )
• diminished D = 67 dpt
• inverted
Limiting angle of average healthy eye is 1’, so the visual acuity is 100 %.
19 20
 Explanation of visual acuity 2.
Wave optical explanation:
Image of an object point on
Diffraction on the pupil the retina

d „Airy
Θ disk”

λ
Angle of the first minimum interference sin Θ = 1.22 ≈Θ
d
relative to the principal maximum:

21 22

d
θ

Condition to resolve two object points, that their diffraction patterns

shift compared to each other at least so, that the maximum of one
coincides with the first minimum of the other.
λ
In this case the visual angle of the object points: θ = 1.22
d
e.g. λ = 0.55 μm,
θ = 0.7’
d = 3.5 mm = 3500 μm
23 24
 Explanation of visual acuity 3. Measurement of
visual acuity
discrete receptor field

Cones and rods Cones of different wavelength

(in the peripheral part of the sensitivity
retina)
(fovea centralis)

25 26

Image of Landolt broken ring on the yellow spot 1. Image of Landolt broken ring on the yellow spot 2.

27 28
 Density and distribution of receptor cells Reduction of information,
a=0.4 mm (mm)! convergence:
a′
A ≅ (a')2
0.4
a’ =
x 17 connection of rods

1
x receptor density = rods
A

bipolar cell

29 30

Blind spot

d OPTICS
On the printed figure: d = 60 mm OF THE
mm!
d d'
EYE
=
x 17
3.

31 32
Adaptation Sensitivity curve
507 nm
scotopic vision (rods)

diameter of pupil (mm)

relative sensitivity
10 10 years old

8 20 years

6 40 years photopic vision (cones)

550 nm
4 60 years
80 years
2

10 100 1000 10 000 100 000

illuminance (lux) 400 500 600 700

λ (nm)
33 34

Color vision Color blindness

Which number
you see on the
figure?

35 36
37