MAA SL

EXERCISES 4.5-4.8 SOLUTIONS

PROBABILITY
Compiled by: Christos Nikolaidis

A. Practice questions

1. (a)
n( A) 15 n(B ) 25 n( A  B ) 10
n( A) 35 n(B ' ) 25 n( A  B ) 30
n( A  B ) 15 n( A  B' ) 5 n( A  B) 20
n( A  B) 45 n( A  B' ) 35 n( A  B ) 40

(b)
P ( A) 15/50 P ( A) 35/50 P( A  B) 30/50
P ( A' B ) 15/50 P ( A' B ) 45/50 P ( B ' A) 35/50

(c)
P( A | B) 10/25 P ( A' | B ) 15/25 P ( B' | A) 5/15
P ( B | A) 10/15 P( A | B ' ) 5/25 P ( A' | B ' ) 20/25

2. (a)
P ( A) 0.5 P ( A) 50 P( A  B) 0.2
P( A  B) 0.9 P ( A' B ) 0.4 P ( A' B ) 0.7
(b)
P( A | B) 1/3 P ( A' | B ) 2/3 P ( B' | A) 3/5
P ( B | A) 2/5 P( A | B ' ) 3/4 P ( A' | B ' ) 1/4

3. (a)
P (Boy ) 30/80 P (Group C ) 15/80
P ( Boy and Group C ) 10/80 P ( Boy or Group C ) 35/80

(b)
P ( Boy | Group C ) 10/15 P (Group C | Boy ) 10/30
P ( Boy | NOT Group C ) 20/65 P ( NOT Group C | Boy ) 20/30

4. The four scenarios have probabilities 0.18, 0.12, 0.14, 0.56

(a)
P ( A) 0.3 P ( A) 0.7 P( A  B) 0.18

P ( A  B ) 0.12 P ( A  B ) 0.14 P ( A  B ) 0.56

(b)
P (B ) 0.32 P (B ' ) 0.68 P( A  B) 0.44

1
 (c)
P ( B | A) 0.6 P ( B  | A) 0.4 P ( B | A) 0.2 P ( B  | A) 0.8

(d)
P( A | B) 0.18/0.32

5. (a) P ( A) = 0.4 P ( A  B ) = 0.7 (b) x  0 . (c) x  0.2 (d) x  0.3 (e) x  0.1

B. Past paper questions (SHORT)

6. (a) U

B
A

(b) n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B) 65 = 30 + 50 – n(A  B)

 n(A  B) = 15 (may be on the diagram)
n(B  A) = 50 – 15 = 35
35
(c) P(B  A) = = 0.35
100
7. (a)

A B

(b) (i) n(A  B) = 2

2  1
(ii) P(A  B) = or 
36  18 
(c) n(A  B)  0 (or equivalent)

8. (a) (i) n = 0.1

(ii) m = 0.2, p = 0.3, q = 0.4
(b) P(B′) =1– P(B) = 0.6

9. (a) (i) p = 0.2

(ii) q = 0.4
(iii) r = 0.1
0.2 2
(b) P(A│B′) = =
0.3 3
2
(c) P(A ∩ B) ≠ P(A)P(B) since 0.3 ≠ 0.35 OR P(A│B′) ≠ P(A) since ≠ 0.5
3
thus, A and B are not independent

2
10. (a) p(A  B) = 0.6 + 0.8 – 1= 0.4
(b) p(A’  B') = 0.6
19
11. (a)  0.158
120
(b) 35  (8 + 5 + 7) = 15
15 1
Probability =   0.125
120 8
(c) Number studying = 76
Number not studying = 120  number studying = 44
44  11 
Probability =   0.367 
120  30 

20 1
12. (a) (i) P(PC) = =
20  40 3

30 1
(ii) P(PC) = =
30  60 3

(b) P is independent of C
since P(PC) = P(P) = 1/3 OR P(P)×P(C) = P(PC) = 2/15

13. (a)
Boy Girl Total
TV 13 25 38
Sport 33 29 62
Total 46 54 100
38
P(TV) =
100
13
(b) P(TV  Boy) =
46

14. (a)
Males Females Totals
Unemployed 20 40 60
Employed 90 50 140
Totals 110 90 200
40 1
(b) (i) P(unemployed female) = 
200 5
90 9
(ii) P(male I employed person) = 
140 14

15. (a) 46/97

(b) 13/51
(c) 59/97
12  3 
16. (a) (i) P(male or tennis) =  
20  5 
6
(ii) P(not football | female) =
11
11 10 110  11 
(b) P(neither football) =  =  
20 19 380  38 

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17. (i) Independent (I)
(ii) Mutually exclusive (M)
(iii) Neither (N)

18. Let P(A) = x, P(B) = 2x

P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A)( B)
0.52 = x + 2x – 2x2
x = 0.2, (1.3 rejected)
P(B) = 0.4

1
19. (a) P(A) =
11
2
(b) P(B│A) =
10
(c) P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B│A)
1 2 2
P(A ∩ B) =  =
11 10 110

120 11
120 
20. (a)   
360
360 33 
9090 120
120 210
210 7 7 
(b)    
360
360  360360 1212 
90  33
90 
(c)   
210
210 77 

21. (a) P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)

1 3 7 3
P(A  B) =   =
2 4 8 8
 3
 
P( A  B)  8  1
(b) P(AB) =  =
P( B )  3  2
 
 4
(c) Yes, the events are independent
EITHER P(AB) = P(A) OR P(A  B) = P(A)P(B)

22. (a) Independent  P(A  B) = P(A)  P(B) = 0.3  0.8) = 0.24

(b) P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B) = 0.3 + 0.8  0.24 = 0.86
(c) No since P(A  B)  0 [OR P(A  B)  P(A) + P(B)]
23. (a) P(E  F) = P(E)P(F)
1
1 2 1
 P(F), P(F) = 3 =
3 3 2 2
3
(b) P(E  F) = P(E) + P(F) P(E  F)
2 1 1 5
P(E  F) =   =
3 2 3 6

4
 3
24. (a)
4
(b) P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B)
2 3 7 11
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B) =   =
5 4 8 40
 11 
P( A  B)  40  11
(c) P(A  B) =  = (0.367)
P( B)  3  30
 
 4 
25. (a) P(A  B) = P(A) × P(B) = 0.6x
(b) (i) P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A)P(B)
0.80 = 0.6 + x – 0.6x  0.2 = 0.4x  x = 0.5
(ii) P(A  B) = 0.3
(c) P(A  B) ≠ 0

26. Let P(A) = x then P(B) = 3x

P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B)
0.68 = x + 3x  3x2
3x2  4x + 0.68 = 0
x = 0.2 (x = 1.133, not possible)
P(B) = 3x = 0.6

27. (a) P (A  B) = P (A) + P (B) – P (A  B)

3 4 6 1
 P (A  B) = P (A) + P (B) – P (A  B) =  – =
11 11 11 11
3 4 12
(b) P (A  B) = P (A) × P (B) =  =
11 11 121

28. Total number of possible outcomes = 36

6
(a) P ( E )  P (1, 1)  P (2, 2)  P (3, 3)  P (4, 4)  P (5, 5)  P (6, 6) 
36
3
(b) P ( F )  P (6, 4)  P (5, 5)  P (4, 6) 
36
(c) P  E  F   P (E)  P (F )  P (E  F )
1
P (E  F ) 
36
6 3 1  8 2 
PE  F       , 0.222 
36 36 36  36 9 

29. Sample space ={(1, 1), (1, 2) ... (6, 5), (6, 6)} [a grid helps]

6  5  4  3  2 1 7 7
(a) P (S < 8) = = OR P (S < 8) =
36 12 12
1  1  6  1  1  1 11 11
(b) P (at least one 3) = = OR directly =
36 36 36
7
P(at least one 3  S  8) 1
(c) P (at least one 3S < 8) = = 36 =
P S  8  7 3
12

5
30. (a)
6, 6 1
6
1 36
–
6
6
1
–
6 5
–
6 5
not 6 6, not 6
36
not 6, 6 5
6
1 36
–
5 6
–
6 not 6
5
–
6 25
not 6 not 6, not 6
36

1 1 1 5 5 1  5 5 11
(b) P(one or more sixes) =      or 1    =
6 6 6 6 6 6  6 6 36

31. (a)
3/9 A

A
4/10
6/9
B

4/9 A
6/10
B

5/9
B

 4 6   6 4  48  8 
(b)        , 0.533 
 10 9   10 9  90  15 

32. (a)
0.6

0.4 0.4

0.6 0.5

0.5

(b) P(B) = 0.4(0.6) + 0.6 (0.5) = 0.24 + 0.30= 0.54

P( B  C ) 0.24 4
(c) P(CB) =   (= 0.444, 3 sf)
P( B) 0.54 9

6
33. (a)
Grows
0.9

Red
0.4

0.1 Does not grow

Grows
0.8

0.6
Yellow

0.2 Does not grow

(b) (i) 0.4  0.9 = 0.36

(ii) 0.36  0.6  0.8 ( 0.36  0.48) = 0.84

P (red  grows) 0.36  3

(iii) (may be implied)   0.429  
P (grows) 0.84 7
34. (a)

1 4  4 
(b) (i) P(R  S) =    0.267 
3 5  15 
1 4 2 1 13
(ii) P(S) =    = ( 0.433)
3 5 3 4 30
8
(iii) P(R S) = (4/15) / (13/30) = ( 0.615)
13
4
35. (a) p=
5
1 1 4 3 1 12
(b)    , 
5 4 5 8 20 40
1 1 4 3 1 12 14  7 
P(B) =    = ,  =  
5 4 5 8 20 40 40  20 
4 3

12  6 
(c) P(A′│B) = 5 8 =  
7 14  7 
20

7
36. (a) P(pass) = 0.6 × 0.8 + 0.4 × 0.9 = 0.84
(b) P(B) = x, P(A) = 1 – x
0.8(1 – x) + 0.9x = 0.87  x = 0.7 70 % from B

37. (a) P(win) = (0.65)(0.83) + (0.35)(0.26) = 0.6305 (or 0.631)

(0.65)(0.17)  0.1105 
(b) P(H│W′) =   = 0.299
0.3695  0.3695 

 13 12 11 10  17160  65 
38. P(4 girls) =      =   0.0673 
 24 23 22 21  255024  966 

7 6 7 
39. P(RR) =   
12 11  22 

5 4 5
P(YY) =   
12 11  33 

31
P (same colour) = P(RR) + P(YY) = (= 0.470, 3 sf)
66

22
40. (a) P= (= 0.957 (3 sf))
23
(b)
R
21 3
24 23

R
G
22
25

etc
3
25
G

OR P = P (RRG) + P (RGR) + P (GRR)

22 21 3 22 3 21 3 22 21 693
=         = (= 0.301 (3 sf))
25 24 23 25 24 23 25 24 23 2300

41. P(different colours) = 1 – [P(GG) + P(RR) + P(WW)]

 10 9 10 9 6 5   210  44
=1–       = 1–  = (= 0.677, to 3 sf)
 6 25 26 25 26 25   650  65
OR
P(different colours) = P(GR) + P(RG) + P(GW) + P(WG) + P(RW) + P(WR)
 10 6   10 10  44
= 4    2   = (= 0.677, to 3 sf)
 26 25   26 25  65

8
C. Past paper questions (LONG)

42. (a)
1
4 L

7
W
8
3
4 L'
3
5 L
1
8
W'
2
5 L'
7 1 1 3 47
(b) Probability that he will be late is    = (0.294)
8 4 8 5 160
7 1 7

8 4 32 35
(c) P(WL) = = = (= 0.745)
47 47 47
160 160
43. (a)
U(88)
E(32) H(28)

a b c

39

n (E  H) = a + b + c = 88 – 39 = 49
n (E  H) = 32 + 28 – b = 49  b = 11
a = 32 – 11 = 21
c = 28 – 11 = 17

11 1
(b) (i) P(E  H) = 
88 8
21
PH ' E  88 21 21
(ii) P(HE) =  = (= 0.656) Or directly =
P E  32 32 32
88
56  55  54
(c) (i) P(none in economics) = = 0.253
88  87  86

(ii) P(at least one) = 1 – 0.253= 0.747

OR
 32 56 55   32 31 56  32 31 30
3     3       = 0.747
 88 87 86   88 87 86  88 87 86

9
44. (a) P(F  S) = 1  0.14 (= 0.86)
P(F  S) = 0.93  0.86= 0.07
Note: You can use Venn Diagram
 P ( F  S )  0.07
(b) P(F  S)   = = 0.113
 P ( S )  0.62

(c) F and S are not independent

EITHER
If independent P(F  S) = P(F), 0.113  0.31
OR
If independent P(F  S) = P(F) P(S), 0.07  0.31  0.62 (= 0.1922)
(d) Let P(F) = x
P(S) = 2P(F) = 2x
P(F  S) = P(F)P(S)  P(F)P(S)  0.86 = x + 2x  2x2  2x2  3x + 0.86 = 0
x = 0.386, x = 1.11
P(F) = 0.386

80  8 
45. (a) (i) P ( A)     0.381
210  21 
35  1 
(ii) P (year 2 art)     0.167 
210  6 
(iii) No (the events are not independent
EITHER P( A  B)  P ( A)  P ( B) (to be independent)

100  10  1 8 10
P ( B)    0.476  but  
210  21  6 21 21

OR P (A)=P (A B) (to be independent)

35 8 35
P(A B )  but 
100 21 100
OR P (B)=P (B A) (to be independent)

100  10  35 35 100
P ( B)    0.476  , P (B A)  but 
210  21  80 80 210
(b) n (history)  85

50  10 
P (year 1 history)     0.588 
85  17 

 110 100   100 110   110 100  200

(c)        2     0.501
 210 209   210 209   210 209  399

10
46. (a) (i) Venn diagram, 30
(ii) 45
70  7 
(b) (i)  
100  10 

45  9 
(ii)  
70  14 
(c) P(A ∩ B) = 0.3 ≠ 0
30 75 55 30 75
(d) P(A ∩ B) ≠ P(A) × P(B),   , 
100 100 100 55 100
30 75
OR P(B│A) ≠ P(B), 
55 100
47. (a) (i) s=1
(ii) q=5
(iii) p = 7, r = 3
5
(b) (i) P(art|music) =
8
(ii) METHOD 1
12  3  3 5
Part      the events are not independent
16  4  4 8
METHOD 2
96  3 12 8 5
P(art) × P(music) =     the events are not independent
256  8 16 16 16
3
(c) P(first takes only music) =
16
7
P(second takes only art)=
15
3 7 21  7 
P(music and art)=  =  
16 15 240  80 

11