I. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS. Read, understand, and analyze the statements below.

1. The structure that separates a sarcomere from the adjacent/ neighbouring

sarcomere attaches to the actin molecules of the thin filaments and titin
molecules by which of the following proteins?
A. a- actinin
B. Tropomyosin
C. Myosin
D. Dystrophin
2. What structure serves as a source of new chondrocytes for mature adults ?
A. Periosteum
B. Perichondrium
C. Pericardium
D. Serous membranes
3. Whenever a skeletal muscle contacts, the tension generated by the contraction is
transmitted to the supporting tendons and the adjacent bone. The said process
makes it possible for generation of body movement. The said transmission
process is PRIMARILY carried out by which structural protein?
A. a-actinin
B. Myomesin
C. Nebulin
D. Dystrophin
4. Which of the following is TRUE about dystrophin?
A. Protein coating the sarcolemma
B. Stimulate Ach binding to receptor
C. Links thick filament to sarcolemma
D. Accounts for elasticity of myofilament
5. What structure is primarily attributed for the resilience of fibrocartilage?
A. Chondroitin sulfate
B. Keratan sulfate
C. Collagen fibers
D. Elastic fibers
6. Which of the following DOES NOT happen in an isometric muscle
contraction? A. Lengthen
B. Widen
C. Conduct current
D. Shorten
7. Which structure is type 1 collagen that attaches periosteum to bone surface?
A. Osteoblasts
B. Interstitial lamellae
C. Sharpey fibers
D. Proteoglycans
8. Which of the following is a band of connective tissue that surrounds skeletal
muscles? A. Tendon
B. Endomysium
C. Epimysium
D. Perimysium
9. Assuming that a skeletal muscle gave the typical response to an action potential it
received from an axon terminal, which of the following structures will characteristically
shorten in length? A. Myofibrils
B. Myoglobin
C. Mitochondria
D. T tubule
10. When connective tissue extends as a broad flat layer, as which of the following the
tendon is referred?
A. Perimysium
B. Deep fascia
C. Fascicle
D. Aponeurosis
11. An action potential stimulated a skeletal muscle. Which of the following is most likely to
be carried out by the said muscle?
A. Release of Ca** by the myofibrils
B. Gluconeogenesis carried out by the sarcoplasm
C. Release of Ca** by the terminal cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum
D. Increase in the length of the sarcomeres
12. A skeletal muscle is observed to be contracting. Which of the following correctly
describes skeletal muscle?
A. The tropomyosin is currently covering the active sites on the actin molecules
B. Calcium ions are not currently bound to troponin
C. Actin heads are currently attached to the actin-binding sites on myosin
D. Myosin heads are currently attached to the myosin-binding sites on actin
13. A histologist is currently viewing a sarcomere unit using a certain high-resolution
microscope. He observed that the area he is currently viewing is characterized by
presence of pale-staining myofilaments. The histologist is currently observing which of
the following areas of the sarcomere?
A. I band
B. A band
C. H zone
D. Either A or B
14. Where is the structural protein responsible for much of the myofibril's elasticity
and extensibility located?
A. In the A band only
B. B. In the H zone only
C. C. In the Z disc only
D. D. From M line to Z disc
15. Which is derived by fusion of macrophages and characteristically phagocytose
large foreign bodies?
A. Plasma cell
B. T lymphocytes
C. Osteoclasts
D. Eosinophils
16. A voluntary muscle is NOT characterized by which of the following?
A. Centrally located nucleus
C. Absence of intercalated discs
B. Multinucleated
D. Striated and are usually attached to bones by tendons
17. What cartilage type is associated with the interstitial growth of
bones? A. Hyaline cartilage
B. Fibrocartilage
C. Elastic cartilage
D. Areolar cartilage
18. During muscular contraction, a sarcomere decreases its length because of a sliding
filament mechanism. Which mechanism is utilized to produce the required energy for
the said sliding filament mechanism?
A. Hydrolysis of the actin filaments
b. Binding of K+ ions to tropomyosin
c. Binding of Ca²+ ions to troponin
D. Enzymatic action of myosin
ATPase
19. Which of the following correctly describes the release of Ca²+ ions into the cytosol
upon stimulation of the skeletal muscle by an action potential?
A. Happens at the beginning of a contraction
C. Happens only during the midpoint of a contraction
B. Happens throughout the entire contraction
D. Happens after the contraction ends
20. Which of the following stimulates osteoclast precursors to undergo
mitosis? A. Osteoprotegerin
B. RANKL
C. M-CSF
D. Osteonectin
21. Action potentials must be transmitted from a motor neuron to a skeletal muscle for
contraction to occur. The transmission is carried out via a di usion process across which ff
of the following structures?
A. Motor neuron axon
B. Synaptic cleft
C. Synaptic vesicles
D. Sarcolemma
22. Which of the following muscle proteins and their descriptions are mismatched?
A. Titin: Regulatory protein that holds troponin in place
B. Tropomyosin: Regulatory protein that blocks myosin-binding sites
C. Actin: Contractile protein that contains myosin-binding sites
D. Myosin: Contractile motor protein
23. Which of the following DOES NOT describe the type of muscle fiber
that muscles?
A. Contains a low amount of creatine kinase
B. Low amount of glycogen stores predominates the postural
C. Fast hydrolysis of ATP by myosin ATPase
D. High capacity of generating ATP
24. Using immunohistochemistry a population of cells is shown to be positive for the
protein connexin. From this we can infer that the cells are connected by what type of
junction?
A. Tight (occluding) junctions
B. Zonula adherens
C. Gap junctions
D. Hemidesmosomes
E. Desmosomes (macula adherens)
25. An intermediate filament protein found in cytoplasm of most epithelial cells is which of
the following?
A. Actin
B. Vimentin
C. Laminin
D. Myosin
E. Keratin
26. The release of lipid droplets from cells is which type of secretion?
A. Merocrine
B. Serous
C. Apocrine
D. Mucous
E. Holocrine
27. Which one of the following statements about the fibronectin receptor is true?
A. It is located exclusively in the basal lamina.
B. B. It is a cross-shaped glycoprotein.
C. It mediates the linkage of molecules outside the cell with cytoskeletal elements inside
the cell.
D. It belongs to the entactin family of receptors.
E. E. Its absence is associated with scurvy.
28. Which one of the following events in collagen synthesis occurs outside of the
cell? A. Synthesis of preprocollagen
B. Hydroxylation of lysine residues
C. Triple helix formation
D. Carbohydrate addition to procollagen
E. Cleavage of procollagen by procollagen peptidases
29. Which one of the following statements about hyaluronic acid is true?
A. It is a component of elastic fibers.
B. It is a glycosaminoglycan.
C. It is a proteoglycan with a shape resembling a bottlebrush.
D. It is sulfated.
E. It is a small molecule.
30. Which one of the following statements about osteonectin is
true? A. It is present in the lacunae of binds to type II
collagen.
B. The cells in its most superficial layer are flattened.
C. Its basal cells rest on an elastic lamina.
D. Its cells lack desmosomes.
E. It is synthesized by osteoclasts.
31. Which one of the following statements about stratified squamous epithelium is true?
A. The surface layer of cells is always keratinized.
B. B. The cells in its most superficial layer are flattened.
C. Its basal cells rest on an elastic lamina.
D. Its cells lack desmosomes.
E. It lines the ducts of sweat glands.
32. Which one of the following statements regarding collagen is
true? A. It is composed of tropocollagen.
B. Reticular fibers are composed of type II collagen.
C. It is synthesized mostly by mast cells.
D. Elastic fibers are composed of type IV collagen.
E. Type II collagen is most common in connective tissue proper.
33. Dense regular connective tissue is present in
C. tendons.
D. skin.
E. dermis.
34. Of the following cell types found in connective tissue, which is most often present
along capillaries and resembles fibroblasts?
A. Plasma cell
B. Lymphocyte
C. Macrophage
D. Mast cell
E. Pericyte
35. Which one of the following cell types arises from monocytes?
B. Fibroblasts
C. Lymphocytes
D. Macrophages
E. Mast cells
36. Foreign body giant cells are formed by the
coalescence of A. macrophages.
B. lymphocytes.
C. fibroblasts.
D. adipose cells.
E. plasma cells.
37. Which one of the following cell types in the connective tissue arises from myeloid
stem cells?
A. Pericytes
B. Eosinophils
C. Fibroblasts
D.Osteoblasts
E. Adipocytes
38. Which of the following cell types is responsible for anaphylactic shock?
A. Fibroblasts
B. B. Eosinophils
C. Pericytes
D. Mast cells
E. Macrophages
39. Which one of the following statements regarding proteoglycans is true?
A. They consist of a core of fibrous protein covalently bound to glycoproteins.
B. They are attached to ribonucleic acid.
C. They are binding sites for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
D. They are composed of a protein core to which glycosaminoglycans are attached.
E. They are the exclusive substance of the extracellular matrix along with collagen.
40. Which one of the following statements concerning loose connective tissue is
true? A. It is less abundant than dense connective tissue.
B. It has a lower proportion of cells to fibers than does dense connective tissue.
C. It acts as a medium for exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissues.
D. It provides structural support for organs.
E. It consists of many fibers in which various types of cells are embedded.
41. Which one of the following is an autoimmune disease?
A. Adenocarcinoma
B. Bullous pemphigoid
C. Carcinoma
D. First-degree burn
E. Immotile cilia syndrome
42. Which of the following is a condition a ecting the epidermis of the skin in which blisters ff
do not form?
A. Adenocarcinoma
B. Bullouspemphigoid
C. Carcinoma
D. First-degree burn
E. Immotile cilia syndrome
43. Dense regular connective tissue is present in
C. tendons.
D. skin.
E. dermis.
44. The molecular basis for the shock absorbing properties of cartilage involves which of
the following?
A. Electrostatic interaction of proteoglycans with type IV collagen
B. Ability of glycosaminoglycans to bind anions
C. Noncovalent binding of glycosaminoglycans to protein cores
D. Sialic acid residues in the glycoproteins
E. Hydration of glycosaminoglycans
45. What distinguishes cartilage from most other connective tissues?
A. Its extracellular matrix is rich in collagen.
B. Its predominant cell type is a mesenchymal derivative.
C. Its predominant cell type secretes both fibers and proteoglycans.
D. It lacks blood vessels.
E. It functions in mechanical support.
46. Which feature is typical of elastic
cartilage? A. Primary skeletal tissue in
the fetus
B. No identifiable perichondrium
C. Found in intervertebral discs
D. Most widely distributed cartilage type in the body
E. Collagen is mainly type II
47-56: Arrange the following in their proper chronological sequence.
53A. Cartilage remains in 2 areas, articular and epiphyseal plates.
49B. Chondrocytes at the core enlarge and degenerate, leaving behind confluent spaces.
50C. Osteoclast create perforations on subperiosteal bone collar followed by periosteal bud.
56D. Epiphyseal plates grow at epiphyseal end while diaphyseal end is replaced by bone.
55AB. Epiphyses filled with bone tissue.
52AC. Osteoclast resorb calcified cartilage wall to enlarge primitive marrow
cavity.
54AD. Periosteum formation
51AE. Subperiosteal bone collar formation
47BC. Vascularization of epiphyses
48BD. Vascularization of mid diaphysis of hyaline cartilage model
57-61: Arrange the five functional layers of the epiphyseal plate in the correct order, from
diaphysis side to epiphyseal side.
61A. Zone where chondrocytes undergo apoptosis and the matrix become calcified.
57B. Zone where older chondrocytes enlarge and signal the surrounding matrix to calcify.
58C. Zone where osteoclasts digest the calcified cartilage and osteoblasts replace it with
actual bone tissue
59D. Zone where chondroblasts divide quickly and push the epiphysis away from the
diaphysis
60E. Zone of small, inactive cartilage cells
62. Which of the following correctly describes the correct sequence of events involving
the regulatory proteins of the myofilaments?
A. Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin → Change of shape of troponin →Tropomyosin from
actin-binding sites Actin heads bind to myosin moves away
B. Calcium ions bind to troponin →Change of shape of troponin Tropomyosin moves away
from myosin-binding sites → Actin heads bind to myosin
C. Calcium ions bind to troponin → Change of shape of troponin → Tropomyosin moves away
from myosin-binding sites → Myosin heads bind to actin
D. Calcium ions bind to tropomyosin → Change of shape of tropomyosin Troponin moves away
from actin-binding sites → Actin heads bind to myosin
MATCHING TYPE I
A. Basophilic
B. Acidophilic
C. Euchromatic
D. Heterochromatic
63. These stain pink on hematoxylin & eosin (H&E).
c
64. Descriptive term when the nucleus appears to be dispersed, lightly stained.
D
MATCHING TYPE II
A. Fibrillin
B. Fibronectin
C. Elastin
D. Entactin
E. Laminin
65. Which one of the following is a glycoprotein across which fibroblasts migrate during
wound healing? B
66. Which of the following is an adhesive glycoprotein thatlinks type IV collagen with
laminin in the lamina densa? D
67. Which one of the following is a main component of peripheral microfibrils in an
elastic fiber? A
68. Which one of the following is present in the basement membrane and is manufactured
by connective tissue cells? B
TRUE OR FALSE:
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
69. Squamous cells appear to be equal in height and width. A
70. Columnar cells appear with height distinctly greater than the width. A
71. Intestinal epithelium appear that are columnar cells are termed to be polarized when
examined histologically because they have distinct orientation with one end of the cell
being di erent from the other. ff B
72. The plasma membrane can be described as a triple layer of phospholipid molecules. A
73. The process by which cells translate the signal received by a membrane receptor
into a specific chemical change in the cell is called signal transportation. B
74. Each and every cell always has one nucleus. A
75. Generally, the more active a cell is, the more mitochondria it will contain. B
76. Membranous bags that temporarily contain molecules for transport or later use are
known as peroxisomes. B
77. Peroxisomes are small membranous sacs containing enzymes that detoxify
harmful substances that enter the cells. A
78. Dynein, myosin, and kinesin are examples of proteasomes. B
79. Microfilaments serve as "cellular muscles." A
80. All cells contain thousands of ribosomes. B
81. Facilitated di usion is a metabolically expensive process. ff B
82. The sodium-potassium pump is an example of an active transport process.
A
83. Cellular secretion can be achieved by exocytosis. A
84. Protein anabolism is a major cellular activity.B
85. Genetic disorders are mutations in a cell's genetic code. A
86. In prophase II, chromatin condenses into the visible chromosomes, each containing
two chromatids joined at the centromere followed by pairing of homologous maternal
& paternal chromosomes then the nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear. A
87. In Metaphase II, homologous pairs of chromosomes align on the equatorial plate of
the spindle in random arrangement facilitating genetic mixing. A
88. In Anaphase II, each chromosome consists of two chromatids that remain held
together then these chromosomes migrate to the poles. B
89. In Telophase II, the nuclear envelope is reestablished and two daughter cells are
formed by cytokinesis.B
90. Meiosis II begins as soon after the completion of mitosis, following a brief
interphase without DNA replication.B
91. The stages of meiosis II are similar to mitosis.
92. Meiosis II occurs more rapidly than mitosis. A
93. Main cellular structure include plasma membrane, interstitial fluid, cytoplasm
(including organelles) and nucleus. A
94. Plasma membrane functions include being the boundary of cell, self-identification,
receptor sites, and act as "power plants" of cell. B
95. These are functional characteristics of ribosomes: provision of ATP, protein synthesis,
DNA replication and binding site for steroid hormones.B
MORSE TYPE
Please use the key outline below
Please use the key outline below
A. Only 1 is CORRECT
B. B. Only 2 is CORRECT
C. Only 3 is CORRECT
D. 1 and 2 are CORRECT
E. 1 and 3 are
CORRECT AB. 2
and 3 are
CORRECT CD. All
are CORRECT DE.
All are
INCORRECT
CASE STUDY
A 25-year old black female visits her family doctor for a painless right breast lump that she
discovered on self examination; she is otherwise asymptomatic. Her medical history is
unremarkable. On physical examinaiton, a small encapsulated, well-defined, rubbery, freely
movable 3-cm mass in the right lower quadrant of the right breast was palpated; no noted
overlying skin changes; no nipple retraction; no lymphadenopathy; while the other breast is
normal. All routine lab work done was normal. On mammo, an oval low density lesion with
smooth margins; "popcorn calcifications" were seen with degeneration. Surgical excision was
done. A solid mass, with no areas of necrosis or hemorrhage was excised.
96. The following are mechanisms of tissue preparation and staining of sections:
1. Fixation is essential to permanently preserve structural and molecular composition
of the specimen.
2. Water must be removed from the fixed specimen by passing it through a
series of descending alcohol concentrations.
3. Hematoxylin and Eosin are the most common histologic stains being used.
97. True about the microtome:
1. It is used for sectioning para n-embedded tissues for light microscopy. ffi
2. The tissue block passes over the steel knife edge and a section is cut.
3. Generally, from 5-15μm, is the controlled distance as the tissue is being trimmed.
98. True about the methods of tissue preparation:
1. Clearing is the removal of alcohol using organic solvents
2. Infiltration is done by placing the tissue in melted para n ffi
3. Trimming exposes the tissue for slicing on a microtome
99. What happens during fixation?
1. The tissue specimen is cut into big pieces and immersed in a fixative
2. 2. Fixation causes cross-linkage of micromolecules within the cells
3. The a nity of tissues to take up di erent stains is increased ffi ff