I.

Introduction
Singh, G.; O'Donoghue, J.; and Worton, H. (2005). A Study Into The Effects Of eLearning On Higher Education.
Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 2(1). Retrieved October 19, 2020,
fromhttps://ro.uow.edu.au/jutlp/vol2/iss1/3/

Arkorful, V., & Abaidoo, N. (2015). The role of e-learning, advantages and disadvantages of its adoption in
higher education. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 12(1), 29-42.
Retrieved October 6, 2020, from https://www.itdl.org/Journal/Jan_15/Jan15.pdf#page=33

II. Literarture Review

1. E-Learning
1.1. Definition of E-learning
Garrison, D. R. (2011). E-learning in the 21st century: A framework for research and practice. Taylor &
Francis.

Cross, J. (2004), An informal history of eLearning, On the Horizon, Vol. 12 Iss 3 pp. 103 – 110. Retrieved
October 19, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1108/10748120410555340

Garrison, D. R. (2011). E-learning in the 21st century: A framework for research and practice. Taylor &
Francis.
Samsuri, N. N., Nadzri, F. A., & Rom, K. B. M. (2014). A study on the student's perspective on the effectiveness
of using e-learning. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 123, 139-144. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1407

1.2. Effectiveness of E-Learning

Goyal, S. (2012). E-Learning: future of education. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(2), 239-242. 
Arkorful, V., & Abaidoo, N. (2015). The role of e-learning, advantages and disadvantages of its adoption in
higher education. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 12(1), 29-42.
Retrieved October 6, 2020, from https://www.itdl.org/Journal/Jan_15/Jan15.pdf#page=33
Smedley, J.K. (2010). Modelling the impact of knowledge management using technology. OR Insight (2010) 23,
233–250. Retrieved OCtober 6, 2020, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1057/ori.2010.11

Zhang, D., ZHOU, L., BrIggs, R. & Nunamaker, J. (2006). Instructional video in e-learning: Assessing the
impact of interactive video on learning effectiveness. Information & Management, 43 (1), 15-27. Retrieved
October 6, 2020, from  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2005.01.004
Liaw, S. S. (2008). Investigating students’ perceived satisfaction, behavioral intention, and effectiveness of e-
learning: A case study of the Blackboard system. Computers & Education, 51(2), 864-873. Retrieved October 1,
2020 from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2007.09.005

Ali, M., Hossain, S. M., & Ahmed, T. (2018). Effectiveness of E-learning for university students: evidence from
Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Empirical Research, 8(10), 352-360. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from
http://www.aessweb.com/html/4355
Somayeh, M., Dehghani, M., Mozaffari, F., Ghasemnegad, S., Hakimi, H., & Samaneh, B. (2016). The
effectiveness of E- learning in learning: A review of the literature. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://dlms.kau.edu.sa/edcsu/pdf/library/08.pdf

Norris et al considered electronic self-care education programs as good ways to teach these patients due to increased
autonomy and participation of patients in their care [26].In e-learning method, with respect to the fact that the learner
accepts the his own responsibility for learning, a deeper learning occurs, so that in this method training focus is on
building knowledge and not necessarily on the acquisition of knowledge. In fact, in this way, students learn how to learn
[27-29]. In a poll done on the students, they stated that, in the e-learning method, the ability to use learning is more. A
study carried out on students' learning in e-learning method has found that the extent of learning in electronic method is
more than the traditional system of learning and has acknowledged that learners in electronic methods will have access
to more information. In the method that is self-strategy learning, students learn to assume responsibility of their own
learning and at any time they want they are able to have access to educational content and ease of use in this method is
higher [22].These findings correspond with the opinions of others who believe that comfort and ease of access to
educational content via computer leads to an increase in learning ability in the learners. Moreover, learning by attending
a classroom that leads to fatigue and commitment to learning at a specific and pre-determined time can lead to the
restriction of the learner in learning [30].

Li, C., & Lalani, F. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic has changed education forever. This is how. World
Economic Forum. Retrieved October 19, 2020, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/coronavirus-
education-global-covid19-online-digital-learning/

Is learning online as effective?

For those who do have access to the right technology, there is evidence that learning online can be more effective
in a number of ways. Some research shows that on average, students retain 25-60% more material when
learning online compared to only 8-10% in a classroom. This is mostly due to the students being able to learn
faster online; e-learning requires 40%-60% less time to learn than in a traditional classroom setting because
students can learn at their own pace, going back and re-reading, skipping, or accelerating through concepts as
they choose.

Lin, H., Chen, W., & Nien, S. (2014). The Study of Achievement and Motivation by e-Learning–A Case Study.
Pdfs.semanticscholar.org. Retrieved October 19, 2020, from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/63d9/e393c29b0e0109b90f9f51d03c992dc201e9.pdf

Multi-media material contents illustrate the richness and diversification that combines sound, image, picture and motion
picture, and words. The material contents of e-learning morph from static to active. E-learning sheds light on the
diversified materials, assists learning and cognitive construction, provides suitable learning, enhances autonomy of
learning, breaks through learning environment limitations, pushes resource-sharing and increases communication and
interaction [13]. By importing the concept and technique of e-learning, and utilizing the characteristics of the Internet,
multi-media interaction and personal learning process, can create a life-time learning model in which the learner is the
center of activities and can study at anytime and anywhere

Scholarship America (2020). Online Learning In The Time Of COVID-19: What Are The Pros And Cons?.
Retrieved October 10, 2020, from https://scholarshipamerica.org/blog/online-learning-in-the-time-of-covid-19-
pros-and-cons/?fbclid=IwAR10rp4rckLwT5XF8XLRf0tzj9Sd0JpklS3VTZQcecQJrPd_xovE8BJ2yT8

Pro #2: Availability and Affordability

With online courses, the opportunities available to students are boundless. Online college courses and degree
programs can be found through a myriad of sites, such as edX, a trusted platform from Harvard and MIT with
more than 2,500 online courses offered from 140 institutions. While most traditional on-campus programs can
range from $22,000 to $50,000 yearly, virtual opportunities can cut those costs in half. With the option to
attend college from your living room, many students are saving on commuting and housing costs as well.
An added boon on virtual learning is the flexibility of studying remotely, a talent that poises many students to be
uniquely prepared for a professional marketplace where remote options are commonplace. As the coronavirus
pandemic pushes students to alternative education routes, online learning provides the benefit of easing
the financial burden of traditional college.

Piletic, P. (2018). Lower Costs Are Making More Students Prefer Online Education. eLearning Industry.
Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://elearningindustry.com/students-prefer-online-education-lower-costs-
making

Lowering The Overall Costs Of Higher Education

Out-of-state students can expect to pay between $10,000 to $20,000 per year for room and board; this does not
include application fees, off-campus entertainment, and other living expenses. Online education alleviates
housing costs by letting students take advantage of their current living situation, thereby saving thousands
of dollars each semester.

Textbooks are another expensive reality of traditional college education that online education alleviates.
Thanks to the digital nature of eLearning, many of the course materials are included in the curriculum; moreover,
electronic textbook rentals are becoming more accessible. More tools are at disposal to make life easier, from
student credit cards that make the college eBook rental process easier, to Amazon and Chegg offering thousands
of eTextbooks that can be rented by the semester. The underlying technology that makes all this possible, like the
high-speed internet with great coverage and tablets that students can actually afford, is a far cry from the
situation just 10 years ago.

Transportation costs can also be considerably reduced when college students choose to take online courses.
Parking fees, tolls, fuel, and the wear-and-tear of everyday driving can add up significantly for college
students; a better option is to keep the car parked and complete the curriculum requirements from home.

Ali, M., Hossain, S. M., & Ahmed, T. (2018). Effectiveness of E-learning for university students: evidence from
Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Empirical Research, 8(10), 352-360. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from
http://www.aessweb.com/html/4355

LITERATURE REVIEW

“E-learning” stands for “electronic learning”. E-learning can be denoted as a mechanism of learning through
electronic tools or techniques without using paper printed instructional material. It can be used for the purpose of
both learning and teaching. E-learning can be defined as both online and offline learning engagements that are
carried out by any individual or group (Naidu, 2006). Elearning can be viewed as a mechanism of obtaining
knowledge through using a range of electronic media (Urdan and Weggen, 2000). In the narrow sense, e-learning
can be defined as any learning activities which takes place over the Internet (Wang et al., 2007). In this paper, e-
learning is defined as a technique through which individuals can learn by using a wide variety of tools
(personal computer, notebook, mobile, laptop, tablet etc.) in different platforms (google, face book, online
library, google scholars, twitter, e-mail, wikipedia, you-tube). E-learning is the use of information,
communication and internet technologies for the purposes of enriching knowledge to ensure better performance.
E-learning provides the opportunities to learn via computers and other electronic devices using technology that
will help to improve the performance of individual, group and organization (Pollard and Hillage, 2001). So, e-
learning is an electronic based learning process which can be used through electronic media by the learners and
obviously they can learn with or without access over the internet.
Hjeltnes, T., & Hansson, B. (2005). Cost Effectiveness And Cost Efficiency In E-Learning. Mediasite-mx.com.
Retrieved October 10, 2020, from http://mediasite-mx.com/sites/default/files/wp7-cost-effectiveness-
efficiency.pdf
Axelsson, J. (2017). 6 Reasons Why Elearning Development Costs Less Than Traditional Training. eLearning
Industry. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from https://elearningindustry.com/elearning-development-costs-less-
than-traditional-training-6-reasons

Why eLearning Development Costs Less Than Traditional Training

…Traditional training styles may not seem so costly in the short term, but they come with ongoing
expenses which over time can add up to large amounts of money. One of the key advantages of eLearning
is that, while requiring little to no ongoing upkeep, it offers faster delivery cycles as compared to
conventional learning. In fact, studies indicate that eLearning has the potential to reduce overall training
time by 40% to 60%. This helps businesses cut down on various expenses and also increase productivity, which
in turn leads to greater profitability…

Campbell, J., & Campbell, D. (2011). Distance Learning is Good for the Environment: Savings in Greenhouse
Gas Emissions. Westga.edu. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/winter144/campbell_campell144.html 

Abstract
Distance learning is associated with a variety of benefits such as reduced use of campus facilities, increased
accessibility, and control of disease transmission. In this study, we explore an additional benefit: mitigation of
anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions contributing to global climate change. A survey was presented to 500
students enrolled in online courses on three college campuses. Students who commuted by personal car were
asked to estimate whether taking the course online resulted in fewer driving trips to campus. The environmental
consequences of the estimated reduction in commute trips was assessed by calculating the CO2 emissions
savings associated with reduced consumption of gasoline. The results indicate that offering a lower-
division class of 100 students with an online format leads to reduced CO2 emissions of 5-10 tons per
semester, and knowledge of such an environmental benefit leads to enhanced student satisfaction with
distance learning.

Sander, T. (2019). 10 Major Advantages of E-Learning. E-student.org. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://e-student.org/advantages-of-e-learning/

E-Learning is environmentally friendly

On average, distance learning courses consume 90% less energy and emitted 85% fewer CO2 emissions than
traditional university courses. In addition, as E-Learning is a paperless learning method, it does not
contribute to many of the environmental issues associated with paper production. For example, there is no
need to cut down trees for paper or to create paper-cellulose production factories which are known to cause
atmospheric pollution in surrounding areas.

1.3. Disadvantages of E-Learning

Kim, J. (2020). Learning and Teaching Online During Covid-19: Experiences of Student Teachers in an Early
Childhood Education Practicum. International Journal of Early Childhood, 52, 145–158. Retrieved October 10,
2020, from https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-020-00272-6

Benefits & Limitations of Online Learning

Limitations of online learning can vary depending on the instructors’ or students’ technological abilities to
access online sites and use computers. These limitations are more evident for young children or school-age
students who may not have online access or who have had limited experience with online learning tools,
such as computers (Fedynich 2014; Wedenoja 2020). An additional limitation to consider is that young
children’s online learning, as well as online access, requires adult supervision and, therefore, adult availability
and involvement also (Schroeder and Kelley 2010; Youn et al. 2012). Moreover, online learning may not give
sufficient or appropriate opportunities to involve young children who need more interactions and hands-on
activities to focus and learn compared to adult learners.

The need to take account of children’s developmental levels is necessary, as well as to find online learning
tools, which are appropriate and which can promote children’s participation and learning. Many video
communication platforms are convenient tools for children’s online learning. Such platforms allow for real-
time class meetings and conversations similar to those that take place in face-to-face classes, even though it
still does not provide exactly the same social experiences as face-to-face interactions. Young children may
not have the technology skills necessary for online learning tasks, such as typing responses into a chat screen or
sharing files with written information. However, the different functions and tools of many video
communication platforms can benefit children’s learning when teachers use them appropriately. For
example, the ‘share screen’ function allows participants to present pictures, video clips, or use other
visual/audio presentations from a computer. Whiteboards can be pulled up by a teacher to draw or write,
while at the same time, explaining ideas and interacting with children online.

Sander, T. (2019). 10 Biggest Disadvantages of E-Learning. E-student.org. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://e-student.org/disadvantages-of-e-learning/ 

E-Learning lacks face-to-face communication

The lack of face-to-face communication ties together with many of the previously mentioned
disadvantages of online learning. A lack of any kind of face-to-face communication with the instructor
inhibits student feedback, causes social isolation, and could cause students to feel a lack of pressure. A
lack of pressure is a disadvantage in the sense that it causes students to abandon their studies more easily.
Constant nudging by professors may be undesirable for many, but it’s an effective method for improving student
retention.

Solution: In E-Learning, face-to-face communication must be substituted with another method of

communication. For example, video chats, discussion boards, and chatrooms could help deal with the
negative effects associated with a lack of face-to-face communication during online learning.

2. Writing skill and online writing classes.

Seitesh, A.B., & Tautenbaeva, A.A. (2015). Writing skills in English language teaching methodology. Articlekz.
Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://articlekz.com/en/article/19640

Writing as a skill is very important in teaching and learning a foreign language; it helps pupils to
assimilate letters and sounds of the English language, its vocabulary and grammar, and to develop habits
and skills in pronunciation, speaking, and reading.

What is writing?

The skills-based approach views writing as a collection of separate skills, including letter formation,
spelling, punctuation, grammar, organization, and the the like. This approach also views writing as a
product-oriented task. In this respect, McLaughlin state that writing, like many other complex tasks, requires
''learners organize a set of related subtasks and their components''. In contrast, the whole-language approach
views writing as a meaning-making process which is governed by purpose and audience rather than by
compositional rules.

The importance of writing

In the area of EFL, writing has many uses and functions. To begin with, the ability to write acceptable
scientific English is essential for post-graduate students who must write their dissertations in English.
Moreover, writing EFL allows for communication to large numbers of people all over the world. It also
provides students with physical evidence of their achievement. This in turn helps them to determine what
they know and what they don't know. As Irmscher notes, "In our minds, we can fool ourselves. Not on paper.
If no thought is in our minds, nothing comes out. Mental fuzziness translates into words only as fuzziness or
meaninglessness".

Writing can also enhance students' thinking skills. As Irmscher notes, "Writing stimulates thinking,
chiefly because it forces us to concentrate and organize. Talking does, too, but writing allows more time
for introspection and deliberation" (loc. cit.).

Additionally, writing can enhance students' vocabulary, spelling, and grammar. Finally, writing skills often
needed for formal and informal testing.

Pham, X. (2010). An investigation into the use of information technology in learning writing for the third-year
students of English at Vinh University. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from
https://repository.vnu.edu.vn/flowpaper/simple_document.php?subfolder=10/28/08/
&doc=102808715811112488684209201988378301198&bitsid=187f696e-5301-4bd8-bb9f-e44cb6c8fd10&uid=
3. Application of E-Learning
B&Company (2020). Vietnam e-learning after COVID-19 outbreak. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from http://b-
company.jp/en/online-education-en/?
fbclid=IwAR3CELHsz7ohUOVxTsz9sxiYAVID2YC7pxtZZS51OAVhiPEFgvMDWK38L50

The COVID-19 impact

Since the first case of the novel coronavirus found in Vietnam in late January 2020, the Government had
made an assertive decision of temporarily closing educational institutions. As a responsive strategy, online
learning was rolled out by schools and universities for official courses and curriculums.

To many students, that was their first exposure to this form of distance learning. According to online
BEAN Survey conducted in April 2020, 56.4% of 218 students only tried online learning due to the impact
of this pandemic. This ratio is particularly high among high-school students (58.8%) in comparison with those
who are taking undergraduate & vocational programs (58.4%) and post graduate programs (39.1%).

Students’ responses

BEAN Survey results show that the majority of students (16+ years old) admit that online learning is the
most feasible and practical option. Only less than 9% oppose this decision amid COVID-19 outbreak,
recommending other ideas such as “allowing students to have a break during this time and arranging
offline make up classes after returning to school”, and “self-studying and reviewing past lessons.” The
portion of support among post-graduate students is noticeably high (95.4%).

Tam, G., & El-Azar, D. (2020). 3 ways the coronavirus pandemic could reshape education. World Economic
Forum. Retrieved October 10, 2020, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/3-ways-coronavirus-is-
reshaping-education-and-what-changes-might-be-here-to-stay/

Education - nudged and pushed to change - could lead to surprising innovations

The slow pace of change in academic institutions globally is lamentable, with centuries-old, lecture-based
approaches to teaching, entrenched institutional biases, and outmoded classrooms. However, COVID-19 has
become a catalyst for educational institutions worldwide to search for innovative solutions in a relatively
short period of time.

III. Methodology
1. Participants
The Economic Times (n.d.). What is Stratified Sampling? Definition of Stratified Sampling, Stratified Sampling
Meaning. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://m.economictimes.com/definition/stratified-sampling?
from=desktop

Definition: Stratified sampling is a type of sampling method in which the total population is divided into
smaller groups or strata to complete the sampling process. The strata is formed based on some common
characteristics in the population data. After dividing the population into strata, the researcher randomly
selects the sample proportionally.

Description: Stratified sampling is a common sampling technique used by researchers when trying to draw
conclusions from different sub-groups or strata. The strata or sub-groups should be different and the data should
not overlap. While using stratified sampling, the researcher should use simple probability sampling. The
population is divided into various subgroups such as age, gender, nationality, job profile, educational level
etc. Stratified sampling is used when the researcher wants to understand the existing relationship between two
groups.

2. Data collection instruments.

Steckler, A., McLeroy, K. R., Goodman, R. M., Bird, S. T., & McCormick, L. (1992). Toward Integrating
Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: An Introduction. Health Education Quarterly, 19(1), 1–8. Retrieved
October 22, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1177/109019819201900101

Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford university press.

Rasinger, S. M. (2013). Quantitative research in linguistics: An introduction. A&C Black.
Rahman, M. S. (2017). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
and Methods in Language" Testing and Assessment" Research: A Literature Review. Journal of Education and
Learning, 6(1), 102-112. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from https://sci-hub.st/https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1120221
Blaikie, N. (2007). Approaches to social enquiry: Advancing knowledge. Polity.

Rahman, M. S. (2017). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
and Methods in Language" Testing and Assessment" Research: A Literature Review. Journal of Education and
Learning, 6(1), 102-112. Retrieved October 23, 2020, from https://sci-hub.st/https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1120221
Jones, S., Murphy, F., Edwards, M., & James, J. (2008). Doing things differently: advantages and disadvantages
of web questionnaires. Nurse researcher, 15(4). Retrieved Octiber 22, 2020, from
https://sci-hub.se/10.7748/nr2008.07.15.4.15.c6658
Rashid, M., & Bappi, O. (2013). Advantage and disadvantage of interview. The Business Communication.
Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://thebusinesscommunication.com/advantage-and-disadvantage-of-
interview/

In depth analysis: Through planed interviews detailed information can be collected which enables proper
analysis of a problem. Abstract factors like attitudes, feelings, opinion etc. can be successfully evaluated or
analyzed through interviews.