Bearing Capacity Ver 2

CE 97 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
BEARING
CAPACITY
DR. MA. CATHERINE Q. ARCA
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Topic
Introduction
Outline Foundation Types
Definition of Terms
Shallow Foundations
Bearing Capacity Problems
Bearing Capacity Failures
Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Model
Bearing Capacity Theory
Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Allowable Bearing Capacity
CE 97 | FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Inroduction
The lowest part of a structure generally is referred to as the
foundation.
Its function is to transfer the load of the structure to the soil
on which it is resting. A properly designed foundation
transfers the load throughout the soil without overstressing
the soil. Overstressing the soil can result in either excessive
settlement or shear failure of the soil, both of which cause
damage to the structure. Thus, geotechnical and structural
engineers who design foundations must evaluate the
bearing capacity of soils.
Foundation Types
1.Shallow Foundation
2.Deep Foundation
Two main modes of failure/damage that

occur to a foundation:
1. Settlement – elastic, consolidation
2. Bearing Capacity- deforming the

soil through development of a
shear plane beneath a foundation
Definition of Terms
1. Foundation - a structure that transmits loads to 6. Ultimate net bearing capacity/ Safe bearing
the underlying soil. pressure - is the maximum pressure that the soil
2. Footing - a foundation consisting of a small can support in excess of its current overburden
slab for transmitting the structural load to the stress.
underlying soil ( Spread, Combined, Strip, Mat or 7. Safe bearing Capacity (qs) = is the intensitiy of
Raft) applied pressure or stress that the soil will safely
3. Shallow Foundation - is one in which the ratio support without risk of a shear failure
of the embedment depth to the width of qs =qult.net/FS
foundation, Df/B <= 2.5 8. Allowable bearing capacity (qall) - is allowable
4. Embedment depth (Df) = is the depth below the intensity of the applied pressure or stress taking
ground surface where the base of the foundation into account both bearing capacity and settlement.
rests. 9. FS - is the ratio of the ultimate net bearing
5. Ultimate Bearing Capacity - the maximum capacity to the allowable bearing capacity. In GE FS
pressure/stress that the soil can support. = 1.5 to 5.
Shallow Foundations
Sloped Footing Or Trapezoidal
Footing: These types of footing
having a sloping top or side faces are
known as sloped footings. They are
useful in the construction
of formwork.
Sloped/Trapezoidal Footing
Stepped Footings: The main purpose of

using stepped footing is to keep the
metal columns away from direct contact
with soil to save them from corrosive
effects.
Stepped Footing
Raft Foundation: This foundation covers the
entire area under the structure. This
foundation has only RCC slab covering the
whole area or slab and beam together.
Raft Foundation
Combined Footings: When two or more

columns are supported by a footing it is
called combined footing. This type of
footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal in
plan.
Combined Footing
Strap Footing: In this type of footing, the
outer and inner column is connected by a
strap beam, does not transfer any load to
the soil.
Strap Footing
Strip footing: Strip footing is a component

of shallow foundation which distributes
the weight of a load-bearing wall across
the area of the ground.
Strip Footing
Shallow Foundation Bearing Capacity
The problems in soil mechanics can be

divided into two principal groups- stability
problems and elasticity problems.
-Karl Terzaghi, 1943
Bearing Capacity Problem
Transcona Grain Elevator Canada (Oct. 18, 1913)
The construction of the silo started in

1911 and was completed in the autumn
of 1913. silo is 77 ft by 195 ft in plan and
has a capacity of 1,000,000 bushels.
Foundation was a reinforced concrete
raft 2ft thick and founded at a depth of
12ft below the ground surface.
The weight of the silo was 20,000 tons,
which was 42.5 percent of the total
weight, when it was filled. Filling the silo
with grain started in September 1913,
And in October when the silo contained

875,000 bushels, and the pressure on the
ground was 94 percent of the design
pressure, a vertical settlement of 1 ft was
noticed.
The structure began to tilt to the west and
within twenty four hours was at an angle
of 26.9° from the vertical, the west side
being 24ft below and the east side 5ft
above the original level.
Figure shows the view of the silo after it was straightened in 1916 Current name:Parrish & Heimbecker Grain Elevator
The excellent quality of the reinforced concrete structure is shown by the fact
that later it was underpinned and jacked up on new piers founded on rock. The
level of the new foundation is 34 ft below the ground surface.
Underpinning Eglinton Crossway, Canada
General Concepts
Bearing Capacity Failures
Principal Modes of Failure
Rule of thumb: φ’ > 36
Bearing Capacity
Failures
DESIGN CRITERIA
A. Strength Criteria
Foundation must be safe against overall
shear failure in the soil that supports
B. Serviceability or Settlement Criteria

Foundation settlement should be within
tolerable limits
Steps for the Selection of the Type of
Foundation
Im choosing the type of foundation, the design engineer must
perform successive steps.
Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Analysis
In 1921, Prandtl published the results of his study on the penetration of hard bodies (such
as metal punches) into a softer material. Terzaghi (1943) extended the plastic failure theory
of Prandtl to evaluate the bearing capacity of soils for shallow strip footings.
The failure mechanism assumed by Terzaghi
1. Zone I of Elastic equilibrium- zone directly beneath the footing.

2. Zones II of Radial shear state (Prantl zone)- shear plane is developed.
3. Zones III of Rankine passive state- the radial zone is pushing the Rankine zone
Three parts of Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Equation that contribute to the Passive force on the elastic zone
a. Friction along the wedge b. Cohesion along the wedge c. Weight of the Surcharge, q
Friction is a function of effective stress and effective stress increases with depth
As the soil being pushed down there will be cohesion along the side of the elastic zone.
c. Weight of the Surcharge, q
The elastic wedge will try to push up the soil out of the way, the surcharge will try to resist the rotation
Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Equation
Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Equation
KARL VON TERZAGHI

1883-1963I
Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Factors
Karl von Terzaghi
KARL VON TERZAGHI
1883-1963I
FACTOR OF SAFETY
A. Strength Criteria
Foundation must be safe against overall
shear failure in the soil that supports
B. Serviceability or Settlement Criteria

Foundation settlement should be within
tolerable limits
FACTOR OF SAFETY
Depends on:
Types of Soil
Level of Uncertainty in soil strength
Importance of structure and consequences
of failure
Likehood of design load occurence
Net Ultimate Bearing Capacity
KARL VON TERZAGHI

1883-1963I
Allowable Bearing Capacity
KARL VON TERZAGHI

1883-1963I
Gross vs. Net Allowable Pressure
Meyerhof' Bearing Capacity Model
The general bearing capacity equation is an improvement of the previously
derived bearing capacity equation for a strip foundation. It takes into
consideration the effects of the size (finite length, shape) of the foundation,
depth of embedment of foundation, and load inclination. Meyerhof (1963)
derived the general ultimate bearing capacity equaion:
GEORGE GEOFFREY MEYERHOF

1916-2003
General Bearing Capacity

1916-2003
General Shear Failure

1916-2003
General Shear Failure

1916-2003
Bearing Capacity of Clay Soil
ALEC WESTLEY SKEMPTON:

1914–2001
Groundwater Table Effect
In developing the bearing-capacity equations given in the preceding section, we
assumed that the groundwater table is located at a depth much greater than the
width, B, of the footing. However, if the groundwater table is close to the
footing, some changes are require.
Three different conditions can arise regarding the location of the groundwater
table with respect to the bottom of the foundatio.
Case I
Case II
Case III
Example
Example
Case I
Case II

Bearing Capacity Ver 2

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CE 97 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Name a person you consider an empowered woman.

Two main modes of failure/damage that

1. Settlement – elastic, consolidation

2. Bearing Capacity- deforming the

Stepped Footings: The main purpose of

Combined Footings: When two or more

Strip footing: Strip footing is a component

The problems in soil mechanics can be

The construction of the silo started in

And in October when the silo contained

Rule of thumb: φ’ > 36

B. Serviceability or Settlement Criteria

The failure mechanism assumed by Terzaghi

1. Zone I of Elastic equilibrium- zone directly beneath the footing.

c. Weight of the Surcharge, q

KARL VON TERZAGHI

Karl von Terzaghi

B. Serviceability or Settlement Criteria

KARL VON TERZAGHI

KARL VON TERZAGHI

GEORGE GEOFFREY MEYERHOF

GEORGE GEOFFREY MEYERHOF

GEORGE GEOFFREY MEYERHOF

GEORGE GEOFFREY MEYERHOF

ALEC WESTLEY SKEMPTON:

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