TAMBULI TU KALINOW!

BUGDUKA TU ANYADAN!
Call for Peace!
Defend our Right to Education!

CONTINUING STRUGGLE
TO DEFEND
ANCESTRAL LANDS
&
HUMAN RIGHTS

1 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
N
a onal minori es are commonly referred to in the island of
Mindanao as “Lumad.” The Lumad people have its own eco-
nomic, poli cal, and cultural systems. In Caraga there are five
(5) major ethnic groups: the Manobo, Higaonon, Mamanwa, Ban-
waon and Talaandig. The Higaonon and Manobo tribes are the most
dominant in Caraga. The Higaonons, Banwaons and Talaandig live
mostly in the mountain communi es bordering the Agusan prov-
inces in Caraga and Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental. The Manobos
can be found all over Caraga but is most concentrated in the moun-
tain communi es bordering the provinces of Surigao and Agusan
del Sur. The Mamanwa tribe live in the hinterland communi es of
Surigao del Norte.
The Lumad in Caraga, like many of the indigenous peoples in the is-
land of Mindanao and the country, have been discriminated against
and exploited for decades. Their story as a people is a narra ve of
their struggle against plunder and destruc on of ancestral lands,
disloca ons of whole communi es and depriva on of basic social
services.
As they resisted the colonial powers in the past, the majority of
the Lumad people of Caraga con nue to resist the plunder and de-
struc on of ancestral lands --- their main and sustainable source
of livelihood, where their culture is deeply rooted. As such, Lumad
communi es are the most targeted by militariza on in a region
constantly included among the priority areas of government’s
counter-insurgency campaigns.
The Armed Forces of the Philippines and various paramilitary forces
have always been instruments of subjuga on to pave the way for
the entry of resource extrac on companies. These counter-insur-
gency campaigns has resulted in grave human rights abuses espe-
cially against the peasantry and the Lumad people.

2 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
 Plunder of Ancestral Lands

T he lush forests of the region have been major sources

of mber for local and foreign logging corpora ons for
decades. Caraga Region hosted the biggest logging conces-
sions in the country up un l early 2000. These include the
Paper Industries Corpora on of the Philippines (PICOP) in
Bislig, Surigao del Sur which was once Asia’s biggest pulp
and paper supplier. The now defunct Aras-asan Timber
Company, Inc. (ARTIMCO) in Cagwait, Surigao del Sur, was
once one of the largest suppliers of mber while Nasipit
Lumber Company, Inc. (NALCO) in Agusan del Norte was
once one of the longest-running logging companies in the
country. Surigao Development Corpora on (SUDECOR)
con nued its logging opera ons for decades un l it tem-
porarily stopped its opera ons in 2010. SUDECOR is said to
resume logging opera ons within a couple of years.
In the early 80’s vast por ons of the region’s rich agricultur-
al land were converted into oil palm planta ons with the
expansion of Filipinas Palm Planta on Incorporated (FPPI)
in Agusan del Sur. Since then Caraga agricultural lands con-
verted to oil palm planta ons increased. Oil palm planta-
ons now covers close to 15,000 hectares making Caraga
the biggest producer of palm oil in the country. FPPI is the
largest oil palm planta on in Mindanao and is currently
expanding its 8,000 hectare planta on. Agusan Planta on
Inc. (API) also in Agusan del Sur, occupies 6,987 hectares.
Large scale mining opera ons in Caraga also started during
the late 60’s and increased during the early 80’s with the
opening of the nickel mines of Nickel Asia Corpora on
(NAC) and gold mines of Manila Mining Co. (MMC), both
in Surigao del Norte. In Surigao del Sur, Benguet Mining
Corp., Montenegreen Mining Corp., Sabina and Semirara

3 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
Mining companies acquired mining rights to areas within the An-
dap Valley Complex. Large scale mining opera ons in the country
and Caraga increased tenfold when the Mining Act of 1995 was
upheld as cons tu onal by the Supreme Court in 2004 under the
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo presidency.
Preceding the entry and upon the start of opera ons of all these
resource extrac on companies were massive military opera ons in
the guise of counter-insurgency campaigns, conducted in commu-
ni es within and surrounding the targeted areas for exploita on.
The most brutal of these military campaigns were in communi es
where people’s resistance is strong and the revolu onary move-
ment present.

Unrelen ng Human Rights Abuses

The Marcos dictatorship gave birth to the abusive paramilitary
Civilian Home Defense Forces (CHDF) who along with the Armed
Forces of the Philippines, implemented Oplan Katatagan. It secured
the large foreign logging and mining companies and oil palm plan-
ta ons. Caraga, which was one of the regions primarily targeted
for such investments, also became one of the highly militarized
regions. There were numerous human rights viola ons commi ed
with with at least 297 recorded vic ms in Surigao del Sur alone un-
der Marcos. Of these, 63 civilians were killed and 11 were vic ms
of enforced disappearance. A large number of these human rights
viola ons were commi ed against the Lumad people and farmers
living in the municipali es within the Andap Valley Complex in Su-
rigao del Sur. Benguet Mining Co., during this me had acquired the
rights to start its coal mining opera ons within the Andap Valley
Complex which covers the municipali es of Lianga, Marihatag, San
Agus n, Cagwait, San Miguel and Tago. Benguet Corp. later ceased
explora ons allegedly due to “security problems” a er their mining
equipment were burned down by the NPA.

4 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
With the overthrow of the Marcos dictatorship, and upon the in-
stalla on of President Cory Aquino, foreign companies inves ng
in the country increased. Cory Aquino government declared “total
war” against the revolu onary movement to ensure the unham-
pered entry of these. It was during Cory Aquino’s administra on
that the number of logging and mining companies first increased
post Mar al law. The Cory government implemented Oplan Lambat
Bitag I and II and augmented the AFP with the paramilitary Ci zens
Armed Forces-Geographical Units (CAFGU). The CAFGU, no differ-
ent from the CHDF in purpose and character, con nued to exist
through the following administra ons and became armed guards
of resource extrac on companies. An -communist vigilante groups
also increased during this me, the most notorious and brutal were
the Alsa Masa in Mindanao and the Pulahan in Caraga.
Oplan Lambat Bitag was known for its brutality. Military opera-
ons and bombings were regularly launched in Caraga for months
without let up. In April and May 1991, more than 5,000 individuals
from 18 villages around San Luis in Agusan del Sur and Lianga, and
Tandag in Surigao del Sur were forced to evacuate to town centers
because of intense military opera ons and human rights viola ons.
Paramilitary groups such as the Pulahan have also been commit-
ng abuses against fellow Lumads who refused to join the CAFGU.
Communi es in Marihatag, San Agus n, San Miguel and Tago were
dislocated if not converted into hamlets.
The Fidel Ramos led government approved the General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Philippines became a member
of the World Trade Organiza on (WTO) opening further the nat-
ural resources of the country to plunder by foreign corpora ons.
It con nued the implementa on of Cory’s Oplan Lambat Bitag as
counter-insurgency campaign plan and con nued targe ng Caraga
resources.
In 1995 the mountain communi es bordering Agusan del Sur and
Surigao del Sur were regularly bombed for months resul ng in
the massacre of 8 Manobos (3 children & 5 adults), wounding 3

5 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
children and displacing hundreds of Lumad and peasant families.
These areas in San Luis in Agusan Sur were targeted for mining by
Atlas Mining and Climax Mining of Australia. People in these com-
muni es were strongly protes ng against the uncontrolled logging
of their ancestral lands and were against the entry of large scale
mining.
The brief Joseph Estrada administra on con nued Ramos’s eco-
nomic policies, declared all out war against the revolu onary move-
ment and implemented Oplan Makabayan, Oplan Balangai.
The greatest number of military deployed, paramilitary forces orga-
nized and resul ng human rights abuses all throughout the four ad-
ministra ons were in areas where logging, mining and planta ons
were located or targeted for opera ons, par cularly in areas where
there was strong peoples resistance against these.
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and BS Aquino further opened the coun-
try’s mineral resources to foreign extrac on companies, they of-
fered vast tracks of rich agricultural lands to foreign planta ons and
rivers to hydropower corpora ons. GMA implemented the brutal
Oplan Bantay Laya I and II while BS Aquino implemented Oplan
Bayanihan. When BS Aquino succeeded GMA, despite declaring
that his administra on will be unlike his predecessor’s as he will
follow the “daang matuwid”, he adopted and expanded GMAs eco-
nomic policies.
The scope and number of large scale mining opera ons increased
under the Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo presidency when the Mining
Act of 1995, was deemed cons tu onal by the Supreme Court in
the middle of her term. She named Caraga as the “Mining Capital of
Asia” and intensified the opening up of the regions mineral resourc-
es to foreign mining companies. S ll, Noynoy Aquino surpassed the
GMA government as local and foreign mining opera ons and ap-
plica ons increased further in the region under his administra on.
As of 2014, Under the BS Aquino regime 23 of the country’s 48
large scale mines were opera ng in Caraga: 20 nickel mines, 2 gold

6 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
mines, 1 chromite mine and 1 cement quarry. Seven (7) foreign
large scale mining companies were directly opera ng or are in part-
nership with domes c mining companies in the region. As of May
2014 there were 55 exis ng Mineral Produc on Sharing Agree-
ments (MPSA) covering more than 7% of the region’s land area.
There were 23 exis ng Explora on Permits (EP). Adding to these
are the 30 Applica ons for Produc on Sharing Agreement (APSA).
The $2.107B Sumitomo Tag-anito HPAL Project has been in full op-
era on since September of 2013. The 25,000 hectare Nonoc Nickel
Project is currently under Feasibility/ Financing Stage. A $1.5 billion
investment to rehabilitate the Nonoc Mining Project has allegedly
been commi ed by Chinese company Jinchuan during Aquino’s trip
to China at the start of his administra on.
Despite the total log ban implemented by the BS Aquino admin-
istra on, massive deple on of forest cover con nue in Caraga. It
currently hosts eight wood-based companies: JAKA Equi es, EMCO
Plywood Corpora on, United Wood, Richmond Plywood, Agusan
Plywood, Casilayan So wood, Provident Tree Farms and Woodland
Domain Inc. (WDI). Illegal logging ac vi es par cularly in the ex-
pired mber concession areas con nue despite the government’s
ban on the cu ng of trees in natural and residual forests (Execu ve
Order No. 23).
The BS Aquino government also con nued aggressively promo ng
coal mining. The Department of Energy (DOE) has consistently in-
cluded areas in Caraga in its Philippine Energy Contrac ng Rounds
(PECR). Coal blocks in the Andap Valley Complex in Surigao del Sur
covering five municipali es has been on offer since 2005. As of De-
cember 2012 there are nine (9) Coal Opera ng Contracts (COC) in
Caraga. Listed as on its “development and produc on phase” and
opera ng in Surigao del Sur are Benguet Corp. (Lianga, Marihatag
and San Miguel); Bislig Venture Construc on & Development Inc.
(Bislig); Great Wall Mining and Power Corp. (San Miguel and Tandag
City) and Abacus Coal Explora on & Development Corp. (Tandag
City). On its explora on phase are PNOC Explora on Corp. and ASK

7 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
Mining & Explora on Corp. in Cagwait and Marihatag, Goodyield
Resources Development Corp. in Lingig, in Surigao del Sur; Eoil and
Gas Co. in Bunawan, Agusan del Sur and Timberwolves Resources
Inc. in Gigaquit, Surigao del Norte.
On the 5th PECR in 2014, 9 of the 15 coal areas on offer are in Cara-
ga covering 55,000 hectares.
Land conversion has also increased in scope under Aquino. Ba-
nana planta ons have converted vast tracks of irrigated rice lands.
The biggest of these banana planta ons are those of DOLE-Phil in
Surigao del Sur. Its planta on in Tago covers 700 hectares and in
Tagbina and Barobo covering 13,000 hectares. Sumitomo Fruits
(SUMIFRU) has also started its 11,000 hectare banana planta on in
Tagbina, also in Surigao del Sur.
Caraga’s rivers and lakes were targeted for exploita on by hydro-
power corpora ons. There were 15 hydropower projects in Cara-
ga as of September 2014, including the Lake Mainit Hydroelectric
Power Project of Agusan Power Corp. and the Lopez’s First Gen Hy-
dro Power Corp. Puyo Hydroelectric Project in Agusan del Norte.
Lake Mainit is the main source of irriga on for the agricultural mu-
nicipali es of Mainit and Alegria in Surigao del Norte; Jabonga and
Kitcharao in Agusan del Norte. The Carac-an River in Surigao del
Norte whose farmers has a ested the decreasing water levels due
to large scale mining, will be the source of the Carac-an Hydropow-
er Project.
Under GMA, Caraga was included among the priority targets of its
Oplan Bantay Laya I and II (OBL) and Human Securi es Act. AFP
troops deployed in the region was increased and were commanded
to act as “investment defense forces” to remove the people’s resis-
tance. The AFP and paramilitary forces were to “secure” large scale
mining opera ons and “cleanse” these areas of any threat to its
opera ons. It also organized an increased number of CAFGUs and
Lumad paramilitary forces that would wreak havoc and infigh ng
among the Lumad people.

8 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
Under BS Aquino Caraga was named as the na on’s mining capi-
tal. The AFP was renamed into “investment SECURITY forces” and
employed the same tac cs to subdue the people’s resistance. BS
Aquino implemented Oplan Bayanihan which is but the same in-
ternal security campaign with its decep ve and militarist charac-
ter. Arroyo’s Oplan Bayanihan and Aquino’s Oplan Bayanihan has
deployed AFP Community Organizing for Peace and Development
(COPD) teams to Lumad and peasant communi es targeted for
mining, planta ons and hydropower projects under the guise of
counter-insurgency campaigns.
Pres. Aquino has ordered the strengthening of Arroyo’s “investment
security forces”, deploying hundreds of these “to investment inten-
sive areas” to secure mining and other foreign interests, quell the
people’s struggle to protect their land and their rights against such
destruc ve opera ons and ensuring the unhampered exploita on
of Philippine resources by foreign companies.
In 2015 the spokesperson of the Philippine Army’s Eastern Mind-
anao Command declared that they are focusing their counter-in-
surgency a ack in the Davao and Caraga regions. Nine (9) full Bat-
talions of the Philippine Army were deployed and distributed all
over the Caraga region: the 26th, 29th, 30th, 36th and 75th infan-
try ba alions under the 4th Infantry Division of the AFP and the
1st and 2nd Scout Ranger Ba alions and 2nd and 3rd Special Forc-
es Ba alions under the Special Opera ons Command of the AFP.
These were complemented by various military units like test mis-
sions of the Scout Rangers, Military Intelligence Group (MIG), Tac-
cal Opera ons Group (TOG) and Reconnaissance Company. Aside
from these, there are also two Infantry Brigades, namely the 402nd
Infantry Brigade whose main headquarters was located in Banca-
si, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte and the 401st Infantry Brigade in
New Leyte, Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur.
Aside from the local units of the Philippine Na onal Police (PNP) as-
signed in each city and municipality, military opera ons were rein-
forced by bigger units of the Regional and Provincial Safety Manage-

9 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
ment Ba alion (RSMB and PSMB), formerly known as the Regional
and Provincial Mobile Groups (RMG and PMG). Police presence was
also beefed up by units of Special Ac on Forces whose opera ons
are directly under the na onal command of the PNP.
The presence of private armies and paramilitary troops also caused
much concern to the people of Caraga especially the Lumad peo-
ple who were o en targeted by the military-organized or backed
groups. These include the paramilitary Task Force Gantangan-Ba-
gani Force (TFG-BF), Magahat/Bagani Forces, Wild Dogs/Salakawan,
Civilian Armed Forces Geographical Units (CAFGU), Special Civilian
Armed Auxiliary (SCAA), Special CAFGU Ac ve Auxiliary (SCAA), Ci-
vilian Volunteers Opera ons, (CVO), Barangay Intelligence Network
(BIN), Bantay Bayan, Bantay Purok that comprise the Barangay De-
fense System (BDS).
The increased deployment of military and paramilitary forces and
their cyclic military opera ons has resulted in the commission of
various grave human rights viola ons against the people and are
affec ng whole communi es.

10 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
 Human Rights viola ons under the
BS Aquino regime

A acking Communi es

W ithin days of Aquino’s assump on of the presidency

in 2010, military opera ons in the mountain areas of
Surigao del Sur spurred the forcible evacua on of peasant
communi es in the municipali es of Marihatag and San
Agus n, affec ng over 200 families with about 1,300 indi-
viduals, including women and children. Such military oper-
a ons con nue in an almost cyclic regularity in these areas
and other Lumad communi es since then.
May 20, 2011: Evacua on of 90 Mamanwa and peasant
se ler families/405 individuals from Si o Zapanta, Brgy.
Bangayan, Kitcharao, Agusan del Norte.
September 1, 2011: 106 residents of Ansili and Zapanta
Valley of Brgy. Bangayan, Kitcharao, Agusan del Norte were
again dislocated due to the ongoing military opera ons of
the 402nd ID and 30th IB PA on the same communi es.
May 5, 2011: Evacua on of 141 families/550 individuals
from Brgy. Mahaba, Marihatag, Surigao del Sur and the
evacua on of 22 families from Brgy. Buhisan, San Agus n,
Surigao del Sur.
June 26, 2011: Evacua on of 77 families from Magkahunao
and Upper Janipaan in Brgy. Buhisan, San Agus n, Surigao
del Sur.
The order of President Aquino to strengthen security for
large scale mining companies and target areas for mining
has resulted to another round of combat opera ons which
started January of 2012. In February to March 2012 there

11 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
were airstrikes and indiscriminate bombings in Lumad and peasant
communi es bordering the Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte
and Surigao del Sur provinces. AFP units opera ng in these commu-
ni es are the 30th and 38th IB PA, 3rd Special Forces of the 402nd
Brigade, 4th Infantry Division.
These spate of combat opera ons has resulted to the disloca on of
297 families with 1,106 individuals from 10 mountain communi es
in Kitcharao and Cabadbaran City, Agusan del Norte and Alegria and
Gigaquit, Surigao del Norte.
February 6, 2012: 80 soldiers of the 30th IBPA and 38th IBPA led
by Lt. Vincent Iringan arrived in Ferlda, Alegria, Surigao del Norte.
They encamped in the Barangay Hall, Session Hall, Guest House,
Dancing Hall and houses of civilians.
February 19, 2012: Indiscriminate firing of a surprised soldier sleep-
ing in a hammock at the house of Felix Paclipan in Ferlda, Alegria,
riddling the walls and kitchen utensils with bullets. 10 families evac-
uated.
February 28, 2012: Military men gathered and joined the remain-
ing residents of Ferlda. Fearful for their lives residents decided to
evacuate. The soldiers went with the evacuees and placed them-
selves in the middle of the civilians during the hike.
March 5, 2012: Eight (8) bombs were dropped in the communi es
of Zapanta and Manhumapay, Brgy. Bangayan, Kitcharao; Lusong,
Brgy. Pu ng Bato ug Palidan, Brgy. Mahaba, Cabadbaran City. These
were followed by indiscriminate firing about 300-400 meters away
from communi es. On the next day fighter planes and helicopters
were circling the same communi es.
March 9, 2012: Military men entered Zapanta. Gunfire were heard.
The residents evacuated.
March 23, 2012: 3 Lumad-Mamanwas gathering wood to sell were
fired upon by opera ng soldiers in Si o Omao, Brgy. Camam-onan,
Gigaquit. One was hit.

12 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
March 20, 2012: Evacua on of residents four days a er around 120
soldiers arrived in Losong, Brgy. Pu ng Bato, Cabadbaran City.
January to March 2013: In the lead up to the May 2013 elec ons,
widespread civil-military opera ons in the guise of community cen-
sus, medical missions, mee ngs/assemblies and civic works were
conducted by the various units of the AFP in the Caraga region,
targe ng communi es with alleged sigh ngs of NPA presence and
strong support for the revolu onary movement.
March 5 – 20, 2013: Despite the upcoming elec ons, ac ve mili-
tary opera ons were conducted by the 3rd Special Forces in Si o
Tagkiling, Brgy. An cala, Butuan City. On March 6, 204 families with
about 650 individuals were forced to evacuate to the Tagkiling Ele-
mentary School a er an armed encounter between the opera ng
troops and the NPA resulted in hot pursuit opera ons.
March 29, 2013: In the dawn hours of Good Friday, during the an-
nual Panaad (Sta ons of the Cross) from Si o Iyao to Si o Maha-
yahay in Brgy. An cala, Butuan City, elements of the 3rd Special
Forces staged a shootout in the middle of the procession claiming
an NPA a ack. The incident resulted in the killing of two CAFGU el-
ements, Ariel Anduhuyan and Ernie Darasin. Later inves ga on in
the site and eyewitness tes monies showed inconsistent findings,
raising ques ons regarding the veracity of the alleged encounter
and the role of the 3rd SFB in staging the incident that endangered
the lives of thousands of civilians in the site at the me.
March 21-April 6, 2014: Nine Lumad-Manobo families from the
community of Danlog, Brgy. Bitaugan, San Miguel, Surigao del Sur
evacuated for a week because of military opera ons by the 36th IB
PA with heavy bombing.
April 29, 2014: Around 60 elements from the 29th IBPA arrived in
the community in Lusong, Pu ng Bato, Cabadbaran City, Agusan del
Norte on April 3 and encamped about 200 meters away from the
residen al area. Military men regularly go to the populated area,
roving around the community morning and a ernoon. Military

13 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
men listed the names of the residents, including personal infor-
ma on, pictures were taken of the residents and their movements
monitored. On April 29 around 70 military elements arrived and
joined the more or less 60 military men already in the community.
Unable to live in constant fear, 10 families with 49 individuals evac-
uated. On May 1, 9 more families with 48 individuals evacuated
from Lusong. During evacua on, elements from the 402nd Brigade,
LTO and the police harassed the evacuees and the priests from the
Iglesia Filipina Independiente who assisted the evacuees. The evac-
uees were followed by two military trucks belonging to the 402nd
ug 401st IB to the evacua on center where they were constantly
harassed and threatened.
June 18, 2014: Aerial bombings and military presence of the 29th
IB PA forced 48 Lumad-Manobo and se ler families composed of
231 individuals to evacuate from Si o Dalikanan, P-8 and P-7 to
Brgy. Mt. Carmel, Bayugan Agusan del Sur. Rico Libando, a mentally
challenged resident was tortured.
July 16, 2014: Military opera ons of the 29th IB PA and subsequent
gunfight between the military and alleged members of the New
People’s Army forced 32 Lumad Mamanwa families with 137 indi-
viduals from the communi es of Maribuhok and Ansili, 40 families
of Visayan se lers with 146 individuals from Si o Zapanta to evac-
uate in the center of Brgy. Bangayan, Kitcharao, Agusan del Norte.
August 9, 2014 - September 18, 2014: 120 Lumad Manobo families
with about 750 individuals living in the communi es of Mintake-I,
Liwangwangan, Libon, Manguicao, Minduyog and Liyo in Brgy. Lyd-
ia, La Paz, Agusan del Sur evacuated to Libon, Lydia, La Paz, Agusan
del Sur because of intense military opera on conducted by the
26th IBPA and con nuing threat from the paramilitary group Bagani
Forces.
October 27-November 4, 2014: 378 families with 1,783 individu-
als from 11 Lumad communi es in Brgys. Diatagon and San Isidro
in Lianga; 4 Lumad and se ler communi es in Brgy. Buhisan, San

14 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
Agus n and 1 Lumad community in Tago all of Surigao del Sur evac-
uated to Brgy. Diatagon Gym due to intensive military opera ons
of the 2nd Scout Ranger Ba alion, 3rd Special Forces Ba alion,
36th IB PA, 401st Brigade and members of the paramilitary group
of Calpet Egua led by Marcos Bocales. Prior to the evacua on Hen-
ry Alameda, MAPASU council member was killed, residents of the
communi es were harassed and threatened. The Kabulohan Trib-
al Community School and corn sheller given by the Interna onal
Commi ee of the Red Cross (ICRC) were also burned and its coop-
era ve store ransacked by armed men who indiscriminately fired
upon the community.
Last August 9, 108 families with more than 600 individuals from
Lumad communi es in San Miguel, Surigao del Sur evacuated due
to the threats and harassment commi ed by Magahat paramilitary
forces. They are currently staying at the barangay gym in the center
of Brgy. Bolhoon, San Miguel.

Threat and Harassment of Community Leaders

A s part of its Internal Peace and Security Program named Oplan

Bayanihan, the AFP launched a series of opera ons in January
2011 principally in mining communi es, conduc ng community
assemblies, census, community patrols and home visits. Areas of
concentra on were notably mountain communi es where protests
against the incursion of large-scale commercial mining, planta ons
and hydropower projects were most ac ve. Leaders and members
of community organiza ons were “invited” for “friendly interroga-
ons” in military camps, which were later threatened, harassed and
vilified as “members and/or supporters of the New People’s Army
(NPA)”. Others were listed as respondents in complaints against the
NPA that were filed in court.
Presently, over 80 civilians, mostly members of peasant and
Lumad organiza ons are facing fabricated criminal charges rang-
ing from grave arson and malicious mischief to mul ple murder and
frustrated murder.

15 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
Examples of these cases in Caraga include the harassment case of
Manobo leaders Jalandoni Campos and Genasque Enriquez, who
were accused of having links with the New People’s Army in the
trumped-up charges filed against them. A warrant of arrest was
issued for Jalandoni Campos, chairperson of the Malahutayong Pa-
kigbisog alang sa Sumusunod (MAPASU) people’s organiza on, who
was among those charged with rebellion and malicious mischief in
connec on with the April 28, 2011 NPA raid of the Lianga municipal
police sta on. He was illegally arrested on March 23, 2013, sever-
al weeks before the na onal elec ons as he was campaigning on
commercial radio for the KATRIBU partylist. He was released a er
four days a er a strong mass protest of the Manobo members of
MAPASU against his arrest. Genasque Enriquez, Secretary Gener-
al of the Kahugpongan sa Lumadnong Organisasyon (KASALO) and
the second nominee of the Katribu Partylist, was charged with mul-
ple frustrated murder, in connec on with the July 21 clash be-
tween NPA rebels and soldiers of the 11th Special Ac on Company,
Special Ac on Force and the 75th Infantry Ba alion in Km. 8, Si o
Agpan, Bgy. Imelda, Bunawan, Agusan del Sur. This complaint was
later dropped by the Office of the Prosecutor for lack of merit. An-
other Lumad leader, Romulo Andaya, chairperson of Pigdiwatahan,
the municipal Manobo organiza on of La Paz, Agusan del Sur, was
charged with arson.
Unable to silence the public outcry against large-scale mining and
planta ons, State security forces with its armed paramilitary forc-
es along with private security forces and armed goons of big com-
panies, have resorted to the extrajudicial killing of Lumad leaders
and members of progressive organiza on and other environment
advocates.
Known members of the paramilitary group, Special CAFGU Auxilia-
ry Ac on (SCAA) allegedly killed Datu Arpe Belayong, a Higaonon
chie ain and his brother-in-law Solte San-ogan on June 30, 2011
in Esperanza, Agusan del Sur. Local armed goons called Salakawan
(formerly Wild Dogs) associated with a local poli cian were also
said to be involved in the killings. Two of his children, ages nine and
16 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
four years old, were wounded during the incident. Datu Arpe Belay-
ong was the nephew of another vic m of extrajudicial killing, Datu
Mampaagi Belayong, founding chairperson of Higaonon organi-
za on Linundigan, who was killed in 2009 by known members of
the Wild Dogs. Linundigan is an organiza on ac ve in the campaign
against the expansion of palm oil planta on and incursion of large-
scale mining in the ancestral domain of the tribe in the mountains
of Esperanza in Agusan del Sur and Las Nieves, Butuan City, Bue-
navista, Nasipit and Carmen in Agusan del Norte.
Geraldine Pabia, 23 years old, who assisted the Lumad evacuees
from Si o Lusong, Brgy. Pu ng Bato, Cabadbaran, Agusan del Norte
during their March 2012 evacua on, was killed in her home by
known members of the CAFGU on June 1, 2012. She was killed in
front of her five year old daughter and three of her sisters-in-law, all
minors ranging in age from 9 to 16 years old.
Genesis Ambason, 23 years old, was killed on September 13, 2012,
while res ng near a military detachment in Brgy. Binicalan, San
Luis, Agusan del Sur. He was tortured a er being shot prior to his
death. He was the Secretary General of Tagdumahan, the munici-
pal organiza on of the Banwaon tribe in San Luis that was among
the most ac ve organiza ons that promoted Lumad rights against
private mining and logging concessions. His eighteen-year-old wife
who was eight months pregnant at the me of his death survived
him. Ambason is the second vic m of extrajudicial killing from Tag-
dumahan. Members of the CAFGU killed past Tagdumahan Chair-
person Aladino “Datu Mansubaybay” Badbaran, on September
28, 2009.
On January 31, 2014, Datu Rolando Ambongan, 39 years old, a lo-
cal leader of the Higaonon tribe in Buenavista, Agusan del Norte,
was killed by elements of the paramilitary group led by Eddie “Ko-
mander Bawang” Ampiawan, also a known member of the CAFGU.
On the day before the incident, in a mee ng of the Pigbawangan
tribal leaders, Kumander Bawang threatened retribu on towards
Datu Rolando who refused to sign his consent to allow a large-scale

17 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
mining company to operate within their Cer ficate of Ancestral Do-
main Title (CADT) claim. Komander Bawang is also known to have
been involved in the killing of Datu Mampaagi Belayong in 2009,
Arpe Belayong and Solte San-ogan in 2011.
Last April 27, 2014, Ricardo “Polon” Tuazon Sr., 44 year old farmer
and member of Unyon sa mga Mag-uuma sa Agusan del Norte
(UMAN) was killed by elements of the 29th IBPA led by a Capt.
Samuel Maglinao. Ricardo, his son and a neighbor were hun ng
for birds in the mountain area of Si o Dugyaman, Brgy. An cala,
Butuan City at the me of the shoo ng. His body was found by
community members a er a day of scouring the forested area. Rid-
dled with bullets, his face shot at close range, Ricardo was le in
the mountains by the opera ng military troops. His son and their
neighbor ran for cover when military men without warning, started
shoo ng. Gunshots were heard for about an hour by residents of
the community.
On October 24, 2014, Henry Alameda, a 44 year old Lumad Ma-
nobo and council member of MAPASU was killed by armed men
iden fied as members of the military backed paramilitary group
of Calpet Egua outside his home in front of his family. The 2nd
Scout Ranger Ba alion, 3rd Special Forces Ba alion and the 36th IB
PA and 401st Brigade were in military opera ons in the area when
the incident happened. Two weeks prior to the killing, Marcos Bo-
cales, commander of Task Force Gantangan, a paramilitary group
organized in 2009 by Col. Benjamine Pedralvez of the 56th IBPA and
current right hand man of Calpet Egua, threatened to kill leaders of
the MAPASU. Some members of the paramilitary group of Calpet
Egua warned thier rela ves who were MAPASU leaders to “leave
the community or they will be killed”. These paramilitary members
told them that the military will be using Calpet’s men to kill the
leaders.

18 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
 Summary of Cases: November 2012 - October 2014
Number of Affected Persons
Type of HRVs Incidents Persons Families Communi es
EJK 10 10
Trumped Up Charges 43 124
Forcible Evacua on 6 2,887 649 10
Indiscriminate Firing
Resul ng To Frustrated 3 3
Killing
Illegal Arrest &
2 2
Deten on
Poli cal Harassment
1 5

In mida on &
10 11
Harassment
Torture 2 2
TOTAL 77 3,062 649 106

The most gruesome of human rights viola ons commi ed against

the Lumad people in Caraga under the BS Aquino regime, was the
Lianga Massacre in September 1, 2015. MAPASU chairperson Di-
onel Campos, Kiwagan Datu Juvello Sinzo were killed by Bobby
and Loloy Tejero, members of the paramilitary group Magahat/Ba-
gani said to be organized and armed by the 402nd Infantry Brigade
and was led by Calpet Egua, Marcial Belandres and Marcos Bocales.
Campos and Datu Juvello were killed in front of more than 200
witnesses including Dionel’s 2 children, who were forced to gather
in a basketball court in Km. 16 in the early morning of September 1.
Military elements believed to be from the 75th IBPA and 36th IBPA
and other members of the paramilitary group sorrounded the resi
dents with their guns pointed at the people when the killing hap-
pened. Dionel Campos was made to lie on the ground then shot at

19 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
the back of his head while Datu Juvello Sinzo was hit many mes by
pieces of wood breaking his arms and legs, then shoot 8 mes. The
people were then threatened with massacre if they will not leave
the community. Emerito Samarca, ALCADEV execu ve director
was tortured, his neck slit open and shot in one of the classrooms
of ALCADEV. His body was later found by students and teachers.
These prompted 362 lumad families with 1,804 individuals from
16 Lumad communi es, along with 27 teachers, para-teachers and
staff of ALCADEV and the Tribal Primary Community Schools under
the Tribal Filipino Program of Surigao del Sur (TRIFPSS) to evacuate
to Tandag City. They were in evacua on for a year. Not one of the
perpetrators have been arrested.
Despite all these, the Lumad people remain steadfast in their de-
fense of ancestral lands and struggle for human rights. Peoples’ or-
ganiza ons con nue to grow in number and in strength.

20 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
 US-Duterte Regime:
Exploita on and Abuses Intensify

T here was hope for the Lumad people at the start of the
current government in 2016 with President Duterte’s
history of suppor ng Lumad causes, including calling for a
stop to Lumad killings in 2015. His seemingly sincere prom-
ise of change was supported by his ac ons like the revival
of peace talks between the CPP-NPA-NDFP, appointment
of known progressives in the cabinet. The appointment of
Regina “Gina” Lopez, a known environmental advocate, as
secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR), strengthened the hope of the Lumad
people of protec ng their ancestral lands. Even the De-
partment of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) with
known ac vist Sec. Judy Taguiwalo at the helm, helped the
Lumad people while in evacua on and upon their return
to the communi es, in rehabilita ng homes and schools.

But it was not to be. The peace nego a on was suspended

in the later part of his first year in office, in the midst of
an increasingly militaris c character of the Duterte govern-
ment, rising cases of human rights viola ons under its an-
-drug campaign and the refusal of the GRP to finalize the
Comprehensive Agreement on Socio Economic Reforms
(CASER) before the signing of a bilateral ceasefire as previ-
ously agreed upon. All these was aggravated by imposi on
of Mar al Law in the whole of Mindanao. The nail that fi-
nally shut the coffin was the public statement of PRRD of
bombing Lumad schools irresponsibly alleging that these
only teach children to fight the government.

21 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
Increasing Plunder of Ancestral Lands

The plunder of ancestral lands con nue. There are 54 exis ng Min-
eral Produc on Sharing Agreements (MPSA) covering more than
7% of the region’s land area as of December 2017. 23 of the coun-
try’s 40 large metallic mines con nue to operate in Caraga with 20
nickel mines, 2 gold mines, 1 chromite mine. Seven (7) foreign large
scale mining companies including the world’s biggest Australian
mines Medusa and Red 5 Limited, are directly opera ng in Caraga
or are in partnership with domes c mining companies opera ng in
the region. The Tag-anito High Pressure Acid Leach Plant opera ng
in Surigao del Norte is owned by Japanese conglomerate Sumitomo
Corp.
Not one among the 23 large scale mining opera ons recommended
for suspension by the DENR under Sec. Regina Lopez, were actually
shut down. The suspended 14 nickel mines in Caraga con nued op-
era ng but used the imminent closure to lay-off workers and refuse
to face unions for collec ve bargaining agreement (CBA).
Coal mining con nues to be a priority of the Duterte government
for its newly inaugurated coal powered energy plants. Most of the
coal reserves can be found in Caraga region. In 2015, the Depart-
ment of Energy listed 14 coal opera ng contracts awarded covering
about 42,000 hectares of Caraga mountains. Another 67,000 hect-
ares of Manobo and Mamanwa ancestral land is currently on offer,
with 25 coal blocks (1,000 hectares for 1 coal block) hectares) in
Carmen, Lanuza, Tandag, Tago, San Miguel, Bislig and Lingig in Su-
rigao del Sur; another 27 coal blocks in Bislig and Lingig in Surigao
del Sur and Bunawan and Trento in Agusan del Sur; and 15 coal
blocks in Sibagat and Butuan City in Agusan del Norte.
Caraga is also targeted for expansion of oil palm planta ons. At
present, more than 24,00 hectares of rice land have been converted
into banana planta ons of Dole-Phil and Sumifru in Surigao del Sur.
Another 15,000 hectares of agricultural land have been converted
into oil palm planta ons by Filipinas Palm Planta ons Inc. (FPPI)

22 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
23 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
and Agusan Planta ons Inc. (API) in Agusan del Sur. An addi onal
200,000 hectares is targeted for oil palm planta on expansion in
Las Nieves, Cabadbaran and Tubay in Agusan del Norte and in San
Luis, La Paz, Esperanza and Prosperidad in Agusan del Sur.
Oplan Kapayapaan and Oplan Double Barrel/“Tokhang” targe ng
Lumad community leaders and progressives
The Duterte government is implemen ng its counter-insurgency
campaign plan Oplan Kapayapaan. Under Oplan Kapayapaan the
CPP-NPA-NDFP, MNLF and MILF were called peace inclined groups
with whom the government has peace talks. ISIS inspired groups
are the main combat targets of the AFP.
While there were peace talks and declared unilateral ceasefires the
number of firefights between the AFP troops and the NPA seem to
have subsided. It became apparent however, as reports of intensi-
fying militariza on in the country sides, that skirmishes decreased
not because military troops desisted but because the NPA went
on a defensive mode, only figh ng back when government troops
launch combat opera ons.
In prac ce, Oplan Kapayaan is but mere propaganda and all-out
war is implemented, not only against the NPA but against progres-
sive organiza ons and communi es. There were no actual let-up in
militariza on under Duterte. Military troops, buoyed by the blind
support of Duterte, increased their implementa on of community
organizing for peace and development (COPD), occupying Lumad
and peasant communi es, doing “census” and “visi ng” leaders
and ac ve members of progressive organiza ons, accusing them
of being NPA members or mili a ng bayan and coercing them into
surrendering and to turn against each other.
Combined military and police opera ons of visi ng organizers, lead-
ers and ac ve members of progressive organiza ons in urban and
rural centers, were done under the guise of implemen ng Oplan
Double Barrel, the Duterte government’s an -drug campaign.

24 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
There are 2 infantry brigades under the 4th Infantry Division de-
ployed in Caraga, the 402nd Infantry Brigade & 401st Infantry Bri-
gades with 11 full ba alions of the Philippine Army: 16th, 26th,
29th, 30th, 36th,75th & elite Task Force Diamond; the 1st, 2nd Scout
Ranger Ba alions and the 1st, 2nd, 16th Special Forces Ba alions
of the Special Opera ons Command of the AFP. They are primarily
deployed in the areas of large scale mining, areas targeted for the
entry of coal mining and imminent expansion areas for banana and
oil palm planta ons. The strong opposi on of peasant and Lumad
communi es against the plunder and destruc on of ancestral and
farm lands are the main reasons for the increase in deployment of
military and police forces in Caraga region under Duterte’s Oplan
Kapayapaan. One of the militarized are the mountain areas of Su-
rigao del Sur, par cularly in the areas of the Andap Valley Complex
which is targeted for coal mining and extensive banana planta ons
and where opposi on to these are strong.

25 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
 Mar al law in Mindanao

M ilitariza on worsened upon the declara on of mar-

al law over the whole of Mindanao in May 23, 2017.
Just hours a er the declara on military and police visibility
increased. Checkpoints were immediately set up in the en-
re region, not only along the main highways but in roads
leading to mountain communi es. Tarpaulins of alleged
Maute members as enemies of the state were put up in
checkpoints and bus terminals. In Surigao del Sur, included
in the photos in tarpaulins were that of Lumad leaders and
volunteer teachers.

Residents were forced to show their iden fica on cards

and failure to show any warranted their names to be list-
ed in a logbook. Many of the Lumad people who do not
have iden fica on cards or if they do they are not used to
bringing it with them no longer leave their communi es
for fear of being held up by the police or military at check-
points. Par cularly in Surigao del Sur, visitors of Lumad
schools were made to talk to the commanding officer of
the military unit assigned before being allowed to proceed
to the communi es. Most of the mes those who pass by
the checkpoints are ques oned and harassed before being
allowed to proceed.

Extra Judicial Killings in Caraga:

5 deaths in six months

There have been 5 cases of extra judicial killings in Cara-

ga under the Duterte government. The first EJK vic m was
Nico Delamente, a Lumad-Mamanwa, known leader op-
posing the expansion of mining area of Pla num Group
Metals Corp. into their “Alampuanan” (place of worship).

26 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
He was fired upon along with his brother and stepfather and killed
in January 20, 2017 in Claver, Surigao del Norte. His 4 year old niece
was wounded during the shoo ng.
In February 11, 2017, 2 small scale miners were killed and four
others were wounded a er opera ng troops of the 29th IBPA indis-
criminately fired upon a group of small scale miners working in the
tunnel in Tubay, Agusan del Norte.
In July 10, Meliton Catampongan, chairperson of a NAMASUN-
KMP chapter in Alegria, Surigao del Norte was shot and killed by
two motor cycle riding men believed to be assets if not members
of the 30th IBPA.
In July 16, Silvestre Maratas, a peasant leader of KAMASS-KMP in
San Miguel, Surigao del Sur was shot while he was res ng in his
house by military assets of the 16th Special Forces Ba alion.
Catampongan and Maratas were accused by opera ng troops of
the AFP as supporters and/or recruiters of the NPA.

Forced to surrender as mili a ng bayan (MB) or NPA

Community leaders of Lumad organiza ons are accused as NPA or

members of the mili a ng bayan (MB), are being called to report
to the headquarters of the opera ng unit of the AFP. Many are co-
erced or deceived into surrendering as members of the mili a ng
bayan or NPA.
In June 21 of this year, 8 members of Brgy. Carromata in San Mi-
guel, Surigao del Sur were told by NCIP appointed Datu Rico Maca
and Jimmy Guinsod to report to the headquarters of the 16th Spe-
cial Forces Ba alion in San Miguel, where they were interrogated
then deceived into surrendering as mili a ng bayan. The eight were
leaders and ac ve members of Lumad organiza on Tipjungan. They
were also told to close down or not send their children to the TRIF-
PSS run tribal school in Barobuan, Carromata.

27 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
“I will bomb those (Lumad schools).
Bobombahin ko talaga!”

The vilifica on of progressive organiza ons and ins tu ons as that

of the NPA also con nued. As men oned above, photos of volun-
teer teachers along with Lumad leaders in tarpaulins of state ene-
mies are mounted in Surigao del Sur military checkpoints. Also in
Surigao del Sur, opera ng military troops ask for the names of vol-
unteer teachers, show their names or photos to the leaders being
interrogated and vilify the schools as that of the NPA despite the
denial of residents and leaders.
In June 21, 2017 community leaders who were interrogated by
the 16th Special Forces were shown an organiza onal chart of the
alleged “enemies of the state” which included the names of lead-
ers of local Lumad organiza on Tipjungan and 4 names of TRIF-
PSS volunteer teachers. This has resulted to the temporary closure
of two tribal community schools in San Miguel, Surigao del Sur as
community members fear for their volunteer teachers.
Lumad leaders, volunteer teachers of Lumad schools and staff
members of ins tu ons serving the Lumad people are charged with
trumped-up cases of kidnapping and child abuse. The most recent
are the charges filed in November 2015, against 10 MAPASU lead-
ers, TRIFPSS and ALCADEV volunteer teachers. Fiscals and judges
are being harassed by military agents into fast-tracking resolu ons
of trumped-up charges against those accused. In April, a judge was
being pressured by the military to issue warrants of arrest against
the 10 Lumad leaders of MAPASU and volunteer teachers of TRIF-
PSS and ALCADEV in Surigao del Sur.
Such a acks will intensify a er the pronouncement of President
Duterte himself, in a press conference a er the State of the Na-
on Address (SONA) in July 24, 2017, that he will bomb the Lumad
schools, accusing these of teaching Lumad children to fight the gov-
ernment. In the face of strong condemna on from different sectors,

28 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
even interna onal human rights organiza ons, he back tracked and
said he will only bomb the structures not the children.
Despite being recipients of literacy awards from the Department of
Educa on (DepEd) itself, TRIFPSS and ALCADEV have recently been
subjected to false accusa ons by President Duterte himself of oper-
a ng illegally. This despite the fact that both ins tu ons are regis-
tered at the Securi es and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Bureau
of Internal Revenue (BIR), holds local government cer fica ons of
existence, have regular communica ons with the provincial and re-
gional DepEd and have been opera ng for more than two decades.

Evacua ons of Lumad communi es s ll happen

In August, 2016, 48 Families with 248 individuals, mostly Manobo,

members of the Lumad organiza on Tigdiwatahan, residents of
of Brgy. Zillovia, Talacogon, Agusan del Sur evacuated because of
military encampment, harassment, threat and in mida on.

In July 5, 2017, just barely a year a er returning to their commu-

ni es from a yearlong evacua on, 424 households with 2,047 in-
dividuals from 10 Lumad communi es of Lianga and San Agus n,
Surigao del Sur were forced to evacuate to a neighboring com-
munity a er seeing more or less 60 military troops going towards
their communi es and a er a drone flew over their communi es
16 mes in the middle of the night. Classes of 633 students and
43 volunteer teachers of five (5) Tribal Filipino Community Schools
run by Tribal Filipino Program of Surigao del Sur (TRIFPSS) and one
(1) Lumad secondary school run by the Alterna ve Center for Agri-
cultural and Livelihood Development (ALCADEV), were affected by
the evacua on. The 10 communi es were part of the 26 communi-
es who evacuated for a year to Tandag City a er the brutal killing
of their leaders MAPASU chairperson Dionel Campos and Kiwagan
Datu Juvello Sinzo and ALCADEV execu ve director Emerito Samar-
ca and they were threatened with massacre if they will not leave

29 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
their communi es. The killings were witnessed by more than two
hundred witnesses including women and children.
The 75th IBPA at first denied their and the drone’s presence but lat-
er retracted at a dialogue with evacuees facilitated by the local gov-
ernment unit of Lianga. Humanitarian groups and individuals were
prevented from visi ng the evacuees or were made to undergo sev-
eral procedures such as talking with the commanding officer, an-
swering numerous ques ons, were asked for several iden fica on
cards before being allowed to proceed. The evacuees demanded
that the military immediately withdraw from their communi es as
they were about to harvest crops from the farms that they rehabili-
tated upon their return from evacua on. Military troops withdrew
and the evacuees returned a er almost two weeks.
Despite all these challenges, the Lumad people of Caraga remain
steadfast in their efforts of educa ng their children and defending
their ancestral lands against plunder and destruc on. #

Resources:
1. NEDA-Strategic Development Framework 2010-2020
2. DENR-MGB: Tenement Map May 2014, December 2016
3. PNOC Coal areas on Offer
4. Chamber of Mines-Caraga Region (h p://www.chamberofmi-
nescaraga.org/)
5. Caraga Watch: Mining Caraga, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015
6. Kasalo: The Truth Behind the Military Opera ons in Surigao del
Sur: Clearing the Way for Coal Mining, June 2011
7. Search for Innova ve Philippine Human Rights Ini a ves, An
Outcome Document, APRN & KaSaMa, 201

30 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
31 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights
 Updated 2015 Primer
September 2017

32 ----- 1-Con nuing Struggle to Defend Ancestral Lands & Human Rights