ATAL BIHARI VAJPAYEE VISHWAVIDYALAYA BILASPUR (C.G.

)
SESSION: (2022-23)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
PROJECT REPORT
ON

“Smart Irrigation System Using

555IC”
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of

“MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PHYSICS”

GUIDED BY: SUBMITTED BY:

Mrs. VARSHA SHRIVAS Shruti Sao
(Signature)
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I the undersigned solemnly declare that the Project work entitled “Smart

Irrigation System using 555IC” is based on my own work carried out during the

course of my study under the supervision of Mrs. Varsha Shrivas.

I assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of

the project work. I further declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief that

the report does not contain any part of any work which has been submitted for the

award of any other degree/diploma/certificate in this University/deemed University

of India or any other country. All helps received and citations used for the

preparation of the thesis have been duly acknowledged.

(Signature of the Candidate)

Name of the Candidate: SHRUTI SAO
Roll No:2105388
Enrollment No:2021019741
Signature of the Supervisor
(Mrs.Varsha Shrivas)
Head of the physics Dept.

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 CERTIFICATE OF THE SUPERVISOR

This is to certify that the report of the thesis entitled “Smart Irrigation

System using 555IC” is a record of bonafide work carried out by Shruti Sao

bearing Roll No: 2105388 & Enrollment No: 2021019741 under my guidance

and supervision for the award of Degree of Master of Science in the Physics. Atal

Bihari Vajpayee Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur(C.G.)

To the best of my knowledge and belief the Project

• Embodies the work of the candidate him/herself,

• Has duly been completed,

• Fulfills the requirement of the Ordinance relating to the M.Sc.

degree of the University and

• Is up to the desired standard both in respect of contents and

language for being referred to the examiners.

Signature of the Supervisor

(Mrs.Varsha Shrivas)
Head of the physics Dept.

Forwarded to Atal Bihari Vajpayee Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur(C.G.)

2
 CERTIFICATE BY THE EXAMINERS

The Project entitled “Smart Irrigation System using 555IC” by Shruti

Sao (Roll No: 2105388 & Enrollment No: 2021019741) has been examined by
the undersigned as a part of the examination and is hereby recommended for the
award of the degree of Master of Science in Physics of
D.L.S. P.G. College, Sarkanda, Bilaspur(C.G.)

Signature of the Supervisor Signature of the Principal Signature of the External

( Mrs.Varsha Shrivas ) ( Dr.Ranjana Chaturvedi ) Name:
Head of the physics Dept. Principal In-charge
D.L.S. P.G. College.

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Though the following project is an individual work, I could never have reached the
heights or explored the depths without the help, support, guidance and efforts of a lot of people.
Firstly, I would like to thank my guide Mrs.Varsha Shrivas for her huge support and advice
during the whole duration of the project, for their guidance in my professional career. Their
enthusiasm and unlimited zeal have been major driving forces throughout my project. Successful
completion of the present work not has been possible without his support, which not only served
as my guide but also encouraged and challenged me throughout my academic program. He
patiently guided me through the project process, never accepting less than my best efforts. I
express my sincere gratitude for the unparalleled guidance and competent advice received. I am
indebted to Mrs.Varsha Shrivas, Assistant Professor and Head, for providing me an opportunity
and also Physics facilities for completing M.Sc.
This work would not have been possible without the support of my family. I thank my
parents Mr.Indra Sao and Mrs. Pratima Sao for their unconditional love, understanding and
tolerance during my long and crazy schedules, without their love and motivation over the years I
would not be at this point today.
Finally, my dissertation work would not have been the same without the academic
challenges and diversions provided by all my student-colleagues in the Department. I extend my
sincere thanks to my colleagues are always willing to help and give best oral and written
comments/suggestions which were extremely perceptive, helpful, and appropriate.

Date: -
Shruti Sao
Place: - Bilaspur M.Sc. Physics IV Sem.

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 Table of Content
Sr. No. Title

1 Abstract

2 Introduction

3 Literature Review

4 Materials & Methods

5 Apparatus

6 Results and Discussion

7 Summary

8 Future Scope

9 Bibliography

5
 ABSTRACT

Agriculture is the source of living of majority Indians and it also has a countless

influence on economy of the country. The objective of our project is to reduce

this manual involvement by the farmer by using an automated irrigation system

which purpose is to enhance water use for agricultural crops. This paper deals

with automatic irrigation system senses the moisture content of the soil and

automatically switches the pump when the power is on. In this project an

automation of farm irrigation and soil moisture control by Arduino using soil

moisture sensor and L293D module. This automatic irrigation system senses the

moisture content of the soil and automatically switches the pump when the

power is on.

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 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction

As we know that Indian economy is one of the largest developing economies

of the world. The agricultural sector has its largest contribution in the Indian

economy. To achieve maximum utilization of man power and to obtain maximum

profit in a given stipulated there is a need in the up gradation of various

engineering techniques that are being used today. Thus maintaining proper amount

of water level in the soil is one of the necessary requirements to harvest a good

crop that can be a source of various types of nutrients whether micro or macro for

their proper growth. If we talk about Indian farmers, they are worst hit by the

famines that occurs due to failure of crops depending upon various drought factors

Rain plays the key role in deciding the future of these crops as well as the farmers every

year. The over utilization of ground water has drastically reduced the ground water level

in the last 15 years. So it is the need of hour to utilize each and every drop of water wisely

so that it can also be used by our coming generations also. Also we should develop some

new methods that use the renewable sources of energy. The developments of these new

techniques are going to reach our goal of sustainable development as well as to cut off the

emission of greenhouse gases to a minimum level. As the name of our project that is

AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM with the help of the Solar power is a step to

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utilize some new engineering techniques. This technique will be a very good option for

the small and medium farmers who suffer every year just because of failure of crops that

took place every year that took place every year. The implementation of this technology

has a wide scope in the nearby future.

This project is a smart solution to make irrigation an easy process and to help out plant

lovers and farmers. In our busy life it is hard to keep track of time to water our plants.

Some plants are very sensitive, and they need proper amount of water just to keep them

alive, so we needed something to check the water requirement of plants and timely

watering solution. This product will sense the soil for its humidity level and temperature

and will automatically turn on and off the water supply as per the need.

India’s large population is indulged in farming activities. Agricultural output and

effective production have a great impact on the economy of the country. In dry areas or

just in case of lack rain, irrigation becomes troublesome. So, it can be machine-driven and

can be handled remotely by farmer. As the system will provide just the right amount of

water so it will also help us to save water.

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 Literature Review
Literature Review

In this section, we have an overview of the necessary information which played a vital

role in designing and implementing the smart irrigation system.

In this paper, soil moisture content has been detected using acoustic based

technique was developed. The main propose of this technique is development for

measure soil moisture in real time method. The technique based on relationship between

two quantities i.e. speed of sound and the degree of saturation with water in soils.

This experiment found that the speed of sound decreases with the moisture content

following, depending on the kind of soil.in this system to avoid the human intervention

which minimizes the cost.

In the paper, automatic irrigation technique irrigated using wireless sensor network. The

idea was developed for improve irrigation system and reduced cost of irrigation water.

Sensors are placed in farm and sense continuously and collect the information. Using this

information system was control automatically using copper sensors.

2.1 Water and Plant Growth

Water sustains life, and is therefore important to all living organisms on our

planet. These include plants, which will wilt, become dry and die in the absence water.

The actual amount of water needed by a plant to grow will depend on the type of soil

used, the size of the pot, the species of the plant and the age of the plant. A

soil’s water retention properties will determine the amount of watering required. Soil
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that is poor in retaining water will require more frequent watering, whereas soil that has

good water retention properties will require less frequent watering. The size of the pot is

also important, as it determines the amount of water that can be added to maintain the

required soil moisture. The size and number of leaves, together with the size of a plant’s

stem, will give us an estimate on the appropriate amount of water that a plant needs.

Young plants tend to require more frequent watering to maintain the moisture near the

surface of the soil, as its roots have not grown deep enough and will therefore only be

near the surface of soil. On the other hand, an older plant will require less frequent

watering.

2.2 Drip Irrigation System

Drip irrigation shown in Fig.2.6 is sometimes called trickle irrigation and involves

dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20 liters/hour) from a system of small

diameter plastic pipes fitted with outlets called emitters or drippers. Water is applied close

to plants so that only part of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted, unlike surface and

sprinkler irrigation, which involves wetting the whole oil profile. With drip

irrigation water, applications are more frequent (usually every 1-3 days) than with other

methods and this provides a very favorable high moisture level in the soil in which plants

can flourish.

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Drip irrigation is most suitable for row crops (vegetables, soft fruit), tree and vine crops

where one or more emitters can be provided for each plant. Generally only high

value crops are considered because of the high capital costs of installing a drip system.

Drip irrigation is adaptable to any farmable slope. Normally the crop would be planted

along contour lines and the water supply pipes (laterals) would be laid along the contour

also. This Done to minimize changes in emitter discharge as a result of land elevation

changes.[9]

Suitable soils

Drip irrigation is suitable for most soils. On clay soils water must be applied slowly to

avoid surface water pond and runoff. On sandy soils higher emitter discharge rates will be

needed to ensure adequate lateral wetting of the soil shown in Fig.2.7.

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Suitable irrigation water

One of the main problems with drip irrigation is blockage of the emitters. All emitters

have very small waterways ranging from 0.2-2.0 mm in diameter and these can become

blocked if the water is not clean. Thus it is essential for irrigation water to be free of

sediments. If this is not so then filtration of the irrigation water will be needed.

Blockage may also occur if the water contains algae, fertilizer deposits and dissolved

chemicals which precipitate such as calcium and iron. Filtration may remove some of the

materials but the problem may be complex to solve and requires an experienced engineer

or consultation with the equipment dealer.

Drip irrigation is particularly suitable for water of poor quality (saline water). Dripping

water to individual plants also means that the method can be very efficient in water use.

For this reason it is most suitable when water is scarce.

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 Materials & Methods
Here in this paper an experimental scale within rural areas where there is an

enormous is position of irrigation system which is executed using arm controller

and wireless communication. The aim of this implementation was to

demonstrate that the automatic irrigation system can be demonstrate that the

automatic irrigation system can be photovoltaic irrigation system which

consists of a solar powered that is the soil moisture sensor and temperature

sensor placed under the soil where plants roots are reached which is a distributed

network. The system has a water level sensor which will indicate the presence of

water level in tank. A software application was advanced by programming the

verge values of soil moisture water level that was automated into a

microcontroller.

Fig: Schematic Diagram

15
Fig: Proposed Architecture

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 APPARATUS
4.1 WORKING

The soil moisture sensor modules used here have two output pins (Digital

output and Analog output). The output from the probe of the moisture sensor is

compared with a reference value using an lm393 comparator. The reference value

can be changed by turning the potentiometer in the module. The digital pin gives

an active low output when the soil is wet. Here we are using the analog output

from the module by connecting it to one of the analog pins of Arduino While

using the analog output the wet detection value can be set/adjusted within

the program itself. As shown in the circuit diagram, a float switch is connected to

one of the analog pins of Arduino and a 1K Ohm resistor is used to pull up the line.

Analog pins of Arduino can also be used as digital inputs. The status of the tank is

identified by checking the output of the float switch. Arduino reads the voltage

dropped across the pull up resistor for sensing the level of water in the tank. . And

the pin links to the base of a 555IC transistor which in turn drives the 9 V DC

motor.

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4.1.1 Hardware Requirements: -

• 555 IC with 8 pin Base

• Relay
• Soil Sensor
• Pipe
• PCB
• 10k Variable Resistor
• Light Emitting Diode (LED)
• DC Water Pump
• Resistor
• 9V Battery
• Battery Cap

• 555 IC: –

The 555 timer IC is Associated with Nursing microcircuit chip utilized in a range of

timer, pulse generation, and generator applications. The 555 will be accustomed give time

delays, as Associate in Nursing generator, and as a flip-flop component. Derivatives give

2 (556) or four (558) temporal arrangement circuits in one package.

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit chip used in a variety of timer, pulse

generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an

oscillator, and as a flip-flop element.

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 • Relay:-

A relay is Associated with Nursing electrically operated switch. Many relays use a

magnet to mechanically operate a switch, but different operating principles are

used, like solid state relays. Relay is an electrically operated switch. Several relays use a

magnet to automatically operate a switch, however alternative in operation principles

are used, like solid state relays. Relays are used wherever it's necessary to regulate a

circuit by a separate low-power signal, or wherever many circuits should be controlled

by one signal. The essential relays were handling in long distance communicate circuits

as amplifiers, they unbroken the signal coming back in from one circuit and

retransmitted it on another circuit.

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 • Soil Sensor:-

Soil wetness sensors live check the wetness of water content in soil. Since the direct

gravimetric measure of condition desires removing, drying of a sample to check it

constantly. Soil condition sensors live the meter water content indirectly by victimization

another property of the soil, like physical phenomenon, non-conductor constant, or

interaction with neutrons, as a proxy for the condition content. Soil moisture sensors

measure the humidity of water content in soil. Since the direct hydrometric measuring of

free soil wetness needs removing, drying, and coefficient of a sample, soil wetness

sensors). live the meter water content indirectly by victimization another property of the

soil, like electrical phenomenon, non-conductor constant, or interaction with neutrons, as

a proxy for the wetness content.

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 • Pipe:-

Here it is used as a water channel, and it has been used for watering plant.

• PCB:-

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are skinny boards made up of Associate in Nursing

insulation, with a metal coated surface, generally on each the highest and bottom.

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 • 10k Variable Resistor:-

It is a device used to be a passive two-terminal electrical half that implements resistance

as a circuit element.

• Light-Emitting Diode: -

It is a semiconductor; it emits light when current flows through it. As soon as the current

flows through the diode, neutrons recombine with electron holes among the devices. LED

is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows through it. When a

current flows through the diode, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes

within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called

electroluminescence. The color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the

photons) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. White light is

obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on

the semiconductor device.

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 • DC Water Pump: -

A dc electric water pump motor that powered by a 9V direct current power supply. It

uses centrifugal force that generated by high speed rotated impeller to booster,

transfer, lift or circulate liquids like water, oil, coolant for sprayers, car, fountain,

shower, garden etc.

• Resistor:-

It is a device used to be a passive two-terminal electrical half that implements

resistance as a circuit element. A resistor is an electrical component that limits or

regulates the flow of electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors are extremely

common place in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of

various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-

resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome). The primary characteristics of resistors are

25
their resistance and the power they can dissipate. Other characteristics include

temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance,

the value below which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted current

flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage

• 9V Battery:-

An electrical battery is a device consisting of 1 or additional chemical science cells

with external connections provided to power electrical devices like flashlights, and

electrical cars.

• Battery Cap:-

The primary function of a battery holder is to keep cells fixed in place safely and

securely while conveying power from the batteries to the device

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27
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The system was tested in the field conditions and results revealed that, system would be a

best option for medium size agriculture field. Operational amplifier reference voltage

could be changed according to the crop type and moisture availability in the field by

using moisture sensor. Excess power was stored in the solar battery and it was used

when day light was low Excess charging was prohibited by using pulse width modulation

technique and it helped to reduce the temperature of the solar battery and increase the life

time of the battery. When all probes were dry, water pump was switched on until all the

probes were getting wet. As well as when all probes were wet, it allocated to dry till two

probes and utilize the water and power sustainable manner. If further reduction of the

moisture of the soil occurred, it leaded to switch on the pump till all probes getting

wet. Because of this automated system water wastage of the tested field could be

reduced by 50% of normal irrigation wastage and reduce evaporation transpiration by

induced dark time operation. Beside human attention was reduced on irrigation due

to automation. Irrigation becomes easy, accurate and practical with the impression

above shared and can be executed in agricultural fields in future to endorse agriculture to

next level. The output from moisture sensor and level system plays wide role in producing

the output.

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 CONCLUSION
Thus the “Automated Irrigation system based on soil moisture” has been

designed and tested successfully. It has been developed by integrated features of all

the hardware components used. Presence of ever module has been reasoned out

and placed carefully, thus contributing to the best working of the unit The moisture

sensors measure the moisture level (water content) of the different plants. If the

moisture level is goes to be below the desired and limited level, the moisture

sensor sends the signal to the Arduino board which triggers the Water Pump to turn

ON and supply the water to respective plant using the Rotating Platform/Sprinkler.

When the desired moisture level is reached, the system halts on its own and the

water Pump is turned OFF. Thus, the functionality of the entire system has been

tested thoroughly and it is said to function successfully.

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 FUTURE SCOPE
As a whole the group felt that they achieved the objectives that they set forth

for themselves at the beginning of this design process. After completing the

designed proto type the group suggests the following improvements.

Problem with Suggested Solution

Design Suggested Solution or Improvement

In our project we have assumed one acre of
land so we are using 15w motor. Motor of
Motor selection
higher rating should be used for cultivating
field of larger area.
Sensors at different stages can be used
Un level surface of cultivating field
in case of un level surface.
The supply to agriculture is limited to few
fixed hours throughout the day. In such cases
Regular power cuts
Standby power systems like solar panels can
be used.

The farmers have to be on their

guard all the
time due to the unpredictable
nature of supply GSM technology can be used where motor’s
of electrical energy. And the status is sent as a message to the farmer’s cell
farmers have to phone.
switch on their motor after
electricity supply
resumes.

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