Refraction

- ______________ is the ______________ or change in

___________ of light when it travels from one __________ into
another.
- Refraction is the changing of the ___________ of a __________ when it travels from
one __________ into another (Perceived bending of light)
- This meeting place of __________ different media is called the __________ between
the media. All ___________ of light (and reflection) occurs at the _____________
- Eg. The refraction of light going from _________ into ___________

= angle of incidence
= angle of refraction
The Rules for Refraction

i) The ___________ ray, the ____________ ray, and the _________ all lie in the
_______ plane. The __________ ray and the _____________ ray are on
_______________ sides of the line that separates the ________ media.
- ii) Light bends ____________ the normal when the ___________ of light is the
_________ medium. Light bends ___________ from the ____________ when the
speed of light in the ___________ medium is _____________.

The tendency of a ray of light to bend _____ direction or another is ___________ upon
whether the ________ wave __________ up or _________ down upon __________ the
boundary. The __________ of a light wave is _____________ upon the __________ density
of the ___________ through which it __________. For this reason, the ___________ which
the __________ of a light wave __________ depends on whether the light wave is
__________ from a more ___________ (slow) medium to a __________ dense (fast) medium
or from a less dense __________ to a _________ dense medium.

- If a ray of light passes ___________ the boundary from a material in which it travels
___________ into a material in which travels ___________, then the _______ ray will
bend ____________ the ___________ line.
- If a ray of light passes _____________ the boundary from a ____________ in which
it travels ____________ into a material in which travels ___________, then the light
ray will __________ away from the ___________ line.

1. When light passes from a more optically dense medium into a less optically dense medium, it
will bend _______ (towards, away from) the normal.

  

2. When light passes from a less optically dense medium into a more optically dense medium, it
will bend _______ (towards, away from) the normal 

3. When light passes from a medium with a high index of refraction value into a medium with a
low index of refraction value, it will bend _______ (towards, away from) the normal. 

 
4. When light passes from a medium with a low index of refraction value into a medium with a
high index of refraction value, it will bend _______ (towards, away from) the normal.

Index of Refraction (Refractive index) 

One indicator of the optical density of a material is the _____________________________

of the material. _______________________ values (represented by the symbol _____) are
______________ index values which are expressed relative to the ____________ of light in
a ______________. The index of refraction value of a material is a number which indicates
the number of times ____________ that a light ____________ would be in that material
than it is in a vacuum. A _________ is given an n value of _______________. The n values of
other materials are found from the following equation:

n - ____________________ (no Units)

c - ____________________ = 3.00 x 108 m/s
V - ______________________________
The table below lists index of refraction values for a variety of medium. The materials listed at
the top of the table are those through which light travels ____________; these are the least
optically dense materials. The materials listed at the bottom of the table are those through
which light travels ____________; these are the most optically dense materials. So as the
index of refraction value _____________, the optical density _____________, and the speed
of light in that material ________________.

Material Index of Refraction

Vacuum 1.0000 <--lowest optical density
Air 1.0003
Ice 1.31
Water
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
1.51
Crown Glass 1.52
Light Flint Glass
Dense Flint Glass 1.66
1.923
2.417
Rutile 2.907
Gallium phosphide 3.50 <--highest optical density
The index of refraction values thus provide a measure of the relative _______ of a light wave
in a particular ___________. Knowledge of such relative speeds _________ us to predict
which way a __________ ray would ____________ when passing from ________ medium to
another.  

___________ density of a __________ medium refers to a measure of the extent to which a

substance ____________ light or other electromagnetic radiation.

E.g.: Gases are less optically dense than solid materials

 Refraction

- Refraction is the bending or change in direction of light

when it travels from one medium into another.
- Refraction is the changing of the speed of a wave when it
travels from one medium into another (Perceived bending of light)
- This meeting place of two different media is called the interface between
the media. All refraction of light (and reflection) occurs at the interface
- Eg. The refraction of light going from air into water

= angle of incidence
= angle of refraction
The Rules for Refraction

- i) The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal all lie in the same
plane. The incident ray and the refracted ray are on opposite sides of the
line that separates the two media.
- ii) Light bends towards the normal when the speed of light is the first
medium. Light bends away from the normal when the speed of light in the
second medium is greater.

The tendency of a ray of light to bend one direction or another is dependent upon
whether the light wave speeds up or slows down upon crossing the boundary. The
speed of a light wave is dependent upon the optical density of the material
through which it moves. For this reason, the direction which the path of a light
wave bends depends on whether the light wave is traveling from a more dense
(slow) medium to a less dense (fast) medium or from a less dense medium to a
more dense medium.

- If a ray of light passes across the boundary from a material in which it

travels fast into a material in which travels slower, then the light ray will
bend towards the normal line.
- If a ray of light passes across the boundary from a material in which it
travels slow into a material in which travels faster, then the light ray will
bend away from the normal line.

1. When light passes from a more optically dense medium into a less optically
dense medium, it will bend _______ (towards, away from) the normal.

  

2. When light passes from a less optically dense medium into a more optically
dense medium, it will bend _______ (towards, away from) the normal 

 
3. When light passes from a medium with a high index of refraction value into a
medium with a low index of refraction value, it will bend _______ (towards, away
from) the normal. 

4. When light passes from a medium with a low index of refraction value into a
medium with a high index of refraction value, it will bend _______ (towards, away
from) the normal.

Index of Refraction (refractive index) 

One indicator of the optical density of a material is the index of refraction value
of the material. Index of refraction values (represented by the symbol n) are
numerical index values which are expressed relative to the speed of light in a
vacuum. The index of refraction value of a material is a number which indicates
the number of times slower that a light wave would be in that material than it is in
a vacuum. A vacuum is given an n value of 1.0000. The n values of other materials
are found from the following equation:

n - Index of refraction (no Units)

c - Speed of light = 3.00 x 108 m/s
V - speed of light in a medium in m/s
The table below lists index of refraction values for a variety of medium. The
materials listed at the top of the table are those through which light travels
fastest; these are the least optically dense materials. The materials listed at the
bottom of the table are those through which light travels slowest; these are the
most optically dense materials. So as the index of refraction value increases, the
optical density increases, and the speed of light in that material decreases.

Material Index of Refraction

Vacuum 1.0000 <--lowest optical density
Air 1.0003
Ice 1.31
Water 1.333
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Plexiglas 1.51
Crown Glass 1.52
Light Flint Glass 1.58
Dense Flint Glass 1.66
Zircon 1.923
Diamond 2.417
Rutile 2.907
Gallium phosphide 3.50 <--highest optical density

 The index of refraction values thus provide a measure of the relative speed of a
light wave in a particular medium. Knowledge of such relative speeds allows us to
predict which way a light ray would bend when passing from one medium to
another.  

Optical density of a refractive medium refers to a measure of the extent to

which a substance transmits light or other electromagnetic radiation.

E.g.: Gases are less optically dense than solid material