Lesson 1.

6
Solution: Solubility
and Saturation
 Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, I can:

• define solution;
• differentiate the three types of solutions;
• identify and explain the factors affecting
solubility; and
• enumerate the factors affecting rate of
dissolution.

Joey C. Arizaleta, Notre Dame of Marbel University - IBED 2

 Matter Flowchart (review)

MATTER
no Can it be physically
yes
separated?

PURE SUBSTANCE MIXTURE

no Can it be chemically yes no Is the composition yes

decomposed? uniform?

Homogeneous
Heterogeneous
Element Compound Mixture
Mixture
(solution)

Colloids Suspensions

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 Solution

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 Homogeneous Mixtures

❖ It has only one phase.

❖ Every portion of the mixture has
the same properties and
composition.
❖ It is also called a SOLUTION.

Joey C. Arizaleta, Notre Dame of Marbel University - IBED 5

 Solution
What is a solution?
Solutions are mixtures and have the
following certain characteristics:
❖ it is a mixture with at least one
substance dissolved in another
❖ it is homogenous
❖ it may be either colourless or coloured
❖ it cannot be easily separated by simple
filtration
❖ the particles do not settle out when left
to stand

Joey C. Arizaleta, Notre Dame of Marbel University - IBED 6

 Solutions
Solutions, in chemistry, are homogeneous mixtures
of two or more substances.
Components of a Solution: Solute and Solvent
Solute is the substance being dissolved
component that is present in smaller
amount. A component that is dissolved.

Solvent is the medium in which the

solute is dissolved and the component
that is available in greater quantity. It
is a dissolving agent.

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 Solution

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Solute or Solvent?

+ =
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 Solute or Solvent?

=
++ =
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 Types of Solutions

❖Solidsolutions – steel or other alloys

❖Liquid solutions – drinks
❖Gaseous solutions – air

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 Types of Solutions

❖Solid solutions
Examples:

• Steel – made up of carbon dissolved in

molten iron
(When the iron solidifies as it cools, the
carbon remains dissolved in the solid
steel.)

• Brass – composed of copper and zinc

Joey C. Arizaleta, Notre Dame of Marbel University - IBED 12
 Types of Solutions

❖ Liquid solutions – mostly the

solvent used is water
Examples:
• Saline Solution – sodium chloride
(solid) dissolved in Water (liquid)

• Carbonated drinks – Carbon

dioxide (gas) dissolved in water
(liquid)
Water is called the universal solvent.
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 Types of Solutions

❖ Gaseous solutions – gas can also mix

with a solvent
Examples:
• Air – made up of 79% nitrogen,
20% oxygen, and 1% trace gases.

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 Types of Solutions
Type Solute Solvent Example
Gas Solid Hydrogen in palladium
Solid Liquid Solid Liquid mercury in solid sodium
Solid Solid Tin in copper (bronze)
Gas Liquid Hydrogen chloride gas in water (HCl)
Liquid Liquid Liquid Ethyl alcohol in water (wine)
Solid Liquid Sodium hydroxide pellets in water
Gas Gas Oxygen and carbon dioxide in nitrogen (air)
Gas Liquid Gas Moisture in air
Solid Gas Naphthalene sublimed in air

Page 71 (3rd Edition)

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 Solubility

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 Solubility

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 Solubility
Solubility
- It is defined as the maximum amount of solute
that dissolves in a given amount of solvent at a
specified temperature.
- It is also the ability of a solute to dissolve in a
solvent to form a solution
Example: The solubility of sodium chloride at 60oC is 38
g/100g water.

This means that at 60°C, only 38 g of NaCl may

completely dissolve in 100 g of water. Beyond this
amount, NaCl crystals will remain solid.
Joey C. Arizaleta, Notre Dame of Marbel University - IBED 18
 Solubility

❖ Solubility is relative.
❖ A substance may be very soluble, slightly
soluble, or insoluble.
❖ These terms describe the solubility of a
solid in liquid, although they do not
accurately indicate the amount of solute
that will be dissolved.

Joey C. Arizaleta, Notre Dame of Marbel University - IBED 19

 Solubility
❖ Miscible liquids can easily dissolve in one
another. Liquids capable of mixing and forming
a solution.
- Ethyl alcohol and water are miscible in each other.

❖ Immiscible liquids are not soluble in each

other. Those that do not mix to form a solution.
- Oil and water are immiscible since they form two
layers

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Miscible and Immiscible Liquids

Immiscible Miscible

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Miscible and Immiscible Liquids

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Miscible and Immiscible Liquids

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 Factors Affecting Solubility

1. Nature of Solute and Solvent

2. Effect of Temperature on Solubility
3. Effect of Pressure on Solubility

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1. Nature of Solute and Solvent
Chemists use the saying
“like dissolves like”:
➢ Polar substances
tend to dissolve in
polar solvents.
➢ Nonpolar substances
tend to dissolve in
nonpolar solvents.

Oil is nonpolar while water is polar.

They are immiscible.

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2. Effect of Temperature on Solubility

Solubility
❖ Depends on temperature .
❖ Of most solids increases
as temperature increases.
❖ Of gases decreases as
temperature increases.

Joey C. Arizaleta, Notre Dame of Marbel University - IBED 27

 Learning Check

A. Why could a bottle of carbonated

drink possibly burst (explode) when
it is left out in the hot sun?

The pressure in a bottle increases as

the gas leaves solution as it becomes
less soluble at high temperatures. As
pressure increases, the bottle could
burst.
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 Learning Check

2. Why do fish die in water that is too

warm?

Because oxygen gas is less soluble in

warm water, fish cannot obtain the
amount of oxygen, required for their
survival.

Joey C. Arizaleta, Notre Dame of Marbel University - IBED 30

 3. Effects of Pressure on the Solubility

William Henry, an English chemist and physician,

proved that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is
directly proportional to the partial pressure of that
gas above the liquid.

Henry’s Law
❖ States that if the partial pressure of a gas is
doubled, its solubility is also doubled; if the
pressure is halved, the solubility is also halved.

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3. Effects of Pressure on the Solubility

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Factors affecting the Rate of Dissolution

There are several factors that affect the rate or

“how quickly” dissolving occurs.

1. Particle Size (Increasing Surface Area)

2. Stirring or Agitation
3. Increase in Temperature (Heating)
4. Concentration of Solution

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Concentration of Solutions

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Dilute and Concentrated Solutions

❖ A dilute solution is one that has a

relatively small amount of dissolved solute.
❖ A concentrated solution is one that has a
relatively large amount of dissolved solute.

Solutions of a red dye in water from the most dilute (on the left) to
the most concentrated (on the right).

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 Saturation

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 Saturation (Video)

Unsaturated, Saturated and Supersaturated Solutions - YouTube

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 Types of Saturation
Unsaturated Saturated Supersaturated

*a solution that contains

*a solution that contains
less solute than the
maximum amount the
solvent can dissolve at a
given temperature
*lighter color
Joey C. Arizaleta, Notre Dame of Marbel University - IBED
*a solution that contains
the maximum amount of
solute dissolved by a
given amount of solvent
*intermediate color
more solute than the
maximum the solvent can
dissolve at a given
temperature
*darker color
*has an excess solid
which can no longer be
dissolved
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 Saturation Types
❖ Unsaturated solution
solution containing less than the
maximum amount of solute
❖ Saturated solution
solution containing undissolved
solute in equilibrium with the
solution
❖ Supersaturated solution
solution containing more solute than
is normally allowed
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 Saturation

Example:
The solubility of sodium chloride at 60oC is
38g/100g water.

1. If 30g of sodium chloride is added to 100g water,

then it is UNSATURATED SOLUTION
2. If 38g of sodium chloride is added to 100g water,
then it is SATURATED SOLUTION.
3. If 50g of sodium chloride is added to 100g water,
then it is SUPERSTURATED SOLUTION.
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 Degree of saturation

Unsaturated Solution
➢ Less than the maximum
amount of solute for that
temperature is dissolved in
the solvent.
➢ No solid remains in flask.

Joey C. Arizaleta, Notre Dame of Marbel University - IBED 42

Degree of saturation

Saturated solution
➢ Solvent holds as much solute
as is possible at that
temperature.
➢ Undissolved solid remains in
flask.
➢ Dissolved solute is in dynamic
equilibrium with solid solute
particles.

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Saturated Solution

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 Degree of saturation

Supersaturated Solution
➢ Solvent holds more solute than is normally possible at that
temperature.
➢ These solutions are unstable; crystallization can often be
caused by adding a “seed crystal” or scratching the side of
the flask.

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Core Value: MARIAN

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 Questions:

1.What are solutions?

2.What are the classification of
solutions?
3.What are the factors affecting
solubility?
4.What are the factors affecting
rate of dissolution?
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