Bio Concrete – Self Healing Concrete

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

of the degree of

Bachelor Of Engineering
by
Fiza Jan Keen 2119001
Sayma Tufail Qureshi 2119026
Disha Tukaram Rane 2119029
Nawaf Israfil Khan 2220063

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Uma Santosh Kale

Department Of Civil Engineering

Anjuman-I-Islam’s
M.H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering
2022-2023

i
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Bio Concrete – Self Healing Concrete” is a

bonafide work of “Fiza Jan Keen (2119001), Sayma Tufail Qureshi (2119026), Disha

Tukaram Rane (2119029), Nawaf Israfil Khan (2220063)” submitted to the University of

Mumbai in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of “Bachelor of

Engineering” in “Civil Engineering”.

_____________
Dr. Uma Santosh Kale
(Guide)

_____________ _____________
Prof. Zaheer Khan Dr. Ganesh Kame
(Head of Department) (I/c Principal)

ii
 Project Report Approval for B.E

This project report entitled Bio Concrete – Self Healing Concrete by Fiza Jan Keen
(2119001), Sayma Tufail Qureshi (2119026), Disha Tukaram Rane (2119029), Nawaf
Israfil Khan (2220063) is approved for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil
Engineering.

Examiners
1.

2.

Date:
Place: Mumbai

iii
 Declaration

We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words and
where other ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty
and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source
in our submission. We understand that any violation of the above will be cause for
disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which
have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when
needed.

____________________

Fiza Jan Keen (2119001)

___________________

Sayma Tufail Qureshi (2119026)

____________________

Disha Tukaram Rane (2119029)

____________________

Nawaf Israfil Khan (2220063)

Date:

Place: Mumbai

iv
 Acknowledgement
A project is never the outcome of a single person. It is said that “Teamwork will make the
dream work". This project is a result of various thoughtful minds and creative dreamers that
are integrated to produce a resourceful product that intends to benefit the organization by
smartly recommending the techniques & precise guidelines to avoid harm to a structure
during disaster scenarios. It is natural that we feel indebted to several people for helping us
make this project possible.
It is a matter of great pleasure and privilege to have the opportunity to express our deepest
sense of gratitude profusely to Dr. Uma Santosh Kale (Project guide) and Mr. Sayed
Mohammad Hadi (Co-guide) under whose brilliant untiring guidance, we completed this
project successfully in time. Her attention and invaluable suggestions have helped us greatly
in simplifying the problems involved in the project.
We wish to express our heartfelt and sincere gratitude to our principal Dr. Ganesh Kame. M.
H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering, Mumbai for providing the facilities to carry out the
project work.
We wish to express our grateful thanks to our beloved Head of Department of Civil
Engineering. Prof. Zaheer Khan, who gave us full support and his constant encouragement,
valuable suggestions, and helping tendency which has made us carry out and finish the project
work successfully.
Last but not least our thanks to all other faculty and non-teaching staff members of our
department for their support and to our classmates for having stood by us to complete this
project synopsis report.

Fiza Jan Keen

Sayma Tufail Qureshi
Disha Tukaram Rane
Nawaf Israfil Khan

v
BIO CONCRETE – SELF HEALING CONCRETE

Content

vi
 Abstract………………………………………………………………… ix
Chapter 1 Introduction……………………………………………………………. 1
1.1 Why need for Self-Healing concrete? 3
1.2 …………………………………... 4
1.3 History of Self-Healing concrete ……………………….………...……. 6
1.3.1 How does Self-Healing concrete work? 9
1.3.2 …………………………………
1.4 Chemical Process to Remediate Cracks
1.5 Types of healing in bacterial concrete
History of Bacillus megaterium
Objectives
Chapter 2 Review Of Literature…………………………………………………..
2.1 Overview
2.2 Study of Research papers
Chapter 3 Methodology
3.1 Preparation of bacterial concrete
3.1.1 By direct application
3.1.2 By encapsulation in light weight concrete
3.2 Materials
3.2.1 Cement
3.2.2 Coarse aggregates
3.2.3 Fine aggregates
3.2.4 Water
3.2.5 Bacteria
3.3 Experimental Procedure
3.4 Mix design for M25
3.4.1 Target mean strength
Water cement ratio
Water content
Cement content
Aggregate proportion between coarse and fine aggregates
Chapter 4 Precautions To Be Taken

Chapter 5 Results And Discussion

Chapter 6 Conclusion
Chapter 7 Future Scope
Chapter 8 References
Chapter 9 Appendix
9.1 Copy of Research Paper
9.2 Achievement
vii
 BIO CONCRETE – SELF HEALING CONCRETE

FIGURE INDEX
FIG.NO FIGURE PAGE NO

List of Tables

Table Index
Table.No Table Page No

viii
 ABSTRACT
This study investigates the idea of adding a filler or unique growth that has been
microbiologically produced to concrete to increase its strength. Here, a valiant effort was
made by "Bacillus megaterium" bacterium. Concrete cubes were casted both with and without
bacteria inclusion. The presence of voids in cementitious concrete can lead to poor
performance under severe shrinkage and settlement. This research focused on using bacteria
to reduce concrete voids and improve performance. The Bacillus family of bacteria turned out
to be excellent concrete healers. It was found that the optimum concentration of Bacillus
megaterium has a positive effect on high strength structural concrete.
Keywords: Bacillus megatarium, concrete, strength, self healing cracks.

ix
 Chapter 1

Introduction

Due to the availability of its primary ingredients, concrete is currently used in more and more
places around the world. As the primary component of concrete, cement obviously has a
greater environmental impact on global warming given that the cement sector is responsible
for 10% of all CO2 emissions. Therefore, one of the immediate requirements for
environmental justification is the production of sustainable concrete. It is therefore essential
that research on the usefulness of employing natural materials receives increased attention.

Concrete is the almost completely back human-made improvement texture of the planet that
is a real texture than the close to used mass in the headway business. It is gotten past blending
developing upon materials, the cloud then totals, or in impersonation of a critical sum contain
admixtures, of required degrees. The organization while putting inside structures is permitted
in an impression of reestablishing such designs between a stone-like thing known as concrete.
At present the use of concrete is persistently expanding all through the world because of its
fundamental fixing accessibility. There are various examination works that pointed toward
diminishing the use of concrete by supplanting it for certain waste materials. Numerous
research works have been done that target decreasing the voids and penetrability in the
substantial. Various research works reveals that the presence of bacteria such as sporosarcina
pasteurii, ureolytic and bacillus licheniforms tends to seal the cracks in the concrete. There
are various exploration works that pointed toward decreasing the use of concrete by
supplanting it for certain waste materials. Numerous research works have been completed

1
that target decreasing the voids and porousness in the substantial.

Self-healing is a well-established and well-known property of concrete due to its innate

autogenous healing properties. After a period of time, fissures may mend due to the ongoing
hydration of clinker minerals or carbonation of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Autogenous
healing, on the other hand, is restricted to minor cracks and is effective only when water is
accessible, which makes it difficult to fully control or predict its accuracy. However, concrete
can be adapted to include a bacterial stimulant system for sealing cracks. Since the nineties of
the last century, attempts began in the development of autonomous SHC. In 2006, self-
healing concrete (SHC) was invented as a new type of concrete by the microbiologist
professor Henk Jonkers, at Delft University of Technology, Netherlands. After 36 months of
testing, he discovered the perfect healing agent, so-called bacillus.

SHC has a distinct system and is commonly defined as concrete’s ability to heal cracks
autogenously or autonomously. It is also known as self-repairing concrete. SHC imitates the
automatic healing of body wounds by the secretion of some kind of material. SHC is created
by dispersing specific materials (e.g., capsules or fibers) containing repairing solutions into
the concrete mix, where, when cracks appear, the fibers or capsules shatter, and the liquid
contained within them spreads immediately to cure the crack. Concrete cracks are a common
occurrence due to the low tensile strength of the concrete systems. These developed cracks
reduce the concrete’s long-term durability because they allow dangerous liquids and gases to
leak through. While concrete may be eroded by micro-cracks, steel reinforcement bars may
also be affected by attacks resulting from the infiltration of harmful gases and liquids into the
concrete system. Therefore, in order to keep the cracks from widening, it is crucial that they
are treated quickly. Self-healing of concrete cracks could extend the lifespan of concrete
structures and make the structure more environmentally friendly while simultaneously
increasing its sustainability.

1.1. Why the Need for Self-healing Concrete?

Concrete is still one of the most important construction materials from the time of its
invention and will continue in the future also, but most concrete structures are prone to
cracking. Even a small crack on the concrete surface makes the whole structure Susceptible to
deterioration because water seeps in to degrade the concrete and corrode the steel
reinforcement, greatly reducing the lifespan of a structure.

Concrete can resist compressive force very well, but it is weak in resisting tensile force.
That’s why steel reinforcement is provided in concrete. In many concrete structures, an

2
excessive tensile force can lead to crack and these can occur relatively soon after the structure
is built. This crack is repaired by applying a concrete mortar that is bonded to the damaged
surface. Sometimes, for wider crack mortar is required to insert into the existing structure
with metal pins to ensure that it does not fall away.

The major problem the construction industry concurs with is the high maintenance cost of the
concrete. Various natural processes such as weathering, faults, land subsidence, earthquake,
changes in moisture and temperature, have the tendency to create cracks in concrete.
Therefore, to counter these effects, it has become necessary to come up with ways which will
not only help in counteracting but also in improving the quality of concrete.

1.2. History of Self-Healing Concrete

The ancient Romans used a type of lime mortar that has been found to be self-healing. The
stratlingite crystals form along the interfacial zones of Roman concrete, binding the aggregate
and mortar together and this process continued even after 2000 years and it was discovered
by the geologist Marie Jackson and her colleagues in 2014. In the early 1990s, Carolyn M.
Dry created the first modern contemporary self-healing approach by developing a
configuration that facilitates the release of repair chemicals from fibers embedded in a
cementitious matrix. Since then, research community has developed various techniques to
incorporate self-healing properties in the concrete. Among the other self-healing materials, in
recent years, self-healing concrete research works are growing exponentially because of
government-funded consortiums like SARCOS COST Action, RM4L, ReSHEALience, and
SMARTINCS. The worldwide market for self-healing concrete is anticipated to grow at a
CAGR of 36.8% during the forecast period, with revenue increasing from US$34.10 billion in
2021 to US$562.97 billion in 2030. Rising investment in large-scale infrastructure projects
and rising collaboration among governments of different nations to engage in infrastructure
projects for long-term goals are factors driving market expansion.

1.3. How Does Self-Healing Concrete Work?

Self-healing concrete is a type of concrete that is made with mixing healing bacteria in it that
will biologically produce limestone to heal cracks that appear on the surface of concrete
structures. Only some selected type of bacteria can produce healing limestone like genus
Bacillus, along with a calcium-based nutrient known as calcium lactate, and nitrogen and
phosphorus, are mixed with concrete ingredients while making concrete. These select types of
bacteria can be alive in concrete for more than 200 years. However, when self healing
concrete element damage or crack and water start seeping through it, the bacteria spores are

3
activated on contact with water and nutrients. These activated bacteria start to feed on the
calcium lactate available in concrete. As bacteria consume oxygen and the soluble calcium
lactate is converted to insoluble limestone. The limestone gets solidified as come in contact
with the atmosphere, thereby sealing it up. It represents the same process in which fracture in
the human body is naturally healed by osteoblast cells that mineralize to re-form the bone.
During the bacterial conversion of calcium lactate to limestone has additional benefits that it
consumes oxygen which is a major element in the process of corrosion of steel. As this
bacterial activity has consumed all oxygen, it increases the durability of steel-reinforced
concrete constructions.

While making self-healing concrete two bacterial agents are feed name as the bacterial spores
and the calcium lactate-based nutrients are introduced to the concrete as separate clay pallets.
These clay pallets ensure that the bacterial agent will not get active before cracking concrete.
This gets activated only when the concrete gets cracked and crack open up the pellets and
incoming water brings the calcium lactate into contact with the bacteria do these become
activated.

Self-healing Concrete is a successful test for this process and it is observed that the bacteria
germinate and multiply quickly. Bacterial agent converts the nutrients into limestone within
seven days in the laboratory. But in the outside condition, it may take several weeks.

On the surface of control concrete, Calcium Carbonate will be formed due to the reaction of
CO2 present with Calcium Hydroxide present in the concrete matrix according to the
following reaction:

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + H2O (1)

As Ca(OH)2 is a soluble mineral, it gets dissolved in entering water and diffuse out of the
crack in the form of leaching. The self-healing process in bacteria incorporated concrete is
much more efficient due to the active metabolic conversion of Calcium nutrients by the
bacteria present in concrete:

Ca(C3H5O2)2 + 7O2 → CaCO3 + 5CO2 + 5H2O (2)

Here Calcium Carbonate is produced directly due to microbial metabolic process and also
indirectly due to autogeneous healing. This process results in efficient bacteria-based crack
sealing mechanism.

4
 Fig. 1.1. Formation of calcium carbonate on bacterial cell

1.3.1. Chemical Process to Remediate Cracks

Various bacteria and biotic factors contribute to this in different ways. In the process of
calcium carbonate precipitation, the key factors governing the process are

1. Calcium concentration
2. Concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon
3. The pH and
4. The availability of nucleation sites

Thus concrete crack remediation technique by Microbiologically Induced Calcite

Precipitation (MICP) using environment friendly bacteria to precipitate calcite (CaCO 3)
during its microbial activities under prevailing Indian conditions is investigated to formulate a
strategy to present Bacterial Concrete as best innovative self healing method in concrete
structures.

1.3.2. Types of healing in bacterial concrete

Autogenous healing:

Autogenous healing of cementitious materials influences crack self-closure and,

subsequently, durability and physical-mechanical performance of composites. It is considered
to be one of the main reasons for substantial life extension of ancient structures and buildings.
Autogenous self-healing in cement-based composites was first noticed by the French
Academy of Science in 1836, when cracks in pipes, water-retaining structures, etc., self-
healed. Significant theoretical and experimental research in the 1900s demonstrated that
autogenous self-healing processes are mostly linked to physical, mechanical, and chemical
processes inside the cementitious matrix are shown in the scheme. During the so-called
"surface-controlled crystal development" that occurs when cracking is induced, calcium ions

5
are immediately accessible from the fracture faces, and crystal growth is accelerated. After an
initial layer of calcite is formed on the crack walls and the surrounding concrete matrix
becomes less rich in calcium ions, the transition to the so-called "diffusion-controlled crystal
growth" occurs, which means that the Ca2+ ions must diffuse through the concrete, and the
CaCO3 layer in order to reach the crack surface and ensure the precipitation of the healing
products. Clearly, the second phase is much slower than the first. In the case of composite
cement, including pozzolanic additions, a portion of the calcium hydroxide, which has been
identified as a primary source of Ca2+ ions, is used in the particular pozzolanic reaction for
CSH formation. This will result in a delayed and weaker precipitation of calcium carbonate.
Other minor mechanisms depicted in the scheme include the swelling of hydrated cement
paste along the crack walls due to water absorption by calcium silicate hydrates and
mechanical crack blocking by means of debris and fine concrete particles, direct results of the
cracking process or as a result of impurities in the water entering the crack. Autogenous
healing mechanisms are only effective for small cracks, although there is a wide range of
maximum widths for healable cracks: 10–100 µm, sometimes up to 200 µm but less than 300
µm, only in the presence of water. They are challenging to control and forecast because to
their usually scattered outcomes and dependence on a number of factors and variables.

1) the age and composition of the concrete itself,

2) the presence of water, and

3) the thickness and form of the concrete fracture are the most influential elements.

Autonomous healing:

Autonomous self-healing depends on integrating atypical engineering modifications in the

matrix to give a self-healing function. Encapsulation has long been the favored method for
delivering healing agents directly to the cracks, allowing in-place repair. In encapsulating
healing compounds, there are two approaches: discrete and continuous. The key distinction is
the mechanism utilized to store the healing agent, which determines the extent of damage that
may be treated, the repeatability of healing, and the recovery rate for each strategy. However,

6
several elements must be addressed in the design of an encapsulated-based self-healing
system, from capsule system creation through integration, mechanical characterization,
triggering, and healing assessment.

Chemical Process of Self-Healing or Bacterial Concrete

When the water comes in contact with the unhydrated calcium in the concrete, calcium
hydroxide is produced by the help of bacteria, which acts as a catalyst. This calcium
hydroxide reacts with atmospheric carbon d ioxide and forms limestone and water.
This extra water molecule keeps the reaction going. The limestone then hardens itself and
seals the cracks in the concrete.

1.4. History of Bacillus Megaterium

Bacillus megaterium was first described by Anton De Bary more than 1 century ago in 1884.
Named for its large size, a “megat(h)erium” (Greek for big animal) of 1.5 by 4 μm, this
microorganism is the largest of all bacilli. Long before Bacillus subtilis was introduced as a
Gram-positive model organism, B. megaterium was used for studies on biochemistry as well
as bacteriophages.

Bacillus megaterium is well established in the Bacillus phylogeny, making it a

developmentally key species and of specific significance in figuring out genome
advancement, elements, and pliancy in the bacilli. B. megaterium is a financially accessible,
nonpathogenic have for the biotechnological creation of a few substances, including vitamin
B12, penicillin acylase, and amylases.

The bacteria used for the study is a pre cultured bacteria obtained from the laboratory. The
details of the bacteria is attached as below:

1.5. Objectives
1. To increase the life of concrete structures.
2. To increase the compressive strength of concrete.
3. To decrease effect of global warming and ozone layer depletion.
4. To develop self-healing of bio concrete using biological based techniques.
5. Improve durability: Self-healing concrete can significantly improve the durability of
structures by preventing or minimizing the penetration of water, chloride ions, and
other harmful substances that can cause corrosion of reinforcement, which can
ultimately lead to the failure of the structure.
6. Reduce maintenance costs: Self-healing concrete can reduce the need for maintenance

7
 and repairs, which can lead to significant cost savings over the life of the structure.
7. Enhance sustainability: Self-healing concrete can reduce the environmental impact of
structures by reducing the need for repairs and replacements, which can reduce the
consumption of raw materials and energy.
8. Increase safety: Self-healing concrete can improve the safety of structures by reducing
the risk of collapse due to cracking and other forms of damage.

8
 Chapter 2

Review of Literature

2.1. Overview
1. Sakina Najmuddin Saifee et.al published a paper on Critical appraisal on Bacterial
Concrete. In this paper they discussed about the different types of bacteria and their
applications. The bacterial concrete is very much useful in increasing the durability of
cementitious materials, repair of limestone monuments, sealing of concrete cracks to
highly durable cracks etc. It also useful for construction of low cost durable roads , high
strength buildings with more bearing capacity, erosion prevention of loose sands and low
cost durable houses. They have also briefed about the working principle of bacterial
concrete as a repair material. It was also observed in the study that the metabolic activities
in the microorganisms taking place inside the concrete results into increasing the overall
performance of concrete including its compressive strength. This study also explains the
chemical process to remediate cracks.

2. Meera C M and Dr Subha V2, have published a paper on Strength And Durability
assessment Of Bacteria Based Self-Healing Concrete. In this paper they have discussed
about the effect of Bacillus subtilis JC3 on the strength and durability of concrete. They
used cubes of sizes 150mm x 150mm x 150mm and cylinder with a diameter of 100mm

9
 and a height of 200mm with and without addition of micro organisms, of M20 grade
concrete. For strength assessments, cubes were tested for different bacterial concentrations
at 7 days and 28 days and cylinders were tested for split tensile strength at 28 days. It was
observed that the compressive strength of concrete showed significant increase by 42%
for cell concentration of 105 of mixing water. And also, with the addition of bacteria there
is a significant increase in the tensile strength by 63% for a bacteria concentration of
105cells/ml at 28 days. For durability assessment, acid durability test, chloride test and
water absorption test were done. From the results it could be inferred that the addition of
bacteria prevents the loss in weight during acid exposure to a certain limit, proving the
bacterial concrete to have higher Acid Attack Factor. The Water Absorption Test, showed
a lesser increase in weight of bacteria concrete sample than control, from which it could
be reckoned that the concrete will become less porous due to the formation of Calcium
Carbonate, due to which it resulted in lesser water absorption rate. Chloride test results
showed that the addition of bacteria decreases weight loss, due to Chloride exposure and
enhances the Compressive Strength.

3. Ravindranatha, N. Kannan, Likhit M., have published a paper on Self-Healing Material

Bacterial Concrete. In this paper a comparison study was made with concrete cubes and
beams subjected to compressive and flexural strength tests with and without the bacterium
Bacillus pasteurii. The concrete cubes and beams were prepared by adding calculated
quantity of bacterial solution and they were tested for 7 and 28 day compressive and
flexural strengths. It was found that there was high increase in strength and healing of
cracks subjected to loading on the concrete specimens. The microbe proved to be efficient
in enhancing the properties of the concrete by achieving a very high initial strength
increase. The calcium carbonate produced by the bacteria has filled some percentage of
void volume thereby making the texture more compact and resistive to seepage.

4. MohitGoyal and P. Krishna Chaitanya published a paper on Behaviour of Bacterial

Concrete as Self Healing Material. In this paper they have carried out laboratory
investigations to compare the different parameters of bacterial concrete with ordinary
concrete and concrete, in which 70% cement was partially replaced with 30% of Fly Ash
and 30% of GGBS. In this paper, Bacillus pasteurii, is used to prepare M25 concrete.
Various tests such as slump flow test, compressive strength, flexural strength and split
tensile strength were conducted for different specimens of, bacterial concentrations of
40ml, 50ml and 60 ml for each specimen. In order to identify atomic and molecular
structure and to check the presence of formation of calcium carbonate X- Ray diffraction
test was conducted. There was significant improvement of compressive strength by 30%

10
 in concrete mix with bacteria and more than 15% in fly ash and 20% in GGBS. It was
observed that bacterial concrete achieves maximum split tensile strength and flexural
strength when 40 ml and 50 ml bacterial solution was used but loses this trend after 14
days with 60ml bacterial solution when flexural strength test was performed. Also, 50ml
bacterial solution proved to be effective in increasing the split tensile strength,
compressive strength and flexural strength of the specimen as compared to 40ml and 60
ml bacterial solution. Also, from the XRD analysis, it is proven that the presence on
bacteria is contributing to CaCO3 production, which has reduced the percentage of air
voids, thus, increasing the strength of the structure considerably.

5. N. Ganesh Babu and Dr. S. Siddiraju,has published a paper on an experimental study on

strength and fracture properties of self healing concrete. In this paper they have made an
attempt is made to arrest the cracks in concrete using bacteria and calcium lactate. The
percentages of bacteria selected for the study are 3.5% and 5% by weight of cement. In
addition, calcium lactate was used at 5% and 10% replacement of cement by weight.
Bacteria produce calcium carbonate crystals which blocks the micro cracks and pores in
the concrete after reacting with calcium lactate. Bacillus pasteurii is used for different
bacterial concentrations for M40 grade of concrete. Various tests such as compressive
strength, elastic modulus and fracture of concrete were analyzed. The cubes of dimensions
of 100x100x100 mm were used for compressive strength test. It was observed that
compressive strength for controlled concrete using calcium lactate, at 7 days and 28 days
were 19.8 MPa and 40.53 MPa respectively. With the addition of calcium lactate, there is
considerable decrease in compressive strength. Compressive strength of concrete with 5%
bacteria was found to be 49.5 Mpa at 28 days, which is more than controlled concrete.
With the addition of calcium lactate at 10% (optimum percentage) and bacteria to
concrete, there is considerable increase in compressive strength. Hence calcium lactate
along with 3.5% and 5% bacteria can be used as an effective self healing agent.

6. Willem De Munyck et.al (2006), reported on deposition of a layer of calcite on the surface
of the specimens resulted in a decrease of capillary suction and a decrease in gas
permeability.

7. Department of Biotechnology and environmental sciences, Thapar University (2011),

reported on influence of bacteria on the compressive strength, water absorption and rapid
chloride permeability. Influence of sporoscarcina pasteurii bacteria on the compressive
strength and rapid chloride permeability of concrete. Concrete cubes were prepared with

11
 different concentration of S.pasteurii. The cel concentration was determined from the
bacterial growth curve made by observing optical density at 600mm.

8. Kim Van Tittelboom (2003), reported on use of bacteria to repair cracks in concrete. The
use of this biological repair technique is highly desirable because the mineral precipitation
induced as a result of microbial activities is pollution free and natural. Cracked concrete
samples were prepared in two different ways. Crack sealing by means of this biological
treatment resulted in a decrease in water permeability.

9. BC Delft, The Netherlands (2008), reported on application of bacteria as self-healing

agent for the development of sustainable concrete. A specific group of alkali-resistant
spore forming bacteria related to the genus Bacillus was selected for this purpose, a
continuous decrease in pore size diameter during cement stone setting probably limited
life span of spores as pore widths decreased below 1 micro metre, the typical size of
Bacillus spores.

10. V Srinivasa Reddy, M V Seshagiri Rao and S Sushma, described in their paper about the
effect of bacterial cell concentration of Bacillus Subtilis JC3, on the strength by
determining the compressive strength of standard cement mortar cubes of different grades,
incorporated with various bacterial cell concentrations. The cost of using microbial
concrete compared to conventional concrete which is critical in determining the economic
feasibility of the technology, is also studied.

11. P. Ghosh et al (2005). Had investigated on use of microorganism to improve the strength
of cement mortar. A method of strength improvement of cement-sand mortar by the micro
biologically induced mineral precipitation was described. A thermophilic anaerobic
micro-organisms is incorporated at different cell concentrations with the mixing water.
The study show that 25%increase in 28day compressive strength of cement mortar was
achieved with the addition of about 105 cell/ml of mixing water.

12. Henk M. Jonkers and Erik Schlangen (2007), have published a paper on Development of a
bacteria-based self healing concrete. In this paper Bacillus cohnii, Bacillus halodurans and
Bacillus pseudofirmus species were obtained from the German Collection of
Microorganisms and Cell cultures. They have used both bacteria and mineral precursor
compounds mixed with the paste and thus therefore formed as an integral material.

13. Chava Srinivas. et al, (2004) High volume fly ash can be incorporated into M20 grade
concrete, thus maximizing the use of FA. Considering the stress – strain behavior, the
ductility of bacterial concrete is more than that of fly ash added bacterial concrete.

12
14. E Schlangen et al (2010), studied about the use of bacterial concrete in water retaining
structures. A method in which relatively large cracks in reinforced concrete can be filled
and the path to the reinforcement is blocked is discussed. This method is useful for water
retaining structures. Cracks can be filled in this way and leakage can be stopped.
Especially in underground structures were repair is difficult or impossible Bacterial
concrete has a big future.

15. Sunil Pratap Reddy (2010) et al, proposed to use bacillus subtilis, which can produce
calcite precipitates on suitable media supplemented with a calcium source. Cement mortar
cubes with 4 different cell concentrations were cast and control specimen was also cast.
This study showed a significant increase in the compressive strength was observed due to
the addition of bacteria for a cell concentration of 105 cells per ml of mixing water. So,
bacteria with a cell concentration of 105 cells per ml of mixing water was used in the
investigation. Compressive strength is increased up to 14.92% at 28 days by addition of
bacillus subtilis when compared to conventional concrete.

16. R.Pei et al. (2013).Had reported about use of bacterial cell walls to improve the
mechanical performance of the concrete. The role of bacterial cell walls of Bacillus
subtilis as a concrete admixture to improve the mechanical performance of concrete. The
bacterial cell walls are known to mediate microbial induced carbonate precipitation, a
process in which CaCO3 is formed from Ca2+ ions and dissolved CO2.

2.2. Study of Research Papers

We studied various Research papers from popular Journals related to our topic and listed
some important points in the table below:

Table 2.1. Study of Research Papers

13
 Title of
Sr. Name of Authors Results Advantages Limitations
Research Paper
No. Journal

1. It was discovered that -

1 Self-healing Construction Muhammad healing was significant
behaviour of bio- and Building Basit Ehsan deep inside cracks in
concrete in Materials, Khan Luming bio-concrete.
submerged and eLSEVIER Shen Danie 2. Bio-concrete increased
tidal marine lDias-da-Costa crack healing under tidal
environments marine conditions by
17%.
3. Water and oxygen
available inside cracks
promote aragonite

14
formation by bacteria.
4. Calcium lactate can
increase
aragonite/brucite ratio
and healing product
durability.
1. The highest increment of - -
2 Calcium Lactate MATEC J.M Irwan , L.H compressive strength for
addition in Web of Anneza , N. both bacteria is with
Bioconcrete: Conferences Othman , A. calcium lactate of 0.005
Effect on 7 01027 Faisal Alshalif , mol/l concentration.
Compressive (2016) M.M. Zamer ,
strength and and T.
Water penetration Teddy
 Title of
Sr. Name of Authors Results Advantages Limitations
Research Paper
No. Journal

1. The compressive strength 1. Redressing of 1. The

3 A review paper IJARIIE- Er. Chetan of concrete was cracks can be investigations
on self healing ISSN(O)- Kumar improved by 14.92% by done efficiently. involved to
concrete 2395-4396 Er. Shaitan adding bacillus subtilis 2. It offers great observe calcite
Singh Rawat as compare to the resistance precipitation
Er. Swati Soni conventional concrete. against freeze are costly.
and thaw attacks.
2. It was found that b. 2. Cost of this
Sphaericus improved the 3. It has lower concrete is
compressive strength of permeability comparatively
concrete by 30.76% in 3 when compared higher than

15
days, 46.15% in 7 days to conventional conventional
and 32.21% in 28 as concrete. concrete; it’s
compared to about 10-30%
conventional. more than
conventional
concrete.
1. The compressive, split 1. The use of bio 1. Design of
4 Bio Concrete- Indian Jasira Bashir, tensile and flexural concrete bacterial
The Self-Healing Journal of Ifrah Kathwari, strength significantly concrete is not
Concrete Science and Aditya Tiwary of M20 bio-concrete is influences the mentioned in
Technology, and Khushpreet found to be higher than strength of IS codes or any
Vol 9(47), Singh conventional concrete. concrete. other codes.
DOI: 2. The percentage increase 2. It has lower 2. The sprouting of
10.17485/ijst in compressive strength permeability bacteria is not
/2016/v9i47/ of bio concrete by using than normal suitable
105252 B. Subtilis for 7 days is concrete. everywhere.
 Title of
Sr. Name of Authors Results Advantages Limitations
No. Research Paper Journal

1. Bacillus megaterium
5 Experimental IOP Conf. Arun Kumar bacteria were found - -
study of the Series: Parashar Ankur capable of filling the
effect of bacillus Materials Gupta pores in the concrete.
megaterium Science and Strength in compression
bacteria on Engineering of the concrete gets
cement concrete increased by 12.03%
and 12.91% at 7 and 28
days respectively as
compared to standard

16
cement concrete.

2. The split tensile strength

and flexural strength of
the specimens also
increased.
1. Majorly Bacillus bacteria- - -
6 A review of bio- International Deepak Sharma, based study is more
concrete in Research Vishesh Kumar, helpful for get good
modern Journal of Hement Sain results.
construction era Modernizati
on in 2. Some types of bacteria are
Engineering reducing water
Technology absorption and resist
and Science from corrosion.
 Chapter 3

Methodology

3.1. Preparation of Bacterial Concrete

Bacterial concrete can be prepared in two ways:
3.1.1. By direct application
In the direct application method, bacterial spores and calcium lactate is added into concrete
directly when mixing of concrete is done. The use of this bacteria and calcium lactate doesn’t
change the normal properties of concrete. When cracks are occurred in the structure due to
obvious reasons. The bacteria are exposed to climatic changes. When water comes in contact
with this bacteria, they germinate and feed on calcium lactate and produces limestone. Thus
sealing the cracks.
3.1.2. By encapsulation in lightweight concrete
By encapsulation method the bacteria and its food i.e. calcium lactate, are placed inside
treated clay pellets and concrete is prepared. About 6% of the clay pellets are added for
making bacterial concrete.

When concrete structures are made with bacterial concrete, when the crack occurs in the
structure and clay pellets are broken and the bacteria germinate and eat down the calcium
lactate and produce limestone, which hardens and thus sealing the crack. Minor cracks about
0.5mm width can be treated by using bacterial concrete. Among these two-methods
encapsulation method is commonly used, even though it’s costlier than direct application.
3.2. Materials
3.2.1. Cement:
Cement is all the time the main fixing in concrete since it is generally the most fragile
connection in the chain. The capability of concrete isn't just to tie the sand however likewise
to make up for up the in the middle among sand and any coarse grained particles to shape a
minimized mass.

17
3.2.2. Coarse aggregate:
The coarse aggregate is the most grounded and the most un-permeable part of cement. It is
likewise a synthetically steady material. By limiting the greatest size of total and furthermore
by making, the concrete cement turns out to be more homogenous change zone more
grounded by utilization of mineral admixtures furthermore, there is an undeniable
improvement in the strength properties as well as strength qualities of cement. Sizes of stone
12.5 mm affirming to IS-383:1970 were utilized as the coarse totals for this examination.
3.2.3. Fine aggregate:
Reviewing of fine total according to IS: 383-1970 shows that it is on zone III and it is vital
in keeping up with water request, limiting the voids in concrete.
3.2.4. Water:
Water is the key fixing, which when blended in with concrete, structures a glue that ties the
total together and which animates hydration. Compact water affirming to the prerequisites of
IS: 456-2000 was utilized for projecting and relieving.
3.2.5. Bacteria:
Bacillus megaterium is a rod-like, Gram-positive, mainly aerobic spore forming bacterium
found in widely diverse habitats. It has a cell length of up to 4 µm and a diameter of 1.5 µm,
which is quite large for a bacteria. The cells often occur in pairs and chains, where the cells
are joined together by polysaccharides on the cell walls. The bacteria was in powder form the
powder type of microbes has been changed over into the fluid answer for the reason of
blending it in concrete.

18
3.3. Experimental Procedure
The process of choosing appropriate concrete elements, such as cement, aggregate, and water,
and calculating their ratio in order to achieve the requisite strength, can be referred to as the
mix design percentage. The primary goal of this two-part procedure was to achieve the
necessary strength, and the second goal was to produce concrete as cheaply as possible. For
bacterial concrete, the necessary quantity of bacteria is added to the concrete with the water
used for mixing.
Firstly, the normal M25 cubes were casted adopting mix design. The water cement ratio
adopted was 0.45. Six cubes of 150mm x 150 mm x 150 mm were casted. Three of which
were designed to be tested on 7th day and
three to be tested on 28th day.

3.4. Mix design for M25:

3.4.1. Target mean strength

fck' =fck + 1.65S or fck + X (whichever is higher)

T=Tolerance factor (1.65)

S=Standard deviation ………. From IS 10262-2019 (Table 2 pg 3)

S= 4N/mm² (M25)

X=Factor based on grade of concrete

X= 5.5N/mm² (Table 1)

fck'= 25 + 1.65 x 4= 31.6 N/mm²

fck''= 25 + 5.5 =30.5N/mm²

19
fck'= 31.6N/mm ( higher)

3.4.2. Water cement ratio

Exposure -Mild

IS 456-2000 Table 3

min cement max w/c min grade of

Content ratio concrete

Table 5: Mild 300 0.50 M25

W/C ratio = 0.5 - 0.005(bacteria)= 0.45

W/C ratio = 0.45

3.4.3. Water Content

IS-10262 Table 4 pg no 5

20mm Aggregates---126kg---(50mm slump)

We are taking 100mm slump

Water content

For 20mm 186kg

For every 25mm add 3%

186 + 6% of 186 = 197kg

For admixtures reduce 20% = 157.6kg

Water content = 157.6kg

3.4.4. Cement content

water content
Cement content =
water cement ratio

20
 157.6
= 0.45 =350.2kg/m² > 300kg/m²

Cement content = 350.2 kg/m²

3.4.5. Aggregate proportion between Course and Fine Aggregates

IS 10262- Table 5

20mm--- 0.62 Zone 2

W/C ratio-0.45

Every 0.05 increase reduces 0.01

(0.45-0.55) = -0.1

Volume = 0.61 - (107. of 0.61= 0.549m3

Volume = 0.549m3

3.4.6. Mix Calculation

a. Volume of concrete = 1m3

b. Volume of cement = (mass/specific gravity)x (1/1000)

= 300/(3.16x1000) = 0.095m3

c. Volume of water = 197/(1x1000) = 0.197m3

d. Volume of admixtures = 300/(1.12 x 1000) = 0.267 m3

e. Volume of all in aggregates = 1-(b+c+d) = 1- (0.095 + 0.197 +0.267 ) = 0.559m3

f. Mass of coarse aggregates = Vol of all in agg x Vol of C.A x spec. gravity x 1000

= 0.559 x 0.549 x 2.73 x 1000 = 837.21kg

g. Mass of fine aggregates = Vol of all in agg x Vol of C.A x spec. gravity x 1000

= 0.559 x 0.451 x 2.46 x 1000 = 618.81kg

Cement = 300kg/m3

Water = 197kg/m3

Fine aggregates = 618.81

21
Coarse aggregates = 837.81

Admixtures = 0.267

W/C ratio = 0.45

Cement F.A. C.A Water

300 618.21 837.81 197

1 2.06 2.79 0.66

22
9
16
17
 Chapter 5

Results and Discussions

Self-healing concrete, or concrete that can patch, seal, or plug newly developed cracks on its
own, will not only produce more lasting structures but will also result in significant financial
savings because labor-intensive inspection and repair may be reduced.
In this research, we looked into the potential of calcium carbonate mediated by bacteria
production as a potential therapeutic method. In conrefer to several earlier research projects
where germs were sprayed externally to fix cracks in concrete and monuments repair.
Bacterial concrete technology has proven superior to many conventional Eco-Friendly Nature,
Self-Healing, and increased Durability of various building materials.
Measure the compressive strength of a cube with a side of 150 mm using a digital device. A
compression tester with a capacity of 2000kN according to the standard method. The load is
applied at a rate of 140 kg/cm2/min and the compressive strength is calculated by dividing the
load at failure by the surface area of the cube under test. Following figures show the average
compressive strength of his three specimens after 7 days of testing for both standard and
bacterial concretes.
1. In this research, we looked into the potential of calcium carbonate mediated by bacteria
production as a potential therapeutic method. In confer to several earlier research projects
where germs were sprayed externally to fix cracks in concrete and monuments repair.
Bacterial concrete technology has proven superior to many conventional Eco-Friendly Nature,
Self-Healing, and increased Durability of various building materials.
2. The compressive strength of a cube with a side of 150 mm using a digital device was
measured. Following figures show the average compressive strength of his three specimens
after 28 days of testing for both standard and bacterial concretes

18
 .

Cube number Weight(g) Load(kN) Strength(N/mm2)

1 8402 557 24.75
2 8456 555 24.67
3 8382 549 24.4
Average strength 24.60
Compressive strength of M25 Ordinary concrete

Cube number Weight(g) Load(kN) Strength(N/mm2)

1 8545 572 25.42
2 8531 579 25.73
3 8600 582 25.87
Average strength 25.67
Compressive strength of M25 Bacterial concrete

19
Apart from the compressive strength, self-healing property was also diagnosed
simultaneously. As the self-healing process requires around 3 to 4 months for healing and
filling the cracks, the transformations hence seen were very minor. But slight formation of
calcium carbonate was seen on the cubes which was a very positive response to our project.
The images of the precipitate formed on the surface of the cube are attached below. As we can
see the uneven surfaces due to cracking or other issues are smoothened by the formation of
calcium carbonate over them. This proves that once the bacteria is activated fully, it self-heals
the cracks and provides goof strength to the concrete.

20
21
 Chapter 6

Conclusion

1. This paper gives the methods for designing self-healing concrete. Introducing the
bacteria within the concrete performs extremely useful it improves the attribute of the
concrete, which is higher than the conventional concrete.
2. The study reviewed about different types of bacteria that can be used for remedying
cracks in concrete.
3. Bacteria repair the cracks in concrete by producing the calcium carbonate crystal
which block the cracks and repair it.
4. Many researchers done their work on the self-healing nature of concrete and they had
found the following result that bacteria improves the property of conventional
concrete such as increase in 13.75% strength increased in 3 days, 14.28% in 7 days
and 18.35% in 28 days.
5. The study reviews various methods and techniques for self-healing concrete design.
There has been different assortments, but this research proposed a complete
classification and assortments to include crucial methods and techniques for the
design. These methods are chemical, biological, and Natural self-healing processes.
Chemical techniques were the customary technique that has been utilized as a sole
method to structure “self-healing concrete”.
6. This study although focuses mainly on promising biological method especially using
bacteria. These methods attracted the attention of researchers intensively. The
suggested assortment in this study clarify the roadmap of self-healing concrete for the

20
 researchers.
7. As we all know that the repairing and maintenance are costly by the conventional
methods than the self-healing concrete. So we have to improve and use these methods
for the betterment of concrete structures. This paper gives the ideas and methods for
designing the self-healing concrete.

21
 Chapter 7

Future Scope

 This concrete would be a total game-changer in the construction industry. This self-
healing technology will give us the freedom to construct concrete structures without
worrying about damages and intensive maintenance.
 The concept of self healing concrete is still thing of the future for commercial and
residential buildings due to the production cost. However this concrete is currently being
looked at for use in building underground containers for hazardous waste.
 As this technology continue to develop in the future , the self healing concrete could make
a huge Impact on the construction industry, as well as the environment.
 Besides having an impact on public safety and construction, self healing concrete (Bio-
concrete) could benefit the environment by reducing the quantity of concrete used around
the world, which would help cut down the material's massive carbon footprint.
 Since this method proved out to be Eco-friendly, it can bring a wide revolution in the
future.
 It prevents the cracks in concrete at early stage so this can be used in large scale
construction projects with increased durability.
 Reduces the corrosion of steel and thus improves the durability of steel reinforced
concrete.

22
 Chapter 8

References

1. Arun Kumar Parashar, Ankur Gupta, “Experimental study of the effect of bacillus
megaterium bacteria on cement concrete ”IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and
Engineering. 1116 (2021) 012168, doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012168,
available at https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012168
2. Shaik BIFATHIMA, T. V. S. Vara LAKSHMI, Bhargav Naidu MATCHA “Civil
and Environmental Engineering. Vol. 0, Issue 0, DOI: 10.2478/cee-2020-0018,
available at, https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cee-2020-0018
3. Ramin Andalib, Muhd Zaimi Abd Majid Mohd Warid Hussin, Mohanadoss Ponraj,
Ali Keyvanfar, Jahangir Mirza, Han-Seung Lee "Optimum concentration of Bacillus
megaterium for strengthening structural concrete," Construction and Building
Materials 118 (2016) 180–193, available
at
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat
4. V. Nagarajan, T. Karthik Prabhu, M. Gowri Shankar, P. Jagadesh, “A Study on the
Strength of the Bacterial Concrete Embedded with Bacillus Megaterium
”International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), p-ISSN:
2395-0072 | e-ISSN: 2395-0056, available at
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Study-on-the-Strength-of-the-Bacterial
Concrete-Nagarajan-Prabhu/4419c6bfa4b381087f9f03f3916e74f718fd6bf2
5. VINOD. P. G, STUDENT, GOKULRAM.H, STUDENT, “STUDY ON
STRENGTH OF THE BACTERIAL CONCRETE IN BACILLUS
MEGATERIUM” International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and
Management (IJSREM)” Volume: 06 Issue: 05 | May – 2022, ISSN: 2582-3930
available at
https://journal.isjrem.com/download/study-on-strength-of-the
bacterial-concrete-in-bacillus-megaterium/
6. Mohammad Zakaria, Shafiqul Islam, Mozammel Hoque, “Scope of using jute fiber
for the reinforcement of concrete material” Zakaria et al. Textiles and Clothing
Sustainability,” DOI 10.1186/s40689-016-0022-5, available at
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310673206
7. T. Sai Vijaya Krishna, B. Manoj Yadav, “A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF JUTE
FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE”
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, eISSN: 2319-1163
| pISSN: 2321-7308, available
athttps://ijret.org/volumes/2016v05/i09/IJRET20160509017.pdf

23
 Chapter 9

Appendix

9.1. Research Paper

Compressive Strength Evaluation of Self Healing Concrete (BIOCONCRETE)

Disha Rane1, Fiza Keen1, Nawaf Khan1, Sayma Qureshi1, Dr. Uma Kale2, Sayed Hadi3
1
Undergraduates pursuing B.E in Civil Engineering, M.H. Saboo Siddik College of
Engineering, Mumbai, India
2
Assistant Professor, PhD Environmental, M.H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering,
Mumbai, India
3
Co guide, director operations, IMTAS infrastructure Pvt. Ltd.

ABSTRACT
This study investigates the idea of adding a filler or unique growth that has been
microbiologically produced to concrete to increase its strength. Here, a valiant effort was
made by "Bacillus megaterium" bacterium. Concrete cubes were casted both with and without
bacteria inclusion. The presence of voids in cementitious concrete can lead to poor
performance under severe shrinkage and settlement. This research focused on using bacteria
to reduce concrete voids and improve performance. The Bacillus family of bacteria turned out
to be excellent concrete healers. It was found that the optimum concentration of Bacillus
megaterium has a positive effect on high strength structural concrete.
Keywords: Bacillus megatarium, concrete, strength, self healing cracks.
At the UN Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC COP26) in 2021, the Hon. Prime Minister
of India Shri Narendra Modi announced the Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment)
initiative, which aims to promote sustainable living and protect the environment by putting
individual behaviours at the forefront of the global climate action narrative. The mission
focuses on a variety of sustainable living topics.
By directly absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and using this captured carbon
dioxide to rebuild structures, our bio-concrete directly combats climate change. As a result,

24
creating new infrastructure is both environmentally favourable and even carbon negative.
Additionally, since these structures are self-healing, there is less need for human maintenance,
which reduces emissions even more. The bio-concrete mixture is stable for up to a year and
can also be used on existing structures with flaws or even on roads. Making the concrete and
building sector environmentally friendly is not just a nice idea but essential for our global
survival given the astronomically large emissions generated by the concrete industry along
with the constantly expanding population and infrastructure requirements.
1. INTRODUCTION
Due to the availability of its primary ingredients, concrete is currently used in more and more
places around the world. As the primary component of concrete, cement obviously has a
greater environmental impact on global warming given that the cement sector is responsible
for 10% of all CO2 emissions. Therefore, one of the immediate requirements for
environmental justification is the production of sustainable concrete. It is therefore essential
that research on the usefulness of employing natural materials receives increased attention.[3]
Concrete is the almost completely back human-made improvement texture of the planet that is
a real texture than the close to used mass in the headway business. It is gotten past blending
developing upon materials, the cloud then totals, or in impersonation of a critical sum contain
admixtures, of required degrees. The organization while putting inside structures is permitted
in an impression of reestablishing such designs between a stone-like thing known as concrete
[2] . At present the use of concrete is persistently expanding all through the world because of
its fundamental fixing accessibility. There are various examination works that pointed toward
diminishing the use of concrete by supplanting it for certain waste materials . Numerous
research works have been done that target decreasing the voids and penetrability in the
substantial. Various research works reveals that the presence of bacteria such as sporosarcina
pasteurii, ureolytic and bacillus licheniforms tends to seal the cracks in the concrete. There are
various exploration works that pointed toward decreasing the use of concrete by supplanting it
for certain waste materials. Numerous research works have been completed that target
decreasing the voids and porousness in the substantial [1].

*Corresponding author:
uma.kale@mhssce.ac.in (Dr. Uma Kale)

1.1 Objectives
1. To determine the right conditions to be created for the survival of bacteria to repair
cracks.
2. To determine the optimum percentage of addition of bacillus megaterium.
3. To determine the compressive strength with bacteria infused concrete.

1.2 History of Bacillus Megaterium:

Bacillus megaterium is well established in the Bacillus phylogeny, making it a
developmentally key species and of specific significance in figuring out genome
advancement, elements, and pliancy in the bacilli. B. megaterium is a financially accessible,
nonpathogenic have for the biotechnological creation of a few substances, including vitamin
B12, penicillin acylase, and amylases.
Bacillus Megaterium and Azotobacter strains had been segregated from soil coming utilizing
ureolytic calcification reactor. Based on their morphology six unique strains were recognized.
The refined strains had been saved in culture medium. For this reason, the strain was picked
for the treatment of the examples due to its ideal CaCO3 precipitation capacities. To
safeguard the microscopic organisms from the solid antacid climate in concrete, the
microorganisms were, for some of the medicines, immobilized in silica gel. Likewise the
microorganisms are refined to shape different cell fixation under peptone condition [5]

25
2. METHODLOGY
The methodology consists of the following steps:
1. Collection of materials
 Aggregates, cement, sand and water
 Bacillus Megaterium
2. Mix proportions for M30
3. Casting of specimen
4. Curing of specimen
5. Test to determine compressive strength

Figure 1: Methodology adopted

2.1 Materials
Materials and their collection is the first and very important thing in the execution of the
project. The materials which had been used for the production of self healing concrete are
specified below.
1. Cement:
Cement is all the time the main fixing in concrete since it is generally the most fragile
connection in the chain. The capability of concrete isn't just to tie the sand however likewise
to make up for up the in the middle among sand and any coarse grained particles to shape a
minimized mass.
2. Coarse aggregate:
The coarse aggregate is the most grounded and the most un-permeable part of cement. It is
likewise a synthetically steady material.By limiting the greatest size of total and furthermore
by making, the concrete cement turns out to be more homogenous change zone more
grounded by utilization of mineral admixtures furthermore, there is an undeniable
improvement in the strength properties as well as strength qualities of cement. Blue rock
squashed stone for single measured totals of ostensible sizes 12.5 mm affirming to IS-
383:1970 were utilized as the coarse totals for this examination.
3. Fine aggregate :

26
Reviewing of fine total according to IS: 383-1970 shows that it is on zone III and it is vital in
keeping up with water request, limiting the voids in concrete. The fine total having a
particular gravity of 2.68, water ingestion of 1.23%, fineness modulus of 5.25 and a dry
thickness of 1240 kg/m3 utilized in this examination.
4. Water:
Water is the key fixing, which when blended in with concrete, structures a glue that ties the
total together and which animates hydration. Compact water affirming to the prerequisites of
IS: 456-2000 was utilized for projecting and relieving.
5. Bacteria:
The bacteria was in powder form the powder type of microbes has been changed over into the
fluid answer for the reason of blending it in concrete. At beginning stage, a funnel shaped jar
having 0.3gm meat extricate, 0.5gm peptone and 0.5gm sodium chloride was utilized to
culture supplement stock media. In the interim the pH of media refined is kept in the scope of
7 to 7.4. The bacillus megaterium bacterium benefits from stock media arrangement refined.
The microscopic organisms in the powder structure, utilizing vaccination on Petri dishes,
were applied in stripes on agar plate to deliver fluid arrangement of microscopic organisms.
The dishes were then oppressed to hatchery at 37°C following 24 hours. The immunized fluid
arrangement, kept in the cone like carafe, was then moved to the orbital shaker and turned at a
pace of 150 rpm for 24 hours in request to foster the gathering of microscopic organisms. The
microscopic organisms so arranged have been used for the substantial blend arrangement.
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
The process of choosing appropriate concrete elements, such as cement, aggregate, and water,
and calculating their ratio in order to achieve the requisite strength, can be referred to as the
mix design percentage. The primary goal of this two-part procedure was to achieve the
necessary strength, and the second goal was to produce concrete as cheaply as possible. For
bacterial concrete, the necessary quantity of bacteria is added to the concrete with the water
used for mixing.
Mixed design is the process of choosing the right products determining Concrete Components
and Their Relationships proportions intended to make concrete from Minimum strength and
durability as economical as possible. The first objective is to achieve the specified minimum
intensity. Second, the goal is to make concrete as economical as possible in action. In terms of
cost, all concrete mainly depends on these two factors: material cost and cost of work.
Formwork, batch processing, Mixing, conveying and curing are almost the same for Good
concrete and bad concrete [5]

Figure 2: 150 mm x 150 mm M15 bacterial concrete cube casted

27
 Figure 3: 150 mm x 150 mm M15 bacterial concrete cube casted

4. RESULTS:
Self-healing concrete, or concrete that can patch, seal, or plug newly developed cracks on its
own, will not only produce more lasting structures but will also result in significant financial
savings because labor-intensive inspection and repair may be reduced.
In this research, we looked into the potential of calcium carbonate mediated by bacteria
production as a potential therapeutic method. In conrefer to several earlier research projects
where germs were sprayed externally to fix cracks in concrete and monuments repair.
Bacterial concrete technology has proven superior to many conventional Eco-Friendly Nature,
Self-Healing, and increased Durability of various building materials.
Measure the compressive strength of a cube with a side of 150 mm using a digital device. A
compression tester with a capacity of 2000kN according to the standard method. The load is
applied at a rate of 140 kg/cm2/min and the compressive strength is calculated by dividing the
load at failure by the surface area of the cube under test. Figure shows the average
compressive strength of his three specimens after 7 and 28 days of testing for both standard
and bacterial concretes.

28
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST:
70

60 (MPa)
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

50

40

STANDARD CONCRETE
30
BACTERIAL CONCRETE
20

10

0
7 DAYS 28 DAYS

AGE IN DAYS

Figure 4: Graph representing the relation between compressive strength and age of bacterial
concrete

5. CONCLUSION:
1. The addition of bacteria’s makes the concrete more beneficial than conventional
concrete since it increases the concrete’s characteristics strength.
2. This method of cementing is very simple and practical to use.By providing the
calcium carbonate crystal that blocks and repairs the fissures, bacteria repair the
cracks in concrete.
3. If concrete could detect cracks and heal itself, there would not only be economical ,
but also an environmental benefit because the production of concrete contributes
significantly to global CO2 emissions.
4. By using this concrete to prevent cracks, the structure will be protected against steel
corrosion. The smoothness and surface texture of the bacterial concrete samples have
enhanced as a result of the bacteria
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
First of all we would like to thank God, the Almighty for his showers of blessing through out
the whole research work. I would like to thank our guide Dr. Uma Santosh Kale and Syed
Mohammed Hadi for helping us out through every thick and thin, for motivating us through
out the whole work.
7. REFERENCES:
[1] Arun Kumar Parashar, Ankur Gupta, “Experimental study of the effect of bacillus megaterium
bacteria on cement concrete ”IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 1116
(2021) 012168, doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012168, available at
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012168
[2] Shaik BIFATHIMA, T. V. S. Vara LAKSHMI, Bhargav Naidu MATCHA “Civil and
Environmental Engineering. Vol. 0, Issue 0, DOI: 10.2478/cee-2020-0018, available at,
https://sciendo.com/article/10.2478/cee-2020-0018
[3] Ramin Andalib, Muhd Zaimi Abd Majid Mohd Warid Hussin, Mohanadoss Ponraj, Ali
Keyvanfar, Jahangir Mirza, Han-Seung Lee "Optimum concentration of Bacillus
megaterium for strengthening structural concrete," Construction and Building Materials
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9.2. Achievement

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