Grammar summarY

UNIT 6 Future forms: going to, willand present

continuous
Verb patterns with to + infinitive
Form
Form 1 going to
We use fo + infinitive after several structures' The
form of the verb is alwaYs the same'
l'm/you're/he's/ l'm not / you aren't / Am I / are You / is
They intend/plan to go to South America'
he isn't / she isn't / he / is she / is it /
she's/it's/we'rei
It's difficult . to learn Chinese' they're going it isn't i we aren't I are we / are theY

She worked hard to buY a new car' to come to the they aren't going to:'going to come to
party. come to the PartY. the Party?

Use
'l verb + to + infinitive 2 will
Aftbr certain lzerbs we use the fo + infinitive form
of another verb. This is often to talk about hopes' l/you/heishe/iV l/you/he/she/iUwe/ Willl/you/he/she/
intentions and decisions. we/they'll (will) they won't (will not) iVwe/theY go
He decided to stoP ruork. go home later. go home later. home later?
She ngreed to traztel round the world'
Common verbs which are followed by the /o + 3 Present continuous
infinitive form are: intend, plan, want, hope," d like' For the present continuous form see page 156'
decide , agree, refuse, Promise '

We doJt rt" i, + infinitive after modal verbs' Use

She can't play tennis. We will.stay here' 1 going to
W" ,i" going to + infinitive to talk about a plan or a
2 adiective + to + infinitive
future intention.
We use fo + infinitive after certain adjectives, often
I'm going to make a costwne'
to express a feeling about something'
She isn'i going to take patt in the celebrations'
It's fun to play a musical instrument'
It's dfficult to lioe on $50 a daY' 2 will-('ll)
We-use will to talk about a decision which is made
3 infinitive of PurPose
during the conversation.
We can use fo + infinitive to explain the purpose
Tim: bh no! There isn't anY *gar left'
' of the main verb or an action (= in order to do
Sue'. Don't worry. l'll buy some when I go into toun'
soryrething).
Marco mooed to New York to go to college' 3 Present continuous for future
They aisited Greece to learn about Ancient Greece' We use the present continuous to talk about an
ur.ung"-".t with other people at a certain time in
Practice the future.
1 Put the words in the correct order' I'm leaaing for the party at fiae o'clock'
1 planning, go diving to this we're We're mottinghouse next month'
^ Wglr-a- slllrlrr€r gl r/ii1l4g {/11s lltl t!tt!L, We usually use the present continuous, not going to"
tlqt111111.g !r7
2 would like Australia Emma and Pip 'visit to with the verbs.qo and come.
I'm going to the Parade later'
3 medicine get job she to studied good a He's coming to the festiaal with us'
-
4 h;;; il;il-i; ii;; ft;;i;;l; Practice
2 Choose the correct oPtion (a-c)'

5 wants his mY brother leave job to 1 We to Costa Rica on holiday next year'
- '- 'llveare going b
Gl are going to go c will go
6 i,";l i; ;.;; ;;;;-ii-";;r-;;;;t 2 aeciaea
a am studYing
to do an
b
evening class' I
am going to studY
Italian'

7 promised email Brenda every to week c wifl studY

-- 3 Alex: I've left mY mqney at home'
8 i;; h;iil;; ; it;, Pi"" i; ' Thomas: Never mind. I the tickets'
a am buYing b am going to buY c 'll bu1'
4 What next weekend?
a are You doing b are You going to do
c will You do
5 I'm so excitedl We for Athens in a weekl
a are leaving b are going to leave
c will leave
 Grammar summary

6 Sam in London next year. Practice

a 's working b 's going to work 1 Complete the text with these prepositions.
c 'll work
7 I don't know when it starts. I out now. along a+ in f ront next on opposite
a am finding b am going to find through up
c will find
8 to stay with you? lnstructions for arrival
a Is he coming b Is he going to come When you arrive 1 at the office, go
c Will he come the front door. Reception will be in
of you. All the meOting rooms are
UNIT 7 the second floor. There isn't a lift, so go
the stairs. Your meeting is u
Prepositions of place and movement room 306. Coffee will be on the table,T
Form to the window. If you need the bathroom, walk
Prepositions of place the corridor - it's e the
The printer is on the desk. photocopier
The meeting room is on the first floor.
The ffice is next to the bank.
Present perfect simple
The meeting is at the conference centre. Form
We form the present perfect simple with the present
Common prepositions of place are:
simple of the verb to haae plus the past participle.

in
ffiffim.Hl r;il
/ inside on / on next to under in front
i*'-
rL
behind
r'
Ib
_-,1
I Affirmative
l/you/we/they
have found
llyoulwel
they haven't
Have l/you/we/they found
the report?
top of of the report. found the
report.

H't.E opposite
rufl
between
o

outside
,
in the
He/she/it has
found the
rep&t.
He/she/it
hasn't found
the report.
Has he/she/it found the
report?

Yes, l/you/we/they have.

corner
(of) Yes, he/she/it has.
No, l/you/we/they haven't.
,l t_-_J'll
a

in the on the on
o

the at the top

*c at the
No, he/she/it hasn't.

We add -ed to regular verbs to form the past participle:

middle left (of) right (of) (of) bottom
-
work Toorked, walk , walked, play - playeil.
(of) (of)
The spelling rules for other regular verbs are the same
Prepositions of movement
as for the past simple tense (see page 159).
He walked up the stairs.
Claire went through the door. Many verbs have irregular past participles:
The man got into the taxi. buy - ysr*4t, ds - done, ,
find see , seen,
found,
Common prepositions of movement are: up, dozun, to,
take - taken, teach - taught
in, into, on, onto, ouer, under, across, along, round, aro.und, The verb go has two past participle forms: been and
through. Sone
l'oe been to work todav. (And now I'm back.)
Use He's gone to work today. (He isn't back yet.)
We use prepositions of plaLe to describe where people
and things are. We use the auxiliary verb haae/has andhaaen't/hasn't to
Where's the coffee? lt's in the cupboard: form negatives and questions.
Adrian is standing in ftont of the photocopier. I haaen't botlght a farm.
Has she se.en her colleague this weekT
We use prepositions of movement to talk about the
direction someone or something moves. Prepositions We also use haae/has and haaen't/hasn't to form short
of movement follow a verb of movement. answers.
Haae you lioed in CanadaT Yes,I haoe.
lack droae along the road.
The aisitors are going around the factory.
Common verbs of movement are go, climb, come, run
andwalk.

162
 Grammar summary

Use (approach) me without fear. I 13 (take)

L-
We use the present perfect simple to talk about: hundreds of photos of mothers, cubs and males. It
o an action that happened sometime in the past was incredible and exciting, but I 1a
but we don't know the exact time. I'ae worked in (never / be) so scared!
seaersl banks in London.
o an action that started in the past and is still true UNIT 8
today. Amy has liaed in Paris since Christmas. (She
still lives in Paris.) Markhasn't found the watch he Defining relative clauses
/osf. (The wqtch is still lost.) Form
When we use the present perfect simple we often do He is the man who (that) inaented the World Wide Web.
not say when the action happened. This is the system which (th&t) I told you about.
l'ae been to Rome. (We do not say when.) That is the place zuhere we buy our computers.

We use the past simple to describe a finished action Use

at a definite time in the past. When we use the past We use who (for people), which (for things) and where
simple, we often say when something happened. (for places) to introduce defining relative clauses.
I went to Rome last year. These clauses give us essential information about the
We often use the present perfect simple withfor and person, place or thing we are talking about.
since. We use for to talk about the duration of a present The person who discoaered the solution uas from China.
situation, for example , for 30 minutes, for two moiths. Thefactory which makes the machine employs 200 people.
My sister hos liLled in London six months. The organisation where he ruorks is called Noaotech.
for
We use since to show the starting point of a present
We can use thst for people or things instead of who or
situation, for example, since 2.00 p;m., since Friday, which. This is less formal.
since 20'l'1.
The person that discoaered the solution was from China.
My sister has liaed in London since September. The factory that makes the machine employs 200 people.
Practice Practice
2 Complete the sentences with the present perfect 1 1om the two sentences with the correct relative
simple form of the verbs. pronoun (who, which, where).
1 John hsahlo_fu_n (know) his boss for about 1 He's the man. He invented a new kind of
four months. bicycle.
2 My sister (work) for lots of H-a'p tftS 1;nan ruho intle4lqd a ngw kirytl oJbicyclg,
different businesses. 2 That's the farm. They are experimenting with
3 We (see) this training film three new crops at the farm.
times before
4 your father (visit) 3 ih;;; ir tn" *o-rn. She *o.t, i" *y iu*r"r;t
the factory in Madrid yet? laboratory.
5 She (not eat) Indian food before.
6 They , (not be) in the office since 4 These are the machines. They use less energy.
eight o'clock.
7 vou (coov) the
5 That is the nuclear po*"r station. They had
report?
problems at the power station last year.
8 Bob and Louise (buy) a new car.

Complete the text with the present perfect simple 6 This is the documentary. I was watching it last
or the past simple form of the verbs. week.

I1 hq;pg bgsl1 (be) a photographer for over 20 7 She's the doctor. She saved my father's life.
years, so I know what I'm doing. I2
(change) jobs ten times and I3 8 That's the factory. They developed the new
(work) in about fifteen different countries so I lamps at tlp factory.
(often / live) abroad. My first job
(be) as an assistant photographer
for amagazine. I6 (take) photos for Zero and first conditional
other people and I 7 (develop) the Form
pictures. Then I (start) working on a Zero conditiona!
project about polar bears. The team e
(spend) manymonths on the sea ice of the Arctic
fclause (lf / When + present simple), main clause
(present simple)
and we 10 (search) for the bears' lf / When you driae aery fast, it is more dfficult to stop
homes. Eventually we 11 (find) the car.
where the bears lived. Some bears 12
Grammar summary

First conditional
Ifclause (lf / When + present simple), main clause worn at the school.
(witt)
taught in big classes.
If you drioe oery fast, it will be more dfficult to stop.
We can use f in two positions: Interrogative
o f-clause first lf you traael abroad, you need a
worn at the school?
passport.
taught in big
o Main clause first: You need a passport if you traael
classes?

abroad.
Use
When the fclause is at the beginning of the sentence,
We use the present simple passive when we want to
we use a comma to separate it from the main clause.
focus on an action or the object of the action, rather
Use than the person who is doing the action. The object of
Zero conditional the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive
We use the zero conditional to talk about facts or sentence.
things that are generally true. subject Pbject
lf you want to traael in the USA, you need a aisa. Active: Students take th'e exam in the summer.
-
When you cool water to zero degrees, it freezes. subject object
Passive: The exam is taken by students in the
When you talk about things that are generally true,
summer.
you can use f or when.There's no difference in
meaning. by + agent
In an active sentence, you know who did the action.
First conditional
Teachers teach Kung Fu in many countries.
We use the first conditional to talk about a possible
future situation. In a passive sentence, we can say who did the action
lf it rains tomorrout, we won't go to the mountains. (the agent) usingby.
Kung Fu is taught by teacherc in many countries.
When you talk about situations in the future, there
is a difference between if and when. We use zuhen + W9 use by + agentwhen it is important to know who
present simple to talk about a certain future action. did the action.
When lack arrioes,l'll askhim to help us. Kung Fu is taught in many countriesby specially
trained teachers.
Practice
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of It isn't always necessary to use by + agent. We don't
the verbs. usually use the agent when it is obvious who has
done the action, when we don't know the name of the
1 When a mosquito lands on your skin, it agent or when it isn't important or relevant.
trtr:r (try) to suck your blood. Uniform isworn at the school@s.
2 lf a dog wags its tail, it (mean) that it Lunch is sented by-semee*e ettery day at 1.00.
is happy.
3 If the weather is good, we (explore) Practice
the forest on Saturday. 1 Rewrite the sentences in the present simple
4 If they find a cure for cancer, many people passive form. Use by + agent where appropriate.
(live) much longer.
5 When he comes home from an expedition, he
1 They teach French at that school.
(be) usuallY verY tired.
6 When Oliver gets here tomorrow, I
2 She does her homework on a computer.

(not tell) him about my Problems.

7 Those fish (die) if you don't clean the
3 Tutors usually provide lecture notes via the
Internet.
fish tank!
8 People (become) dehYdrated when
T\ey keep old books in that part of the library.
they don't drink enough water.
'Do you use laptops at your school?
UNIT 9
Present simple passive I by + agent ih; ;i;;;i' p.i"t ;;i ;;;; ;"i"'i"r J"'i"g
the course.
Form
We form the present simple passive with the present 7 Their employers don't pay for the English
simple of the verb to be (am / is / are) + past participle. classes.

8 Students often complete course work online.

 Affirmative
Past simPle Passive l/you/he/she/iU Had
ll}ou/he/she/
Form iUwe/theY we/theY hadn't
We form the past simple passive
with the past simple had worked (had not)
hard. worked hard.

Yes, l/You/he/she/iUwe/
invented bY the EgYPtians'
ink
Black was/wasn't theY had'
discovered in Asia'
Spices werg/weren't No, l/You/he/she/iVwe/
theY hadn't'

@
w"t
I black ink invented bY the EgYPtians? Notel In spoken English we often
forms of
use'd G hail'Don'l
had and would'
confuse the contracted
i *"r" spices discovered in Asia? G.!!:d
i:i'*rrt ri in the hotel for fiae (= I woutd like toworked)
years'
work)
t;iili, ti *ork in thai nita.
Use
we want to
W",rr" the past simple passive when Use
talk,about an action
the past action' ,r" the past perfect simple.to another
;;;, ." a past action or the object ofaction' The obiect
W"
bLfoie action or
rather than the person who did
the i" ,n" p*, thut ttuppetted
the subiect oft\re before a certain time in the Past'
of the active sentence becomes
iiad aisited Rome twice before I went to Venice'
oassive sentence'
' subiect obiect W" oft"t use the past periect simple and the past
the Pharoahs'
Active: Scribes wrote leiters for obiect simple together'
before I arrioed at the
subiect I had bought ffiy trcKet online
scribes for the
Passive: Letters were written by ststion.
Pharoahs' time expressions with
We often use the following
alTeady' iusi'before' prersiously'
Practice ;h; ;;i p".fect simple:
simple passive recentlY and earlier'
2 Complete the text with the past bought my ticket when the train
arriaed at the
formof the verbs'
I hnd irct
station.
carve discover fu leave make Paint
Practice
record . use worshiP
1' Complete the sentences with
the past simple or
art all ;;;iperfectsimple form of the verbs'
There are cave paintings and cave ,overtn-
Europe. Famous examples
L il'{''{'I{)/1lrri (go) to Spain after he
1 Tames r(l!:l((visit)Portugal'
many
i"t.i"*, France and Altimera' in Spain
l
/1,11i;'isilt'r/ '(bel
"
;;;;;;;. rn 2003, new Paintings 2 W;"' in Brighton.for two weeks
before Mark
(arrive)'-
i-,r, ..r"ir.hers in Nottinghamshire' northern
;'";iil.
--'o ih" q,"stlot' iJ' whY'. . - theY "
There are
? many theories but many ;r# rii". tr''"v (bo9k) them!
'("ot rneet) any other travellers
experts agree that early hunters and priests or 4I -
:#"*J'?;,-n"r"a u"rtte a hunt to Pray for good until I (get) to the mountains'
a in the q theY (travel) abroad
f".t. e"iri"l gods or spirits After the (visit) ItalY?
'r'r"ii, that the hunt
hooe *o'ta be successful' before theY
an" events in drawings or 6 When I (arrive) at the hostel I
colours'- realised i (forget) my sleeping bag'
' and
f"i"ii"gt. Natural dyes ^- such (""i tft" jungle before I
i^J p"ii-t,t from substances 7| (set) "^pfot") Rica'
animals
plants and earth' Often' to Costa
;- -
a, Ulooa,
' from wood or stone and sometimes
th;;; ;i;;is e next'to the.Paintings'
Whatever the origins oith" tu"" paintings' people
amazedUy ttrelr beauty and mystery'
,." i,itt Subiect and obiect questions

UNIT 10
Past perfect simPle
Form
W" for* the past perfect simple
with the past simple
of the verb hiae (iad) + past participle' verb (do' does' did) wilt:t
We do not use an auxiliary
subject questions'