JESUIT SYSTEM OF EDUCATION: - After 1 week, the frail Calamba boy

progressed rapidly. At the end of the

- Jesuit System of Education in Ateneo was
month, he became Emperor.
more advanced than that of the other
- He was the brightest pupil of the whole
College in that period.
class and was awarded the prize (1st prize
- It trained the character of the students by
he ever won at the Ateneo).
rigid discipline and profoundly religious
- In the 2nd half of his first year Jose did not
instruction.
try hard enough to retain academic
- Promotes physical culture, humanities, and
supremacy as the previous semester
scientific studies.
(because he resented to some remarks of
- Aside from academic courses leading to the
his professor).
degree of Bachelor of Arts:
- Yet he placed second though at the end of
- It also offered vocational Courses in
the year and all his grades still mark
Agriculture. Commerce, Mechanics, and
"Excellent".
Surveying.
- Students are divided/classified into two (2)
groups; namely: 2ND YEAR IN ATENEO (1873-74)
1. Roman Empire (Red banner) - consisting
- Rizal repented having neglected his studies
of internoes (borders)
the previous year
2. Carthaginian Empire/Greek empire
- Three of new classmates were boys from
(Blue banner) composed of externoes
Binan, who had been his classmates in the
(non-borders). Each of these empires
school of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz.
had it ranks.
- Its Aim/purpose is to motivate/stimulate
- Rizal received excellent grades in all
student
subjects and a gold medal at the end of the
 Note: the two groups were in
school year.
perpetual warfare for supremacy in
- Prophecy of Mother's release in the course
the class. (they compete/fought for
of Rizal & his mother's conversation, Dona
the position)
Teodora told her son of her dream the
- Each of these Empire has its ranks:
previous night. Rizal interpreting the dream,
 Emperor - best student in each empire
told her that she would be released from
 The Tribune-2nd best
prison in three months’ time. Rizal's
 Decurion-3rd best
prophecy became true.
 Centurion-4th best
 Standard Bearer - 5th best
THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO BY: ALEXANDER
DUMAS
RIZAL 1ST YEAR IN ATENEO (1872-1873) - The first favorite Novel of Rizal. During the
- Rizal's 1-year Professor was Fr. Jose Bech, summer vacation in 1874, Rizal's interest in
being a newcomer and having known little reading began to ignite, particularly in
Spanish, he was placed at the bottom of the romantic novel. He was stirred by the
class. sufferings of Edmund Dantes (the hero) in
- He was an externo, thus assigned to the prison, his spectacular escape from
Carthaginian/Greek. dungeon chateau and, his finding a buried
treasure on the rocky island of Monte Cristo
 and the dramatic revenge of his enemies
who wronged him.
TRAVELS IN THE PHILIPPINES BY: DR. FEODOR
JAGOR
- Rizal later read also "Travels in the
Philippines" by: Feodor Jagor. a German
scientist traveler who visited the Philippines
- Q-What impressed Rizal to read the book?
- Jagor keen observations of the defects
(imperfections) of Spanish Colonization.
- His prophecy that someday Spain would
lose the Philippines and that America would
come to succeed her as colonizer.
3RD YEAR IN ATENEO (1874-1875)
- Her mother arrived, told him that she was
already released from prison. Rizal did not
make excellent showing in his studies.
- He won one medal in Latin but failed to win
medal in Spanish
- He himself was not impressed by his
scholastic work
4TH YEAR IN ATENEO (1875-1876)
- Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez a great
educator and scholar. He inspired Rizal to
study harder and write poetry.
- They became friends but with the highest
affection and respect. Rizal considered him
as his best professor in Ateneo.
- Rizal wrote Fr. Sanchez showing his
affection and gratitude.
- He described his Jesuit professor as "Model
of Uprightness, Earnestness and Love for
advancement of pupils/students.
- Inspired, Jose resumed his studies with
vigor and zest.
- He topped in all subjects and won five (5)
medals.
LAST YEAR IN ATENEO (1876-1877)
- Graduate of Highest Honor on March 23,
1877. Rizal, 16 years old, received from his
Alma Mater, Ateneo Municipal, the Degree
of Bachelor of Arts.
- He finishes schooling in Ateneo in a Blaze of
glory because he obtained the highest
grade in all subjects Philosophy Biology,
Physics, Language, mineralogy, etcetera.
- Jose Rizal was the most brilliant Atenean of
his time. He was truly the "Pride of Jesuits"
EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES
- Became an emperor inside the classroom
(Campus leader)
- "Active member and later secretary of
religious society
- Member of Marian congregation because of
devotion tour lady of Immaculate
Concepcion
- Member of the Academy of Spanish
Literature and Natural Science. (Exclusive
Societies in Ateneo)
- Fr. Francisco Sanchez-encouraged Rizal to
cultivate his literary skills by writing essays
and poetry.
- Painting lesson-Agustin Saenz
- Improved his Sculpture talents - Romualdo
De Jesus
- Gymnastics and Fencing - Tio Manuel
POEMS & ARTISTIC WORKS WRITTEN IN ATENEO:
1. Mi Primera Inspiracion (My first
Inspiration) - was the first poem Jose Rizal
had written during his stint in Ateneo. He
wrote the poem in 1874, before he turned
14. This poem was dedicated or written in
honor of his mother on her birthday. In this
poem, he expresses his filial affection in
sonorous verses.
2. Rizal's poem on Education "Education gives
luster to motherland" (Por La education
Recibe Lustre La Patria - *Sa Edukasyon
 Magtatamo ng Liwanag ang Bansa*) written
in 1876.
 Rizal had a very high regard for
education. He believed in the significant
role which education plays in the
progress and welfare of the nation.
3. In another poem (Alianza Intima Entre La
Religion Y La Buena Educacion) - the
Intimate Alliance between Religion and a
Good Education.
 Rizal showed the importance of religion
in education. To him Education without
God is not true education.
4. Rizal's Religious Poem - he expressed his
devotion to his Catholic faith. Al Nino Jesus
(to the Child Jesus) and A La Virgin Maria (to
the Virgin Mary).
 Y Es Espanol: Elcano, el Primera en dar
La Vuelta El Mundo, etcetera
FIRST ROMANCE:
- Painful Experience, the girl Segunda
Katigbak, a pretty 14-year-old Batanguena
from Lipa.
- It was love at first sight, but it was hopeless
since Segunda was already engaged to be
married to her townmate, Manuel Lopez.
- Segunda has manifested, by insinuation and
deeds, her affection on him but he timidly
failed to propose.
- In short, his first romance was ruined by his
own Shyness and Reserve. The first girl
whom he loved with ardent fervor was lost
to him forever.
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS (UST)
1. MEDICAL STUDIES
 Mother's Opposition to Higher
Education:
 The Bachelor of Arts course during
Spanish times was equivalent only to
the High School and Junior College
today. It merely qualified its graduates
to enter a university.
 Both Don Francisco and Paciano wanted
Jose to pursue higher learning in the
University but Dona Teodora.
 Who knew what happened to
GOMBURZA (Leaders of secular
movement to Filipinize the Philippine
parishes) vigorously opposed the idea
and told her husband: Don't send him to
Manila again, he knows enough, if he
gets to know more, the Spaniards will
cut off his head? Despite the mother
tears, Don Francisco told Paciano to
accompany Rizal to Manila. Rizal himself
was surprised by his mother's
opposition whom he knows a woman of
Education and culture.
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
 Rizal enters the University: In April 1877.
Rizal who was then nearly 16 years old
matriculated in UST taking the Course
Philosophy and Letters. He enrolled this
course for two (2) reasons:
1. His father liked it, and
2. He was still uncertain as to what
career to pursue.
 "It was only during the following term that
Rizal having:
1. Received the Ateneo rectors’ advice
to study medicine,
2. Other reason why he chose
medicine for a career was to be able
to cure his mother's growing
blindness.
 During his 1st school term in UST, Rizal also
studied in Ateneo. He took the vocational
course leading to the title of Perito
Agrimensor (Expert Surveyor).
ROMANCES WITH OTHER GIRLS:
 - Shortly after losing Segunda Katigbak, he - One dark night in Calamba during his
paid to court young woman of Calamba. In summer vacation in 1878, not knowing the
his memoirs he called her simply "Miss L" - person due to darkness he did not salute
describing her faith with seductive eye. Rizal nor say "courteous Good evening"- the
did not give her name. His romance died a vague figure turns out to be a Lieutenant of
natural death. However, he gave two (2) Guardia Civil.
reasons for his change of heart: - With a snarl, he turned upon Rizal, whipped
1. The sweet memory of Segunda was out his sword and brutally slashed the latter
still fresh in his heart, on the back. The wound was painful and
2. His father did not like the family of lasted for two weeks.
"Miss L".
- During his sophomore year at UST, He
courted Leonor Valenzuela. REPORTED THE INCIDENT TO GOVERNOR
- He sent her love notes written in invisible GENERAL
ink. This ink consisted of salt and water. It
- Rizal reported the incident to General Primo
left no trace in the paper.
de Rivera, the Spanish governor general of
- Rizal taught Orang (pet name of Leonor
the Philippines at that time. But nothing
Valenzuela) the secret of reading any note
came out because he was an Indio and the
written in invisible ink by heating it over a
abusive lieutenant was a Spaniards.
candle or lamp so that words may appear.
- Later, in a letter to Blumentritt, dated
- Rizal next romance with another Leonor
March 21,1887, he related: "I went to the
(Leonor Rivera) his cousin from Camiling,
Captain General, but I could not obtain
Tarlac.
justice; my wound lasted two weeks".
- "Rizal at the start of his junior year at the
- With a snarl, he turned upon Rizal, whipped
University, he lived at Casa Tomasino.
out his sword and brutally slashed the latter
- His landlord uncle Antonio Rivera had a
on the back. The wound was painful and
pretty daughter, Leonor, a student of La
lasted for two weeks.
Concordia College where Soledad her
younger sister was studying.
- Leonor born in Camiling, Tarlac on April 11. A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA (TO THE FILIPINO
1867. They became engaged. YOUTH):
- In her letter to Rizal, Leonor signed her
- The main idea of the poem was-"The
name "Taimis" in order to camouflage their
Philippines is the country for the Filipinos".
intimate relationship from their parents and
It revealed his longing for the glory of his
friends.
beloved country, the Philippines.
- The code name Taimis given by Rizal to
- In the year 1879, the Liceo Artistico-
Leonor for them to exchange letters
Literario (Artistic Literary Lyceum) of
because Leonor's mother disapproved their
Manila, a society of literary men and artist,
relationship.
held a literary contest.

VICTIM OF SPANISH OFFICER BRUTALITY:

A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA
- When Rizal was a freshmen medical student
- Rizal who was then 18 years old submitted
at UST, he experienced his first taste of
the poem entitled "A La Juventud Filipina".
Spanish Brutality.
 Rizal won the first prize- which consisted of
a silver penny feathered shaped and
decorated with a gold ribbon.
- The prize-winning poem- A La Juventud
Filipina - is an inspiring poem of a flawless
form. In exquisite verses, Rizal beseeched
the Filipino youth to rise from lethargy, to
let their genius fly swifter than the mind
and descend with art and science to break
the chains that have long bound the spirit of
people.
PURPOSE:
- "To the Filipino Youth" by Dr Jose Rizal is a
message primarily to tell the importance of
one's love and aspiration to his dialect and
language, for it is the bridge and
intermediary connecting people's country
to each other.
ALA JUVENTUD FILIPINA
- This Spanish poem was written by Filipino
national hero 20se Rizal when he was only
18 years old. It won him first prize in a
competition at the University of Santo
Tomas.
CONTINUATION...
- The winning poem of Rizal is a Classic
Philippine Literature, for two (2) reasons:
1. It was the first great poem in
Spanish written by a Filipino whose
merit was recognized by Spanish
literary authorities.
2. It expresses for the first time the
Nationalistic concept that the
Filipinos, and not the foreigners,
were the "Hope of the fatherland".
3. EL CONSEJO DE LOS DIOSES (THE
COUNCIL OF GOD-1880)
- The artistic literary lyceum opened another
literary contest to commemorate the fourth
(4th) Centennial of the death of Cervantes
(Spain's glorified man-of-letter and famous
author of Don Quixote).
- The contest opened to both Filipino and
Spaniards
- Many participated-priest, newspaperman,
scholars and professors.
EL CONSEJO (CONTINUATION...)
- Rizal inspired by his poetic triumph the
previous years, he then entered the literary
joust submitting those allegorical dramas
entitled - El Consejo De Los Dioses.
- All judges of the contest were all Spaniards,
after long and critical appraisal of the
entries they awarded the first prize to Rizal
works because of literary superiority to
others.
CONTINUATION...
- Despite all the objections the Spanish
community in Manila are against the
decision because the winning author was an
Indio - the prize was awarded to Rizal; A
Gold Ring on which was engraved the Bust
of Cervantes.
- *Spanish writer D. N, Del Puzo won the
second prize. For the first time in history, an
Indio 19 years old Filipino Medical Students
at that excelled in National Literary Contest
- The winning allegory of Rizal was a literary
masterpiece based on Greek classics. The
allegory established parallel among Homer,
Virgil and Cervantes.
- The Gods discuss the comparative merit of
these great writers and finally decides to
give trumpet to Homer, the Lyre of Vigil and
the Laurel to Cervantes.
- The allegory gloriously closes with Naiads,
Nymphs, Satyrs and other Mythological
characters dancing & gathering Laurels for
Cervantes.
OTHER LITERARY WORKS
 - Junto Al Pasig (Sa Tabi ng Pasig - Zarzuela) -
isinulat nya ito nang Pangulo sya ng
Akademya ng Literaturang Espanyol sa
Ateneo
- A Filipina - para sa album ng Samahan ng
mga Iskultor.
- Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma-binigkas ni Manuel
Fernandez, isang Atenista noong Disyembre
8, 1789 bilang parangal sa pinuno ng
Ateneo.
- AI M.R.P. Pablo Ramon isang tulang
nagpakita Pagmamahal sa Rector ng Ateneo
na naging Mabuti Matulungin sa kanya.
CHAMPION OF FILIPINO STUDENTS
- Filipino Students in their frequent fights
against arrogant Spanish students, who
were often surpassed by the Filipinos.
- In class work insultingly called their brown
classmate
- "Indio Chongo". In retaliation, the Filipino
called them "Kastila Bangus". Hostility both
these students’ groups often exploded in
angry street rumbles, and Rizal Participated
in these Students Brawl.
STUDENT SECRET SOCIETY
- In 1880, Rizal founded a Secret Society of
Filipino Students called COMPANERISMO
(Comradeship) in UST. Whose members
were called "Companion of Jehu" after a
valiant general (Hebrew) who fought
Armeans and ruled the Kingdom of Israel for
28 years (843-816 B.C.)
- Rizal was the chief of this Student Secret
Society with his cousin from Batangas
Galicano Apacible, as secretary. Rizal led
Filipino students into Combat against
Spanish students into street fights.
UNHAPPY DAYS WITH UST
- Rizal, Ateneo's boy wonder found the
atmosphere suffocating to his sensitive
spirit. He was unhappy at this Dominican
Institution of Higher Learning because:
1. The Dominican professors were
hostile to him.
2. The Filipino students were racially
discriminated by Spaniards,
3. The method of Instructions was
obsolete and repressive.
- In his novel El Filibusterismo, he describes
how the Filipino students were humiliated,
and insulted by their Dominican professors
and how backward the methods of
Intructions was, especially in the teaching of
Natural Science the science subject was
taught without laboratory experiments. The
Microscope and other laboratory apparatus
were kept inside the showcases to be seen
by the visitors but students would not even
touch them.
- Because of unfriendly attitude of his
professors, Rizal the most brilliant graduate
of Ateneo, failed to win high scholastic
honors in UST (performance not
impressive).
- Decisions to Study Abroad: After finishing
4th Year Medical Course, Rizal decided to
study in Spain. He could no longer endured
the rampant Bigotry, Discrimination. and
Hostility in University of Santo Tomas (UST).
DECISION TO STUDY ABROAD
- For the first time, Rizal did not seek his
parents’ permission and blessings to go
abroad because he knew they, especially his
mother, would disapprove it.
- He did not bring his beloved Leonor his
Confidence either. He had enough common
sense to know that Leonor being a woman
young and romantic could not keep secret.
- Rizal's parent, Leonor and Spanish
authorities Knew Nothing of his decision to
go abroad in order to finish his Medical
 Studies in Spain, where the professors were
more liberal than those of the University of
Santo Tomas (UST).
UNIT IV-EDUCATIONS AND TRAVELS ABROAD
TOPICS
Education and travels abroad:
- Another reason which is more important
than completing his studies in Spain is THE
SECRET MISSION- which many Rizalist
Biographers (including Austine Craig and
Wenceslao E Retana) never mention in their
writing.

1. Universidad Central de Madrid.

2. Rizal as a Mason.
3. The writing of the Noli Me Tangere
4. Ophthalmic training under Dr. Louis Dr. Otto
Becker de Wecker and
5. Friendship with Ferdinand Blumentritt.
6. Grand tour of Europe.
Education and travel abroads Rizal's Ravel to Paris,
Madrid, and Barcelona
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson the Students can:
1. Emulate Rizal's admirable traits while
studying in and touring Europe; and
2. To discuss the plan and identify the reasons
of Rizal in studying abroad.
RIZAL's SECRET MISSION:
- This mission which Rizal conceived with the
approval of older brother Paciano, was to:
- Secret departure for Spain: to avoid
detection by the Spanish authorities and the
friars.
- Observe keenly the life, culture, languages,
customs, industries, commerce, the
government, and the Laws of the European
Nations in order to prepare himself for the
mighty task of liberating his oppressed
people from Spanish tyranny.
- The principal purpose of Rizal's departure is
not just to finish his medical courses/studies
but to study other things of greater
usefulness or that to which Rizal is more
inclined.
RIZAL's Secret mission

Education and travels abroad: - On May 3, 1882 Rizal departed on board the
Spanish steamer Salvadora bound for
- Jose Rizal was disgusted of the
Singapore.
outdated/antiquated method of instruction
- Singapore (Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles,
in the Dominican-owned University, and the
founder of Singapore) Colombo to Suez
racial prejudice of Dominican professor
Canal ->Africa ->Naples - >Marseilles until
against Filipino students decided to
he reached Barcelona.
complete his studies in Spain.
- Rizal first impression to Barcelona was
- At that time the government of Spain was a
unfavorable. Later he changed his
Constitutional Monarchy under a written
impression because he found it really a
Constitution which granted Human rights to
great City with an atmosphere of freedom
the people, particularly freedom of speech,
and liberalism and its people were
freedom of the press, and freedom of
hospitable, open-minded and courteous.
assembly.
Rizal's secret mission COUNTRY is what produced the greatest,
the most heroic, the most disinterested.
- BARCELONA, SPAIN - Rizal reached
Barcelona on June 16, 1882
- Rizal wrote a Nationalistic essay entitled Life in Madrid (Universidad Central de Madrid)
"Amor Patrio underthe pen name Laon Laan
- On November 3, 1882, Rizal enrolled in the
appeared in print in Diariong Tagalog on
Universidad Central de Madrid (Central
August 20, 1882, was published in two texts
University of Madrid) in two (2) courses:
- Spanish and Tagalog
1. Medicine, and
- The Spanish text was written originally by
2. Philosophy and letters.
Rizal in Barcelona.
- Aside from his heavy studies in the
University he also studied: Painting and
Sculptor (in Academy of Fine Arts of San
"El Amor Patrio" (Love of Country)
Fernando) Also took lessons to French,
- El Amor Patrio (Love of Country) was German, English.
penned in the first months he was overseas
in 1882. It appeared in Diariong Filipino in
Manila under the pseudonym Laong Laan Life in Madrid
on 20 August 1882. It was his first published
- To keep himself physically fit, he kept a
work, and in many ways, spelled out what
tight schedule at the hall of Arms of Sanz Y
he hoped and prayed for what would be the
Carbonell.
Philippines.

RIZAL led a SPARTAN LIFE in Madrid:

Secret mission:
- Rizal knew that he came to Spain to Study
- The Tagalog translation was made by M. H.
and prepare himself for the service to his
Del Pilar, just like the prize winning
fatherland.
"JUVENTUD FILIPINA in his Amor Patrio
- He rigidly budgeted his money and time.
urged his Compatriot to Love their
- He frugally spending his money on food,
fatherland.
clothing, lodging and food - never wasting a
- Under whatever aspect, whatever its name,
peseta for gambling, wine, and women.
we love her (Patria) always just as the child
loves its mother amid in hunger and
misery." Life in Madrid
- In 1882, shortly after his arrival in Madrid,
Rizal's Secret mission Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano-Filipino
(Hispano Philippine Circle), a society of
- "LOVE OF COUNTRY" can never be effaced,
Spaniard and Filipinos. Among the members
once it has entered the heart, because it
of the group were three Paterno Brothers,
caries in itself the divine stamp that makes
two Esquivels, Figueroa, Govantes,
it eternal and imperishable.
Villanueva, Jugo, Lopez Jaena, Llorente,
- It has always been said that love is the most
etc...
potent force behind the most sublime
- Rizal became a member of the Society but
deeds, very well of all loves, the LOVE OF
was very disappointed because most of his
 young countrymen were indifferent, they entrench themselves in power and to
simply "didn't care" he once remarked. persecute the Filipino patriots).
- Later he transferred to Lodge Solidaridad
(Madrid) where he became a Master mason
Rizal as Mason:
on November 15, 1890.
- Rizal while pursuing his courses at the - Still later on February 15, 1892, he was
University he joined the Freemasons awarded the Diploma as Master Mason by
Le Grand Orient de France in Paris.
- As a mason Rizal played a lukewarm role,
Significance of joining Masonic Order: unlike Marcelo H. Del Pilar, G. Lopez Jaena,
and Mariano Ponce who were very active in
- It was an act that helped Rizal's political
masonic affairs.
reputations. Masons were known for their
- Rizal only masonic writing was a lecture
liberal ideas.
titled: "Science, virtue and labor'- which he
- Rizal was impressed by the way the Spanish
delivered in 1889 at Lodge Solidaridad in
masons openly and freely criticized the
Madrid.
government policies and lambasted the
- Rizal's salute to Luna and Hidalgo
friars which could not Philippines be done in
- The banquet on the evening of June 25,
the Philippines.
1884 was sponsored by the Filipino
community to celebrate the double victory
of the Filipino artist in the National
Rizal as a Mason
Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid:
- Objective/Aim of Freemasonry:
1. Freemasonry, to the masons, is a
Luna's Spolarium, winning first prize;
society aimed to promote the
Universal brotherhood of men under - Hidalgo's Christian Virgins expose to
the fatherhood of God; populace - 2nd prize.
2. To render practical aid to the less
fortunate;
Salute to Luna and Hidalgo
- Freemasonry enjoins the practice of every
social and moral virtue. - Speaking in sonorous Castillan, Rizal held his
audiences spellbound. He saluted Luna &
Hidalgo as the two (2) glories of Spain and
Masonic Lodge Acasia the Philippines whose artistic achievements
transcended geographical frontiers and
- In March 1883, Rizal joined Masonic Lodge
racial origins, - for GENIUS IS UNIVERSAL
Acasia in Madrid, using Dimasalang his
- "GENIUS knows no country, genius sprout
masonic name. His reason for becoming
everywhere, genius is like an air, the
Masonic Lodge called Acasia was:
patrimony of everybody, cosmopolitan like
1. To secure freemasonry's aid in his
space, like life, like GOD.
fight against the friars in the
- He also assailed with refined sarcasm the
Philippines.
bigotry and blindness of certain unworthy
- He intended to utilize the freemasonry as
Spaniards (referring to the bad friars in the
his shield to combat them. (since the friars
Philippines who could not comprehend the
used the catholic religion as a shield to
Universality of Genius).

Studies Completed in Spain:
- Rizal completed his Medical Studies in
Spain. He was conferred the degree of
Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad
Central de Madrid on June 21, 1884.
- In (1884-1885) the next academic year, he
studied and passed all the subjects leading
to the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.
- However, due to the fact that he did not
present the thesis required for Graduation
nor paid the corresponding fees, he was not
awarded his Doctor's diploma.
Studies in Spain
- Rizal also finished studies in Philosophy and
Letters with high grades. He was awarded
the degree of Ilcentlate in Philosophy and
Letters by the Universidad Central de
Madrid on June 19,1885 (his 24th birthday)
with the rating of excellent (Sobresaliente).
- By obtaining the degree of licentiate in
philosophy and Letters, he became qualified
to be a professor of Humanities in any
Spanish University and by receiving his
degree of licentiate in Medicine he became
full-pledge physician to practice medicine.
- Rizal did not secure the Post-graduate
degree of Doctor of Medicine and with
Licentiate in Philosophy & Letters, because
it was good only for the following reasons:
1. Rizal, being a man of high
intelligence and foresight, he knew
that with his brown color and Asian
racial ancestry, no friars owned
University or Colleges in the
Philippines would accept him in its
faculty staff. Because he believed
the Dominican friars will never
appoint him as such in college of
Santo Tomas.
2. Same thing also for Professorship,
according to Rizal, - "but I doubt if
the Dominican fathers will grant it to
me," said the national hero........
- Though Rizal never got his doctorate in
medicine, he took and passed the course in
the history of medicine, surgical analysis,
and normal histology in 1884 - 1885,
however, he never submitted his Doctoral
thesis.
- In the long correspondence with the
authorities of the University, which he
started from Geneva in June 1887, he
requested for the issuance of his Licentiate
degree.
- This was applied ang paid for in his name
by, Julio Llorente, who for some reason or
another asked that it be grant to the
Governor in Manila where it was promptly
lost, so after a typical bureaucratic jumble,
Rizal had to be contented with certified
copy of which he received from Spanish
Consul General in Hongkong in May, 1892,
eight years after his graduation.
Ophthalmic Training under Dr Otto Becker and
Louis de Weckert: (PARIS TO BERLIN)
- RIZAL after completing his studies in
Madrid, went to Paris and Germany in order
to specialize in Ophthalmology. He
particularly chose this branch of medicine
because he wanted to cure his mother's eye
ailment. He served as assistant to the
famous oculist of Europe.
- Shortly after terminating his studies at the
Central Chiversidad de Madrid, Rizal who
was then 24 years old and already
physician, went to Paris to acquire more
knowledge of ophthalmology.
Ophthalmic training
- In November 1885, sojourned for about
four (4) months in Paris;
1. He worked as an assistant of Dr.
Louis de Wecker (1852-1906) a
 leading French Ophthalmologist,
from 1885-February 1886.
- He rapidly improved his knowledge of
ophthalmology as revealed by his letter to
his parents on January 1, 1886.
- Rizal stated that he knew now how to
perform all the operations: He only had to
know what is going inside the eye, which
according to Rizal it requires much practice.
- After acquiring enough experience as
ophthalmologist in Dr Wecker's clinic, Rizal
reluctantly left gay Paris on February 1886
for Germany.
- Rizal arrived in Heidelberg (a historic city)
Germany, on February 3, 1886 famous for
its old University and romantic
surroundings.
- He boarded near the university of
Heidelberg and worked at the university eye
clinic under the direction of a distinguished
German ophthalmologist.
2. Dr Otto Becker- Rizal worked at the
University Eye Hospital under the
direction of Dr Otto Becker, a
distinguish German ophthalmologist,
and attended the lecture of Dr
Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kueline at
the University. Close Fazul, By: GF
Zuide and S. M. Zade, 2009 repent.
Pps/ 00).
3. Dr Karl Ernest Schweigger-(1830-
1905) another famous German
ophthalmologist where Rizal work as
assistant with the former's clinic.
Friendship with Ferdinand Blumentritt:
- ACQUIANTANCE with BLUMENTRITT:
- On July 31 1886, he wrote a letter in
German to Prof. Blumentritt, and sent the
latter valuable book, Aritmetica
(Arithmetic).
- The book was published in Spanish and in
Tagalog texts by our countryman, Rufino
Hernandez, a native of Santa Cruz, Laguna.
Acquaintance with F. Blumentritt
- The book given to Professor Blumentritt
was printed at UST in 1868 consisting of 224
pages.
- Prof. Blumentritt was impressed by Rizal
and in exchange for his generosity he
reciprocated by giving him two (2) books.
- This was the beginning of a beautiful long-
life friendship between them. Blumentritt
the Austrian, became the best friend of
Rizal, the Filipino.
Leipzig, -> Dresden -> Berlin.
- On August 9, 1886, three days after the 5th
centenary celebration of the University of
Heidelberg, Rizal left the City.
- Rizal attended some lectures at the
University of Leipzig on History &
Psychology. He befriended Prof. Friedrich
Ratzel a famous German Historian and Dr.
Hans Meyer, German anthropologist.
- On October 29, He left Leipzig for Dresden
where he met Dr Adolph Meyer Director of
Anthropological and Enthological Museum.
- November 1, 1886, Rizal left Dresden by
train to Berlin.
Berlin, Germany;
- Dr. Feodor Jagor, in turn introduced Rizal to
Dr. Rudolph Virchow, famous German
anthropologist and his son Dr Hans Virchow,
Professor of Descriptive anatomy.
- Rizal became member of Anthropological
Society, the Ethnological and Geographical
Society in Berlin upon recommendation of
Dr Jagor, Dr Meyer that his scientific
knowledge was recognized by Europe's
scientist.
 - He was the first Asian to be accorded such about the Philippines by a group of
honors. Filipinos.

Life in Berlin:
The writing of the Noli Me Tangere
- In Berlin, Rizal was not a mere students or
- His proposal was unanimously approved by
curious tourist. He lived in this famous
those present, among them were the
capital of unified Germany for six (6)
Paternos (Pedro, Maximo and Antonio)
reasons:
Graciano Lopez Jaena, Evaristo Aguirre,
1. To gain further knowledge of
Eduardo de Lete, Julio Llorente, Valentin
ophthalmology;
Ventura etc...
2. To further his studies of sciences
- Unfortunately, the project did not
and languages;
materialize and those compatriots who
3. To observe the political & economic
were expected to collaborate on the Novel
conditions of German nations
did not write anything. The novel was
4. To master the German language;
designed to cover all phases Philippines.
5. To associates (advance his
- However, almost everybody wanted to
association) with famous German
write on women. Rizal was disgusted at
scientist and scholars; and
such flippancy. He was more disgusted to
6. To publish his Novel Noli Me
see that his companions instead of working
tangere.
seriously on the Novel wasted their time
- Rizal also led a Methodical and frugal life in
gambling or flirting with Spanish senoritas.
Berlin. By day, he worked as an assistant in
- Undaunted by his friend’s indifference, he is
the clinic of Dr Schweigger, eminent
determined to write the novel - ALONE.
German ophthalmologist. At night, he
- Toward the end of 1884, Rizal began writing
attended lectures in the University of Berlin.
the Novel in Madrid and finished about one-
END PGFM 7,200 fhops)
half of it.
- When he went to Paris in 1885, after
completing his studies at Central
The Writing of the Noli Me Tangere:
Universidad de Madrid, he continued
writing the Novel, finishing half of the
second half.
IDEA of Writing a Novel in the Philippines
- He finished the last fourth of the Novel in
- His (Rizal) reading Harriet Beecher Stowe's Germany
Uncle Tom's Cabin, which portrays the - He wrote the few chapters of the Noli in
brutalities of American slaves-owners and Wilhemsfeld in April-June, 1886.
the pathetic conditions of the unfortunate - In Berlin during the winter day of 1886,
negro slaves, inspired ---Dr. Jose Rizal to Rizal made the final version on the
prepare a novel that would depict the manuscript of the Noli. Sick and penniless,
miseries of his people under the lash of he saw no hope of having it published, so
Spanish tyrants. He was then a student in that in momentary fit of desperation, he
the Central University of Madrid. almost hurled it into flames.
- In a reunion of Filipinos in the Paterno
residence in Madrid on January 2, 1884,
Viola, of Noli:
Rizal proposed the writing of the Novel
 - Dr. Maximo Viola- friend of Rizal, was a
scion of a rich family of San Miguel,
Bulacan.
- When Viola arrived in Berlin shortly before
Christmas day of 1887, he was shocked to
find Rizal living in poverty and deplorably
sickly due to lack of proper nourishment.
- Viola, upon seeing his talented friend's
predicament, and being loaded with ample
funds gladly agreed to finance the printing
cost of the Noli.
The writing of Noli and Viola Savior of Noli:
- He also loaned Rizal some cash of money
for living expenses. (thus, Rizal and Viola,
happily celebrated the Christmas of 1886 in
Berlin with a sumptuous feast).
- After the Christmas season, Rizal put the
finishing touches of his novel. To save
printing expenses, he deleted certain
passages in his manuscript, including the
whole chapter - "Elias and Salome".
The writing of the Noli
- On February 21, 1887, the Noli was finally
finished and ready for printing. With Viola,
the savior of Noli, Rizal went to different
printing shops in Berlin to survey the cost of
printing.
- After a few days of inquiries, they finally
found printing shop Berliner Buchdruckrei-
Action-Gesselschaft, which charged the
lowest rate, i.e., 300 pesos for 2000 copies
of the novel.
Rizal suspected as French Spy
- Rizal, in fluent German language, explained
to the Police Chief he was not a French Spy
but a Filipino Physician scientist, particularly
an ethnologist, he visited the rural areas of
the countries, he visited to observe the
customs and lifestyle of their simple
inhabitants. Favorably impressed with
Rizal's explanation and fascinated by his
mastery of the German Language and
personal charisma, the Police Chief was
satisfied and allowed him to stay freely in
Germany.
Printing of the Noli Mr Tangere:
- On March 21, 1887 the Noli Me Tangere
came off the press.
- Rizal immediately sent the first copies of the
printed novel to his intimate friends,
including Blumentritt, Dr Antonio Ma.
Regidor, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano
Ponce and Felix R. Hidalgo.
- Rizal, on March 21, 1887, in token of his
appreciation and Gratitude, gave Viola the
galley of proofs of the Noli carefully rolled
around the pen that he used in writing and
a complimentary copy, with the following
inscription: " TO MY DEAR FRIEND, MAXIMO
VIOLA, THE FIRST TO READ AND
APPRECIATE MY WORK - JOSE RIZAL".
- Title of the Novel - the title Noli Me Tangere
is a latin phrase which means - "Touch Me
Not". It is not originally conceived by Rizal,
for he admitted taking it from the Bible.
(From the Gospel of St. John. Chapter 20,
Verses 13-17).
- Rizal, in citing Biblical source, he made
mistakes when he said Noli Me Tangere, is a
word taken from the Gospel of Saint Luke,
which signify "do not touch me"
- The author's dedication - Rizal dedicated his
Noli Me Tangere to the Philippines - "To My
Fatherland".
- "Synopsis of the Noli"- the novel "Noli Me
Tangere" contains 63 chapters and an
epilogue.
- The missing chapter of the Noli; is noli
based on truth; Rizal's friend praise Noli;
and those enemies who condemned it....
will be thoroughly discuss in CH. 8 (Rizal's
major works).

7. Grand tour of Europe; (Rizal with Viola):
- After publication of the Noli, Rizal planned
to visit the important places in Europe. Dr.
Maximo Viola agreed to be his traveling
companion.
- At dawn of May 11, 1887, the two (2)
brown-skinned doctors (Rizal & Viola) on a
roaming spree left Berlin by train.
- Their destination was Dresden, one of the
best cities in Germany. Here they visited Dr
Adolph B. Meyer, who was overjoyed to see
them.
Grand tour of Europe:
- While strolling at the scene of flowed
Exposition they met Dr. Feodor Jagor. Upon
hearing of their to visit Leltmeritz (now
Litomerice, Czechoslovakia) in order to see
Blumentritt for the first time.
FIRST MEETING WITH FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT:
- On May 13, 1887 Rizal and Viola arrived at
the Leitmeritz, Bohemia. Prof. Blumentritt
who had received their wire was at the
station. He was carrying a pencil sketch of
Rizal which the latter had previously sent to
him, so that he could identify his Filipino
friend. He warmly received Rizal and Viola.
- For the first time the two (2) great scholars
who came to know each other by
correspondence met in person.
- Blumentritt was a kind-hearted person, old
Austrian professor. Upon seeing the
talented Rizal for the first time, he
immediately took him into heart, loving him
as a son. The two Filipino tourists spent
many pleasant hours at the home of their
kind host. They stayed at the Leitmeritz
from May 13 to May 16
Grand tour of Europe:
- PRAGUE-Rizal and viola visited also the
historic city of Prague after Leitmeritz. They
visited the tomb of Copernicus, the famous
astronomer, the museum of natural history,
the bacteriological laboratories, the famous
cave where San Juan Nepomuceno, Catholic
saint was imprisoned and the bridge from
which this saint hurled into the river.
- VIENNA- On May 20, Rizal and Viola arrived
in the beautiful city of Vienna, capital of
Austria-Hungary.
- Then from LINTZ to RHEINFALL to MUNICH
then they went to NUREMBERG one of the
oldest cities of Germany.
- After MUNICH, they visited ULM- the
cathedral of this city was the "largest and
tallest in all Germany.
- At RHEINFALL (cascade of Rhine) they saw
the waterfall, the most beautiful waterfall
of Europe.
- After which, they crossed the frontier to
SCHAFFHAUSEN, SWITZERLAND, they
stayed in this city from June 2-3, 1887.
- GENEVA this Swiss City is one of the most
beautiful cities in - Europe, visited by world
tourist every year.
- On June 19, 1887, Rizal treated Viola to a
blow-out. It was his 26th birthday with
sumptuous meal. They spent 15 delightful
days in Geneva. And on the 23rd of June
1887, they parted ways - Viola returned to
Barcelona while Rizal continued the tour to
Italy.
- ITALY - Rizal visited Milan, Venice and
Florence and on June 27, 1887 he reached
ROME, the "Eternal City and also called "
The City of Caesars".
- VATICAN-On June 29th, The Feast day of St.
Peter and St. Paul, Rizal visited for the first
time the VATICAN, the "CITY OF POPES" and
the "CAPITAL OF CHRISTENDOM". He was
deeply impressed by the magnificent
edifice, particularly of St. PETER CHURCH,
the rare works of art, the vast of St. Peter's
Square, the colorful Papal Guard, and the
 atmosphere of religious devotion that
pervaded the Vatican.
- After a week of wonderful sojourn in Rome,
he prepared to return to the PHILIPPINES.
He had already written to his father that he
was coming HOME.
Fr. Vicente Garcia's Scholarly Defense of Noli
a. Rizal cannot be an "ignorant man," as
Fr.Rodriguez alleged,because he was a
graduate of Spanish Universities and a
recipient of scholastic honors.
b. Rizal does not attack the Church and Spain,
as Fr. Rodriguez claimed, because what
Rizal attacked in the Noli were the bad
Spanish officials and not Spain, and the bad
corrupt friars and not the church.
c. Fr. Rodriguez said those who read the Noli
commit a mortal sin, since he (Rodriguez)
had read the Novel. Therefore, he commits
a mortal sin.
This is due to Governor General Terrero's
generosity in assigning a bodyguard to him.
Both young, educated and cultured Lt.
Andrade later became a great admirer of
the man he was ordered to watch and
protect. Years later, he wrote Rizal: Rizal
was refined, educated, and gentlemanly.
The hobbies that more interested him were
hunting, fishing, shooting, painting and
hiking.
Rizal and Lt. Andrade
• There was one who believed and reported to
Manila that Rizal and I at the top of the Mountain,
hoisted the German Flag, and proclaimed its
sovereignty over the Philippines. Lt. Andrade
imagined that such nonsense rumors emanated
from the friars of Calamba, but did not take the
trouble to make inquiries about the matter.

What marred Rizal's happy days In Calamba with

Lt. Andrade?
Defenders of the Noli.
1. The death of his older sister, Olympia; and
- When Rizal learned of the brilliant defense
2. The groundless tales circulated by his
of Fr. Garcia of his novel, he cried because
enemies that he was a German spy, an
his gratitudeis overwhelming. RIZAL himself
agent of Bismarck, a Protestant, a mason, a
defended his Novel against Barrantes
witch, a soul beyond salvation,
attack (Vicente Barrantes, Spanish
academician of Madrid who formerly
occupied high government positions in the
Philippines), in a letter written in Brussels,
Belgium in February 1880.
- In this letter, Rizal exposed Barrantes
Ignorance of Phllippine affalrs and Mental
dlshonesty whlch is unworthy of an
academician. Barrantes met in Rizal his
master in satire and polemics.

Rizal and Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade

- While the storm over the Noli was raging in
fury, Rizal was not molested in Calamba.