NAME: JEEVIKAA.

M
ROLL NO: 3716

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that JEEVIKAA.M of class has successfully

completed her investigatory project on the topic “Study of
Diffusion of Solids in Liquids” during academic year 20 - , as per
the guidelines issued by the central board of education (CBSE)
It is further certified that this project is the individual work
of the candidate.

PRINCIPAL CLASS TEACHER

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work entitled “Study of Diffusion

of Solids in Liquids” submitted, is a record of original work done by
me except of the experiments, which are duly acknowledged,
under the guidance of my subject teacher “ ”
ma’am.

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 Index

s.no: contents Page no:

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

2. AIM 5

3. INTRODUCTION 6

4. OBJECTIVE 8

5. EXPERIMENT 1 9

6. EXPERIMENT 2 11

7. EXPERIMENT 3 13

8. RESULT 15

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 16

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 ACKNOWLEGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks to our school

‘CHINMAYA INTERNATIONAL RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL’, principal
ma’am Mrs. ‘RAJESHWARI’, to the management team of our
school who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic ‘Study of Diffusion of Solids in Liquids’ which
also helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know
about so many new things.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who
helped me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time.
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.

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 AIM
Study the Diffusion of Solids in Liquids

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 INTRODUCTION

Diffusion is the chemical process when molecules from a material

move from an area of high concentration (where there are lots of
molecules) to an area of low concentration (where there are fewer
molecules). This happens through otherwise random movement.
Diffusion usually happens in a gas although it can happen in a liquid. It
is possible to see diffusion happening when two liquids are mixed in a
transparent container. It describes the constant movement of particles
in all liquids and gases. These particles move in all directions bumping
into each other.
Diffusion may be also referred as the process by which molecules
intermingle as a result of their kinetic energy of random motion. The
diffusion process continues until a homogenous solution is obtained.
The diffusion of solute into solvent is, in fact, a bilateral process. The
characteristics are as follows:

• Solutemolecules moving up into the solvent.

• The solvent molecules moving down into the solution.

This inter-mixing of solute and solvent molecules is a continuous

process and ultimately a solution of uniform concentration is formed.
Thus, Diffusion can be defined as "The tendency to equalize
concentration in all parts of the solution which is responsible for the
diffusion of the solute”. Hence, the diffusion of any solute can also take

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place when two solutions of unequal concentrations are kept in same
vessel or in contact.

The diffusion takes place very rapidly in case of gases and to a lesser
extent in case of liquids, whereas solids do not show this process of
diffusion with each other. But what we can observe in case of solids is
that the diffusion of solids in liquids takes place at a very slow rate. If a
solid is kept in contact with an excess of solvent in which it is soluble,
some portion of the solid gets dissolved. We know that this process is
known as dissolution of a solid in liquid and this process has taken
place due to the diffusion of solid particles into liquid. Molecules of
solute are in constant random motion due to the collision between
molecules of solute and that of the solvent.

Also, as the temperature is raised, kinetic energy of molecules

increases which thereby increases the number of collisions. Particles
of different substances move at different rates

e.g., when different coloured inks are placed in water at constant

temperature, they diffuse at different rates

The speed of the movement of solid particles depends upon

(a) Temperature
(b) Size of the particles
(c) Mass of the particle.

Also, the particles of larger mass will have slow rate diffusion because
force of gravity slows down the upward rate of diffusion.

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 OBJECTIVE

Rate of diffusion depends upon: -

• Temperature: As temperature increases, the kinetic

energy of the particles increase so the speed of particles also
increases which thus increases the rate of diffusion.

• Size of the particle: As the size of particle increases,

rate of diffusion decreases.

• Mass of the particle: As the mass of the particle

increases the rate of diffusion decreases.

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EXPERIMENT NO 1

AIM: To study diffusion when copper sulphate is brought

in contact with water (liquid).

REQUIREMENTS: Copper sulphate crystals, 100ml beaker.

PROCEDURE:
Ø Take about 2g of copper sulphate crystals in 100ml
beaker.
Ø Add about 50ml of water and allow it to stand for few
minutes.
Ø Note the development of blue colour in water.
Ø Allow to stand further till it is observed that all copper
sulphate disappears.
Ø Note the violet colour change in water.
Ø Repeat the above steps in another beaker with the same
amount of COPPER SULPHATE but stir the solution for
sometime till a homogenous mixture is obtained.
Ø Note the time taken for the solid to get diffuse in both the
different cases under a constant temperature.

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OBSERVATIONS:
Beaker no: Treatment given Time taken for complete
dissolution
1. Undisturbed
2. stirred

DISCUSSION: Stirring facilitates the diffusion of the copper sulphate in water.

This is probably due to increase in the kinetic energy i.e., randomness of the
molecules of solid particles by both stirring and increase in temperature of
the system.

CONCLUSION: When solids such as copper sulphate, potassium

permanganate are brought in contact with liquids such as water, intermixing
of substances, i.e. diffusion takes place. Also, the rate of diffusion of a solid
in a liquid increase on stirring.

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EXPERIMENT NO 2

AIM: To study the rate of diffusion of solids in a liquid is

dependent on the molecular mass of the solids.

REQUIREMENTS:
Two 250 mL beakers, measuring cylinder, stop watch

CHEMICALS:
Potassium dichromate, copper sulphate and distilled water.

PROCEDURE:
1. Powder potassium dichromate and copper sulphate well in
a clean pestle and mortar, weigh 2 g of each.
2. Take 100 mL of distilled water in a clean beaker with the
help of a measuring cylinder.
3. Add 2 g of potassium dichromate into it and immediately
start a stop watch. Note the time for complete dissolution of
the dichromate.
4. Similarly, find out three times for complete dissolution of
2 g of the powdered copper sulphate in 100 mL of water.

OBSERVATION:
Room temperature = °C
Weight of the solid taken = 2 g
Volume of distilled water taken each time = 100 mL
Molecular mass of CuSO4 = 249.5 g/mol
Molecular mass of K2Cr2O7 = 294 g/mol
Molecular mass of Cu ion =63.5 g/mol
Molecular mass of Cr2O7 ion =216 g/mol

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Time for complete dissolution of K2Cr2O7 = _ _
Time for complete dissolution of CuSO4 =_ _

DISCUSSION:
It is observed that time taken for complete dissolution of
CuSO4 is less as compared to the time taken for complete
dissolution of the same amount of potassium dichromate.
Thus, it can be said that rate of diffusion of a solid in a liquid
depends upon the nature of the solid and their molecular
masses, other conditions remaining same. Diffusion rate of
potassium dichromate having higher molecular mass than
copper sulphate is slower as compared to copper sulphate.
That is rate of diffusion of solids in liquids is inversely
proportional to the molecular mass of the solid, if other
conditions are same.

CONCLUSION:
Rate of diffusion of a solid in a liquid depends upon molecular
mass of the solid.

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EXPERIMENT NO 3

AIM: To study the effect of temperature on the rate of

diffusion of solids in liquids

REQUIREMENTS: Copper sulphate crystals, 200ml beaker,

watch glass, wire gauge, burner, tripod stand, thermometer
and stop watch.

PROCEDURE:
Ø Take 5g of copper sulphate each in three beakers.
Ø Pour 100ml of distilled water slowly in one of the
beakers.
Ø Cover this beaker with a watch glass.
Ø Pour 100ml of cold water in a second beaker slowly.
Ø Place a third beaker containing 100ml of water on a
tripod
stand for heating.
Ø Observe the diffusion process which begins in all the
beakers.
Ø Record the time taken for the dissolution of copper
sulphate in all the three cases.

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OBSERVATIONS:
Beaker Temp. of water Time taken to
no: diffuse
1 27
2 12
3 55

CONCLUSION:
The Rate of diffusion of copper sulphate in water is in the
order of
Beaker 3 > Beaker 1 > Beaker 2.

Thus, the rate of diffusion varies directly with temperature.

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 RESULT
• When solids such as copper sulphate are brought in
contact with liquids such as water, intermingling of
substances, i.e., diffusion takes place.

• The rate of diffusion varies directly with temperature.

• Small particles undergo diffusion more quickly than

bigger particles.

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 BILBLIOGRAPHY

✓ Chemistry (Part I) – Textbook for Class XII; National Council of

Educational Research and Training
✓ NCERT Biology and chemistry Textbook
✓ WIKIPEDIA
✓ Diffusionmag.com
✓ MERIAMWEBSTER.COM
✓ bbc.co.uK

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