IVJBKOFJRCU
IVJBKOFJRCU BF ACU @KAK
@K AKJEFU
JEFU BF OKRFPGK
OKRFPGK

5.;. ECJUFPYKEGÕJ
ECJUFPYKEGÕJ BF AK OKUK

Acs `kakjefs bf oktfrgk jc scj oës quf ak kpagekegõj bf ak afy bf ecjsfrvkegõj bf ak oksk> ‑Ak oktfrgk jc sf
erfk jg sf bfstruyf‟.  

Ak afy bf ak ecjsfrvkegõj bf ak oksk fs ujk bf aks afyfs `ësgeks bf iïsgek. Fstk afy, fxprfskbk fj icrok sgopaf,
fjujegk quf ak oksk jc pufbf erfkrsf jg bfstrugrsf (fxeauyfjbc, pcr supufstc, aks rfkeegcjfs jueafkrfs c
ktõogeks). Xcr ecjsgmugfjtf, ak oksk tctka bf tcbcs acs oktfrgkafs quf gjtfrvgfjfj fj fa prcefsc bf`f sfr gmuka k
ak bf tcbcs acs oktfrgkafs quf skafj bfa
b fa ogsoc, oës ak oksk bf acs oktfrgkafs quf sf keuouakj c pfrokjfefj fj
fa prcefsc.


   

 ? 

õ
õ

Fj ak okycrïk bf acs ekscs jc sf prfsfjtk keuouakegõj bf oktfrgkafs fj fa prcefsc, pcr ac quf aks fjtrkbks scj
gmukafs k aks skagbks. Fxprfskbc fj ctrks pkak`rks, ‑ac quf fjtrk bf`f skagr‟. K fstf tgpc bf sgstfok sf af aakok
prcefsc fj fstkbc fstkegcjkrgc.


 
 ? 

 
5.0. ECJEFXRCU XPGJEGXKAFU
XPGJEGXKA FU

Xkrk fifetukr uj `kakjef bf oktfrgk bf uj prcefsc, prgofrc dky quf fspfegigekr fj quç ecjsgstf fa sgstfok pkrk
fa euka sf dkrë fa `kakjef y fstk`afefr sus ircjtfrks. Ufmþj fa bgeegcjkrgc, uj prcefsc fs ujk sfrgf bf keegcjfs,
cpfrkegcjfs c trktkogfjtcs quf prcbuefj uj rfsuatkbc \prcbuetc_.

Ak gjmfjgfrïk quïogek sf efjtrk fj cpfrkegcjfs ecoc aks rfkeegcjfs quïogeks, fa trkjspcrtf bf iaugbcs, ak rfbueegõj
y ak kopagigekegõj bf tkokûc bfa fqugpc, ak mfjfrkegõj y fa trkjspcrtf bf ekacr, ak bfstgakegõj, ak k`scregõj bf mksfs,
acs `gcrfketcrfs y bfoës ecsks quf ekuskj eko`gcs iïsgecs y quïogecs fj acs oktfrgkafs.

Vj sgstfok sf rfigfrf k eukaqugfr pcregõj kr`gtrkrgk c ak tctkagbkb bf uj prcefsc fstk`afegbk fspfeïigekofjtf pkrk
su kjëagsgs-

Vj `kakjef bf oktfrgk jc fs oës quf ujk ecjtk`gagzkegõj bf oktfrgka. Fs ecoþj ecopkrkr acs `kakjefs bf
oktfrgk ecj acs `kakjefs bf eufjtks bf edfqufs. Uf bfpcsgtk y sf rftgrk bgjfrc, y ak bgifrfjegk fjtrf acs skabcs
gjgegka y igjka rfprfsfjtk ak keuouakegõj (c fa kmctkogfjtc) bf ak eufjtk
 

5.5. PFUCAVEGÕJ
PFUCAVEGÕJ BF XPC@AFOKU BF @KAK
@K AKJEF
JEF BF OKRFPGK

Xkrk rfscavfr uj prc`afok bf `kakjef bf oktfrgk fs kecjsfnk`af prcefbfr ofbgkjtf ujk sfrgf bf ftkpks
bfigjgbks, tka ecoc sf fxpagekj k ecjtgjukegõj>

;. Rrëefsf uj bgkmrkok sgopaf bfa prcefsc.   Fstf pufbf sfr uj bgkmrkok bf `acqufs quf oufstrf
sgopafofjtf ak ecrrgfjtf bf fjtrkbk ecj ujk iafedk kpujtkjbc dkegk bfjtrc y ak ecrrgfjtf bf skagbk
ecj ujk iafedk kpujtkjbc dkegk iufrk. Gjeaþykjsf fj ekbk iafedk ecopcsgegcjfs, ekjtgbkbfs,
tfopfrkturks y ctrcs bftkaafs bf ak ecrrgfjtf. Rcbcs acs bktcs pfrtgjfjtfs bf`fj qufbkr gjeaugbcs fj
fstf bgkmrkok.

0. Fserï`kjsf
Fserï`kjsf aks feukegcjfs quïogeks gjv cauerkbks (sg a ks dky).

5. Ufafeegõjfsf ujk `ksf pkrk fa eëaeuac.   Fj ak okycrïk bf acs ekscs, fa prc`afok ecjegfrjf k ak ekjtgbkb
fspfeïigek bf ujk bf aks ecrrgfjtfs bfa prcefsc, quf fs ak quf sf sfafeegcjk ecoc `ksf.

2. Xrceçbksf ka `kakjef bf oktfrgk.   Aks iafedks dkegk bfjtrc bfa prcefsc sgmjgigekrëj fjtrkbks y aks quf
vkj dkegk iufrk, skagbks. Fa `kakjef pufbf sfr uj `kakjef tctka bf oktfrgka, c uj `kakjef bf ekbk

ecopcjfjtf prfsfjtf (eukjbc jc sf vfrgigekj rfkeegcjfs quïogeks).

Acs prcefscs tïpgecs fj acs quf jc dky ujk rfkeegõj quïogek scj, fjtrf ctrcs, sfekbc, fvkpcrkegõj, bgauegõj bf
scauegcjfs, bfstgakegõj, fxtrkeegõj, y pufbfj okjfnkrsf pcr ofbgc bf `kakjefs bf oktfrgk ecj gjeõmjgtks y
rfscavgfjbc pcstfrgcrofjtf aks feukegcjfs pkrk bfspfnkr bgedks gjeõmjgtks

Fnfopac 5.;. Vjk ofzeak bf mksfs prcefbfjtfs bf ak sïjtfsgs bfa Dk`fr-@ksed sf gjtrcbuef fj uj k`scr`fbcr
ecj D0C fj ecjtrkecrrgfjtf pkrk rfeupfrkr fa JD5 fj icrok bf bgscauegõj keucsk k 58 % fj pfsc tfjgfjbc fj
eufjtk fa sgmugfjtf bgkmrkok bf iaunc y acs ecrrfspcjbgfjtfs bktcs bf pkrtgbk, ekaeuakr>

k) Iauncs oë
oësgecs
sgecs bf aks ecrrgfjtfs
ecrrgfjtfs I, M X.
X.
`) Pfjbgogfjtc bf ak ecauojk bf k`scregõj.
 

Ucauegõj>

@kakjef mac`ka bfa sgstfok

KI?MX………………; 
@kakjef pcr ecopcsgegõj fj kmuk

K ∝ %  I ∝ % ? M ∝ %  X ∝ % 

Bf`gbc k quf I y M scj sc`rf `ksf ag`rf bf kmuk, ak feukegõj sf rfbuef k>

K ∝ % ? X ∝ %  
  ;888 ∝ ;
X ? % ? 8,=ℊ ?;204,6=\ℊ _ 
K ∝ %  

Ekaeuakjbc
Ekaeuakjbc acs p crefjtknfs fj oksk bf I

Bf`gbc k quf sf trktk bf mksfs uskrfocs ak feukegõj bf acs mksfs gbfkafs

 ∝  ?  ∝  ∝  ?  ∝  ∝  
Bcjbf

 ?  ∝∝∝    % ?     ? % ∝  
 ?  ∝ % ∝∝  ∝      ∝∝  ?? 
Fjtcjefs tfjfocs>

 ? % ∝  ∝  
Xkrk fa kocjgkec

 _∝?;8,0∝\
 ?8,98∝;=\  _ 
Xk
Xkrk
rk fa dgbrcmfjc m ks
 _∝?8,9∝\  _ 
 ?8,58∝0\ 
Xk
Xkrk
rk fa jgtrõ mfjc mks
 _∝?0,4∝\  _ 
 ?8,;8∝04\ 
Ekaeuakjbc ak oksk tctka
 

   _8,9∝\  _0,4∝\  _?;5,9∝\  _ 

 ?  ? ;8,0 ∝  \   
Xcr tkjtc acs pcrefjtknfs bf oksk fj I sfrëj>

 ;8,0∝\  _

%  ?  ∝;88%? 
 ∝ ;88% ? =6,9 % 
;5,9∝\
__
 8,9∝\  _
 ∝;88%?
%  ?   ∝ ;88% ? 2,2 % 
 _
;5,9∝\
 0,4∝\  _

%  ?  ∝;88%? 
 _ ∝ ;88% ? 08 % 
;5,9∝\
Ekaeuakjbc
Ekaeuakjbc acs pcrefjtknfs fj oksk bf M

 ? % ∝  ∝  
Xkrk fa kocjgkec
 _∝?8,846∝\  _ 
 ?8,886∝;=\ 
Xk
Xkrk
rk fa dgbrcmfjc m ks
 _∝?;,2706∝\  _ 
 ?8,=2906∝0\  
Xk
Xkrk
rk fa jgtrõ mfjc mks
 _∝?9,796∝\  _ 
 ?8,024=6∝04\ 
Ekaeuakjbc ak oksk tctka

 _;,2706∝\  _9,796∝\  _?4,6206∝\  _ 

  ?  ? 8,846 ∝  \   
Xcr tkjtc acs pcrefjtknfs bf oksk fj I sfrëj>

 8,846∝\  _
 ∝;88%?
%  ?   ∝ ;88% ? ; % 
 _
4,6206∝\
 ;,2706∝\  _

%  ?  ∝;88%?  ∝ ;88%
;88% ? ;=,2
;=,2== % 
 4,6206∝\
_
 _
 

 9,796∝\  _

%  ?  ∝;88%?  ∝ ;88%
;88% ? 4;,6
4;,655 % 

4,6206∝\_
Bf ak feukegõj ;

I  M ? X  K 
IM?;204,6=\ℊ _;888\ℊ _?204,6=\ℊ _………0 
@kakjef pcr ecopcsgegõj fj kocjgkec

K ∝ %  I ∝ % ? M ∝ %  X ∝ %  

;888\ℊ _∝8∝8,=6?M∝8,8;;204,6=\ℊ _∝8,5 
∝8,=6M∝8,8;?;204,6=\ ℊ _∝8,5……..5 
Pfscavgfjbc fa sgstfok bf feukegcjfs bf bcs pcr bcs fjtrf aks feukegcjfs 0 y 5 tfjfocs>

?6=5,56\ℊ _ ?;22,52\ℊ _ 
Xcr ac tkjtc, fa rfjbgogfjtc bf ak ecauojk sfrë>

X ∝ %  ;204,6=∝8,5
 
 ? I ∝ % ∝;88%? ℊ ∝ ;88
;88% ? 77,9
77,999 % 

6=5,56 ℊ ∝8,=6
Fnfopac 5.0 Vjk ecrrgfjtf bf kgrf ecjtkogjkbk ecj keftcjk bf`f sfr trktkbk kjtfs bf su fogsgõj k ak ktocsifrk,
pkrk faac sf bgsfûk uj prcefsc bcjbf, kbfoës bf ecjsfmugr fa c`nftgvc ofbgcko`gfjtka, sf rfeupfrk ak keftcjk.
Fa prcefsc trk`knk fj ecjtgjuc y fj fstkbc fstkegcjkrgc, tcokjbc fj eufjtk fa prcefsc kbnujtc y acs bktcs
prfsfjtkbcs fj ça, tfrogjkr bf ecopaftkr fa bgkmrkok bf iaunc ecj acs ekubkafs oësgecs y ecopcsgegcjfs bf ekbk
ujk bf aks ecrrgfjtfs Bktcs  Xfscs ocafeuakrfs fj (Lm/oca) kmuk ? ;4, kgrf ? 07 y keftcjk ? 64.
 

Ucauegõj

Ecjvgrtgfjbc aks irkeegcjfs ocakrfs bfa iaunc I fj pcrefjtknfs fj pfsc

 
 
  ?  ?     
 
Xkrtgfjbc bf ak feukegõj bf irkeegcjfs ocakrfs c`tfjfocs ak sgmugfjtf feukegõj>

 ?  ∝∝ 

∝   
   

Oksk bf keftcjk

 _∝
,∝\
 ?  ?,\_ 
\\
_,∝(\
 _,∝(\
_\
 _\
_)_
 _)_ 
Oksk bf kgrf

 ?    

 ?    ?\ _,\ _?6859,00\_ 
 
Xcr ac tkjtc acs pcrefjtknfs fj pfscs sfrëj>

 , 
%  ?  ∝;88%?  ∝ ;88% ? 5,;6 % 
 
 

 6859,00

%  ?  ∝;88%?  ∝ ;88%
;88% ? 79,4466 % 

 
@kakjef fj fa k`scr`fbcr

?………..;  
@kakjef pcr ecopcsgegõj bf kgrf

%  I ∝ %
A ∝ % %  K ∝ %
% ? M ∝ % % 
A∝8\  _∝8,7946?M∝;K∝8  
A∝8\

 

Xcr tkjtc

M?\
 _∝8,7946?6859,00\ _ 

Pffopakzkjbc fa rfsuatkbc fj ak feukegõj ; tfjfocs

;\
;\ 
 _\
_\

 _?6859,00\
_?6859,00\

 _   

,  \
  ? ,  _ 
@kakjef pcr ecopcsgegõj bf keftcjk

%  I ∝ %
A ∝ % %  K ∝ %
% ? M ∝ % % 
;\
 _∝8\ _∝8,85;6?6859,00\_∝8,\_ ∝ %
   % 
%
% ? ,  % 
Xcr tkjtc fa % fj pfsc bf kgrf fj fa iaunc K sfrë>

%  I ∝ %
A ∝ % %  K ∝ %
% ? M ∝ % % 
;\
 _∝;\ _∝8?6859,00\_∝8,\_ ∝ %
   % 
%
% ? ,  % 
 

FNFPEGEGCU BF @KAKJEF BF OKUK

Xrc`afok ; Bftfrogjkr fa iaunc y ecopcsgegõj bf ekbk ujk bf aks ecrrgfjtfs fj uj sgstfok ecopufstc pcr k y `.

Xrc`afok 0 Vjk ecauojk bf

bfstgakegõj fs kagofjtkbk pcr bcs
ecrrgfjtfs pcr ak ecrrgfjtf bf tcpf skaf uj ;88 % bf ecopufstc K. acs ecopcjfjtfs sf sfpkrkj tka ecoc sf
oufstrkj fj ak igmurk. Ekaeuakr aks ecrrgfjtfs bfsecjcegbks y ak ecopcsgegõj bf ak ecrrgfjtf O.

Xrc`afok 5 Fj fa prcefsc bf ecjefjtrkegõj bf numc bf jkrkjnk fa zuoc rfegçj fxtrkïbc y igatrkbc quf ecjtgfjf
=,84 % bf sõagbcs fj pfsc, sf kagofjtk k uj fvkpcrkbcr ka vkeïc, fj fa fvkpcrkbcr sf fxtrkf kmuk, y fa ecjtfjgbc
bf scagbcs kuofjtk ka 64 % fj pfsc pkrk ujk fjtrkbk bf ;888 Lm/d. ekaeuaf ak ecrrgfjtf bf numc ecjefjtrkbc y
kmuk bf skagbk.
 

Xrc`afok 2 Vjk scauegõj quf ecjtgfjf JkEa, LEa y kmuk sf kagofjtk ka prcefsc ocstrkbc fj ak igmurk, ecopaftkr
fa iaunc y aks ecopcsgegcjfs bf ekbk ecrrgfjtf.

Xrc`afok
Xrc`a fok 6 Aks irfsks ecjtgfjfj karfbfbcr bf ;6 % bf sõagbcs y 46 % bf kmuk. Xkrk ik`rgekr ofrofakbk bf irfsk,
sf ofzeakj irfsks trgturkbks y kzþekr fj ujk pcregõj 26<66, Ekafjtëjbcsf ak ofzeak pkrk fvkpcrkr kmuk dkstk
quf fj fa rfsgbuc ecjtfjmk ujk tfrefrk pkrtf bf kmuk ³Euëjtks ag`rks bf irfsk sf rfqugfrfj pkrk ik`rgekr ujk ag`rk
bf ofrofakbk3

Xrc`afok 9 Ak ska ecjtfjgbk fj uj pftrõafc erubc bf`f fagogjkrsf kjtfs bf sfr utgagzkbc fj ujk rfigjfrïk. Xkrk
faac sf gjtrcbuef fj uj ofzeakbcr fa erub
erubc
c nujtc ecj ujk ecrrgfjtf bf kmuk fj prcpcregõj oësgek 2>; (erubc/kmuk)
y pcstfrgcrofjtf sf trksvkskj k uj sfpkrkbcr bf iksfs. Fa erubc kagofjtkbc ecjtgfjf uj 6 % fj ska y fa kmuk
skakbk rftgrkbk bfa sfpkrkbcr uj ;6 % (pcrefjtknfs oësgecs). Dkaakr>

k) Ecjefjtrkegõj bf ska fj fa erubc akvkbc.

`) Figekegk bfa prcefsc rfspfetc
rfspfetc k ak ska fagogjkbk bfa erubc.

Xrc`afok = Ka c`nftc bf ofncrkr fa rfjbgogfjtc bf fxtrkeegõj bfa EuUC 2 ecjtfjgbc fj fa ogjfrka, sf ocbgigek fa
prcefsc kjtfrgcr ecj ak gjecrpcrkegõj bf uj sfmujbc fxtrketcr. Ecjsgbfrkr gbçjtgek prcpcregõj bgscauegõj/gjfrtf fj
ko`cs rfigjkbcs. Dkaakr>

k) Iauncs oësgecs bf aks ecrrgfjtfs jc ecjcegbks.

ecjcegbks.
`) Ecopcsgegcjfs oësgeks bf P; y F;.
e) Pfjbgogfjtc bf fxtrkeegõj bfa EuUC2
 

Xrc`afok 4 688 lm/d bf uj ogjfrka bf ec`rf bf ecopcsgegõj ;0% EuUC2, 5% D0C y 46% gjfrtf, sf scoftf k
fxtrkeegõj ecj 5888 lm/d bf D0C, fj ecjtket
ecjtketc
c sgopaf, ka c`nftc bf fxtrkfr
fxtrkfr fa EuUC2. Fa fxtrketc
fxtrketc fstë icrokbc
pcr EuUC2 y D0C.Fa rfigjkbc c ogjfrka bf bfsfedc
bfsfedc ecjtgfjfj tcbc fa gjfrtf
gjfrtf gjtrcbuegbc ecj fa ogjfr
ogjfrka
ka trktkbc,
oës ak bgscauegõj icrokbk pcr EuUC2 y D0C fj prcpcregõj 8,4 lm bgscauegõj/lm gjfrtf. Dkaakr>  

k) Iauncs oë
oësgecs
sgecs bf fxtrketc F y rfigjkbc
rfigjkbc P.
`) Ecopcsgegcjfs oësgeks bf fxtrketc y rfigjkbc.
e) Pfjbgogfjtc bf fxtrkeegõj bfa EuUC2.

Xrc`afok 7 fj ujk cpfrkegõj bf csocsgs gjvfrsk quf iujegcjk fj ecjtgjuc y fj rçmgofj fstkegcjkrgc, sf bfsfk
bfskagjgzkr ujk ecrrgfjtf bf kmuk bf okr, pkrk faac sf trktkj 2888 Lm/d bf ujk bgscauegõj skagjk ecj ujk

ecjefjtrkegõj bf ska bfa 2% fj pfsc, ak skagbk fstë icrokbk pcr ujk ecrrgfjtf bf ;088 Lm/d bf kmuk bfskagjgzkbk
ecj 8,5 % bf skafs y ctrk skaoufrk quf ecjstgtuyf fa rfedkzc.

k) Ekubka bf skaoufrk bf rfedkzc

`) Ecopcsgegõj bf ak skaoufrk bf rfedkzc

Xrc`afok ;8 Vjk akedfkbk quf ecjsgstf bf uj prfegpgtkbc bf EkE8

EkE85 fj scauegõj bf JkCD y D 0C, sf akvk ecj
ujk oksk gmuka bf ujk bgscauegõj bgaugbk bfa 6 % fj oksk bf JkCD fj kmuk, ak akedfkbk akvkbk y sfbgofjtkbk
quf sf ekrmk bf ak ujgbkb ecjtgfjf 0 ag`rks bf scauegõj pcr ekbk ag`rk bf EkEC 5 sõagbc. Ak scauegõj eakrk quf sf
bfsekrmõ bf ak ujgbkb pufbf supcjfrsf ak ogsok ecjefjtrkegõj quf ak scauegõj kekrrfkbk pcr acs sõagbcs ak
akedfkbk bf ak kagofjtkegõj ecjtgfjf gmukafs irkeegcjfs oksks fj tcbcs sus ecopcjfjtfs. Ekaeuakr ak

ecjefjtrkegõj bf ak scauegõj eakrk.

 

Xrc`afok ;; Vj ik`rgekjtf ofzeak trfs kafkegcjfs pkrk c`tfjfr ;8888 A`/d bf ujk kafkegõj rfqufrgbk, fj ak
sgmugfjtf tk`ak sf oufstrk aks ecopcsgegcjfs bf aks kafkegcjfs fj % fj oksk.

 Ka fkegcj
fkeg cjfs
fs kago
ka gofjt
fjt kbks
Ecopcjfjtf  Kafkeg
 Ka fkeg õj bfsfkbk
bfs fkbk
; 0 5

 K 98 08 08 06
@ 08 98 8 06

E 08 8 98 06

B 8 08 08 06

k) Uupõjmksf quf tko`gçj pufbf utgagzkrsf ujk eukrtk kafkegõj quf ecjtgfjf 08 % bf @, 08 % bf E y 98 %
bf B. ekaeuaf acs iauncs bf kagofjtkegõj bf aks euktrc kafkegcjfs.
`) Uupõjmksf quf þjgekofjtf sf rfqugfrf quf ak kafkegõj igjka tfjmk
tfjmk 28 % bf K y ekjtgbkbfs gmukafs bf @
y E (jc sf fspfegigek ak oksk fj B). ³Fj quf prcpcregcjfs bf`frëj ofzeakrsf ak euktrc kafkegcjfs pkrk

sktgsikefr fstks ecjbgegcjfs y euëa sfrë ak ecopcsgegõj bf ak kafkegõj igjka3

 

FTRPKEEGÕJ UÕAGBC ― AÏ[VGBC

2.;. GJRPCBVEEGÕJ

Ak fxtrkeegõj sõagbc aïqugbc ecjsgstf fj ak bgscauegõj bf uj ecopcjfjtf (c mrupc bf ecopcjfjtfs) quf icrokj
pkrtf bf uj sõagbc, fopafkjbc uj bgscavfjtf kbfeukbc fj fa quf fs gjscau`af fa rfstc bfa sõagbc, quf
bfjcogjkrfocs gjfrtf.

Xkrk aafvkr k ek`c fa prcefsc fs jfefskrgc>

k) Ecjtketc b
bfa
fa bgscavfjtf ecj fa sõagbc k trktkr, pkrk bgscavfr fa ecopcjfjtf scau`af, c scautc.
`) Ufpkrkegõj bf ak bgscauegõj y fa rfstc bfa sõagbc (ecj ak bgscauegõj kbdfrgbk ka ogsoc).

Ak bgscauegõj sfpkrkbk sf bfjcogjk iaunc

iau nc supfrgcr c fxtrketc (ecrrgfjtf aïqugbk c agvgkjk)< rfeg`gfjbc fa jco`rf bf
rfigjkbc, iaunc gjifrgcr c acbcs (ecrrgfjtf sõagbk c pfskbk) fa sõagbc gjfrtf kecopkûkbc bf ak bgscauegõj rftfjgbk
rf tfjgbk pcr
fa ogsoc.

Acs bcs kpkrtkbcs kjtfrgcrfs ecjstgtuyfj uj fstkbgc, ftkpk c ujgbkb bf fxtrkeegõj, quf rfeg`f fa jco`rf bf gbfka
g bfka
c tfõrgek eukjbc ak bgscauegõj ecrrfspcjbgfjtf ka iaunc supfrgcr tgfjf ak ogsok ecopcsgegõj quf ak rftfjgbk pcr fa
sõagbc fj fa iaunc gjifrgcr.

2.0. EKOXCU BF KXAGEKEGÕJ

Aks kpagekegcjfs gopcrtkjtfs bf ak fxtrkeegõj sõagbc-aïqugbc fj ak gjbustrgks kagofjtgegks scj> fxtrkeegõj bf kefgtfs
y mrksks kjgokafs y vfmftkafs, akvkbc bf prfegpgtkbcs, c`tfjegõj bf fxtrketcs bf oktfrgks kjgokafs c vfmftkafs,
c`tfjegõj bf kzþekr, ik`rgekegõj bf tç y ekiç gjstkjtëjfc, fjtrf ctrks>

➠  Acs kefgtfs vfmf

vfmftkafs
tkafs sf rfeupfrkj
rfeupfrkj k pkrt
pkrtgr
gr bf sfogaaks, ecoc acs bf scnk y bf kamcbõj ofbgkjtf
ofbgkjtf ak agxgvgkegõj
ecj bgscavfjtfs crmëjgecs ecoc> çtfr bf pftrõafc, dfxkjc,
d fxkjc, fte.
➠  Fxtrkeegõj bf ecacrkjtfs k pkrtgr bf oktfrgks sõagbks pcr agxgvgkegõj ecj kaecdca c scbk.
➠  Fj fecacmïk p
pkrk
krk gjbgekr fa bfspakzkogfjtc dkegk acs rïcs y okr
okrfs
fs bf acs bfsfedcs y fxerfo
fxerfofjtcs,
fjtcs, kbfoës bf
ctrcs ecjtkogjkjtfs ecoc pufbfj sfr acs ifrtgagzkjtfs< prcbuegbc pcr fa ogsoc prcefsc gjbgekbc pkrk fa
ifjõofjc quïogec.
➠  Fj mfcacmïk fj fa prcefsc
prcefsc bf akvkbc bf uj fstrktc
fstrktc bf tfrrfjc c ekpk mfcaõmgek pcr fa kmuk.
➠  Fj fa ttrktkogfjtc
rktkogfjtc bf acs ogjfrkafs ecjefjtrkbcs y ctrcs oktfrgkafs quf ecjtgfjfj oftkafs, ak agxgvgkegõj sf
fifetþk pcr ofbgc bf uj prcefsc dþofbc ecj ëegbc quf bgsufavf acs ogjfrkafs scau`afs y acs rfeupfrk fj ujk
scauegõj ekrmkbk bf agxgvgkegõj.
➠  Oftkaurmgk F
Fxtrketgvk>
xtrketgvk> pkrk trk`knkr
trk`knkr acs ogjfrkafs p
prgjegpkaofjtf
rgjegpkaofjtf cxgbkbcs. Bfsbf uj tgfopc k fstk pkrtf sf
rfkagzk ak agxgvgkegõj bf ogjfrkafs suaiurkbcs bf ec `rf ofbgkjtf prcefscs bf agxgvgke
agxgvgkegõj
gõj `ketfrgkjk
➠  C`tfjegõj bf kzþekr.
 

➠  Ik`rgekegõj bf tç y ekiç gjstkjtëjfc.

2.5. OÇRCBCU BF FTRPKEEGÕJ

2.5.;. Ecjtketc sgopaf

Uf trktk bf ujk cpfrkegõj bgsecjtgjuk quf ecjsgstf fj pcjfr fj ecjtketc ïjtgoc tcbk ak kagofjtkegõj ecj tcbc fa
bgscavfjtf k fopafkr, sfpkrkjbc bfspuçs ak bgscauegõj icrokbk bfa sõagbc gjfrtf ecj ak bgscauegõj rftfjgbk.

U.C. Ucauegõj c`tfjgbk

U.G. Uõagbc Gjfrtf

U.P. Ucauegõj Pftfjgbk

2.5.
2.5.0.
0. Ecjtketc
Ecjtketc oþatgp af sg opaf

Fstf oçtcbc bf fxtrkeegõj ecjsgstf fj ak rfpftgegõj bfa prcefbgogfjtc fopafkbc pkrk ujk ftkpk fj ftkpks
suefsgvks, fs bfegr su`bgvgbgr ak ekjtgbkb tctka bf bgscavfjtf fj vkrgks irkeegcjfs, fopafkjbc ujk irkeegõj bfa
bgscavfjtf fj ekbk ftkpk.
 

2.5.5. Oçtcbc ecjtgjþc

Uf ecjstgtuyf fj fa oçtcbc bf fxtrkeegõj sõagbc  ― aïqugbc oës fopafkbc fj ak prëetgek gjbustrgka< fa iaunc gjifrgcr c
rfigjkbc sf vk fopc`rfegfjbc fj scautc bfsbf ak þatgok dkstk ak prgofrk ftkpk, ogfjtrks quf fa iaunc supfrgcr c
fxtrketc sf vk ecjefjtrkjbc fj scautc bfsbf ak prgofrk dkstk ak þatgok ftkpk.

2.2.

FTRPKEEGÕJ UCAGBC AÏ[VGBC OÇRCBC KJKAÏRGEC

Xkrk rfscavfr acs prc`afoks bf fxtrkeegõj sõagbc aïqugbc pcr fa oçtcbc kjkaïtgec
kj kaïtgec prgofrkofjtf bf`fj kpagekrsf
tcbks aks ecjbgegcjfs bf fqugag`rgc ofjegcjkbks>

- Fa sõagbc gjfrtf sgfoprf fs ecjstkjtf.

- Uf utgagzk fa ecjefptc bf rftfjegõj

- Vtgagzkr fa ecjefptc bf ftkpk gbfka, supcjgfjbc quf fj ekbk ftkpk ak ecopcsgegõj bf ak bgscauegõj rftfjgbk pcr
fa sõagbc fs gmuka k ak bfa iaunc supfrgcr y quf ak rfakegõj bgscavfjtf/gjfrtf fs ecjstkjtf fj tcbcs acs rfigjkbcs.

Xcstfrgcrofjtf bf`f rfkagzkrsf uj `kakjef bf oksk sfmþj>

- Ecjtketc fj Ecrrgfjtf Xkrkafak> @kakjef pcr ftkpks.

- Ecjtketc Oþatgpaf Ugopaf> @kakjef pcr ftkpks.

- Ecjtketc fj Ecjtrkecrrgfjtf> @kakjef mac`ka y aufmc pcr ftkpks

Fj ak fxtrkeegõj scagbc aïqugbc fxgstf bcs tgpcs bf sgstfoks oës utgagzkbks aks eukafs vgfjfj rfprfsfjtkbks bf ak
sgmugfjtf okjfrk>
Ecrrgfjtf bgrfetk

Ecjtrkecrrgfjtf
 

Xkrk ak rfscauegõj bf fxtrkeegõj scagbc aïqugbc, fs jfefskrgc tfjfr ecjcegogfjtcs bf `kakjef bf oksk, k fstc sf af
kûkbf kamujcs ergtfrgcs aõmgecs y prcpgfbkbfs bfa prcefsc quf ecjaafvk fstk fxtrkeegõj, acs eukafs kyubkrkj k su
rfscauegõj.

Eukjbc rfscavfocs uj fnfregegc sgfoprf fs `ufjc dkefrac bf icrok crbfjkbk, yk quf fstc pfrogtgrë quf fa
fstubgkjtf jc sf ecopagquf fj fa prcefsc bf rfscauegõj, fs pcr faac quf fj fstf ag`rc sf bfskrrcaakrk pkscs pkrk

ko`cs sgstfoks quf kyubkrkj k okjtfjfr fa crbfj ka ocofjtc bf rfscavfr uj fnfregegc bf fxtrkeegõj scagbc aïqugbc.

2.6. UGURFOK ECJRPKECPPGFJRF

Acs pujtcs quf sf oufstrkj k ecjtgjukegõj scj ecjsgbfrkbcs pkscs bf rfscauegõj pkrk eukaqugfr fnfregegc quf
sf trktf bf uj sgstfok fj ecjtrkecrrgfjtf
e cjtrkecrrgfjtf

; Pfeupfrkegõj> ak rfeupfrkegõj fs uj ergtfrgc aõmgec quf jcs bgef eukjtc c`tfjfocs bf uj fafofjtc K rfspfetc
k ac quf fopafkocs bf bgedc fafofjtc, pkrk jufstrc eksc fstk iõrouak jcs pfrogtgrë vfr quf bktcs tfjfocs, quf
bktcs jc tfjfocs y quf bktcs pcbfocs dkaakr. Fstf pksc scac fs kpagek`af sg fj fa fnfregegc tf bk ak rfeupfrkegõj
ecoc bktc c tf pgbf dkaakrac.

Uu iõrouak tfõrgek vgfjf bkbk bf ak sgmugfjtf okjfrk>


 ? 
        
      
 ?  
      
   
       
       
 

Xkrk ak pçrbgbk su iõrouak sfrgk>

 ? 
        
      
0 Ucagbc gjfrtf ecjstkjtf> fs ujk prcpgfbkb bfa prcefsc bf fxtrkeegõj scagbc aïqugbc quf jcs bgef quf ak oksk
bfa scagbc quf jc pufbf sfr bgsufatk pcr fa bgscavfjtf sf okjtgfjf ecjstkjtf k ac akrmc bf aks ftkpks. Fxprfskbk
fj icrouak kjkaïtgek vfjbrïk bf ak sgmugfjtf okjfrk>


  ?  ∝    ?  ∝    
 
Bcjbf j ? 8, ;, 0, 5,………….j

5 Pftfjegõj> Fs ctrk prcpgfbkb bfa prcefsc bf fxtrkeegõj scagbc aïqugbc, quf jcs bgef quf fa sõagbc quf jc
pufbf sfr bgsufatc, aafvk ecjsgmc ujk egfrtk ekjtgbkb bf aïqugbc rftfjgbc fj su supfrigegf k ac akrmc bf aks ftkpk ak
euka sfrë ecjstkjtf, fstf aïqugbc pufbf sfr fxprfskbc ecoc scauegõj c bgscavfjtf sgfoprf tcokjbc fj eufjtk ac
quf bgef fa fnfregegc.  
 

Fj fstf pksc fxgstfj bcs tgpcs bf rftfjegõj fxprfskbks ecj L okyþseuak y ogjþseuak, ak L okyþseuak rfakegcjk
bgscavfjtf/scagbc gjfrtf y ak l ogjþseuak rfakegõj bgscauegõj/scagbc gjfrtf, sus feukegcjfs vfjbrïkj bf ak sgmugfjtf
icrok>

 ?  ∝∝        ?  ∝ ∝     

Bcjbf j ? ;, 0, 5,………….j pfrc j bf`f sfr bgstgjtc bf 8

2 @kak
@kakjef
jef mac`ka y pcr ecopcsgegõj

Fa `kakjef mac`ka pkrk uj sgstfok fj ecjtrkecrrgfjtf vgfjf fxprfskbc bf ak sgmugfjtf okjfrk>

  + ?    
Bõjbf

 ?  ∝      ∝     ∝     

@kakjef pcr ecopcsgegõj>

 ∝     + ∝  + ?  ∝      ∝   

Jctk> Fs gopcrtkjtf fj fnfregegc dkaakr tcbc kqufaac quf sf pufbk dkaakr, fstc ecj fa igj bf prfvfr bktcs quf
pcbkocs aafmkr k rfqufrgr oës kbfakjtf fj fa fnfregegc

6 Iketcr agogtkjtf> Fa iketcr agogtkjtf fs ak ecopcsgegõj bf scautc quf skaf pcr fa rfigjkbc eukjbc sf dk
kaekjzkbc rfeupfrkr fa scautc bfsfkbc. Fa iketcr agogtkjtf vgfjf fxprfskbc ecoc


  ?   

Fstf pksc scac sf kpagek eukjbc fa fnfregegc jcs pgbf dkaakr fa jþofrc bf ftkpks, y sgfoprf sf trk`knk pcr ftkpks,
fa c`nftgvc fj fstf tgpc bf fnfregegcs fs euopagr ecj ak sgmugfjtf ecjbgegõj>

  :      
Bcjbf g fs fa jþofrc bf ftkpk quf euopaf ak ecjbgegõj, fj ctrks pkak`rks, eukjbc sf euopak ak ecjbgegõj g jcs
bk fa jþofrc bf ftkpks rfqufrgbks.

Xkrk su eëaeuac sgfoprf bf`frës ecjtkr ecj bcs vkrgk`afs>

 ∝      
9 Ftkpk gbfka  

Fj fstf pujtc sf bf`f rfkagzkr ujcs pkscs prfvgcs, gjbgstgjtc bfa tgpc
tgp c bf rftfjegõj ac prgofrc fs rfkagzkr uj `kakjef
pcr ftkpk, sfmugbc pcr uj `kakjef pcr ecopcsgegõj fj scautc.
 

∐  + ?     
∐ ∝    ∐  + ∝ + ?  ∝     ∝    
Ak feukegõj bf ftkpk gbfka vkrïk sfmþj fa tgpc bf rftfjegõj quf tfjmkocs

Xkrk L Xkrk l

 ∝     ?  ∝      ∝   ?  ∝    

 ∝      ∝    ∝       ∝   
Bcjbf g? ;, 0, 5,………….j

Fa c`nftgvc bf fstf pksc sgfoprf bf`f sfr fjecjtrkr aks gjeõmjgtks quf ikatkj pkrk dkaakr ac quf tf pgbf fa fnfregegc.

Fnfopac 2.; uj sõagbc sfec quf ecjtgfjf 8,5 Lm bf scautc/

sca utc/ Lm bf gjfrtf sf scoftf k fxtrkeegõj fj oþatgpafs ftkpks
fj ecjtrkecrrgfjtf fopafkjbc ecoc kmfjtf fxtrketc ujk bgscauegõj keucsk quf ecjtgfjf 8,0% fj pfsc bf scautc.
Fa bgscavfjtf rftfjgbc pcr fa sõagbc gjfrtf fs ecjstkjtf fj tcbks aks ftkpks f gmuka k ;,6 Lm bf kmuk/Lm bf gjfrtf.
Fa rfigjkbc quf k`kjbcjk fa sgstfok (ecjstgtugbc pcr fa sõagbc gjfrtf y ak bgscauegõj rftfjgbk) ecjtgfjf 8,86 Lm bf

scautc/6Lm bf gjfrtf. Ekaeþafsf fa jþofrc bf ftkpks tfõrgeks jfefskrgks, sg ak ecjefjtrkegõj bf ak bgscauegõj quf
skaf ecoc fxtrketc fs bf 6% fj pfsc bf scautc.
Bktcs.-
Y;?3 Yj+;?3
k ?6% k ?8,0%
` ?76% ` ?77,4%

(;) (j)

A8?;58 Lm Aj?3
k ?05,84% k ?3
e ?=9,70 % ` ?3
e ?3

L?;,6 Lm bf kmuk /Lm bf gjfrtf

Bktcs fxtrks
Pfakegõj bf fjtrkbk ?8,5 Lm bf scautc/Lm
sc autc/Lm bf gjfrtf
Pfakegõj fj fa rfigjkbc? 8,86 Lm bf scautc/6 Lm bf gjfrtf
Ucauegõj
Bf ak rfakegõj bf fjtrkbk tcokjbc ecoc `ksf bf eëaeuac ujk ekjtgbkb bf scagbc gjfrtf bf ;88 Lm tfjfocs>

 ∝   ? 8,5;
 ∝ ;88
;88 
 
 ? 58   
 
Xcr tkjtc ak oksk tctka bf fjtrkbk sfrë>

Ecopcsgegcjfs fj ak fjtrkbk
 ?  ∝       ∝     ? 58 
  ;88 ? ;58  
 

 ?  ∝    ∝;88%? ;58

58  ∝ ;88%
 ;88% ? 05,8844 % 
 ?  ∝    ∝;88%? ;88  ∝ ;88%
;58  88% ? =9,707 0 % 
Bf ak rfakegõj bf rfigjkbc tfjfocs>
8,86    
 ∝   ? 6   ∝ ;88
;88 
 
 ? ; 
  


; Pfeupfrkegõj>  Fstf pksc scac fs kpagek`af sg fj fa fnfregegc tf bk ak rfeupfrkegõj ecoc bktc c tf pgbf dkaakrac.


 ? 
        
      
0 Ucagbc gjfrtf ecjstkjtf>


  ?  ∝    ?  ∝    ?;58∝8,=970?;88 
 
5 Pftfjegõj>

 ?  ∝∝          ∝    ?  ∝  ∝     ?;,6∝;88?;68 

2 @kak
@kakjef
jef mac`ka y pcr ecopcsgegõj

Fa `kakjef mac`ka pkrk uj sgstfok fj ecjtrkecrrgfjtf vgfjf fxprfskbc bf ak sgmugfjtf okjfrk>

;58 
  + ? 069 
   ……..; 
Bõjbf

 
 ?  ∝     ∝       ∝    ? ;  ;68  ;88 ? 069 
@kakjef pcr ecopcsgegõj>

 ∝     + ∝  + ?  ∝      ∝   

58   + ∝ 8,880 ? ;    ∝8,86………..0 
Pfscavgfjbc fa sgstfok bf feukegcjfs bf bcs pcr bcs fjtrf aks feukegcjfs ; y 0 tfjfocs>

+ ? =5
=58,0
8,0   ? 98
987,7,0 
6 Iketcr agogtkjtf> Fa iketcr agogtkjtf fs ak ecopcsgegõj bf scautc quf skaf pcr fa rfigjkbc eukjbc sf dk
kaekjzkbc rfeupfrkr fa scautc bfsfkbc. Fa iketcr agogtkjtf vgfjf fxprfskbk ecoc
 


  ?   

Xkrk su eëaeuac sgfoprf bf`frës ecjtkr ecj bcs vkrgk`afs>

 ∝      
 ∝   ;   

  ?     ?  ? 069  ?8,882

9 Ftkpk gbfka  

Fj fstf pujtc sf bf`f rfkagzkr ujcs pkscs prfvgcs, uj `kakjef pcr ftkpk, sfmugbc pcr uj `kakjef pcr ecopcsgegõj
fj scautc.

Xkr ak ftkpk ;

   ?    
;58    ? 069
069   987,
987,0  
 ? =5
=56,6,0  
 ∝       ∝   ?  ∝      ∝   
   ∝   ?  ∝      987,0  ∝ 8,86 … …… …5
58  …5 
Ak feukegõj bf ftkpk gbfka vkrïk sfmþj fa tgpc bf rftfjegõj quf tfjmkocs

 ∝   ?  ∝   

 ∝     ∝  
 ∝   ? 98987,7,0 
 ∝ 8,8866 
;68  98 987,7,0 
 ∝ 8,7766
 ∝     ? =,4
=,476      ?  ∝   ? =,476
76    069  ?8,85; 
Ecopkrkjbc ecj fa iketcr agogtkjtf tfjfocs>
    :   
8,882
8,882 : 8,85;
8,85;  

 
 
 
Xcr tkjtc fa sgstfok rfqugfrf bf ctrk ftkpk.

Dkaakjbc bktcs pfjbgfjtfs bf ak feukegõj 5

   ∝  ? =,476
58  476 
  987,
987,0 
∝∝ 8,86
86 
 ∝   ? 4,5566
66  
 

Xcr tkjtc

 ?  ∝     ∝   

=56,
=56,0 
 ? 4,566    ∝      ∝   ? =09
5 66  =09,42
,4266  
Xkr ak ftkpk 0

   ?    
069    ? 069 069   =56,
=56,0  
 ? =5=56,6,0  
 ∝       ∝   ?  ∝     ∝   
=,476    ∝   ?  ∝   4,566 …………2 
476 
Ak feukegõj bf ftkpk gbfka vkrïk sfmþj fa tgpc bf rftfjegõj quf tfjmkocs

 ∝     ∝  
 ∝     ?  ∝   
 ∝     ? 4,566   
;68  =09,426 
 ∝     ? ;,=
;,=02      ?  ∝    ? ;,=02
02     ?8,889= 
069 
Ecopkrkjbc ecj fa iketcr agogtkjtf tfjfocs>
      :   
8,882
8,8 82 : 8,889=
8,889=  
  

 
Xcr tkjtc fa sgstfok rfqugfrf bf ctrk ftkpk.

Dkaakjbc bktcs pfjbgfjtfs bf ak feukegõj 2

=,476    ∝   ?;,=02 4,566  

476 
 ∝   ? 0,;;42
42  
Xcr tkjtc

 ?  ∝     ∝   

=56,
=56,0 
 ? 0,;42    ∝      ∝   ? =55
; 42  =55,8;
,8;99  
Xkr ak ftkpk 5

   ?    
 

069 
   ? 069069   =56,
=56,0  
 ? =5=56,6,0  
 ∝       ∝   ?  ∝     ∝  
;,=02    ∝   ?  ∝   0,;42 …………6 
=02 
Ak feukegõj bf ftkpk gbfka vkrïk sfmþj fa tgpc bf rftfjegõj quf tfjmkocs

 ∝    ?  ∝   

 ∝      ∝  
 ∝     ? 0,;42   
;68  =55,8;9 
 ∝     ? 8,2      ?  ∝    ? 8,26
8,266     ?8,88;= 
069 
Ecopkrkjbc ecj fa iketcr agogtkjtf tfjfocs>
      :   
8,882
8,882 : 8,88;=
8,88;=  

  
 
Xcr tkjtc, fa sgstfok rfqugfrf bf 5 ftkpks pkrk su bfskrrcaac.

2.9. UGURFOK ECPPGFJRF BGPFERC

Acs pujtcs quf sf oufstrkj k ecjtgjukegõj scj ecjsgbfrkbcs pkscs bf rfscauegõj pkrk eukaqugfr fnfregegc quf
sf trktf bf uj sgstfok fj ecrrgfjtf bgrfetk

; Pfeupfrkegõj>  Uu iõrouak tfõrgek vgfjf bkbc bf ak sgmugfjtf okjfrk>


 ? 
        
      
 ?  
      
   
       
       
 

Xkrk ak pçrbgbk su iõrouak sfrgk>

 ? 
        
      
0 Ucagbc gjfrtf ecjst kjtf>  


  ?  ∝    ?  ∝    
 
Bcjbf j ? 8, ;, 0, 5,………….j 
 

5 Pftfjegõj>

 ?  ∝∝        ?  ∝ ∝     

Bcjbf j? ;, 0, 5,………….j pfrc j bf`f sfr bgstgjtc bf 8  

2 Iketcr agogtkjtf>


  ?   

Fstf pksc scac sf kpagek eukjbc fa fnfregegc jcs pgbf dkaakr fa jþofrc bf ftkpks, y sgfoprf sf trk`knk pcr ftkpks,
fa c`nftgvc fj fstf tgpc bf fnfregegcs fs euopagr ecj ak sgmugfjtf ecjbgegõj>

  :      
Bcjbf g fs fa jþofrc bf ftkpk quf euopaf ak ecjbgegõj, fj ctrks pkak`rks eukjbc sf euopak ak ecjbgegõj g jcs bk
fa jþofrc bf ftkpks rfqufrgbks.

Xkrk su eëaeuac sgfoprf bf`frës ecjtkr ecj bcs vkrgk`afs>

 ∝      
9 Ftkpk gbfka  

Fj fstf pujtc sf bf`f rfkagzkr ujcs pkscs prfvgcs, gjbgstgjtc bfa tgpc
tgp c bf rftfjegõj ac prgofrc fs rfkagzkr uj `kakjef
pcr ftkpk, sfmugbc pcr uj `kakjef pcr ecopcsgegõj fj scautc.

∐  + ?     
∐ ∝    ∐  + ∝ + ?  ∝     ∝    
Ak feukegõj bf ftkpk gbfka vkrïk sfmþj fa tgpc bf rftfjegõj quf tfjmkocs

Xkrk L Xkrk l

 ∝     ?  ∝      ∝   ?  ∝    

 ∝      ∝    ∝       ∝   
Bcjbf g? ;, 0, 5,………….j
5,………….j

Fa c`nftgvc bf fstf pksc sgfoprf bf`f sfr fjecjtrkr aks gjeõmjgtks quf ikatkj pkrk dkaakr ac quf tf pgbf fa fnfregegc.

Fnfopac 2.0 088 lm/d bf uj sõagbc sfec quf ecjtgfjf ;6 % fj pfsc bf scautc sf scoftf k uj prcefsc bf fxtrkeegõj

fj ecrrgfjtf bgrfetk bf trfs ftkpks, fopafkjbc ecoc kmfjtf fxtrketcr ujk bgscauegõj keucsk quf ecjtgfjf 8,6 %
fj pfsc bf scautc. Fa bgscavfjtf rftfjgbc pcr fa sõagbc gjfrtf fs ecjstkjtf fj tcbks aks ftkpks f gmuka k 8,4 Lm bf
 

scauegõj/Lm bf gjfrtf. Ekaeþafsf ak rfeupfrkegõj bfa sgstfok y ak ecopcsgegõj tctka bfa fxtrketc, sg ecoc bgscavfjtf
fjtrkj 788 Lm/d `gfj bgstrg`ugbcs fj ekbk ftkpk

Y;*?588 Lm Y0*?588 Lm Y5*?588 Lm

k ?8,6 % k ?8,6 % k ?8,6 %
` ?77,6 % ` ?77,6 % ` ?77,6 %

(;) (0) (5) Aj?3

k ?3
e ?3
A8?088 Lm
k ?;6 % Y;?3 Y0?3 Y5?3
e ?46 % k ?3 k ?3 k ?3
` ?3 ` ?3 ` ?3

Ecjstkjtf bf rftfjegõj? 8,4 Lm bf scauegõj / Lm bf gjfrtf

Bktcs fxtrks
Ecopcsgegõj bf rfigjkbc sc`rf `ksf ag`rf bf bgscavfjtf? 0%
Ucauegõj>
; Pfeupfrkegõj>  Uu iõrouak tfõrgek vgfjf bkbc bf ak sgmugfjtf okjfrk>


 ? 
        
      

 ?  ∝   ∝,∝ ∝, ,∝∝, , ∝  , 





 ?  ∝     ∝     ∝    
  ,  ,  ,
088  ℊ ∝8,;6588 ℊ ∝8,886 588 ℊ ∝8,886 588 ℊ ∝8,886

 ?  ∝     ∝ 
     ∝   ……….; 
52,6  ℊ 
C tko`gçj

 ?  
      
   
       
       
 

 ∝ 
     , ∝   ,   , ∝   ,   , ∝   ,   ∝   



 ?  ∝    , ∝  ,  , ∝  ,  , ∝  ,  
 

088 ∝8,;6588∝8,886, 588∝8,886, 588∝8,886,   ∝   

? ℊ ℊ ℊ ℊ  
   
088  ℊ ∝8,;6588 ℊ ∝8,886 588 ℊ ∝8,886 588 ℊ ∝8,886
, , ,

52,6    ∝    




 ? ℊ ……….0 

52,6  ℊ 
0 Ucagbc gjfrtf ecjst kjtf>  


  ?  ∝    ?  ∝    ?088 \ℊ _∝8,46?;=8\ℊ _ 
 
5 Pftfjegõj>

 ?  ∝ ∝         ∝     ?  ∝  ∝     

 ∝       ?8,4∝;=8\ℊ _?;59\ℊ _ 
 Kbfoës

 ?  ∝      ∝     ∝     

 ?  ∝        ∝     ?;59\ℊ _;=8\ℊ _?589\ℊ _ 
2 Iketcr agogtkjtf>


  ?   

Fstf pksc scac sf kpagek eukjbc fa fnfregegc jcs pgbf dkaakr fa jþofrc bf ftkpks

9 Ftkpk gbfka  

Fj fstf pujtc sf bf`f rfkagzkr ujcs pkscs prfvgcs, uj `kakjef pcr ftkpk, sfmugbc pcr uj `kakjef pcr ecopcsgegõj
fj scautc.

Xkr ak ftkpk ;

  , ?    
088 \ℊ _588\ℊ _?589\ℊ _   
 ?;72 \_ 
ℊ
 

 ∝      , ∝  , ?  ∝       ∝   

58 \ℊ _588\ℊ _∝8,886? ∝     ∝   …………5 
58\
Ak feukegõj bf ftkpk gbfka vkrïk sfmþj fa tgpc bf rftfjegõj quf tfjmkocs

 ∝ ∝     ?  ∝∝  

 ∝     ?  ∝  ………..2 
;59 ℊ  ;72 ℊ 
Pfscavgfjbc fa sgstfok bf feukegcjfs fjtrf ak feukegõj 2 y 5 tfjfocs>

 ∝     ?;0,74 \ℊ _  ∝  ?;4,60\ℊ _ 

Xkr ak ftkpk 0

  , ?    
589\ℊ _588\ℊ _?589\ℊ _   
 ?588 \ℊ _ 
 ∝    , ∝  , ?  ∝       ∝   
;0,74 \ℊ _588\ℊ _∝8,886? ∝       ∝   …………6 
Ak feukegõj bf ftkpk gbfka vkrïk sfmþj fa tgpc bf rftfjegõj quf tfjmkocs

 ∝    ?  ∝    
 ∝        ∝    
 ∝     ?  ∝   ………..9 
;59 ℊ  588 ℊ 
Pfscavgfjbc fa sgstfok bf feukegcjfs fjtrf ak feukegõj 6 y 9 tfjfocs>

 ∝    ?2,60 \ℊ _  ∝   ?7,79\ℊ _ 

Xkr ak ftkpk 5

  , ?    
 

589\ℊ _588\ℊ _?589\ℊ _   

 ?588 \ℊ _ 
 ∝    , ∝  , ?  ∝     ∝   
2,60 \ℊ _588\ℊ _∝8,886? ∝     ∝   …………= 
Ak feukegõj bf ftkpk gbfka vkrïk sfmþj fa tgpc bf rftfjegõj quf tfjmkocs

 ∝    ?  ∝    
 ∝        ∝    
 ∝     ?  ∝   ………..4 
;59 ℊ  588 ℊ 
Pfscavgfjbc fa sgstfok bf feukegcjfs fjtrf ak feukegõj = y 4 tfjfocs>

 ∝    ?;,44 \ℊ _  ∝   ?2,;2\ℊ _ 

Ekaeuakjbc ak rfeupfrkegõj pcr ofbgc bf ak feukegõj ;


  ?  ∝     ∝ 
     ∝   ∝;88% 
52,6  ℊ 
;4,60 7,792,;2



 ? ℊ ℊ ℊ ∝ ;88%
;88% ? 72,6666 % 

52,6  ℊ 
Ekaeuakjbc ak rfeupfrkegõj pcr ofbgc bf ak feukegõj 0

52,6    ∝    


 

 ? ℊ 
52,6 ℊ ∝;88% 
52,6 ;,44 



 ? ℊ ℊ ∝ ;88%
;88% ? 72,6666 % 

52,6  ℊ 
Ekaeuakjbc aks ecopcsgegõj tctka bfa fxtrketc

 ?      
 ?;72 \ℊ _588 \ℊ _588 \ℊ _?=72\ℊ _ 
Ak ekjtgbkb bf scautc tctka fxtrkïbc vgfjf bkbc pcr>
 ∝   ?  ∝     ∝    ∝  
 

 ∝   ?;4,60\ℊ _7,79\ℊ _2,;2\ℊ _?50,90\ℊ _ 

Xcr tkjtc

 ∝    50,90 
 ?  ∝;88%? ℊ ∝ ;88% ? 2,;0 % 
  
=72 ℊ 
 ? ;88
;88%  2,;0
; 0 % ? 76,4
76,444 % 
 

FNFPEGEGCU BF FTRPKEEGÕJ UCAGBC AÏ[VGBC OÇRCBC KJKAÏRGEC

Xrc`afok ;

Xrc`afok 0 

Xrc`afok 5 
 

Xrc`afok 2 

Xrc`afok 6 Fj ak agxgvgkegõj fj ujk scak ftkpk bf kefgtf bf scyk fxtrkïbc bf fsekok bf scyk ecj dfxkjc. ;88 Lm
bf scyk quf ecjtgfjf 00 % bf kefgtf fj pfsc sf trktkj ecj 48 Lm bf dfxkjc ecj 5 % bf kefgtf bf scyk fj pfsc.
Fa vkacr bf ak rftfjegõj pkrk ak ecrrgfjtf gjifrgcr fs fspfegkaofjtf ecjstkjtf f gmuka k ;,6 Lm bf scagbc gjscau`af
pcr Lm bf scauegõj rftfjgbk. Ekaeuaf aks ekjtgbkbfs y ecopcsgegcjfs bf ak scauegõj c`tfjgbk y bfa rfigjkbc quf
skaf pcr ak ftkpk.

Xrc`afok 9 Vj pkpfa pkrkigjkbc quf ecjtgfjf 08 % fj pfsc bf pkrkigjk y 48 % bf gjfrtfs sf trktk ecj qufrcsfjc

(ecj 8,;8 % bf pkrkigjk) fj uj prcefsc bf fxtrkeegõj fj oþatgpafs ftkpks fj ecjtrkecrrgfjtf. Ak pkrkigjk pksk ka
fxtrketc k rkzõj bf 2 Lm bf pkrkigjk pcr ;88 Lm bf qufrcsfjc, fa rfigjkbc fstë ecjstgtugbc pcr ak oktfrgk gjfrtf
ecj 0 Lm bf pkrkigjk pcr ;88 Lm bf gjfrtf y ak bgscauegõj rftfjgbk fqugvkaf k bcs lgacmrkocs bf qufrcsfjc pcr
lgacmrkoc bf gjfrtf, ekaeþafsf fa jþofrc bf ftkpks tfõrgeks jfefskrgks pkrk fifetukr fstk fxtrkeegõj, sg dkj bf
trktkrsf ;888 Lm pcr bïk bf pkpfa pkrkigjkbc y ak bgscauegõj rftfjgbk fs gjbfpfjbgfjtf bf ak ecjefjtrkegõj bf
pkrkigjk fj fa pkpfa.
 

Xrc`afok = 

Xrc`afok 4 Fj uj sgstfok bf fxtrkeegõj fj ecjtketc oþatgpaf fj ecjtrkecrrgfjtf sf trktkj ;888 Lm/d bf dïmkbc bf
`kekakc. Fj oktfrgk prgok dky uj 50 % fj pfsc bf kefgtf quf dk bf fxtrkfrsf fopafkjbc 0888 Lm/d bf çtfr

(Gopurgigekbc ecj 0 % bf kefgtf). Ak ekjtgbkb bf

b f fxtrketc fspfrkbc sfrë ;488 Lm/d ecj ujk ec
ecopcsgegõj
opcsgegõj bf ;4 %
bf kefgtf, fa rfigjkbc tfjbrë ujk ecopcsgegõj bfa 5% fj pfsc bf kefgtf, 28,55 % bf çtfr y fa rfstc gjfrtf. Ecj
bgedk gjicrokegõj ekaeuaf fa jþofrc bf ftkpks.

Xrc`afok  7  Vjks krfjks pftrcaïifrks quf ecjtgfjfj fa 08 % fj pfsc bf pftrõafc sf trktkj fj uj sgstfok bf
fxtrkeegõj fj oþatgpafs ftkpks fj ecjtrkecrrgfjtf ecj jkitk k c`nftc bf rfeupfrkr fa pftrõafc.
pftrõafc . Fa fxtrketc ecjstgtugbc
pcr fa pftrõafc y jkitk tgfjf ujk ecopcsgegõj bf 59 % fj pfsc bf pftrõafc. Fa rfigjkbc fstë ecjstgtugbc pcr ak krfjk
kecopkûkbk pcr ak bgscauegõj rftfjgbk fj ak ogsok. Ak ekjtgbkb bf krfjk fj fa rfigjkbc ecjstgtuyf fa =8 % fj
pfsc bfa rfigjkbc. Ekaeþafsf fa jþofrc bf ftkpks tfõrgeks jfefskrgks sg ka sgstfok fjtrk ecoc kagofjtkegõj 06888
Lm/bïk bf krfjks pftrcaïifrks y sf fopafkj ;6888 Lm/bïk
Lm/ bïk bf jkitk ecoc bgscavfjtf.

Xrc`afok ;8 Pfscavfr fa sgmugfjtf sgstfok>

 

Xrc`afok ;; Dkaakr fa jþofrc bf ftkpks bfa sgmugfjtf sgstfok

Xrc`afok ;0 Ofbgkjtf ak rfkeegõj EC5Jk0 + EkC + D0C EC0Ek + 0JkCD sf c`tgfjf ujk suspfjsgõj bf
EC5Ek fj ujk bgscauegõj bf JkCD sf prftfjbf sfpkrkr fa 76 % bf JkCD fopafkjbc ujk `ktfrïk bf euktrc
fxtrketcrfs ecj iujegcjkogfjtc fj ecjtrkecrrgfjtf, ecj kmuk ecoc kmfjtf fxtrketcr. Uupcjgfjbc quf fa
f a EC5Ek fs
ecopaftkofjtf gjscau`af fj fa kmuk. Ka prgofr rfketcr fjtrk fa prcbuetc bf ak rfkeegõj kecopkûkbcs bf 8,6 Lm bf
kmuk/Lm bf EC5Ek. Fj aks ecjbgegcjfs bf fxtrkeegõj ak ekjtgbkb bfa aïqugbc rftfjgbc pcr fa EC 5Ek fs fj iujegõj
bf ak ecjefjtrkegõj bf ak bgscauegõj, bf keufrbc ecj acs bktcs sgmugfjtfs>

Ecjefjtr kegõj 8 6 ;8 ;6 08

Ucau eg
egõj
õj rftfjgb
rftfj gbk
k ;,68 ;,=6 0,86 0,=8 5,98

Ekaeþafsf>

k) Ak ek
ekjtgbkb
jtgbkb jfefskrgk
jfefskrgk bf kmuk pcr lgacmrkoc bf EC5Ek
`) Ak ecjefjtrkegõj bfa fxtrketc
e) Fa jþofrc bf ftkpks tfõrgeks jfefskrgks sg ak rfeupfrkegõj
rfeupfrkegõj bf JkCD dk bf fafvkrsf ka
ka 77 %