JIMMA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND VETERINARY

MEDICINE

DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

CBTP phase II
By Group - I

Submitted to: CBTP Coordinator of Animal Science Department

Coordinator: Jemal Mohammed (MSc.)

May, 2019
Jimma, Ethiopia

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Group Member

No Name ID No

1 MILKESSA TADESSE RU3402/10

2 ZEBENAY NIGUSE RU3540/10

3 NURADIN KEBEDE RU3436/10

4 ELHAM AYALEW Rt0002/10

5 YOHANIS ABITA RU3092/10

6 BIRHANE MULUNEH RU3212/10

7 GENETT ZEMENE RU3292/10

8 TIRUNEH AGEGNEW RU3496/10

9 FTUAMLAK DEREJE RU3278/10

10 AREGASH TIGAB RU3169/10

11 AYNALEM BEKELE RU3180/10

12 ELSA ASSEFA RU3243/10

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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................................................. i
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ iii
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................................... 2
1.3. Significance of CBTP Phase II .......................................................................................................... 2
1.4. Limitation of the Study ...................................................................................................................... 2
2. OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1. General objective ............................................................................................................................... 3
2.2. Specific objectives ............................................................................................................................. 3
3. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................................... 4
3.1. Poultry production system in Ethiopia .......................................................................................... 4
3.2. Major livestock feed resources in Ethiopia .................................................................................... 4
3.2.1. Natural pastures........................................................................................................................... 4
3.2.2. Hay .............................................................................................................................................. 5
3.2.3. Crop residues and crop aftermath grazing .................................................................................. 5
3.2.4. Improved forage (cultivated pasture crops) ................................................................................ 6
4. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 7
4.1. Description of the study area ............................................................................................................. 7
4.2. Materials used in CBTP phase Two (CBTP phase-II) ....................................................................... 8
4.3. Methods followed during this program .............................................................................................. 8
5. MAJOR PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED DURING CBTP PHASE I ...................................................... 8
6. SOME BASIC SELECTED PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS ............................................ 9
6.1. Lack of productive breed use/lack of improved breed of farm animal .............................................. 9
6.2. Lack of improved forage (seed and seedlings/stem) .......................................................................... 9
7. MAJOR PROBLEMS WHICH HAVE NOT SOLVED ................................................................... 10
8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION...................................................................................................... 11
9. RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................................................ 12
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 13

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, we want to thanks the almighty god to his contribution to our all activities by giving
us health and peace to accomplish this program. Then we would like to give our heartfelt thanks
to Jimma University to its philosophy and as well we would like to present our unlimited thanks
to Jimma University College of Agriculture and veterinary medicine (JUCAVM) for its openness
to give us these designed program which is helpful for us and as well as for our community. Next
to this, we want to give our great gratitude for instructor Jemal Mohammed for his support; and
additionally we would like to thanks the program facilitator; Tagesse Tadesse, Fresenbet Shibru
and Arse Gebeyehu. Also we want to thanks kebele developmental agent (DA) and farmer
training center (FTC) administration. Lastly, but not least we would present our deep and warm
appreciation for our respondents of the training for their willingness and patience to be trained
by us.

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

JUCAVM JimmaUniversity College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

CAVM College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
CBTP Community Based Training Program
Km Kilo meter
DA Developmental Agent
FTC Farm Training Center
CBE Community Based Education

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ABSTRACT
During this CBTP phase II some basic problems in related to feed and animal production that
are identified during last CBTP (CBTP phase I) were solved by us to some extent. The society of
Blida kebele whose avail themselves on the meeting selected randomly could express their needs
and discuss on some problems with their solution by their mother tongue “Afaan Oromoo” freely
as they want. By taking the problems that are identified during CBTP phase I as a sample and
solutions were given by us (by AnSc second year students) for some of the problems.Due to
limited time and resources we are unable to give for all identified problems and we didn’t get
opportunity to discuss in detail on the solution of many problems. This program has been
finished within only two days. Training was given to farmers on poultry production system and
management systems and alfalfa seedlings were given for selected farmers by DA randomly.

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
CBE is the term which stands for community based education. In order to realize the educational
philosophy of CBE, Jimma University has developed different strategies. These are: Community
Based Education Program (CBTP), Team Training Program (TTP), Development Team Training
Program (DTTP), and Student Research Program (SRP).

CBTP is the term which stands for Community Based Training Program and it is a branch of
community based education (CBE) uniquely practiced in Jimma University. CBTP is one of the
strategies of device to achieve the goal of CBE it mobilizes local resource community based
training in an experimental (practical) learning that offers the opportunity to work with to
address the problem.

This program benefits both the students and the society. CBTP help the students to gain practical
knowledge other than the academic one. CBTP follows problem solving steps that include site
selection, developing investigation tools, gathering data, processing and analyzing of
information, listing and prioritizing problems, draw an action plan, carry out intervention and
evaluation of the program.The CBTP comprises two phases (CBTP phase I and phase II) for
regular animal science students.

CBTP phase I involve problem identification by data collection, analyzing, presentation,

documentation and preparing an action plan for the future intervention.Accordingly, CBTP phase
I was carried out at Jimma zone, Manna Woreda, Blida kebele at first semester of this year.
CBTP phase IIcomprises problem solving process by taking the problem identified and
prioritized in CBTP phase I as a sample. The second phase is referred to as implementation or
intervention phase which is also takes place in Blida kebele. It involves in a given a possible
solution to some problems that had been collected and analyzed in phase I. The second phase of
CBTP is also sometimes known as evaluation phase of implementation. It involves giving and
implementation of possible solution for some identified problem.

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1.2. Statement of the Problem
Since agriculture is the backbone of our country Ethiopia; it needs agricultural inputs. And also
the societies in jimma zone are dependent on agriculture, but they are not properly engaged in
agricultural activities due to many problems. Most of people are suffered from lack of productive
breed use, shortage of training on animal feed; preparation, usage, conservation, and lack of
improved variety of forage. They faced with a problems of market situation/fluctuation, lack of
training on animal production and productivity increment, income and et cetera.

1.3. Significance of CBTP Phase II

Both students and the community is benefited from this program.

It helps the community

 To solve some of their problems related to animal and feed production
 To get scientific knowledge from students in addition to their indigenous
knowledge on agricultural activity.

It helps the student

 To get practical knowledge in addition to theoretical.
 To be experienced with finding solutions for communities’ problems.
 To develop self-confidence in front of many people and they can freely
communicate with the society to ask and solve their problems.
 It helps the student to be a good communicator and to be a good convincer.

1.4. Limitation of the Study

This program has a number of limitations. For example, the time is very limited and short ad due
to this we are unable to solve the communities’ problems at a time. Since the aim of this program
is to solve the problems and to observe the social, economic, and the background of the society,
there must be a plenty of time to do these all things. Additionally, the resources distributed for
farmers is the basic problem; i.e. when distributing the resources for farmers there may be
complain that is related to the equal distribution of resources for all people. There is no budget
allocation for students during the program journey.

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2. OBJECTIVES

2.1. General objective

To solve the problems related to animal and feed production which are identified and
prioritized during CBTP phase I.

2.2. Specific objectives

To advice the farmers how to prepare feed for their animals, how to use it and how to
conserve for future,
To give training for farmers how they increase their animal productivity and how to
manage them,
To train farmers on overcoming the problems related to poultry production and show
how to feed and how to manage their chickens,
To give advice for farmers on animal diseases and their management (especially for
chickens).

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3. LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1. Poultry production system in Ethiopia

In Ethiopia chickens are the most widespread and almost every rural family owns chickens,
which provide a valuable source of family protein and income (Tadelle et al., 2003). The total
chicken population in the country is estimated to be 56.5 million with native chicken
representing 96.9%, hybrid chicken 0.54% and exotic breeds 2.56% (CSA, 2014). The most
dominant chicken types reared in Ethiopia are local ecotypes, which show a large variation in
body position, plumage colour, comb type and productivity (Halima, 2007). However, the
economic contribution of the sector is not still proportional to the huge chicken numbers,
attributed to the presence of many productions, reproduction and infrastructural constraints
(Aberra, 2000; Halima, 2007).

The chicken production system in Ethiopia can be characterized by not market oriented, low
input, scavenging and traditional management system consisting of local breeds (Alemu and
Tadelle, 1997). The indigenous birds are small in body size and low producers of meat and egg
(EARO, 2000). For example, the productivity of scavenging hens is 40-60 small-sized
eggs/bird/year (Tadelle 1996; Alemu and Tadelle, 1997). The total chicken egg and meat
production in Ethiopia is estimated to be about 78,000 and 72,300 metric tonnes, respectively
(Tadelle, 1996).

3.2. Major livestock feed resources in Ethiopia

In the highlands of Ethiopia livestock feed resources are mainly from natural pastures, crops
residues and stubble grazing. The contributions of these feed ingredients to the total feed
resource base vary across systems, seasons of the year, and farm typology (Seyoum et al, 2001).
In general, feed resources availability depends on the intensity of crop production and amount
and distribution of the rain fall (Mohammed and Abate 1995). Seyoum et al, (2001) noted that
pasture growth is a reflection of the annual rainfall distribution pattern.

3.2.1. Natural pastures

Natural grassland consists of the main highland pastures of Ethiopia and the grassland of
Ethiopia accounts for about 30.5% of the area of the country (Alemayehu 2004). The change of

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species composition in the grassland vegetation naturally depends upon a number of factors.
From ecological point of view, grassland develops as a direct expression of the climate and other
sets of factors which are unfavorable for the growth of trees (Zerihun 1985) including altitude,
soil and farming system (Alemayehu 2004). Grazing land productivity is declining at a higher
rate because of temperature stress, scarcity of rainfall, transfer of grazing lands to cultivation for
cropping and poor grazing land management are some of the reasons for dry matter reductions.

3.2.2. Hay
Conserved hay is the major basal diet in small holder farmers and commercial farms (Yoseph
and Aster 2002). Hay production is the most common fodder conservation practice in all over the
world. Most crops and pastures has made into hay of varying quality. However, all successful
hay making relies on wilting the cut pasture to a moisture or dry matter level where it is dry
enough not to ferment, but wet enough not to shatter when baled. This is usually at about 12-
14% dry matter but varies according to bale size and shape. Baled hay with too hay much
moisture can ferment leading to heat generation, feed quality decline and a potential fire risk.
Rain presents one of the greatest challenges in making hay.

3.2.3. Crop residues and crop aftermath grazing

Crop residues are fibrous materials that are by-products of crop cultivation. Crop residues have
low crude protein content in the range of 3 – 13% of the dry matter. Crop residues represent a
large part of feed resources, most of which are underutilized (Alemu et al, 1991). Cereal crop
residues are the most important feed resources for ruminants in developing countries (Reed,
1985). Crop Residues described as roughages that become available for livestock feed after crops
have been harvested (World Bank, 1989; Nordblom J.L. and Shomo F. 1995). Crop residues are
distinct from agricultural by-products: such as bran, oil seed cakes, which are generated when
crops are processed in different industries for food main products. Crop residues can usually be
grouped by crop type including cereals, grain legumes, roots and tubers. The role of crop
residues as feed sources depends mainly on degree of intensification of crop-livestock systems
and shortage of feed from natural pasture. Most residues are deficient in fermentable energy and
minerals. Straws from teff, barley and wheat form the largest component of livestock diet in the
medium and highland areas of Ethiopia, while maize, sorghum and millet Stover’s constitute
larger proportion of livestock feed in lower to medium altitudes (Alemayehu 1985).
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3.2.4. Improved forage (cultivated pasture crops)
An improved pastures, is a sown pasture that includes introduced pasture species, usually grasses
in combination with legumes. These are generally more productive than the local native pastures,
have higher protein and metabolisable energy and are typically more digestible. Improved
pastures can play an important role in lifting the productivity and profitability of an enterprise,
provided they are suited to the environment and are managed well from establishment through to
grazing (Alemayehu 2002 and EIAR 2012). Improved forages are important as adjuncts to crop
residues and natural pastures and may be used to fill the feed gaps during periods of inadequate
crop residues and natural pasture supply (Alemayehu 2004 and Abebe 2008). Even in the
presence of abundant crop residues, which are often free fed to ruminants, forage crops
especially legumes are needed to improve the utilization of crop residues. Crop residues often
provide energy while forage legumes provide proteins. Forages also provide benefits such as soil
fertility through their nitrogen-fixing ability and are also useful in breaking insect, weed or
disease cycles, which are likely to occur when they are not likely to occur when they are not
supplemented. In many situations, however, forages compete with other crops. In land scarce
smallholder forages may compete with other crops for land, in land abundant pastoral systems,
they may compete for the herders’ labor (John M. and Siegfried D. 1987). Accordingly,
intercropping and over sowing of natural pasture is one of the areas of focus to be studied based
on the production systems existing in forage and fodder development adopted by the farmers of
the area. In livestock production one of the most important factors determining profitability is to
achieve optimal level of feeding. This aim is most problematic during the dry season when
available feed resource is scarce and is of low quality. Therefore, livestock user farmers are
facing their biggest challenge during the dry season (Yaynshet et al. 2008 and Haileselassie et al,
2009). Producing supplementary feed on farm by establishing grass/legume pastures would
reduce their problem. For instance mixed grass legume pasture produced higher DM yields of
better nutritive value than sole grass swards (Onifade,O.S. and Akinola, J.O. (1986).

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4. METHODOLOGY

4.1. Description of the study area

The study was conducted in Manna woreda, Bilida kebele. Manna woreda is the smallest district
in the zone and is situated approximately 30-40 Km from Jimma town. Manna woreda is found
in central parts of the zone and it is situated about 6 Km from Yebu town. Bilida has climatic
condition of Wayna Dega. Manna is one of the woredas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia, part
of the Jimma zone. Manna is bordered on the south by Seka coqorsa, on the west by Gomma,
on the north by Limmu Kosa, on the east by Kersa. The administrative center of this woreda is
Yebu. The landscape of Manna includes mountains, high forests and plain devided by valleys.
The administrative center of this woreda is Yebu. Mountains include Weshi and Bebella. A
survey of the land in this woreda shows that 89.1% is arable or cultivable, 2.7% pasture, 2.8%
forest, and the remaining 5.4% is considered swampy, degraded or otherwise unusable. Khat is
an important cash crop. Coffee is another cash crop for this Woreda.

Table: 1 Percentage of land coverage in Manna Woreda

Type of land % in hectare

Arable land (cultivable) 89.1%

Pasture 2.7%

Forest 2.8%

Other swampy and degraded land 5.4%

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4.2. Materials used in CBTP phase Two (CBTP phase-II)
The materials that we used
 Note book
 Computer
 Pen
 Plastic mesh box
 Mobile camera

4.3. Methods followed during this program

Different methods were used to implement or intervene some problems which are identified on
CBTP phase one on the first Semester. The methods used to convince and aware the respondents
were by selecting students who are able to speak ‘’Afaan Oromoo’’ and Amharic fluently. And
those training; such as: poultry production systems, feed and feeding systems of poultry, house
of poultry and its management, poultry diseases management and et cetera were given to the
participants or respondents who are selected randomly by DA. Additionally, as much as possible
we have distributed some alfalfa seedlings (stem) for some people through Blida kebeles’ DA
and FTC administration.

5. MAJOR PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED DURING CBTP PHASE I

 Lack of productive breed use/lack of improved breed of farm animal
 Market fluctuation (Market situation)
 Lack of knowledge (awareness) and training on animal
production increment and management
 Income
 Lack of training on feed preparation and feeding systems
especially for poultry
 Lack of improved pasture forage (seed and seedlings/stem)

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6. SOME BASIC SELECTED PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS

6.1. Lack of productive breed use/lack of improved breed of farm animal

Improved breeds which have good performance such as cattle (Holstein Friesian, Jersey, Horro
breed, Borana breed, and etc.), sheep (Menz sheep, Horro breed, etc), poultry (Kockoke, Lohman
Brawn, Leghorn, and etc) are some major special breeds required to change way of life of the
community. Blida kebele is known by crop production and keeping livestock to some extent, but
hasn’t improved breed, crop variety and, due to the limitation in those requirement the society
around the study area (Blida kebele people) are not properly engaged in the agricultural sector
specially in keeping livestock. In order to alleviate this limitation, we are interested to intervene
by distributing exotic breeds particularly poultry breeds to the farmers.

 we distributed exotic breeds of chickens

 chickens for 30 households who are selected randomly
They are also advised about the feeding and housing system and also keeping biosecurity of their
chickens and they gained awareness on; the causes of diseases, how to prevent, how to cure the
diseased chickens and et cetera.

6.2. Lack of improved forage (seed and seedlings/stem)

To increase the production and productivity of animals improved forage variety (‘quality feed’)
is required and the training on the preparation, usage and conservation is very important. The
society in the Blida kebele were faced with the problems such as; lack of improved forage (seed
and /or stem), lack of training on; feed preparation, usage and conservation, and et cetera.
As much as possible we have tried to solve these problems to some extent by distributing alfalfa
seedlings for some randomly selected farmers.
However, we haven’t fully overcome problems related to animal feed which faced the Blida
kebele society at a time.

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7. MAJOR PROBLEMS WHICH HAVE NOT SOLVED
In this intervention phase, a number of problems were not solved by us due to some factors such
as; limited time, limited resources and et cetera. The major of these problems were:
 Market fluctuation (Market situation)
 Lack of knowledge (awareness) and training on animal
production increment and management
 Income
 Livestock disease

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8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
CBTP, Community Based Training Program, is a branch of community based education (CBE)
uniquely practiced in Jimma University. The Community Based Training Program (CBTP) is a
program designed for the benefit of both the community and the student. The community can be
benefited by training given by the students on different agricultural activities especially training
on animal and feed production in our cases. The students benefited from this program by
experienced with the skills of identifying and prioritizing the problems and solve those problems
as much as possible. It helps the students to gain practical knowledge rather than the academic
one. Additionally, students are equipped with the skills of data collection, organization, analysis,
presentation and interpretation and finally by using this data give conclusion and solve problems
which they ask or observe from community.

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9. RECOMMENDATION
Based on some solutions given to the society by us during implementation phase (CBTP phase
II); to the problems identified and prioritized during CBTP phase I the following
recommendations were given by our group member;
The farmer should improve their production systems.
The government should provide agricultural input like improved breed, improved variety
and fertilizer to the community on time.
The CBTP program should continue to identify, prioritize and solve community’s
problem and at the same time to enhance student knowledge.
The problems that are not solved in this year must be solved at future.
The farmers should have constructed strong house to protect their animal like, poultry
and other domestic animal life from accident and/or (predators).
The integration of governmental and NGO and farmers must be encouraged.
Materials (manuals) should be prepared for students (trainers) and as well as for trainee.
The place where this program will held should be yearly changed and some selected
problems must be solved for the society.
If possible budget should be assigned for this program for students.

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REFERENCES
 Alemayehu Mengistu (1985). Feed resources in Ethiopia. A paper presented at a
workshop on animal feed resources for small scale livestock procedures.11-15
November, 1985, Nirobi, Kenya.
 Alemayehu Mengistu (1997). Conservation Based Forage Development for Ethiopia.
Self Help Development International Institute for Sustainable Development, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.
 Alemayehu Mengistu (2002). Forage Production in Ethiopia, a Case Study with
Implications for Livestock Production. Ethiopian Society of Animal Production. Addis
Abeba, Ethiopia.
 Alemayehu Mengistu, 2004. Pasture and forage resource profiles of Ethiopia. EDM
printing Press, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
 CBTP phase one document
 Guidelines and Procedures for Community Based Education, Jimma University
 Halima H., Nesser F.W.C., Van Marle-Koster E., and De Kock A., 2007. Village-based
indigenous chicken production system in north-west Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health
and Production. 39:189-197.
 Personal communication with some post graduate students of JUCAVM (G.C.2019)
 Sample CBTP phase two, from previous year students
 Tadelle D., T. Million, Alemu Yami and K.J. Peters, 2003. Village chicken production
systems in Ethiopia: Use patterns and performance valuation and chicken products and
socio-economic functions of chicken. Livestock Research for Rural Development 15 (1).

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