PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

ASSIGNMENT NO. 5

Title: Research Work in Geology

Rating

Submitted by: Rheyland Fernandez

CIV 0221 - 1

Submitted to: Leonardo C. Sawal , ASEAN Engr., ACPE

May 23, 2023

Case Study 1: The Formation of the Grand Canyon

Summary:
The Grand Canyon is a geological wonder located in the state of Arizona, USA. It is a
massive, steep-sided gorge that stretches for over 277 miles and is up to 18 miles wide
in places. The formation of the Grand Canyon is a result of millions of years of
geological processes, including erosion, sedimentation, and tectonic activity.

The canyon began to form over six million years ago when the Colorado River began to
cut its way through the rock layers of the Colorado Plateau. The river gradually eroded
the rock layers, creating steep cliffs and deep canyons. This erosion was further
accelerated by tectonic uplift, which caused the land to rise and exposed more rock
layers to the river.

The Grand Canyon is composed of four main rock groups: the Vishnu Basement Rocks,
the Unkar Group, the Chuar Group, and the Grand Canyon Supergroup. These rock
groups were deposited over a period of over a billion years and vary in age from 1.6
billion years to 230 million years.

The geology of the Grand Canyon provides a unique record of the Earth's history. The
rock layers contain evidence of ancient oceans, volcanic eruptions, and the evolution of
life on Earth. This geological diversity has also led to a variety of unique ecosystems
within the canyon, supporting over 1,500 plant species and numerous animal species.

Overall, the formation of the Grand Canyon is a fascinating case study in geology,
showcasing the power of natural forces over immense time periods, and providing
valuable insights into the Earth's history and evolution.
Case Study 2: Engineering Geology Assessment for the Construction of a Steel Plant in
India

Summary:
The study examines the geological and geotechnical challenges faced by a steel plant
construction project in India and the steps taken to mitigate the associated risks.

The project site was located in an area characterized by multiple terrain features,
including hills, valleys, and streams. The study used various geotechnical investigation
techniques such as drilling, geophysical surveys, and laboratory analysis of soil and
rock samples. The investigations revealed the presence of complex geological
formations with varying degrees of rock strength and soil properties, posing significant
challenges for foundation and site preparation activities.

The study emphasizes the importance of adopting a risk-based approach in engineering

geology assessments, identifying potential geohazards, and designing appropriate
mitigation measures. The project team used a range of methods, such as ground
improvement techniques, slope stabilization measures, and drainage systems, to
address the identified geohazard risks.

In conclusion, the case study underscores the critical role of engineering geology in
ensuring sustainable and safe project design by identifying the geological challenges
and developing appropriate mitigation measures to minimize risks.