LESSON 3: EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

NATURAL HAZARDS, MITIGATION,

AND ADAPTATION

WHAT IS A hazard is a source or a situation

with the potential for harm in terms
of human injury or ill-health, damage

HAZARDS? to property, damage to the

environment, or a combination of
these.
 MITIGATION ADAPTATION

Mitigation means reducing risk of adjustment to environmental

loss from the occurrence of any conditions
undesirable event. This is an
important element for any
insurance business so as to avoid
unnecessary losses.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF NATURAL
HAZARDS

LESSON 6: EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

 EARTHQUAKE AND
LANDSLIDES
Earthquakes are caused by strain
energy underneath a fault line
within the earth's crust. When this
strain energy is released, the result
is an earthquake. There are three
effects of earthquakes: ground
shaking, surface faulting, and
earthquake-induced ground
failure, which is composed of
landslides and liquefaction.
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Volcanic eruptions are the spewing
forth of lava from active volcanoes.
They also consist of tephra falls,
ballistic projectiles, lahars, lava
flows, and pyroclastic phenomena.
Tephra falls include rocks and
blobs of lava that are ejected from
within a volcano into the
atmosphere.
 FLOODS
They are common and very costly
for the community. Conditions that
may cause flooding include rains
that last for several days and water
that seeps into the ground. Flash
floods, on the other hand, occur
due to the sudden overflowing of
rivers along a stream or a low-lying
area. There are several types of
floods: flash floods, river floods,
coastal floods, urban floods, ice
jams, and glacial lake outbursts
flood
CYCLONES
A cyclone is characterized by a
center that is large and of low
pressure. It also has numerous
thunderstorms that produce
flooding rain and strong winds.
When moist air rises, cyclones feed
on the air, which results in the
condensation of water vapor in the
air moist air.
 TORNADOES
Tornadoes are rotary storms that
appear as a whirling and
advancing funnel of wind
extending downward from a cloud.
Tornadoes can occur in any part of
the world.
WAVES
Waves are considered to be
disturbances in the water caused
by the water energy that is passing
through the water. In open ocean
basins, the source of this energy is
wind. The energy from the wind is
transferred to the water as wind
blows across it. The waves'
characteristics are geometrically
described.
 SEA-LEVEL CHANGES
Sea-level changes typically occur
as a result of increases in water
temperature, which increases its
volume. The effect of sea-level
changes can be local or global.
They are local when the water
mass is relatively contained, and
they are global if a large portion of
the ocean's water mass is
impacted by warming. Conversely,
as the temperature of the seas go
down, this results in reductions of
sea water volume, giving rise to
lower sea levels
CRUSTAL MOVEMENTS
During an earthquake, the
movement of the crust occurs
along the faults. Volcanic eruptions
also involve movements of the
crust, as do displaced structures.
Bench marks are metal plaques set
in the soil that give the exact
locations of the elevation points.
These marks are used as reference
points in geological surveys and
measurements of elevations of
bench marks reveal that large
areas of land are moving upward
or downward.