ဢၼ်ပုတ်ႉထၸဝ်ႈသင်ႇသွၼ်

What
the Buddha Taught

by
Venerable Dr.Walpola Ruhula
anrbd
u t
xr jwr;scr,sznr
jwr;Csv,wisd
u t
xr bin,r dQm;r
WHAT THE BUDDHA TAUGHT
]nr,h/cr;
jwr;Csv,kdrd
x y
i (jwr;Csv,kUwer k:)
jwr;Csv,gzc’r mU’kmr’kwr
jwr;Csv,jnr,dv,wR< jwr;Csv,subYv,< jwr;Csv,wijy<
WALPOLA SRI RAHULA
Tripitakav]g[{var]ch]rya
What the Buddha Taught

(Revised edition)
anrbudrxtjwr;scr,sznr
jwr;Csv,wisd
u t
xr bin,r dQm;r
wdrgx cz ’r mU’kmr’ mU,ej::

ekv;mo/dzc’r bbrx
jJwr;bbrx anrbd u t xr jwr;scr,sznr
bin,r dQm;r gQw;r wisd u txr wdrgx cz ’r mU’kmr’ mU,ej:
ebv.kzm’r Ah/cr;kKc;r jwr;mhv,wisnu kUc’r jJc;r
tdr’ligr; jwr;Csv,suwR m/wr’kmr’
jwr;kU’wijd i d xr gWcr’lQcr
jwr;kU’bYr,Yv,sI,Ri so/bznr
jwr;ed,win,r d sQckr mr’
jwr;dv,n jwr;Csv,kdrd x y i wdrkx wU er k:
dUc,r wqc’r mU,ej:
aidr,mKwr; bIbd
u txr 2549 bIkRidxr 2005
dcr’nmr 3000 bbrx
dI;aidr,azgr, gdr’ dv;guc;r
lmr’nr’f
nv;lig;r
ekv;scr, epv’lr ED,mI,wql,r xi
ekv;scr, pU;tdr’lig;r kwr xii
ekv;nmr’jwr;Rv,]lv, xiv
ekv;nmr’jwr;Csv,wisd
u t xr gQw;r xvii
budrxtjwr; xx
dzn;r nJc;r
lzcr;woxjrfj/wr’budrx
gUnr’hwr’mQdr;sucresbKnr;< gUnr’hwr’gUYr’bqnrdI;
bJcr;hcr’jwr;gwr,< jwr;gwr,mI’bunr;pznr’hcr’jwr;gwr,< gfcr<
wUnl xr dz ;r lQw’r < yKn<xr jzc,r sv,snv, budt xr jwr; Religion
(sv,snv,)< amr,nnr bqnbr /o ’wUnkxr brx (apitmr’)?< sjrx
jv, amr,lUw,r mI’jJw;r < amr,mI’lzc;r d/cr’yum,r lib’r yum,r lQc<r
gUY’r hnres[.bzc,r jr<f edv;gv;sjrj x v,tmr’egv; edamr,
lo;jrj f br’bQn’r mnr’< bKcd r gQ ;r eb’< wUnl xr /mr’lKc’r amr,kwr;
g/nr< spv,wanrbn q l r ;o edx< bKcd r gQ ;r gUn’r m/dr,jqb’r > 1
tmr’aRiysjrjv sI,yKcr;
dzn;r szcr
tmr’aRiysjrjv, tUnr;nJc;r - dugrxk
sv,snv,budt xr amr,jr;f wv,dhnrh/o .< wv,dhnrlI
egv;amr,jr;f gUY’r bqnar nrhnrjwJ ;r jr;f ekv;bzc,r dugkxr < lzc;r
d/cr’tUb’r j/mr,bUY;r dugkxr s/mrycK ;r < sdr’dwv,bqns r crw?ox
v
knr,tv,hv;yKc;r < amr,mI’wiY/nr, anrs/nrkdr’Tub<r egv.
wUnExr l;egv.ko;jr<f jzc,r pwmI’mKw;r ed,j?> 21
dzn;r s/mr
sjrjv tUnr;szcr smudyaRiysjrjv
lzc;r dugkxr gKd,r bqn<r ekv;sbr’lQc’r mnr’ avhvRsI,
yKcr;< cwr;h/gr;dv,dugrxksJbr,bqnrgfv,< Ficr;dJnr’gKdr,bqnr
El;Ficr;dJnr’mzdr,sudr’yqnr< gmrm dcr’kJnr’gKdr,< do/
bzc,r wv;scr?< gKd,r bzc,r wv;scr?< 38
dzn;r sI,
sjrjvtmr’jJwr;jrf tUnr;s/mr nieRvtsjrjv
dugrxkmzdr,sudr’yqnr< nibrxb/nr,bqnrscr?< ewv’
h/nrEl;bRmdrtsjrjv< ekv;jQcr;nibrbvn< nibrbvn
amr,jr;f ekv;s/nrkdr’< nibbr vn bqnbr Rmdrtsjrjv< bR
mdrtsjrjv bqns r cr?< tmr’jJw;r jr;f amr,jr;f ekv;s/nr
kdr’< nibrxb/nr,dcr’smr,sRv,< nibrxb/nr,amr,jrf;pznr’<
wo/’lcrl;o nibbxr /nr,mI’scr?< jwr;aRhnrdv, edbqns r cr
wo/’awrnbi bxr /nr,< scramr,mI’wiY/nr,kfncr wr’ bqnp r [fr .nibxr
b/nr,?< nibbxr /nr, nr’f jUw;r b/nrn>xo 46
dznr;hv;
sjrjvtmr’jJwr;jrf; tUnr;sI, mgrg-sqnr;d/cr’
sqn;r d/cr’g/cr amr,nnr m/gr;g/cr,bQd,r yKc;r < gTu
nv, El;bYr,Yv,< sint r mr’< bJg’r svjr<f bYr,Yv,< d/cr’[.
bzcr,jrfszcryKcr;< gqwr,lUYr;lzcr; tmr’sjrjvsI,yKcr;es
vi
anrlUwr,hqdr’mI’sI,yKcr;> 59
dzn;r [gr’
tmr’andrxd anramr,mI’kfnrcwr’
wiY/nr,< kfnrcwr’bqnrscr?< Fv.pIEl;wiY/nr,<
anrgd Q ,r gcr;eh.dUwr El;lUlmz br .fr bv’dUw<r ekv;tmr’dJn’r
s/nrkdr’spv,wdUn;r jr<f lo/’tdr’s/crEl;lo/’aicl r cr
pcrncz ;r gnr< bdijj r smubvd< ekv;t/mrt/cr,h/cr;lzd;r
lQw’r < sjrjv szcy r cK ;r < d/cr’hnrpd i ’r pzc;r < budt
xr jwr;
dJn’r b/gr;bo/,bQd;r adrd x < lzc;r anrbd u txr jwr;amr,dgr’
sqcr< d/cr’yumr,wiY/nr, amr,mI’nmrxdUwr< d/cr’ko;jrfanr
mQnr;< scramr,mI’wiY/nr, prfducr’k/mr,pznr’gmrm?< tmr’
andrd x amr,jr;f anrs/nrkdr’> 68
dznr;jqdr’
gmr,mt/nr’ g/nrpJgr’svjrf pv,wnv,
d/cr’hnrpdi ’r < gmr,mt/nr’nox amr,bzc,r wv; bo/;bQd;r
g/nr< gmr,mt/nr’szcyr cK ;r < sdiF/cr[x .jzm’r lUm’r tUY;r < [.
jzmr’d/cr’hqdr’d/cr’dUcrx< yU,nrf’bjrxjub/nr,< pv,wnv,
dUY’r ew,dnv,< jr<f av,yuc,r jrf (tmrmvRmrmn)> 89
dznr;bQdr,
anrbudrxtjwr;ehv’sznrEl;lUgr;y/mr’lqwr
d/cr’hnrpd q ’r < sv,snv,budtxr bqndr v,dcr’lo/
nrf’pwgU;wnr’mKcr’gUn’r < nv;[inr’El;dUcr,wKcr’gUnr’< pw
gUnr’[inr’kwregv;kQmrxyU,< edhqdr’]iwrbqnrlo;j/wr’budrx?<
vii
dUcr,wKcr’gUnr’nox bnrhvd/cr’m/gr;mI’< p/nr< cwr;h/gr;lzcr;
ho/.mKg;r < d/cr’kJn;r yr,f po/,kUw’r lqc’r El;po/,tmr’< d/cr’egLv,
sKwr’sI,yKcr; bunr;dv,gUnr’[inr’kwr< g/nrmKcr’< sJgr’El;
d/cr’gdr’yqn<r awihmi s r < wdr;tmr’kunmr cK ’r sib’r yKc;r < ekv;
scrbudrxtjwr;< jzcr,mnr’tugr,mQnr;?< bKcrdQgr;kunrlUcra
esv’g< dI;yKc’r mo/j/wr’bud>xr 102
[wr e kv;anr t Q m r s r f , tQ c r ;
lzcr;gmrm-g/mr, 121
jzc,r sv,snv,budxr bqnwr v,dhnrp/o ,jv. 125
viii
ekv;scr,epv’lr ED,mI,wqlr,
Paul Demieville
Member of the Institut de France,
Professor at the College de France
Director of Buddhist Studies at the School
of Higher Studies (Paris)
bbrxnox bqnrbbrxedv.do,ko;en lzcr;sv,snv,budrxt anrgumr,

tUn;r wxo lzc;r d/cr’[.hnrb/nrm,fr gzb;r wv;mnr’bqnbr brx d/crdwU s r v,snv,
anrgcJ ,r gv;mI’knr anr[.bzc,r jrl f eI sbKn;r bbrn x cJ ;r nnry x wr>x Dzgd xr wK ,r
jwr;wv,bUw,r lv, Rv,]lv, lo;pJg’r hqn’r bYr,Yv, po/,tmr’budt xr jwr; dI;
mKc’r sI,Rilcr’gves bqnj r wr;mI’azc;r nv;g/nry,fr dI;dKg;r sznl r gi ;r nr’f
mKc’r sI,Rilcr’gv dI;anrsv,snv,budt xr jwr;[iw;r [ic’r mv’ jqmmr wK ;r b/nr
kuner hvkmr’aesv’g edv,tJchr /nrn x y xo wr>x hqd’r no mnr’jwr;mI’bYr,Yv,
mv’jzmr’bKcrsznrmKwr;gznr,es mKwr;pzcr’lo/’sznrhqnr’ kJdr’g/br;jzmr’bo/’
so/;kJnr;yrf,mv’nnrx mnr’jwr;dQbr’ddr’dv,ededv,sU; eg;kolzcr;
anrbn K ;r t/cr,lqgmxr wrm/cr nKwl r /o ’sznhr n q ’r b/nrgwr,noy x wr>x mnr’jwr;
kwr;hqn’r dI;jnrj x mz sr ’I lzn:r < lo; B.A. Honours Degree (London) es
smrl x ;o mv’Dzgd xr wK ,r po/,apitmr’ dI;jnrj x mz sr ’I lzn:r gzb;r mnr’jwr;
dQmr;d/cr,pJnrligr;lUYr;lzcr;sKgr;bJnr’sv,snv, mKcr’sI,Rilcr’gvnox
ywr>x wo/’nnrx mnr’jwr;hqd’r g/nrjmz ’r kU’emvlUcj r wJ ;r sqcy
r ,fr egv.nJc;r
dI;jnrj x mz gr v,lgdrd x v’< pzc’r nnr mnr’jwr;lo;jim’r mQn;r lzc;r mhv,
yv,n anrbn q j r /wr’sv,snv,budt xr anrncJ ;r anr[wi ;r [ic’r dI;mKc’r
dibd q xr mKc’r wnr’azg,r ea’sLv’es mnr’jwr;dQb’r ddr’ dv,edhqn’r awr
bbrt x mr’ po/,dibd q d xr cr’ek, yKc’r a/nr’dv,gU;sv,snv, kwr;azg,r gnr
ix
pzmp xr cq ,r gnrnnry x wr>x wo/’nnrx mnr’jwr;mv’dI; jnrj x mz Er b’Risexr s
jz;o yugy xr cz ;r hwr’ bun;r dv,edh/cr;hQn’r lqb;r hqn’r apitmr’mhv,yv,n
anrascr,kdQm;r wox anrgY U ’r hnrl;o ekv;bin,r mnr’ nr’f pv,sv,dibd q xr
El;pv,sv,ek,kwr gzb;r wv; bbrmx ,U cwr;mnr’ p/o,snr’sgRidhxr /ogvz ,nnrx
ywrx>
anrDzgrxdKwr, jwr;Rv,]lv, mv’yU,dI;hwr’]icrbQdr,bI nucr;mo
s/cr,g/nr’ yU,eg;Ficr;tucr’mKcr’wnr’dUgr’es kUnrxko;szgr;hv cwr’[iwr;
sv,snv, anrgmr,pv,yzm’r hbrx gv;dI;jnrj x mz hr wr’ anrmnr’mKnn r cr,
m/nr,jmr;wwr’nnrxywrx>
bbrlx gi ;r anrmnr’jwr;azg,r jra f gz ,r ekv’es dzc;r t/mrgwrkv;bun;r
dv,edbJd,r puY,r en gUn’r mKc’r wnr’dUg’r kwrnxo bqnwr s xo /o lQc’r [iw;r anr
nJcr; anrj/cr;pQwrtJcrlo;gU;egv.es bqnrbJnrxt/nrekv;tmr’budrxt
jwr; anrhwr’lo;hnry,U dI;nr’f bbrgx wr,gzn,r anrn’fr po/,snr’sgRidxr
wv; avgm< po/,bv,liOcrwx v; nigvy nonnry x wr>x Dzgd xr wK ,r Rv,]lv, pU;mI’
d/cr’[.hnrtmr’ anrebv’amr,mI’dI;wv;nox gogx j xo j i ’U bbrj x wK ’r nnrex s wox
kwrbn q lr gr’nmr’ bqnd r ;I aicbr cJ ;r dv,bbrn
x yxo wr>x lzc;r anrmnr’jwr;dQm;r
won
x gxo bz ;r wv; lzc;r anrlefr gv; j/wr’budgxr ;U jum’r jum’r t/nr;ebv’yzm’r hbry x ,U
gzb;r wv; mnr’amr,azg,r nzg;r kf/cr,bbrbx d i g/dr;nnry x wr>x gUY’r gv; dI;anr
azg,r nzg;r gfv,nnrx edv.edxm’I aid’r azn,r gUY’r < anrnxo gzb;r wv; mnr’
jwr;kr;f sbr’lQc’r H;ebv’bzc,r jrl f n I nryx wr>x jzm’r ncr,sv,snv,budt xr
bJner p;mv’lo/[wrb/gr,bI gU;lo/mKc’r nnrx ekv;sbr’lQc’r bidg/dr;jwr;egv;
bqngr vf ,lo;mU,lo/anrywr>x gUY’r gv; d/cr’hnrsv,snv, dI;nr’f bbrx anr
Dzgd xr wK ,r jwr;Rv,]lv, d/cr,engnrnxo bqnl r cz ;r po/,gUn’r po/,Cdv’ po/,
apitmr’jKwr’noxes mnr’mv’mQnr;gnr dcr’bbrxd/cr,jKwr’ amr,nnr
mQn;r jzm’r bo/’so/: gzb;r wv; mnr’jwr;awrd/cr’lgr’t/nr nr’f bbrbx d i g/dr;
bJdr,ennfr’bbrxnoxwoxywrx>
x
ekv;sbr’lQc’r anrmnr’jwr; awrgmrs x ,fr won
x nrx mnr’dQd;r edv’
lI< jQc;r lQc’r lI< [.co/;< bzc,r jrlf eI s lzd;r d/cr’smr,mQn’r gnrwy xo ,U ywr>x
gmr;pzc;r lzc;r nr’f kwrnnrx bo,z wocx n K ;r bnrhvdv,eddzc;r t/mr aub,r l/dr;
gnrwy xo wr>x anrmnr’jwr;lUcl xr nQ ,r po/,mhv,yv,nnox bqnn r mrgx drmx nr’
jwr;bKc’r so/lQc’r lo;nKwkr wrywr>x mnr’jwr;wv; dUwmr nr’jwr;bqngr n U ’r
b/nrm,fr wv;noesdv. mnr’jwr;ew;y/cr, lzc;r d/cr’ekxkcq ,r gnr jKcn xr cr,
wv,dsUwr,Es,lisrx< wv,damr,mI’Fv.pI< sdrxsdwv,d El;bo/’wUnrx
tdr’s/crjj fr wK ’r noy
x wr>x pU;lUlgi ;r b/nrm,fr hwr’kwr edtug,r mQn;r jfgr nr
yU,lzc;r bbrn x xo gzb;r wv;mnr’jwr; sbr’lQc’r en ekv;tmr’budt xr jwr; gum,r
tUn;r lI jKcn xr cr, mv’nr’f mU,pJnl r gi ;r bidg/dr;nnry x wr>x
xi
ekv;scr,pU;tdr’lig;r
x nrl;o jJw;r wv; “What the Buddha Taught anrbd
bbra u t xr jwr;
scr,szn”r nox yum,r ymrwv; bqnbr brl x l I ;o gQmmr wJ ’r bun;r dv,pU;lqb;r hqn’r <
pU;krf;[.bzcr,lQcr’mznr’tmr’ ekv;scr,sznrbudrxtjwr;nnrxyU,edxedx>
dcr’sqc;r mI’ 8 dzn;r es sbr’lQc’r en lznmxr n z ’r ekv;scr,sznbr d u t xr
jwr; amr,gQb;r amr,gf/cr; dJgl xr lI l U dI Y U ’r bzc,r jrcf /o ;wo>x gzb;r nnrEl; hwr’
lo;hnrbn K ;r bin,r wobx brnx xo bqnl r /o pv,sv, mKnn r cr, po/,FRcr,sqd;r < gLViw,r
mnr,< sbqn,r < sI,[wr,< ek,< m/nr; jKw’r noy x ,U ywr>x
lzc;r anrtbU ’r mQn;r lUmn Q ;r lig;r lo/’anrkgJ xr anrm’I nmrd x n z ’r
anredbqnrpznr’lI dv,gUnr’dcr’nmres anrmI’jrfkrf;kJnr’p/gr,
yJn;r tJcn r ’fr mJw’r bKn;r d/cr,egv.nnrex dx dJn’r bqns r pv,wnmrj x fr pU;
hgrlx gi ;r lo/’kwrywr>x bbra x nrp;U lUlgi ;r kwr lUa/nr,yU,y/mr’lqwn r exo gv;
mnr’aicl r YU ;r nmrj x n
fr exo sEl; pU;bin,r lig;r (jwr;Csv,wisd u t xr gQw;r <
M.A.) jcr,lo;awrk/wr’y/mr’< nmrgx drl x cz ;r bin,r pv,sv,< nmrgx drl x cz ;r
lUcl xr nQ ,r pv,sv, anrmnr’jwr;mI’won x nrx hqd’r bJnkxr /mr,cwr;es jcr,
lo;bin,r mv’po/,do’jQd;r jQd;r yU,ywr>x g/nrbn i ,r pv,sv,nox ncr,]iwr nmrx
gf/mr’El;nKwrxmznr’ligr;mU,cwr;mnr’ ebv’edamr,ho/es binr,lo;gfv,pv,
sv,d/cr,anrnnrx mnr’bqnrlo;y/br,edxedx> yznrxbKwr;wv; pv,sv,
anrncJ ;r El;anrncJ ;r <ewv’hv,R< lo/’gfv,lo/’bosdrd x v,< lo/’wol x /o ’w/cr’
ekv;gf/mr’El;bRiey,ekv;gf/mr’ bQg,r bKc;r gnrnnry x wr>x
d/cr’y/br,pJd,r mnr’mI’ncr,]iwer gv;lI nr’f bbra x nrnxo hwr’dgr’
lo;hnr nmrmx wJ ’r pU;bin,r lig;r awrspv,wdo’ lo/’sdr;dv,do’esEl;
bin,r lo;bzc,r jrl f I ekv;mun’r mnr’egv;kbrd x /mr’gnrlI jKcn xr cr,nr’f mU,cwr;mI’
xii
nnry x ,U edx> bI;nzcd xr ’o hwr’kwr ebv’lo;lUa/nr,bbxn r y
xo wrj
x cJ r dgr’mI’
nmrdx nz ’r pzn’r lI dv,dUwj r wr;gwr,yU,edxywr>x
yum,r ymrwv; bbrn x xo amr,nmregv;ea, edbJd,r so/lQc’r bnrd/cr’
[. El;bqnl r cz ;r lig;r lo/’do’kJn;r yr,f yU,amr,h/crn
x y
o wr>x
jwr;wijd
i d
xr gWcr’lQcr
(tmrmvjRiy< M.A.)
Fervent Wishes
I would like to express my sincere thank to Jao Mahanu who gives

his valuable help, by computerizing, edditing and designing of my transla-
tion of What the Buddha Taught by venerable Dr. Walpola Rahula to its
end. I am also deeply greatful to venerable Delwala Seewalee, the abbot of
the temple and his assistance venerable Suboda, Mr. Upul and Mr. Pamoda
who are helpful to the temple because of providing me the most suitable
accommodition.
There is one more thing that I cannot make myself of neglecting in
thanking to the devotees of this temple situated as mention at the end of
this thanking letter. Whatever merit occured from my work is shared to all
beings equally.
Keo Visuddha.
Sri Bodhiraja Vihara
No.30, Witthanage Mawattha
Colombo 2, Sri Lanka.
xiii
ekv;nmr’
gmr,pv,lUcry/mr’lqwr kwr;jrfmv’lzcr;budrxtsv,snv,lUcryU,
ywr>x gUn’r dcr’lo/El;jum’r lqb;r hqn’r kwregv;ebv,mv’es hqd’r azg,r mv’bbrx
dcr’nmrdcr’lo/ anrgwq ,r lUY;r lzc;r ekv;sznbr d u t
xr jwr;yU,ywr>x gUY’r
gv; ycr’dJgmxr ’I d/cr’lImcz j r y fr ,U > gzb;r wv; bbrj x wK ’r nnrx gmr;nmrnmr bqnr
jKw’r kwregv.anramr,ebv’kQn,r smrmx ’I d/cr’ko;jrf lugd xr ;I d/cr,sv,snv,
mv’nnrex s dQm;r woEx l; mI’wod x /cr’pid’r pUny r ,U pzc;r ywr>x kU’emvlUcr
(Professor) egv.nJc;r anrdmQ ;r lzc;r sv,snv,dQg;r dI’gnr anrjcr,hv
ywrgx vf ,nnrx bv’wol x cz ;r sv,snv,budt xr es nf’r nnrbx v’jwr;av,nnr,
dv,woy x ,U > mnr’ycr’amr,[.wv; jwr;avnnr,dv, bqnRr h/nr’ pU;lqcl xr U
lumr’lv’budrxtjwr;< ycr’wv;mnr’bqnrgUnr’egv.nJcr;no> bbrxanrbJnr
ep; bJn[xr .sv,snv,budt xr jKcn xr cr,nonxo edbqn]r wi r anrwv;nnrx wox
bunr;dv,pU;lUligr;kwrwUnrxawrywrx>
bbrax nrgwrkv;kdr’jrd f mQ ;r mv’nox bqnbr n u ;r dv,mzg,r tJcr pU;lUlgi ;r
mI’jnrl x gi ;r kwr jKw’r mI’d/cr’[.< jKw’r anrb,o y/mr;mJd;r gJw’r gnr dcr’lzc;r
sv,snv,es smrxkrf;[.lzcr;tmr’budrxtjwr;wv;scredxnonnrxywrx>
bunr;dv,anrnox gwrkv;kdr’jrfdQmr;woxdI;gQbr;< sJwr;sJwr;< H;ebv’bzcr,jrf
co/;< mQn;r jzm’r bbrt x mr’< dQd;r edv’lI jKcn xr cr, budt xr jwr;ehv’wox dI;nr’f
bbrbx d i g/dr;s/mrgcz r anrp;U mI’bYr,Yv,kwr yzm’r hbrwx v; bqner kv;gf/mr’sznr
budt xr jwr; anrm’I mv’jqmj r wrj x wrn x nry x wr>x ekv;mnr’< dzn;r mnr’ anr
jr.f yU, wobx n q er kv;gmry x ,U dI;nr’f bbrn x xo awrmv’dI;nr’f mU,bbrcx wr;jKw’r nnrx
ywr;> gUY’r nv, m/crd;I aid’r aI;azn,r Edx awrmv’dI;bbrx anragz ,r mv’
p/o,lJn’r pzc;r ywr>x nr’f jry f cK ’r wv; pU;lUlgi ;r anrebv’mI’d/cr’[.tmr’
budt xr jwr;ywrn x xo yUwkr ;fr sJb,r hqn’r gfv,tQc;r no> gzb;r noEl; gwrkv; amr,jr;f
xiv
wv; gUY’r gv’ jr.f bv,li ekv;bJd,r puY,r anrmnr’gJc,r d/nr,esbKn;r bv’
jqmp r n
J a q er kv;jinmr’ (Footnote) El; dcr’jJw;r
r ci r nr’f bbrmx ,U cwr; wobx n
bbrd x /cr,jKw’r anrgwq ,r lUY;r bbrn x exo gv; kwr;bv’woyx ,U ywr>x d/cr’y/br,pJd,r
nrf’lzcr;dQmr;ligr;nox mI’woxlo/jKwrxlo/yKcr;yU,> ncr,]iwrpU;lUligr; acr’
gid’r hwr’kwr wnr’mKw;r noex damr,d/br;lo;sum’r kic,r sum’r y/mr’es bzc,r jrf
lo;co/; kwr;jrl f ;o co/; nKwer kv;tmr’budt xr jwr;nnrx gwrkv;lo;kdr’jrl f gK ;r
gqb’r ekv;gf/mr’anrbn K ;r [.nmr El;bKn;r amr,ebv’mJd;r nnrx sr,f bv’won x cr,
gnres sbr’lQc’r enwoy x ,U ywr>x
nr’f jrgf wrkv; mI’wowx v; edjzm’r bKcbr brgx wr,gzn,r noEl; gwrkv;jcr,
dcr;jrl f gK ;r wox gf/mr’jf.r anrekv;bzc,r mnr’mKngr nr ewv’h/nrsmrbx gQ ,r gnr
anrbd u t xr jwr; gogx j xo .rf dJw’r nnrex sEl; sbr’lQc’r aub,r aUw’r gnr mv’
dI;sUjwr;- pU;lUlgi ;r hwr’kwrywr>x ekv;gf/mr’anrbd u t
xr jwr;jr.f dJw’r yU,
nfr’bbrxbidgnnrx bQcr;ncr,bzcr,jrflo;nnrx gwrkv;jzmr’pJnrmU,cwr;bv,li
es kdr’jfbr n i ,r wox H;ebv’bzc,r jrl f nI nry x wr>x
gUY’r gv; m/crd;I nox ncr,]iwer bv’edbzc,r jrcf /o ;nnrx mnr’y/br,nv,
bun;r dv,edsbr’lQc’r ekv;gf/mr’ jzm’r ncr,budt xr jwr;kr;f wv;nnry x ,U edx>
jzmr’ncr,[wrekv;noxmI’woxwv; anrbudrxtjwr;scr,sznrnonox ebv’amr,
sf,r bv’ ekv’gf/mr’mnr’jwr; aubmv,mnr’jwr;jf.r dJw’r nnrx sbr’lQc’r en
H;ebv’bzc,r jrflI lzd;r d/cr’yuc;r y/cr;no gwrkv;t/cr,edpid’r yU,ywr>x
dI;nf’r bbrn x xo gwrkv;aub,r l/dr;engnrw.o lzngxr n Q t r mr’jwr; gU;
smr,sQnrbKcr anrbKnr;dcr’lo/yzmr’hbrxwv; mnr’bqnrbJnrxt/nrtmr’
budt xr jwr;nnr.ywr>x jKw’r nnrj x mrx bqner kv;tmr’ aRiysjrj x v, sI,
yKc;r < m/gr;g/cr, bQd,r yKc;r < knr,tv, hv;yKc;r < g/mr,< anrkn J ’r gKd,r < bdijr
jsmubrbvd< tmr’andrxd< sdibdrxtvn jKwr’noxyU,ywrx> nrf’nox
dJn’r dgr’edmI’ekv;aub,r gnr< d/cr,engnr anrmnr’amr,mJd;r gnr
dcr’pU;lUlgi ;r mKc’r wnr’dUg’r kwry,U ywr>x scrwv; mnr’kwr;jrn f o kr;f H;mnr’
xv
lUgvf ,dzn;r woj x j fr /wr’budexr s sJb,r gfv,dzn;r hv;< dzn;r jqd’r dcr’dzn;r
bQd,r es smrkx n J ’r mv’jU’dzn;r szc<r dzn;r s/mr< dzn;r sI,< dzn;r [gr’dv.>
ebv’amr,bv’ekv; et,Rwv,d dcr’mhv,yv,n budrxtsv,snv, anr
dcr’lo/yzm’r hbrwx wxo v; mnr’bqnbr gr’bKcr bJnt xr /nr bo/’wUnbxr du t xr jwr;nnrx
es edamr,j/cr;dQm;r lo;bbrx - anrbd u t xr jwr;ehv’sznn r >xo
ekv;jr.f et,Rwv,d dcr’hinyv,n anrbv’won x ’fr bbrn x -xo et,R
bzc,r wv; dUnkr ’U jwr;yr,f es mhv,yv,n smrbx cz ,r wv; kKc;r edv.d/cr,lUcn r o
ywrx> anrnox bKnr;[.jgr’nmrwoxyU, nrf’lUgr;edvlqwrnoxywrx> ebv’wv;
et,Rwv,dno bzcr,wv;bqnr sv,snv,budrxt jzmr’Ficr;mU,bKcrgwr,noes
lo;hnr mKc’r sI,[wr,< mKc’r m/nr;< mKc’r to’< mKc’r gmr,ebv’dI’yv’< mKc’r l/wr’
El;jidd xr gzc’r nr’f mKc’r ain’r dI’yv’ jKw’r noy x ,U ywr>x mhv,yv,n smrx
bqna r nrkcU a r gz ,r mv’lJn’r es lo;hnrwmxo cK ’r ek,< mKc’r gLv,b/nr,< mKc’r dibd q <xr
mKc’r mzc,r gUw’r el’yv’jgfv,kwry,U > ebv’awrd/cr’yum,r ymr< d/cr’dJw’r gmr<
lzc;r mU’jv’kwrgmr;pzc;r nr’f szcj r mu ’r nowx v;jJcr mnr’bQg,r bKc;r gnry,U > gUY’r
gv; bKcl r cU er kv;tmr’budt xr jwr; anrhwr’awrmv’l/dr;gnry,U dI;noEx dx
pfregv;pzmrxlo;jrfdcr’sqcr;ywrx>
anrnxo gUY’r mI’bun;r dv,gwrkv;tug,r lo;kzb;r jrt f cJ r kU’emvlUcr EFC
egv.anrjwJ ;r lUdd xr wU ’r wigxr (Ludowyk) yzn’r dzc’r b/nr,dv,dQm;r bbrn x xo
El; lo;d/cr’jz;o tQmmr nr’dcr’sqc;r lzc;r kwr;jrmf nr’ d/cr’ko;jra f nrmnr’
bnrmv’< lzc;r anrmnr’lUdY U ’r mU,bbrd x mQ ;r jKw’r noy
x wr>x em,Rian q ,r mzn’r
(Marianne Mohn) egv.lUdY U ’r mU,bbrd x mQ ;r [wredv,h/cr smrbx nrd/cr’ko;jrf
mI’gv;knry,fr noex gv; kzb;r jrt f cJ r ebv’amr,mI’dI;wv;ywr>x lJn’r sud’r kzb;r jrf
yr,f nmrnwK r kU’emvlUcr epv’lr ED’mI,wql,r Paul Demieville egv.bqnkr ’U
szngr wrkv; dI;Eb’Risxr yznbxr wK ;r mnr’dQm;r bnrekv;scr,noy x wr>x
W. RAHULA
xvi
ekv;nmr’pU;bin,r lig;r
gwr;kv;pU;bin,r lig;r mI’ej,dnv, kr;f H;pU;lUlgi ;r kwr lo;jim’r
dUY’r so/w/nrlcz ;r sv,snv,es [.hnr lznmxr n z ’r tmr’anrbd u t
xr jwr;
kr;f wv; kr;f H;bqnnr nrex s jcr,bin,r dQm;r bbrx What the Buddha Taught anr
budt xr jwr;sznn r y xo wr>x pU;dQm;r lig;r dzgd xr wK ,r jwr;kU’ wv,bUw,r lv, Rv,]
lv,nox bqnj r wr;jJw;r sqcy r ,fr anrp;U mI’bYr,Yv,kwr[.jgr’nmr jwr;nJc;r
ywrx> nrf’bbrxanrmnr’jwr;dQmr;nox gzbr;anrebv’binr,woxgfv,lo/pv,sv,
jKcn xr cr, dQm;r wod x ;I nv;sKw;r po/,lcrbbrn x Exo l; lo;wv; jKw’r bKn;r lo;lU
bbrxligr;mnr’jwr;nox hqdr’]iwregv; edmI’gfv,a/nr,[wrmJnr,lo/sQnryU,
nrf’gunrea’sLv’ yU’TUbrx El;aFRig lo/lo/mKcr’yU,ywrx> mKwr;jwrx pU;
bin,r lig;r lo;lUmn Q ;r bbrp x nJ n r xo po/,aic’r gid;r nnrx gzb;r d/cr’[.po/,aic’r
gid;r dJgexr a,egv;bKcn r cJ ;r < po/,g/nrhn q ’r < po/,bo/’yU,lI bo,tJcd r ;I h/nrjx efr gv;
bKcn r cJ ;r El; [.wv;tug,r lIl;o bin,r bqnp r /o ,do’yU,egv; amr,j/cr;hqd’r ]iwmr v’
lo;> gUY’r gv; mI’wv,snv,bin,r lig;r lo/’< mI’g/crjkfr ;fr H;bKn;r lo;[.bzc,r jrl f I
lzc;r sv,snv, amr,nnr ekv;scr,sznbr d u t xr jwr;El; jcr,lo; bin,r
dQm;r mU,pJnl r gi ;r nox mKw;r lKnD r ,I sqm,r bKw,r bI 2004 mKw;r pzc’r pU;bin,r lig;r
bv’jqmregv.hgrxligr;kwr jwr;Csv,nnr,edv’pv,s w/nr;j/mr mKcr’mU.<
jwr;Csv,suwR m/wr’kmr’< jwr;kU’wijd i d xr gWcr’lQc<r jwr;kU’gumv,R dv;buc,r <
El; jwr;kU’bYr,Yv,sI,Ri so/bznr azngr nrbn i ,r dQm;r dIknigvy dI;
wqc’r gUw,r lmr,bUw,r mKc’r sI,Rilcr’gv noy x wr>x
{anrbd u t xr jwr;scr,szn}r bbrn x xo lzc;r d/cr’mnr’ spv,wyudr
dimnr’ ekv;tdr’s/crmnr’ d/cr’yKc’r mo/mnr’ d/cr’dqmt r nU ;r po/,sbr’
lQc’r mnr’ kQmexr hgv;]iwa r nrwv;nox ebv’lUdY U ’r ekv;scr, epv’lr Ed’mI,
xvii
wql,r no edlo;[.yU,ywr>x
anrbn i ,r po/,do’hwr’ ncr,]iwer bv’edkQmxr mI’nmrwx /nr mKnj r cK xr
ncr,po/,aicr’gidr;nnrx gv;ncr,bzcrbqnrlo;nnrx lo;kdr’jrfesbinr,
dQm;r ywr;> dI;anr amr,bzc,r jrl f I mKnjr cK nxr cr, “But there is a point
beyond which it is difficult to take an idea without losing in the interests of
simplicity the particular meaning the Buddha was interested in develop-
ing.,...” nox nJc;r bzc;r lig;r dI;nv;lig;r xii nnrx ncr,]iwer bv’edbzc,r po/,
do’lInnrx lo;d/cr’jz;o tQmr dI;jwr;kU’ain,r edv’pv,syU,ywr>x
dv,H;ebv’tJcrdI;bqnrbbrx anrOdr;tJcrmv’nrf’mJwr’ pU;lUligr;
hwr’kwrnox ebv’amr,bv’ jwr;mhv,wisnu mI’jrflIej,dnv,yrf,nmres
kdr’jrj f ;oz ebv. em’kbrl x gi ;r h/cr;kKc;r bnrg;U smr,gU;yKc;r no edamr,bqnr
dUwbr brmx v’lo;> wo/’esebv.ywrx ebv’amr,bv’jwr;Csv,suwR m/wr’kmr’< jwr;
kU’wijd i d xr < jwr;kU’bYr,Yv,sI,Ri< jwr;ed,win,r d sQckr mr’ guc’r sv, jz;o
tQmr jQd;r bnr tdr’bnrno mnr’egv; edamr,kQmgxr mu ,r tUn;r jKcn xr cr,no>
aigr,smrx kzbr;jfrtJcrjwr;kU’wijidrxd tQcr;gmr’nJcr; gzbr;wv; mnr’jwr;
d/crdwU j r wr;tdr’lig;r hwr’kwres dQm;r bnrd/cr’hnrtcJ r lzc;r lUY;r bbrx
noxyU,edxeav;>
dI;nox kf;r l/dr;enlzc;r do’egv.jwr;nnr,edv’pv,syU,> bQgxr
smrx mnr’jwr; amr,lo;kwr;jz;o tQmer sdv. ebv’ncr,lo;jo;z tQmmr n K gr nr
ywrx> gzbr;wv; mKwr;pzcr’m/crxh/cr;kKcr; kbrx tdr’bbrxnoxyU,nox Yv’mQnr;mKwr;
mnr’jwr; h/br,bun;r pzn’r kbrx tdr’ jQd;r h/cr;kKc;r bbrs x drdx v,do’yU,>
ycr’gJd’r tQc;r woj x wr;nJc;r anrp;U dQm;r lig;r edamr,j/cr;ew;
lzdr;lo; dv,edkzbr;jfrtJcr< awrgunr’munrnmrxjfrlIej,dnv, mnr’
jwr;yU,> jwr;Csv,noj x mr’ bqner mvyvlUcr p/o,m/nr,d/nr, El;emvgv,
lv’lUcr jJw;r sqcl r wJ ’r jwr;nJc;r anrOcrwx v; jwr;Csv,kUw:r ek:hwr’noy x wr>x
yznbxr wK ;r jwr;Csv,hwr’kdrdy i jwr;Csv,wdrkx wU :r ek: hbra x wrbn
u ;r pzn’r
xviii
bqnj r wr;dv,ndv,bbxn r Exo l; bbrn
x xo jcr,bqnd r wU lr ;o es gv;wQna r gz ,r mv’
jU’ pU;lUlgi ;r hwr’kwrdcr’l/oywr;> aig,r smrx kzb;r jfy r ,rf nmr dI;jwr;do’
egv.hwr’kwr jwr;Csv,wdrgx cz ’r mU’kmr’-jwr;Csv,jnr,dv,wR< jwr;Csv,su
bYr,Yv, El;jwr;Csv,wijy anrh/br,awrbn u ;r pzn’r nv;g/nrwdrx gU;
yKc;r jqmdr cr’jz;o cJn’r dzc’r bun;r dv,pU;dQm;r lig;r mKw;r pzc’r hqn’r d/cr’[.
nzgr;mKcr’yU,noxywr;>
gzb;r noEl; pU;bin,r lig;r kzb;r jry f ,fr nmr dI;jwr;hwr’kwr ebv’amr,
mI’dI;wv;ywr>x gzb;r lo;hqd’r azg,r bbrn
x Exo l; pzn’r lIgs u wU ,r mI’mv’gv;]iwer gv;
kQn’r edv;H;lo;pqc,r bqcr’ncr,gnresgmr’eav;>
gQw;r wisd
u t
rx
xix
budt
xr jwr;
budt xr jwr;anrm’I jJw;r mKw;r lqgwxr v; sid,r ddrt x < jJw;r jKwkxr wK ’r
wv; egv’dmnox yU,swr’mv’dI;bzdr’Ocr,ainr’dI’yv’ mKwr;[wrb/gr, 6 bI,
jI,nnr.ywr;> ebv;mnr’jwr;jmrx bqnrkunrsudrxetv’dn-jwr’kunr
gzn’r cmr’mKc’r sgL (nf’r mKc’r niebv’ edv;lqwn r )xo ywr;> Em;mnr’jwr’ jmxr
bqnrn/cr’jumr;mv,yv,ywr;> jzmr’ncr,Ficr;tucr’ mKwr;gmr’nnrmI’nnrx
mnr’env,jwr; ed,nv;[in’r jwrx jqmmr wK ;r avyusbi ’r [gr’kUb,r lUY;r gnr
dcr’n/cr’sQcy r esv,tRv,ywr;> env,jwr;jo/’nox yU,swr’nf’r h/cr;ehv
lUYr;dcr’ej’jimr,gumr,tUnr;bqcr’jfrywr;> gUYr’gv; gzbr;lo;tUbr’d/cr’
jJw;r jr;f pwdcr’dugkxr gUn’r hwr’El; mnr’jwr;jo/’dQb’r ddr’dv,edhv
lzcr;eg;kobnrhv sqnr;d/cr’anrazgr,bUnrxlzdr;dugrxkelv’glUcrnox
ywr;> mKw;r jwr;lo;av,yu 29 wo/’eslug;r jo/’ Rv,]lv, gKd,r nnrx mnr’
jwr;jo/’bo/;azg,r w/nr;mKc’r gfv,es bqnmr v’jwr;yes’ anrhvd/cr’lzd;r
ywrx>
jwr;yes’egv’dm gfv,mv’nr’f dUc,r tucbxr cq ’r gcr’gv< tUb’r gnrdcr’
kU’sv,snv,jKw’r jJw;r sqcy r ,fr < lqb;r hqn’r < pJg’r pznj xr mz ’r bKcl
r /o ’g/nrkwr
smryx nr,jrhf d q ’r s/cr;duggxr RjRiyv,ebv’]ict r n U ;r [gr’bIywr;> mnr’jwr;
amr,h/nrj x lfr ;o d/cr’dJw’r gmrjwK ’r nnr<x gzb;r nnr mnr’jwr;bz,o bQd;r sv,
snv,jzm’r Fic;r < dcr’bKcl r /o ’g/nrkwrdcr’sqc;r es hqd’r jzm’r bKcl r /o ’jwr;
gwr,ywr>x hqd’r nnr wnr’nJc;r d/mr’kmr; jwr;jcr,ncr;dI;cwr;dUn;r mohx ’o
(dUn;r epv’ti) dI;pcr,nmrex n,Rnr,jlv, dI;budt xr gyv, mKw;r av,yu
lo; 35 nnrx lo;sbrbYrYd u Ynres lo;jJw;r wv;budt xr jwr;egv’dm
pU;[.hnrtmr’sjrjvsI,yKcr;ywrx>
xx
wo/’eslo;sbrbYrYd u Ynr budt xr jwr;egv’dmnox ehv’tmr’[wr
d/cr’bKn;r H;jum’r yes’hv;jwr;-do’egv.mnr’jwr; gv;dI;lUcd r cJ a
r si i
bdnmigdv dI;him’r wqc’r bv,Rv,nsI,ywr>x ed,awrgmr’nnrmx v’nr’f k/wr’
d/cr’ 45 bI mnr’jwr;amr,jQg,r jnrt x /nr;gUn’r es ehv’sznt r mr’bnr
yicr’jo/’gU;t/nr; kunrmKcr’El;gUnr’mKcr’< bunr,nv’kwrEl;t/nr;jnrx
dQm,r kwr< gUn’r gv.lUckr wrEl;gUn’r yzn’r kwr< pU;gUn’r lIkwrEl;gUn’r mKg;r
kwrywrx> mnr’jwr;amr,nbrxsznr,jnrxt/nr; jKwrxkKwr’ dUcr,wKcr’gUnr’
lzc;r gUn’r bQg,r gnrscres puY,r d/cr’ehv’tmr’bnr dv,pU;yic’r gUn’r
jo/’dcr’lUcr jKw’r kwrdwU ;r dnr’ dv,ed[.bzc,r jrt f mr’es jzm’r lo;nnrx
ywrx>
mKw;r av,yujwr;lo; 80 dqmr awrbRinbi bxr /nr, dI;mKc’r gusn i v,Rv,
(edv;lqwOr crwx v; audd xr RbRv,dqsxr nr’f ain’r dI’yv’) ywr>x wnr’mKw;r lqwr
nox hwr’lo;hnrsv,snv,budt xr dI;nr’f mKc’r sI,Rilcr,gv< mKc’r m/nr;< mKc’r
to’< mKc’r gmr,ebv’dI’yv’< mKc’r l/wr’< mKc’r wqdn xr /mr’< mKc’r dibd q <xr mKc’r ek,<
mKc’r gLv,b/nr,< mKc’r mzc,r gUw’r lIyv’< mKc’r gUw’r eR’yv’< mKc’r to,wnr, jqmn r ’fr
ain’r dI’yv’pzc;r nr’f mKc’r bv,gisd xr /nr,pzc;r nr’f niebv’pzc;r nr’f mKc’r sUw,r
BI,yQdp xr cz ;r yU,ywr>x dcr’nmrj/wr’budn xr ’fr lUg;r nomx ’I yU, 500 l/nrl x wK r
lKwrywrx>
xxi
{bbrn x xo bqnbr brkx mQ a
xr nrncJ ;r anrg;U egv.tug,r lo;lUa/nr, lzc;r tmr’budt xr
jwr;ywr}x no kU’emvlUcr ED,mI,wql,r jQc;r wv;ncr,no dI;[wrd’I bbrmx nr’ywr>x
gzb;r wv; bbrn x xo bKn;r yzc;r eyv’wv; mnr’mQn;r < jQc;r lQc’r lI jzm’r ncr,ekv;
tmr’budrxtjwr;< apitmr’j/wr’budrxnoEl; ebv’anrbinr,woxgfv, pv,sv,FRcr,
sqd;r < gLViw,r mnr,< sbqn,r < sI,[wr,< ek,< dcr’m/nr;kwry,U ywr>x
pU;dQm;r lig;r Dzgd xr wK ,r jwr;wv,bUw,r lv, Rv,]lv, bqnj r wr;kQn,r lig;r dI;
mKc’r sI,Rilcr’gvywr>x nr’f bbrn x xo mnr’jwr;tdr’s/crdmQ ;r wox ekv;tmr’budt xr jwr; mU,
cwr;m/nr,mnr’es awrdgQ ;r gnrwxo dcr’pwgmr,pv, y/mr’edv;lqwy r wr>x
anrbbrt x gu ,r lo;bqnn r xo lUw,r lo;mQn;r < bzc,r jrcf /o ;< mQn;r spv,w El;mI’lzc;r
kbrd x /mr’gnrln I o Dzgd xr wK ,r ao,bI, azn’r nKw,r pU;gzn’r jJc;r mU,jum’r bbrbx v,lijwr;
dI;lnr,dnr,wv;no>
nemvdsrs pgwedv aRhedv smrmvsmrbudrtsrs
lzcr;d/cr’woxjrfj/wr’budrx
nrf’gv;jwr;pU;bUgr’dcr;sv,snv, (Religion) (scrhwr’j/cr;Ocrx

lo;wv;mnr’jwr;bqnp r ;U dcr; Religion ekv;anrbn K ;r [.nmrnn xo )o nnrx
budt xr jwr;nox bqnkr ’U wv’jwr;nJc;r lKwer sbqngr n U ’r j/cr,jQd;r amr,dznxr
yJnwr v;bqnd r /cr,mqw’r > kU’wv’d/cr,jKw’r Edxwv; bqnp r v.pI(God) amr,nnr
bqnd r wU hr /cr;mnr’mv’gKd,r bqnr amr,nnr mnr’kwr;mv’jz;o wv;no> budt xr
jwr;nox amr,dzny xr n J wr v; pIlfr hQc’r po/,nzg;r lrf kwr;mv’jz;o mnr’jwr;>
mnr’jwr;wv; gv;bqnd r /cr’[.bzc,r mnr’jwr;< d/cr’azc,r tJcd r ;I mnr’jwr;
El;d/cr’lo;mnr’jwr;dcr’sqcr;nox bqnrmv’gzbr;d/cr’kdr’jrfgn U ’r El;
hQc’r Y/nr,gUn’r hwr’gUY’r no> gUn’r gUY’r j/cr;bqnl r ;o budt xr jwr;> gUn’r hwr’
gU;egv. scrjwK wxr v; mI’jrkf ;o bqner skdr’jfn r o mI’hQc’r nmrgx drgx ;U prmf nr’yU,
dv,edbqnrlo;budrxt> hwr’Ocrxlo;budrxtjwr;wv; bqnrgUnr’gdrxkQnr,no
yU,> gzb;r bKw;r mnr’jwr;gum,r tUn;r nmrgx drgx n U ’r hwr’El; t/nr;ebv’lo;wv;
bqnrgUnr’gdrxkQnr,dznr’bKnr;nfr’sv,snv,lJwr’lcrjKwr’nnrxywr;>
ebv’awrjzmr’sv,snv,budrxtjwr;wv;no jnrxt/nr;gUnr’hwr’
nox jnrs x cu er sbKn;r ywr>x gUn’r nobx n q p r ;U bKc,r gzn’r hcr’dUwmr nr’es mnr’
amr,mI’hQc’r < pIanry,fr lUcmr v’kbrwx /cr’bnrg/mr,mnr’pwmnr’>
Cpv’bqnj r wr;wv; dUwj r wr;gwr,gUY’r bqnd r ;I bJc;r aichr cr’jwr;gwr,<
amr,mI’prmf v’bqnl 1
r ;o dI;aicbr cui ;r mnr’n>o mnr’jwr;scr,sznd r eb’mnr’
jwr;wv; {H;dUwkr wr bqnd 2
r ;I aicbr cJ ;r hcr’kwr} noes yv,ebhvd/cr’aicbr cJ ;r
d/cr’jz;o dI;bKn;r no> mnr’jwr;szn<r bnrhcQ ’r < dJg’r sUn’r gU;egv. dv,ed
1tm dznr;-12, m/o-4
2DI, bbrx-2 (gUwr,lmr,bUwr,) nv;-62 (nrf’mhvbRinibrbvnsudrd)
1
kdr’jra f wrhcr’prmf nr’es kJchr vd/cr’lzd;r lQw’r mnr’ gzb;r wv; gUn’r hwr’jzm’r
ncr,d/cr’kdr’jrmf nr’< Y/nr,mnr’nnrx mI’aqnhr cQ ’r j/cr;awrdwU mr nr’
bUnl xr d z ;r lo;es kUw’r h/br,ngr’dcr’sqc;r wv;no> budt xr jwr;wv; {jwr;gwr,
tug,r lo;hqd’r g/nrjwr;gwr,ywr>x budt xr jwr;Edx gUY’r szner nbnrsn q ;r
d/cr’gUY’r } 1 no> scrjwK hxr wr’Ocrbx d u t xr jwr; wv;bqnr {pU;gqw,r ek}no gUY’r
edlo;wv; mnr’jwr;hvhnrsn q ;r d/cr’es enbnrd/cr’lzd;r lQw’r {nibxr
b/nr,} gUY’r noywr>x gzb;r no hwr’lUw,r lo;yugd xr inbr j
o mz ’r d/cr’gfv,hcr’hwr’
ywrx>
anrbd u txr jwr;bz,o w/cr’d/cr’lzd;r lQw’r bnr H;deb’mnr’jwr;
nox mnr’aicrnKwr mo/mI;sunr,dUwrprfmnr’wv;no> nrf’mhv,bRinibrbvn
sudd xr jQc;r wv; mnr’jwr;amr,Onr,dznwxr n U xr dv,edgmrtci ’r nKws r cr,k
jwr; El;dv,H;jwr;scr,kaicbr cJ ;r jry f ,fr nKwmr nr’jwr;> mnr’jwr;wv; nr’f
ekv;tmr’mnr’jwr;nox amr,mI’ekv;tmr’ bun;r dv,pU;mI’Y/nr,kwrgmr;pzc;r
gUY’r lUw,r lo;[.nonnra x mr,mI’wv;< mnr’amr,mI’ekv;sKc,r sim’r dv,Csv,
gmrgmQ ’r no> 2
d/cr’wUnbxr d U ’r bo,z anrbd u t xr jwr;bo,z w/cr’bnrnxo hwr’amr,cin’r nr’f
bJn’r sv,snv,anrll fr /dr;> d/cr’lzd;r lQw’r anrnxo lUw,r mI’woex dx< gzb;r
bKw;r budt xr jwr;wv; dv,edbUnl xr d z ;r dugkxr nox mnr’aicn r wK d r /cr’[.bzc,r
hnrtcJ s r jrj x v,tmr’egv.nJc;r eslo;gUY’r < mnr’amr,jr;f lo;gzb;r sU’kzcr
p/gr,pI amr,nnr hQc’r po/,nzg;r jrl f gI bz ;r emvtzm,r sUb’r awrg/f mr’kwres
El; bnrmv’>
mKw;r y/mr’nJc;r budt xr jwr;gfv,el,dI;wqc’r eg,sbudd xr nr’f sJc,r
dKc’r mKc’r kuner gv’slv.ywr>x gUn’r mKc’r nnrx bKn;r Ocrwx v; kKw’r gv,lv,mno>
mKw;r kwrl;o cin’r k/wr,budt xr jwr;mv’mI’dI;nr’f wqc’r kwrnnrx gUn’r gv,lv,mkwr
1tm dznr; 20, m/o 4
2DI, bbrx 2 (gUwr,lmr,bUwr, 1929) nv; 62
2
azngr vf ,wo;svmnr’jwr;eslwr;wv; -
{jwr;hwr’dI;kv; ycr’mI’jwr;Rh/nr’< buc,r nv’gmr;pzc;r Odr;el,
pQw,r mv’dI;wqc’r eg,sbudd xr eav;> kwrsbr’lQc’r < yzc;r eyv’ekv;tmr’kwr
gUY’r es smrs x ;I egxesxen’t/cr,lqgexr kv;tmr’bKn;r eav;> jwr;Rh/nr’
d/cr,jKw’r El;bun,r nv’d/cr,jKw’r egv; dwr;Odr;mv’tQc;r es gUY’r sbr’
lQc’r yzc;r eyv’ekv;tmr’kwres sI;egxt/cr,lqgt xr mr’bKn;r eav;> gzb;r no
hwr’kv;lo;gfcs r gu yxr cu ;r jrgf vf , ebv’amr,j/cr;wv; jwr;lrbf n u ,r nv’lrf l/dr;
gf/mr’jJw;r jr;f < egv.lrs f mrl x /dr;gf/mr’pid’r nonexo av;}>
gmr’nnrx Cpv’bqnrjwr;jcr,bnrd/cr’ko;jrfkwr anrmnr’l/gr,
lo/’nr’f bJn’r sv,snv,gU;anranrnnrwx v; -
{aKwr; mQnr;edxywr; gv,lv,mkwraKYr’> gzbr;wv;d/cr’gfcrjrfebv,
bqnmr v’nr’f lzc;r lIgcf er dxEl; sUjcr,ebv’lo;gfcr lo[.bzc,r jry f /br,ywr>x
edv;lqws r j U /mr’wUnd xr Y
U ’r awrdv. gv,lv,mkwraY K ’r > gzmgxr v;bKn;r l/dr;
en< awrFci ;r tuc’r wv;< awrg/f mr’sJb,r gf/mr’wv;es yv,pUm;r yum,r > gzmgxr v;mv’
nr’f bbrtx mr’sv,snv,< lo/’tdr’s/cr< ekv;mgr’mnr;< dUYr’bKcrh/cr;p/cr<
wUnt xr gu ,r jr<f a/br;h/cr;bqnl r ;o < amr,nnr wUnwxr v; nobx n q gr /f mr’kU’sznhr wr’
lUcn r eo s yv,nQd;r yum,r awr> gv,lv,mkwraY K ’r mKw;r sU[.hcr’dUws r wU v;
anrnnrx mnr’bqnragusUwr,aKwr;< bqnranrpidr’aKwr;< bqnranrho/.
aKwr;ebv’no edv;bzo,w/cr’bQdr;kwrdv.> mKwr;anrsU[.lo; hcr’dUwrsUwv;
anrnnrx bqngr s u wU ,r ywr<x bqna r nrly I wrn
x n o nrx edv;azngr nrhbrx
yum,r awreshqd’r jzm’r dv.} > 1
budt xr jwr;sJb,r l/dr;tQc;r dI;hcr’jwr;Rh/nr’kwrwv; jwr;lref s
amr,wv; tug,r lIl;o jQd;r dUY’r dUwbr d u t
xr jwr;gzn,r ncr,]iwer bv’edlo;
[.nmrgx drj x wr;kU’wv’ anrmnr’jzm’r yU,nnrn x >o 2
1acr, (gUwr,lmr,bUwr, 1929) nv; 115
2m< wImmrsgsudrd< m/o 47
3
ebv’awrekv;tmr’budt xr jwr;wv;jJcr wijgi j i sxr v,- t/cr,tKmgr nr
nox bqna r nrh/mr;eh. (nIwvRn) dcr’[.bzc,r jrn f wK t
r mr’ d/cr’jJw;r jr;f
El;nmrj x tfr mr’kJn;r yr,f ywr>x gUY’r gv; t/cr,tKma r nrnxo mnr’amr,jr;f
1
d/cr’pid’r lUcr (Sin) gzb;r wv; nr’f budt xr sv,snv, amr,mI’lzc;r d/cr’yum,r
r /o (Faits)> 2 wv;dI;edx nr’f sv,snvbudt
bUci d xr jwr; mnr’amr,mI’d/cr’
pid’r lUcr jKcn xr cr,d/cr,sv,snv,bzc,r jrn f nr>x cwr;h/gr;kzca r mr,lIdcr’
lUcn r xo bqna r wijj xr v,- cum’r dnr El;mijs xr v,didt xr i d/cr’yum,r pid’r
ywr>x jUw;r gv;d/cr’t/cr,tKm<r sugj xr <fr jrpf cU bxr wi mr ’I yU,nnrx lzc;r wv; mnr’
amr,mI’lo;d/cr’kJn;r yr,f anrwv;nox mnr’amr,j/cr;tqcl r ;o > mKw;r pzc’r egv.
nJc;r bo,bzc,r jrl f I [.jQc;r lInnrx edlo;wv; mnr’ycr’dJgmxr ’I wod x /cr’t/cr,
tKmy r ,U ywr>x bun;r dv,H;kJn;r yr,f gfv,nnrx hwr’tug,r lIl;o eg;lid;r bQd;r
d/cr’t/cr,tKmn r nry x wr>x dv,b/gr;bQd;r lo;d/cr’t/cr,tKmn r nrx egv.nJc;r
edlo;]jQcr;lQcr’lIywrx>
mnr’amr,mI’lzc;r dv,edl/dr;wv; egv.nJc;r edamr,lo;mI’d/cr’
t/cr,tKmr amr,nnr edlo;yum,r no> mKnj r cK n xr cr,wv; {gwrymu ,r aKw;r } no
nox mnr’amr,j/cr;enwv; jwr;gwr,[.esbzc,r jrn f >o mKw;r lug;r hqn’r egv.
nJc;r nbrs x n z ,r bo/’nbrn x nrx mnr’tUb’r Yv’dI;y/br,pJd,r anrmnr’amr,
j/cr;hqd’r ]iwgr vf ,nv;es awrgcf wr exo sjrs f gu sxr grwx >xo jUw;r gv;mnr’ycr’dJgxr
mI’yU,d/cr’gfcj r a fr nrnxo mnr’amr,j/cr;kJb;r gfv,nv;lo;> scrwv; mnr’kr;f
kJb;r gfv,nv;no mnr’tug,r lo;eg;lid;r bQd;r d/cr’gfcj r mfr nr’< dv,edeg;
kobd Q ;r d/cr’t/cr,tKma r nrnxo hwr’wv;mnr’mI’d/cr’mnr’yU,nogn z ,r > gzm.r
gv;wv; {gwrymu ,r aKw;r } amr,nnr {gwramr,gfcgr v’} wv;nogY U ’r es mnr’egv;
amr,j/cr;eg;kol;o bnrhvmnr’> dv,jr.f egv.nJc;r yum,r awr dI;anrmnr’
amr,bzc,r jref s jr.f hbra x wressmr,esbKcn r nrx mnr’bqngr /nrb/o ’mKc’r
1agusUlrlUcranrmnr;mI’dv,es, anrnrf’kRiynr,kwryumr,<
2yumr,libr’yumr,do/ < awrd/cr’yumr,woxbqnryrf,<
4
gUY’r < mnr’amr,jr;f po/,nmrj x t fr mr’ amr,nnr po/,bYv,kin u ;r yr,f >
budt xr jwr;nox mI’jrkf ;fr aI’sobd Q ;r d/cr’t/cr,tKma r nrnd xo v,es,
ywr>x edv;gv; gzn,r nv;mnr’jwr;jmrawrnbi bxr /nr,nnrx mnr’jwr;dJg’r
sUn’r deb’mnr’jwr;dcr’lo/ dv,edt/mrmnr’jwr; scrwv;kwrm’I d/cr’
yumr,gfcrnKwrtmr’mnr’jwr;noes lJnr’mv’yv,ebH;lo;nQcrjrfwv; gwr
amr,dnr’lo;eg;lidr;bQdr;d/cr’t/cr,tKmrmv’no> gUYr’gv; jKwr’bqnr
deb’mnr’jwr;azny r ,U yqnwr y xo ,U > mnr’jwr;sibu ,r wv; {scrjwK wxr v; gzb;r
nbry x mrk’U wv’es amr,hdr’dzc;r t/mrjcJ r H;d/cr,jwr;d/crdwU er s mzg,r
l/dr;El;} no> anrnxo bqner kv;gf/mr’ lIyn z ;r dKwj xr yfr ,U edx> 1
amr,jr;f gUY’r gv’ budt xr jwr;bo,z bnrd/cr’wUnl xr d z ;r lQw’r gzn,r < bv’
jqmrlzcr;yKnrxgnr;edv,gnrnoegv; bqnranrlIeyv’a/mr’lUcr anr
nJc;r bun;r dv,pU;lqb;r hqn’r bJn’r sv,snv,kwry,U ywr>x mKw;r y/mr’nJc;r
dI;nr’f wqc’r nv,lnr,d ycr’mI’kic’r aubv,li deb’nignr,tnv,dbudd xr
(gLin’r mhv,wI,R)< mnr’gfv,tUb’r budt xr jwr;jzm’r ncr,mhv,wI,Rbo,z mv’tqcgr nr
dcr’Cpv’bqnj r wr; gqw,r lUY;r lzc;r g/mr,ywr>x gzb;r wv;d/cr’hnrtcJ n r wK gr mr,m
budt xr jwr;nox bQg,r bKc;r gnrwd xo cr’ kzcmr hv,wI,Rkwry,U > 2 mnr’amr,bqnmr v’
jKcn xr cr,aqn’r a/nr’< gmr’lJn’r sud’r mKw;r wo/’tqcgr nrywrn x nrx aubv,li
bzcr,jrfgfv,wv; d/cr’hnrtJcrbudrxtjwr;mQnr;es d/cr’hnrtJcrCsv,mnr’
nnrxpidr’no> gzbr;nnrEl; mnr’yznr’budrxtjwr; dv,hbrxmnr’bqnr
deb’dgv,mnr’jwr;no> gUY’r gv; budt xr jwr;jr.f mnr’ko;jrt f cQ ;r lzc;r no<x
yv,ebhib;r nQd;r dQb’r ddr’ gzb;r mnr’jwr;wv; {gUn’r jJw;r sqcy r ,fr jKcn xr cr,
mr’f nox tug,r lIl;o wUnd xr Y U ’r lIlI jcr,edkQml xr bQ ;r } no> mKw;r anrabu v,li
ekvyzn’r tQc;r nnrx budt xr jwr;dJg’r sUn’r mnr’ H;mnr’sJb,r gmrj x ;oz tQmkr ’U
1DI, (gUwr,lmr,bUwr, 1929) nv; 239
2mhv,wihv,R jwr;bUgr’dcr;sv,snv,gLinr’ mKwr;b/nrlqwrgnrdcr’budrxtjwr;< avyuhmr;dKwr’
budrxjwr;aidr’nJcr;>
5
wv’gwr, jKcn xr cr,aznd r /cr’no> 1
mKw;r pzc’r [wrb/gr, 3 B.C. nnrx jwr;kunl r cU a r sUw’r g ain’r dI’yv’
jzm’r mv’mo/mI;d/cr’yKngxr nr;es bzc,r jrf yugy xr cz ;r gmrt x mQ d
r /cr,sv,snv,
mv’nr’f mKc’r ehvsQcmr nr’ (Emperor) > nr’f gv;lig;r swrhn i mr nr’ anrncJ ;r
hwr’ycr’j/cr;lUa/nr,mnr’lo;yU, edv,tJchr /nrn x <xo mnr’kunbr n J p r /wr,
wv;-
{gUn’r egv.nJc;r nox amr,tug,r lIycz ;r eyv’sv,snv,mnr’gUY’r es
esxen’d/cr,sv,snv,< mnr’edlo;nbry x mrd/cr,sv,snv, jzm’r ncr,
2
bKnr;mI’no> hqd’r noes anrgn U ’r egv.nJc;r jz;o yugy xr cz ;r d/cr,sucr
sv,snv,mnr’nox mKngr nrdcr’gumj xr ;oz d/cr,sv,snv,ywr>x scramr,jr;f
jKcn xr jo cJ r mnr’mKngr nrdcr’yv.gwr’sv,snv,mnr’es smrd x wK kxr gK ;r
d/cr,sv,snv,ywr>x gzb;r no anrkwr;azg,r gnr tug,r mQn;r gnrnmxo nr’lI>
edv;azngr nrdcu ’r tzm,r dv.< aznbr v’jrbf v’ekv’es tzm,r awrekv;tmr’
d/cr,sv,snv,dv.} nomv’>
hwr’tug,r lIl;o sr,f bv’dI;nxwo v; amr,jr;f wv;hwr’gUY’r edlo;hqd’r
jzm’r lzc;r d/cr’bzc,r jrn f wK tr mr’anrnxo nr’f dzn;r sv,snv,gUY’r edlo;
hqdr’jzmr’gfv,gU;dI;ywrx>
nmrxjrftmr’po/,yKnrxgnr;El;d/cr’bzcr,jrfanrnox joxed,mv’
jqmmr wK ;r cwr;ed,d/cr’yqn,r ec;d/cr’kJn;r yr,f sv,snv,budt xr ed,mI’mv’
nnrxywrx> gzbr;noEl; nrf’nv;g/nr[Yr’gUnr’mKcr’ dv,kwr;bqnmr v’po/,
j/wr’budn xr xo mnr’amr,dznmxr ’I mv’s/gr;es,dUwy r /cr,anrebv’lo;kv;hQmr
gUnr’do/ amr,nnr hqdr’H;lKdr;y/crebv’azgr, nrf’bJnr’mKwr;pzcr’ep;
sv,snv, mv’jUw;r k/wr’szchr cq hr v;b/gr,bIlwK l r wK nr nr>x mI’mv’gUn’r yum,r ymr
jzmr’hv;b/gr,l/nrxlKwres mnr’ep;dKnr’mv’gdr’gdr’yqnryqnr nrf’
1m aubv,lisd u dxr < m/o 56
2lig;r swrhn
i ar sUw’r g 12
6
gunrea’sLv’dcr’sqcr;yU,ywrx> d/cr’sugrxyucr;aUnrgwr’gnr anrawr
jzmr’bRiey, anrlrfhqdr’esamr,wv; dJnr’s/nrkdr’gnr dcr’tmr’
budrxtjwr;ywrx>
jzc,r sv,snv,budt xr bqnr Religion sv,snv,pv.p/nr,pIbUcr
hv. amr,nnr bqn’r bo/’wUnkxr brhx v. (Philosophy) no gogx t xo /mrgnry,U > anr
nox hwr’Ocrxmnr’anrlrfegv;amr,bqnrscr< jwr;gwr,krf;bnrjJwr;anrlrf
egv;amr,bqns r cr< sv,snv,budt xr noEx dx edjug’r mnr; bQc;r ncr,mnr’
mI’gUY’r > jJw;r sqcn r xo mnr’amr,lmr,lzc;r > edv;gv;jJw;r sv,snv,budt xr
anrhwr’bnrjwJ ;r wxn o xo mnr’amr,ebv’lKc;r yr,f > jJw;r anregv.nJc;r d/cr,
bnrwn ox xo mnr’amr,kwr;g/nr>
mzg,r n/cr’sInxo hwr’kr;f d/cr,jJw;r scrd/cr,< bQgmxr nr’lo/;jJw;r gfv,
d/cr,mqwr’egv; ao/Omrmnr’amr,lQgr;lo/;< OmrwoxyU,gUYr’> edv;lo/’nnr
ncr,gwr, tmr’jJw;r jr;f nox amr,lUw,r jJw;r > sv,snv,budt xr egv;amr,jr;f <
kRiy/nr,< hin,r dU,< mU,slim,r anrlefr gv;mnr’amr,jr;f > mnr’amr,jr;f
prmf v’bKc,r gzn’r mnr’> jJw;r jum’r gnrnxo bqna r nrh/mr;eh. nr’f lzc;r [.bzc,r jrf
tmr’es kwrhd q ’r H;jrgf nU ’r hwr’jzm’r bv;jzm’r po/, anrj/cr;bnrkn q n
r nrx
ywrx>
anrnmxo nr’mQn;r nv,< amr,jr;f wv;nr’f dzn;r Y/nr, El;nmrj x fr
tmr’gUY’r < mnr’egv;mQn;r bv’nr’f dUc,r gUn’r hwr’gfv,mv’gnr did’r edv,gnr
noy x wr>x bKcdr gQ ;r mnr’ mKw;r anrhwr’tUb’r hnrgn U ’r egv.nuci ;r hwr’amr,dUY’r
wv;mnr’bqngr n U ’r noes nbr.wv; mnr’bqna r cr’gid’r pRcr,sqd;r gLv,mnI,
aemRignr, gLqw’r non’fr jrhf wr’> gUY’r gv; egv.nnry x wU er k’bqner gv.anr
lzd;r jJw;r anrhwr’t/cr,nnry x ,U >
gUn’r hwr’hgrmx d J ;r jJw;r bQg,r gnrnv,es aznd r /cr,yzms xr bI nrnmrx
gdrd x /cr’knrgn U ’r hwr’ d/cr’yqnj r gfr n
U ’r hwr’yU,> gzb;r nnrEl; kwrjcr,
mgr’mnr;jJw;r d/cr’lU,gU;lo/sQn’r jKcn xr cr,wv; d/cr’lU,j/wr’budxr d/cr’
7
lU,j/wr’kRiy/nr,noes t/cr,lqgn xr wK d
r /cr’lU,bKn;r yU,ywr>x gUY’r gv;
d/cr’lU,nox mnr’amr,j/cr;jQg,r epgnrl;o wv; kzckr Riy/nr, kzcj r /wr’budxr
kzchr ni d r ,U amr,nnr kzcmr ,U slim,r > d/cr’hgrmx d q ;r dv,Em; nKwl r gu ;r nox
mnr’amr,jr;f kzcp r fr kzckr Riy/nr, kzcj r /wr’bud>xr gUY’r bqnmr d q ;r dv,Em;gUY’r
nmrgx drd x n U ;r jfgr n
U ’r hwr’ jKcn xr cr,hgr<x ej,dnv,lI< hgra x di ’r lU< jrf
yJn’r y/wr’< yKngxr nr;< hgrOx mrgnr< kr;f lo;< jcr’< kr;f jv.jrl f mr< lUcl r mJ ’r <
mv,nyf,r jgfv,jKw’r nox mnr’amr,mI’jJw;r bQg,r bKc;r gnr> kwramr,gqw,r gbr’gnr
dcr’sv,snv,anrlrf>
bun;r dv,egv.hvd/cr’jJw;r jr;f nox mnr’lugd xr ;I d/cr’ko;jrf anrlfr
mv’nonnrx mnr’amr,lmr,lzc;r bun;r dv,mnr’> cwr;h/gr;El;d/cr’kJn;r
yr,f p/o,jrn f gxo Y
U ’r bqnl r cz ;r po/,dv,gUn’r pU;gdrkx n Q ,r kwrwn U gxr YU ’r > wv;dI;
edx bun;r dv,edbzc,r jrt f mr’jJw;r jr;f nox mnr’amr,lUw,r lo;kwr;jrwf v; anr
nox lugd xr ;I ekv;tmr’budt xr mv’hv. amr,nnr lugd xr /cr,egv.mv’hv.no> anr
lmr,lzc;r nox bqnd r v,lo;[.hnr[.bzc,r jrf nKwgr ;U smr,sQnbr cK gr Y U ’r > gqw,r
lUY;r lzc;r noex s ycr’mI’abum,r lmr,lzc;r anrncJ ;r mv’nr’f mdrj x mi nigv,
y nv;lig;r (140) nnry x ,U >
bzg;r nJc;r budt xr jwr;luwi ;r swr’mv’ dI;sJc,r jwr;emv;kJn’r nJc;r >
nrf’nnrxncr,gwr, ycr’mI’jwr;Res’aznr,jwr;nJcr; anrOdr;tJcrmv’
jqmj r wr>x szckr vpra f mr,[.jgr’pr>f budt xr jwr;dUY’r Res’es wUnwxr v;
lzcr;d/cr’yU,swr’gUnr’numr,egv.nox kQmrxyU,ea’> ebv’l/dr;edv,mnr’
edkQmy xr ,U noest/mrwv; {jwr;aKwxr jwr;gwr,yKc’r a/nr’scres bQd;r [in’r
ey’mv’> kU’wv’jwr;gwr,bqnrprf< jwr;gwr,cinr’tugr,jfrtmr’prf} noywrx>
jwr;Res’nnrd x bz ,r wv; {do’egv.aKYxr ycr’mI’jwr;Rh/nr’egv’dmaKw;r
mnr’bo/;azgr,[inr’ey’sv,gI,gfv,es hqdr’Rh/nr’wv,> bKnr;aznrgnrwv;
mnr’jwr;bqnRr h/nr’dv, (aRhnrd) no> mnr’noy x wrx bqnCr sv,smr’mv’
gwrkv;es gwrkv;cin’r tug,r jrt f mr’mnr’jwr;aKw’r } no>
8
{jwr;dUnkr ’U nnrx jwr;Rh/nr’dv, anrdmq t r n
U ;r bYr,Yv,nnrx
mI’yU,dI;lrf edv;lqwr ?}>
do’egv.aKwxr gwrl;o cin’r wv; mnr’mI’yU,dI;wqc’r jJw;r sv,wdrtx i po/,
d/cr’Ocr,mKc’r non x >o jwr;dUn;r kU’- jwr;Rh/nr’dv,- pU;mI’bYr,Yv,gum,r
tUnr;nnrxyU,swr’dI;nnr;wv;no>
{jzc,r jwr;gwr, y/mr;hnrmnr’jwr;hv.? scrjwK wxr v; tUb’r Yv’mnr’
no jzc,r ed[.jgr’mnr’hv.?}>
{gwredamr,[.jgr’lo;eax gzb;r wv; gwramr,y/mr;hnrmnr’jwr;
esbzg;r }>
gmr’nnrx budt xr jwr;[.wv; gUn’r jo/’num,r anrb,o y/mr;mJd;r gnr
nox mnr’yKc’r jU’mnr’jwr;esbo/;azg,r [in’r ey’es hqd’r Rh/nr’no> gUY’r
gv; amr,d/br;mzg,r jJw;r sqcmr nr’jwr;es budt xr wv; {jwr;Rh/nr’aKw-xr gwr
edsznt r mr’mr’f lo> edv;duc’r tzma r wrdv.< gwredehv’ywr;} no>
gUn’r jo/’num,r egv;lo;jrwf v; {lIywrx do’egv.gwr} no> gmr’nnrx
budt xr jwr; jcr,puY,r ehv’bnrtmr’jJw;r jr;f anrleI yv’a/mr’ 1 bnr
jo/’numr,egv.nnrxywrx>
gmr’ed,snv,jwr;sud’r gfv,nnrx jwr;Rh/nr’num,r anrjwJ ;r
wv; bgrgx s u v,dinxo [.bzc,r jrwf v; egv.anrehv’tmr’bnrmnr’yU,nox dJn’r
bqnbr d u t
xr jwr;ywrn x >o gzb;r nnr mnr’jcr,lugexr s gfv,jU’budt xr jwr;kubxr
wo;dI;dgr’kwr,jwr;kU’wv’esyzn’r dzc’r b/nr, lzc;r lo;Ocrmx nr’jwr; do’
egv.2 nonnry x wr>x mnr’sJb,r yzn’r H;Cpv’bqnj r wr;hqd’r s/cr,bnr dv,
kwr;nrf’pigrxkuscr,kywrx>
1tmr’dugrknieRvtaRiysjrjv
2avwuesv-do’egv.no ekv;nox awrj.rf gnry,U nr’f t/nr;bqc’r gnr lUY;r dcr’nbry x mrgnrn’rf mKc’r
ainr’dI’yv’ mKwr;pzcr’nnr> gUYr’gv; deb’budrxtjwr; amr,dznrxawrekv;nox Ocrxbudrxtjwr;>
jwr;Rh/nr’kwr wv,lqgwxr v,yf,r Edx awrekv;noex sOcrgx nry,U > gUY’r gv; budt
xr jwr;jf.r jwr;wv,lqgxr
Ocrxjwr;wv,yfr, pnred amr,nnr avysmv no mKwr;jmrawrbRinibrxb/nr,nnr.>
9
gUY’r gv; budt xr jwr;t/mrmnr’ lzc;r wv;jzc,r mnr’bv;mI’ sI,bid;r dcr’
s/cr,g/nr’ywr]x wi n r >o mKw;r anrbgrgx s u v,didbz ,r wv; amr,mI’nonnrx budt xr
jwr;jcr,wv; ebv’amr,mI’sI,bid;r s/cr,g/nr’no budt xr jwr;amr,k/mr,j/cr’
bnrnEo l; jwr;bgrgx s u v,diegv; azg,r gfv,hvsI,bid;r s/cr,g/nr’ywr>x gUY’r gv;
gzb;r g/mr,ho/.mI’El; mnr’lo;do/gfv, gzb;r wUw’r em;lKc’r edv’ywr>x
wo/’mv’mKwr;k/wr,c/wr’lIekv’kUmt r uicrjwr;budrxtnnrx mnr’jwr;bUcr
ekv;azgr,b/gr,wv; jwr;bgrxgusv,dinnrx bqnrpU;mI’bYrYv,ebv’tUbr’hnr
tmr’sjrj x v,ywra x wK ;r > mnr;bqnj r wr;anv,g/mr, anr[.hnrnbi bxr /nr,
es gfv,gKdr,dI;anredlo;bqnrjwr;Rh/nr’dv,< gmr’lJnr’sudr’do/
tQc;r j/dr;nJc;r ywrex s edamr,dznbxr gz ;r kJn’r mv’jU’elv’gnoex sbzg;r
ywrxno>
ebv’dUY’r dI;abum,r non x o mnr’jQc;r lInv,< lzc;r wv;jwr;bgrgx s u v,
di amr,[.jgr’ egv.anrl/dr;edv,mnr’ ehv’tmr’bnrmnr’ mKw;r mnr’
ycr’dJgt xr mz ,r yU,nnr>x mnr’[.bzc,r tmr’jJw;r jr;f gfv,> scryv;yvlIno
eRv’gv,edho/> mnr’amr,lUw,r [.jzm’r jwr;bzc’r yv;yv amr,nnr yv;yv
nnrx mnr’lugd xr ;I lrmf v’no>
sv,snv,gmr;nmrnmr aicrnwK d r /cr’yum,r yum,r lib’r yum,r lQc>r
nr’f j/wr’budt xr Edx sbr’lQc’r wv; [.hnr< bzc,r lQc’r jrn f eo s amr,jr;f wv;
yum,r ymr amr,nnr edlo;yum,r > nr’f j/wr’budy xr cr’mI’ekv; {sdr;tv,
anrbn i ,r wowx v; yum,r < yum,r ymr } no> gUY’r wv;yum,r anrnxo mnr’amr,mKnr
jKcn xr cr,wv;mv’> mnr’bqnd r /cr’h/nrj x fr anraci n r wK d r /cr’mnr;jf>r nr’f
j/wr’sv,snv,budt xr sdrt x v, anran z gr nrj.fr yU,nox hwr’edlo;
yJnwr v; mnr’egv;bv’wxt o /dr;yum,r ymr (Faith) yKc’r wv; yum,r ymrnwK br du txr
tmr,m scr,kjwr;no>
ebv’awrjzmr’ekv;sbr’lQcr’ascr,k pU;mI’bo/’mznr’lUcr nrf’mKwr;
[wrb/gr, 4 ea,dI, wv;EdxjJcr sdr;tv,nox mI’gfv,ekv;bzcr,s/mranr
10
1P d/cr’mnr;jrfanrgumr,tUnr;< anrmnr;jrflzcr;wv;anrnnrxmI’edx<
2P bIdi jUmr’nKwrnmrxgdrxd/cr’knranrlI< 3P mI’g/crjrfkrf;lo;kKcr;anr
nnrxmv’mI’nrf’jrfnoxywrx>
jwr;gwr,kr;f hqd’r jKc]xr wi wr v;d/cr’yum,r (Faith) anrd/cr,sv,snv,
bzc,r jrwf n xo nrx mnr’amr,mv’gqw,r gbr’gnrdcr’sv,snv,budt xr >
ekv;t/mrd/cr’yum,r ebv,azg,r mv’ gzb;r mKw;r hwr’amr,hnrgY U ’r < gmr’
mKw;r jwr;gwr,lo;hnrnnrx ekv;t/mranrwv; jzc,r mr’f yum,r ]iwn r no xo awrh/o
gfv,ywr>x mKw;r anrgwrl/dr;enjwr;gwr,wv; gwrm’I sQcwr n ox ’fr gmrmwJ ’r gwrawK ;r
nonnrx ekv;t/mranrwv; jzc,r yum,r hv.nonxo jcr,ebv,mv’ gzb;r wv;jwr;gwr,
amr,hnrlo;nnrxywrx> mKwr;anr gwrav;pv,mJwr’ennnrx jwr;gwrlo;
hnrscQ n r nrex s ekv;t/mranrwv; jzc,r yum,r hv. nonxo amr,ebv,mv’lo;>
gzbr;nnr bbrxtmr’mKwr;gwr,gznr, gmr;nmrnmrjQcr;enwv; sdr;tv,nox
mnr’mKnn r cr, {[.bzc,r jrf jKcn xr cr,egv.nJc;r hnrscQ }r noywr;>
deb’budt xr jwr; anrjwJ ;r mus,I l l/dr;enjwr;dUnn r cJ ;r wv;
{do’egv.swidt xr aKwxr anrgwrl;o ]lo;hnrwv; anrpwsud’r sqc;r nox wv;
bqnn r bi br /nr,nona xo mr,jf;r wv; lo;mv’gzb;r hgryx mu ,r ymr< did’r nzc,r Oo;< lo;
cin’r gf/mr’sJb,r gf/mr’< jzm’r Fic;r tuc’r < wUnwrx v;mnr’tug,r lzc;r < [mrjmU ’r gzb;r
wUnt xr gu ,r mQn;r jfn r o > budt xr jwr;egv;smrwx v; {jwr;Rh/nr’kwrawK xr bun;r
dv,egv.anrd,I yv.pqw;r bQd;r giel,sv, dcr’anrlmrswr;dcr’lUcn r xo
gwrwv;mnr’[.< mnr’hnrnbi br /nr,noes amr,jr;f yKc’r jU’dI; egv.amr,
[.amr,hnr> 1
mnr’bqnrekv;anrszgr;hvd/cr’[.El;d/cr’hnres amr,jrf;
anrmcz ’r hvd/cr’yum,r > ekv;tmr’budt xr jwr;nox gJc,r ebv’lo;wv; {eahibdrx
siegv’} mv’dUYr’lUEl; pidr;Ocrxwv;noywrx> amr,jrf;wv; aznrgnrmv’
yumr,El;no> jwr;pU;[.bzcr,tJcrtmr’sjrxjv, anrsbr’lQcr’woxnrf’bbrx
1lbid.iii,p.152.
11
tmr’gU;anrnnrx mnr’jij’U wv; {ebv’[.bzc,r jrt f mr’ywr<x wUnp xr gz ;r hnr
tJct r mr’sjrjv,ywr<x k/mr;bUnexr sd/cr’yum,r gfcy r wr<x amr,mI’d/cr’snr,
gKc’r woscrywr>x gzb;r nnrEl; mnr’awrd/cr’Y/nr,m/nr,mQn;r es [.bzc,r
hnr bQc;r ncr,mnr’bqnmr nr’mI’edx (ytvpUd)M no> 1
gqwr,lUYr;ekv;anryKcr’jU’ sbrxbYr,YudY/nr,mnr’jwr;es
budt xr jwr;wv; {m/gr,dvebv’ebv,bqnmr v’ywry x wr;< Y/nr,ebv’ebv,bqnmr v’
ywry x wr;< bYr,Yv,ebv’ebv,bqnmr v’ywry x wr;< d/cr’[.ebv’ebv,bqnmr v’ywrx
ywr;< so/lQcr’ebv’ebv,bqnrmv’ywrxywr;no> 2 gUYr’bqnranrawrY/nr,
dcr’dUwt r bU ’r es[.hnrawrgY U ’r < mnr’amr,jr;f wv; yum,r ymrgbz ;r d/cr’
yumr,libr’yumr,lQcr>
anrnxo yJc;r kQn’r tug,r mQn;r jrgf n U ’r mUci ’r mv’ Yv’mQn;r mKw;r gKc’r bun,r
nv’kwrdgJ ’r sUn’r H;yum,r ymrgY U ’r < hbra
x wrFci ;r tuc’r kwr< amr’n/dr;kwr
wv;bqna r nrm/nr,mQn;r jJw;r jr;f es smra x mr,lo;mI’sun,r dzc;r t/mrs r crnnrx
ywr;> mI’bun,r nv’jum’r nJc;r pU;gdrkx n Q ,r jJw;r sqcy r ,fr kwr azngr vf ,jU’
budt xr jwr;es dzc;r t/mrgmu gr nrdcr’mnr’jwr;jUw;r nJc;r > egv.nJc;r nr’f
jum’r kwr anrjwJ ;r gv,bdig av,yul;o sib’r [gr’kUb,r anrm’I Y/nr,kQn,r
lKwbr n K ;r nox 3 dzc;r t/mr,budt xr jwr;wv;-
{jwr;egv’dmeav; nr’f bun,r nv’hwr’ycr’mI’bbrt x mr’mQd;r gwr,eg,
anramU a r /nr,sJb,r l/mr’d/mr’gnrmv’ cKn;r amr,ho/so/amr,k/dr,nnry x ,U
eav;> gqwr,gbr’jKwr’noxes bunr,nv’kwr aznrdQbr’ddr’mgr’mnr;wv;
{anrngxo Y U ’r bqnar nrjwJ ;r jr;f < lKwer snod x /cr,anr bqna r nrpd i ’r
gUY’r > gmr’nox jwr;egv’dmhwr’smrx kr;f wv;jKc]xr wi kr v;}no>
budt xr jwr;jzb,r t/mrwv; {nr’f gv;bun,r nv’sU jzc,r mI’egv.anrdv.
1E.g SV, (PTS), p423; III,P.103; M III(PTS), p19
2SV (PTS), p.422.
3m < jcrgIsudrd< mo/ 95
12
kqc,r yJnwr v;lo;wv; gwrgmr’lqwy r wrx anrl;o [.lo;hnranrwv; anrnxo
gUY’r bqna r nrjwJ ;r jr<f d/cr,anrjmrx bqna r nrpd i ’r mUd’r no> jo/’bun,r
nv’num,r l/dr;sJw;r sJw;r wv; amr,mI’kv;no>
{ebv’nnr jzcr,ycr’mI’kU’wv’esegv.egv. amr,nnr Csv,sJbr,
Csv,nr’f bun,r nv’sU edv,tJcj r dq ’r g/br;jqd’r b/nr< amr,nnr pU;dQm;r bbrx
tmr’gmr’aznrd/cr’bKnr;nnrx jzcr,mnr’yJnrwv; mnr’[.mnr’hnrwv;
{anrnxgo Y U ’r jcr,bqna r nrjwJ ;r jr;f > d/cr,anrEdx bqna r nrpd i ’r
mUd’r } nohv.}>
{amr,mI’kv;} >
{ebv’wv;no anrnmxo nr’mKnn r cr, dQw’r gUn’r dvmzd,r kwr anrgwr
gmrm’fr mr’f gmrgwrywra x wK ;r > egv.aznd r /cr’egv;amr,hnr< egv.g/cregv; amr,
hnr< egv.lJn’r sud’r egv;amr,hnr> gzb;r no ebv’awrgwrwv;Edx anrbn u ,r
nv’kwrtwJ wr n xo cr,nonxo mnr’mKngr nrdcr’dQw’r gUn’r dvmzd,r kwrywr>x
gmr’nnrbd u txr jwr;bnrd/cr’ko;jra f nrlmr,lzc;r nv,nnrx H;
bunr,nv’kwr;jumr’nnrxwv; {anrnox bunr;dv,pU;mI’bYr,Yv,egv.nJcr;
mnr’amr,tug,r lIgmrgmui ’r wxwo v; {anrngxo Y U ’r jcr,bqna r nrjwJ ;r jr;f <d/cr,
anrjmrx bqna r nrpd i ’r mUd’r } no>
gqw,r lUY;r ekv;noex s edhqd’r ]iwbr .fr bv’< tic’r dUY’r tmr’jJw;r jr;f
anrj/o ’bun,r nv’num,r t/mrmv’nnrex s budt xr jwr;l/dr;wv; {gUn’r egv.
nJc;r mnr’mI’d/cr’yum,r wowx v; anrny xo wrx bqnd r /cr’yum,r gwrneo s mnr’
gmrwox d/cr’jJw;r jrf;ywr>x gUY’r gv; awrjmz ’r anrnnrex s mnr’amr,j/cr;
mgr’mnr;lo;wv; {anrngxo Y U ’r bqna r nrjwJ ;r jr;f < d/cr,anrjmrx bqna r nr
pid’r mUd’r } no> tQc;r anrncJ ;r egv.nJc;r mnr’j/cr;yum,r hbra x wr anr
mnr’gLVig;r nnry x ,U > mnr’edwv; {gwr,yum,r anrna xo wK ;r } no> hqd’r nnr
es mnr’hgrs x vd/cr’jJw;r jr;f mnr’> gUY’r gv; awrjmz ’r ncr, d/cr’yum,r
mnr’nnrex s amr,tug,r lIl;o wv; anrmnr’yum,r nogx Y U ’r jcr,bqna r nr
13
jJw;r jr;f < lKwn r d xo /cr,anr bqna r nrpd i ’r mUd’r no>
budt xr jwr;wv; {anrtgu ,r jrwf v,dwoa x nrncJ ;r es smrt x /cr,lqgxr
nKwd r /cr’yum,r bKn;r d/cr,anr wv;mnr’Y/mrd x mQ ,r nonxo pU;mI’bYr,Yv,kwr
Ocrwx v; d/cr’jbr’bQn’r noywr>x 1
mKw;r y/mr’nJc;r budt xr jwr;sbr’lQc’r en tmr’bdijj xr smr,mubxr
bvd 2 lzc;r d/cr’pzn’r sJb,r gnr H;jwr;deb’mnr’jwr;es kwrwv; kwr[.
hnranrnxo jQc;r lQc’r lInv,no> gmr’nnr budt xr jwr;wv; {jwr;Rh/nr’
kwrawK xr edv;gv;d/cr’hnr anrjn J ;r j/cr,srl f j I cK n
r n o xo scrsd U d i ’r
Oo;mnr’won x <o hgrs x vwonx <o mQd,r sim’r bQc’r won
x <o jbr’bQn’r won x o sUedamr,[.
bzc,r jftr mr’jwr; lzc;r wv;mnr’mKngr nrdcr’eb’ bun;r dv,edk/mr,bUnn xr mrx
gUY’r es smra x mr,jr;f anredlo;bv’gfv,bv’boesEl;mQg,r won x >o 3
dI;lra f mr,dI;lrf budt xr jwr; awrekv;tmr’mnr’jwr; dQg;r en
aubmv,eb’([iw’r ) anrbn K ;r [.nmrnxo s/cr’l/cr’enlzc;r wv; eb’nox bqnr
bun;r dv,awrk/mr;nmrgx Y U ’r es smra x mr,jr;f dv,edmQg,r bv’awrgvf ,jzm’r
dUwn r >o mnr’jwr;wv; -
{jwr;Rh/nr’kwrawK xr gUn’r egv.nJc;r azg,r k/wr’d/cr’gfv,> mnr’Odr;
pQwgr vf ,dI;em;nmrgx /f cr;> dv;po/,nox mI’woex p’anr’dRo/’> gUY’r gv; po/,
p/gr;bunExr dx amr,mI’ep’scr> gUY’r smra x mr,mI’[iw’r dv,edgfv,p/gr,bunxr
kUwer gv;smra x mr,mI’dv,edk/mr;> mnr’wUnwxr v; {em;nmra x nrnxo gf/cr;nv,
es pcr,dv;po/,nox smrmx ’I ep’dqmd r mz wr >xo gUY’r gv; po/,buns xr mrax mr,mI’
ep’scr gUY’r smra x mr,mI’[iw’r amr,mI’kUwr dv,edk/mr;gfv,dI;bun>xr scrgwr
kdr’jra f wrjgK ;r mox gic,r pKwer sk/dr;hqd’r eb’esEl; awrk/mr;gfv,d/cr’
po/,anrld z ;r ep’jJcr edlIgv;]iw}r no > gmr’nnr gUn’r egv.nnrx hv
1suni < mU,ld< nv; 151 (v.798)
2m< mhvdnrhvscrky sudrxd< mo/ 38
3m< bbrx 1, (mU,ld) nv; 260
14
jU.awrmxo jKg;r gic,r pKwer s k/dr;hqd’r eb’< awrd/cr’jo;z eb’es mnr’
k/mr;bUngxr vf ,pcr,p/gr;bunxr dI;anrld z ;r ep’ywr>x gmr’nnr mnr’wUnxr
wv; {eb’anrnxo mnr’jz;o lKwgr wr,nv,> awrd/cr’jz;o noex s gwrl;o k/mr;bUnxr
mv’dI;p/gr,nox dI;anrld z ;r ep’> scrgwrmgQ ,r d/cr,[wrmv,es bv’jzm’r
gfv,gU;dI;no edkQmexr dlIgv;hiwu er nv’}no>
{jwr;Rh/nr’kwraKwrx anrnoxsUt/cr,wv;jKcrx]iwr< scrgUnr’egv.
nnrhx d q ’r jzm’r ncr,mnr’wUnn xr nrex s bv’awreb’gfv,no jzc,r edlo;wv;
d/cr’hqdr’mnr’tugr,mQnr;yU,hv.}> {amr,tugr,mQnr;kv;jwr;}> ebv’nnr
lo/’lrfsmrxedtugr,mQnr;gqwr,gbr’lUYr;eb’mnr’> {mnr’Odr;pQwrgfv,pcr,
p/gr;bunrxes scrmnr’wUnrxwv; eb’anrnox mnr’joz;lKwrgwrnv,> awr
d/cr’jzo;anrnoxesEl; gwrawrdinrawrmJwr’es kdr’jrfk/mr,bUnrxmv’
po/,noy x wr>x scrgwrawrjgK ;r l/mr;eb’wox dI;him’r p/cr,nmrn x n
xo o edlIgv;
]iwn r eo s bz,o bQd;r eb’esEl; sJb,r k/wr’d/cr’gfv,> ebv’mnr’hqd’r jKcn xr o
jcr,edlo;wv; mnr’hqd’r mQn;r gqw,r lUY;r lzc;r eb’mnr’nnrex av;>
jwr;Rh/nr’kwraKwrx edv;lo/’nnrncr,gwr, tmr’anrgwrehv’
mv’nox mKngr nrdcr’aubmv,eb’noxywrx> mnr’bqnrdv,awrk/mr;bUnrxgUYr’<
amr,jr;f wv;dv,bv’gfv,bv’bo> jKw’r sUjwr;anr[.bzc,r anrwv;tmr’nox mKnr
eb’nonexo gv; ycr’tug,r lo;w/cr’bQd;r tmr,m tmr’lIgn z ,r ywr>x dv,ed
bz,o bQd;r atmr,m lzc;r anramr,lInnr.hKwkr n Q ’r edmI’dI;wv;gzn,r ywr>x 1
ebv’awrekv;aubmv,nowx v;jJcr mnr’jQc;r lQc’r lInv, lzc;r wv;tmr’
budrxtjwr;nox bqnrkKcr;dv,ededv.gUnr’gfv,dI;lzdr;ep’< lo;gdr’
yqn<r lo;sKw’r jr<f dI;yqnj r <fr dv,lo;nibbxr /nr,gUY’r > tmr’anrbd u t xr
jwr;ehv’mv’nox aznOr dr;tJcr dI;sud’r jzma r nrny xo wr>x mnr’jwr;amr,
1m< bbrx 1 (mU,ld) < nv; 134-135, tmr,mdI;nox ebv’awrjzmr’ adrxtgtv,wv;no bzcr,wv; lo;
s/nr,t/nr;sucr<d/cr’wUnrxjiunr;srfno> edv;anrjrfjbr’niUwrjiUwr’anrwv;mv’nnrxegv; ycr’
lUwr,lo;bzo,w/cr’bQdr;gznr,ywrx> ebv’bqnr lzcr;amr,lI agusUwr,no yiucr;kQnr’amr,mI’dI;wv;ywr;>
15
Onr,dznwxr v; gUY’r lUw,r lo;h/nrj x fr nKwar nrhwr’wUn[xr .> mnr’jwr;bqnr
kU’wv’egv.mI’d/cr’dUwrtUbr’edxes sznrentmr’bnr anrj/cr;bnr
d/cr’gdr’yqn<r d/cr’sKw’r H;gUn’r hwr’ywr>x
mKw;r bzg;r nJc;r budt xr jwr;yU,swr’dI;lUcbr v, sim,r sbv, nr’f mKc’r
egv’smr,pI,> mnr’jwr;awrmwJ ’r wgrgx mrawrpwK mr exo s t/mrdeb’mnr’jwr;
wv; {sUedt/cr,jKc]xr wi <r mrmf a xo nrlefr dnmrdwK ’r < mrmf n xo ’fr mJw’r gwrhv.< amr,
nnr mrmf n xo ’fr lUcbr v,nohx v.} no>
jwr;Rh/nr’kwrdbz ,r wv; {eav;jwr; mrmf n xo ’fr mJw’r jwr;hwr’nnrx mI’
aid’r azn,r nJc;r gUY’r < mrmf n xo f’r bv,tKn,r sim,r sbv,nox nmrlwK r ebv’amr,
mI’dI;wv;ywrex av;} no>
budt xr jwr;wv; {jwr;Rh/nr’kwrawK xr edv;ncr,noywr<x anrgwr
[.won x nrx gwrgY U ’r awrsn z er nsUjwr; aid’r azn,r gUY’r > anrgwramr,
bo,szns r j U wr;nox mnr’nmrnv,> anrnxo gzb;r scrEl; gwrsmra x mr,sznr
mQc,r bnrsj U wr;anrwv;nnr<x gzb;r wv; anrnnrx mnr’amr,bqnd r /cr’jo;z <
amr,aznOr dr;tJcn r bi bxr /nr,> gzb;r no gwrjcr,ebv’amr,ehv’ensUjwr;
jKw’r nnrxawK ;r 1 no>
scrjwK p xr ;U mI’bYr,Yv,kwr kwr;jfwr v; {hqd’r scrbd u t xr jwr; amr,
mzg,r l/dr;enhwr’ anrmnr’jwr;[.won x nr}x no mnr’edamr,gfv,mI’pzn’r
scr>
budt xr jwr;amr,kwr;jrn f ’fr lzc;r aub,r gnrlY U ;r ekv;t/mr anrgwq ,r
gbr’gmr,pv, hqd’r ]iwer d,bqnmr v’ anrgY U ’r bqnd
r /cr’wUnl xr /o lo/ bqnbr nr
hvd/cr’wUnn xr nr>x mnr’jwr;nbrwx v;nnrx gUY’r bqnr {d/cr’ko;jrbf ,oz lKc’r }
no> anrnxo mKnhr /cr;jKw’r bqnd r eb’mnr’jwr;gmr;pzc;r amr,ebv’tug,r
mQn;r jrf nKwd r /cr’hnranrnxo sepv’anrn>xo gzb;r wv; mnr’mI’wod x wU y
r /cr,
anrncJ ;r jwr;mv,lUc,r gLv.budd xr egv.anrawrd/cr’ekv;t/mr sib’r yKc;r
1scr bbrx 5 (mU,ld) nv; 151, (v.798)
16
anrbKnr;[.nmrnnrx dzcr;t/mrbudrxtjwr;es jrf.dzbr,bnrmnr’ 1
ywr;>
wnr’nJcr; jwr;mv,lUcr,gLv.budrxd lugrxp/dr,ncr;gmr,mt/nr’
esgfv,jU’budrxtjwr;< nbrxymrmnr’jwr;es ncr;dI;nJcr;esEl;wo;
lwr;wv; “eav; jwr;env; d/cr’ko;jrf anrna xo gz ,r mv’ mKw;r kv;ncr;g/nr
eav;< mnr’bqnrekv;bnrhv anrbudrxtjwr; amr,sbr’lQcr’ d/mr’w/cr’
bQd;r eb,bQd;r nnrex av; jKw’r nnrj x mrx -
1P jzc,r elv’gnomx nr;gJm’r ]iwr ?
2P jzc,r mnr’amr,mnr;gJm’r ]iwr ?
3P jzc,r mnr’mI’dI;sud’r ]iwr ?
4P jzc,r mnr’amr,mI’dI;sud’r ]iwr ?
5P jzc,r kfncr wr’ (Soul) dcr’dUwr bqna r nrlwq gr nr]wi r ?
6P amr,nnr kfncr wr’dcr’dUwr bqnp r bfr n
q mr nr’]iwr ?
7P jzc,r budt xr jwr;mI’lo; wo/’esdo/ywr]x wi xr ?
8P amr,nnr amr,mI’]iwr wo/’esdo/ ?
9P jzc,r mI’lo; dcr’szcmr wq ’r (mI’ dcr’ amr,mI’) ]iwr ?
10P jzc,r mnr’jwr;amr,mI’lo;dcr’szcmr wq ’r (mI’ amr,mI’) ]iwr ?
ekv;bnrhvjKwr’nox budrxtjwr;amr,sbr’lQcr’engwr> anrnox
gwramr,sepv’lo;< gwramr,h/nrj x >fr gwredgfv,jU’budt xr jwr;esdzc;r
t/mrbnrhvjKw’r nol x ’U gzn,r > scrjwK wxr v;budt xr jwr; sbr’lQc’r engwrjcJ r
gwrjcr,edsJbr,yU,swr’nrf’pwRh/nr’gfv,> scrjKwrxwv; amr,sbr’lQcr’
engwrnojJcr gwredazgr,p/dr,scr,kes bo/;bQdr;ywr;> scrbudrxt
jwr;[.wv;{elv’gnox mnr;gJm’r yU,} no gwred H;mnr’jwr;sbr’lQcr’en
gwr> scrbd u t
xr jwr;[.wv; {elv’gnox amr,mnr;gJm’r ebv’no} edH;mnr’
jwr;s/cr’l/cr’gfv,gzn,r > scrjwK wxr v; budt xr jwr; amr,[.lzc;r wv;elv’g
1m< jU,l mv,lUcr,gL sudrxd< m/o 38
17
nomx nr;gJm’r < amr,mnr;gJm’r jgfv,ebv’no mnr’jwr;tug,r lIl;o yzm’r hbrwx v;
l/dr;gf/mr’sJw;r sJw;r wv; {gwramr,[.< gwramr,hnr} no jzm’r ncr,egv.amr,
[. tugr,lIlo;yzmr’hbrxnnrxywrx”>
anrbudrxtjwr;dzbr,bnrmv,lUcr,gLbudrdno. mI’pznr’lInmr
nKwr gUnr’mJnr,l/nrxb/nrxsQnrkwrnfr’lUgr;y/mr’edv;lqwr jKwr’anrbzo,
sum’r kic,r sum’r y/mr’es gUY’r gumr,wUn.r ekv;t/mrl/mr’lKc’r jicU n xr cr,wv;mv’
nnr.esEl; yv.gwr’d/cr’gdr’yqnrkwrnnr.yU,ed.> budr.tsJbr,
l/dr;wv; -
{jzc,r gwry/mr;Ocr.mv’dI;mr’f yU,hv. mv,lUc,r gLv.buddxr {mv’El;< mv,
lUc,r gLv.budd xr < mv’yU,swr’nr’f pwRh/nr’mQd;r El;< gwreds/cr’l/cr’
bnrekv;t/mrjwK ’r nobx nrm’fr } nomv’hv.}>
{amr,Ocr.kv;} >
{amr,nnr jzcr,mrf’y/mr;yznr’mv’dI;gwrwv; {jwr;hwr’env; gwr
kv;edmv’yU,swr’nr’f pwRh/nr’eav;< scrjwK wxr v; jwr;hwr’eds/cr’l/cr’
Enbnrekv;t/mrjwK ’r no}x nomv’hv.}>
{amr,lo;yznr’mv’kv;}>
{edv;lqwer gv; mv,lUc,r gLv.budd xr aKwxr gwramr,Ocrmx ’fr wv; mv’El;<
mv’hqd’r Rh/nr’jzm’r lcrgwrEl;< gwreds/cr’l/cr’bnrekv;t/mrjwK ’r nox
H;mr’f lo} no> mr’f egv;amr,yzn’r mv’dI;gwrwv; {jwr;hwr’env; scrjwK wxr v;
jwr;hwr’eds/cr’l/cr’bnrekv;t/mrjwK ’r noHx ;kv;hwr’no kv;eb’edhqd’r
Rh/nr’jzm’r lcrjwr;eav; no< gzb;r jKw’r noex s prs f mrlx mr’bQd;r pr}f > 1
“mv,lUc,r gLv.budd
xr aKwxr scregv.nJc;r wv; jUw;r gv;budt xr jwr;ycr’
bo,sbr’lQcr’engwrekv;t/mrjKwr’noxno gwredamr,kwr;nrf’sv,snv,
hqdr’Rh/nr’ebv’no mnr’gUYr’lUwr,do/gzbr;ekv;t/mrjKwr’nox yznrxbudrxt
jwr;amr,dzbr,nnrxywrx> mv,lUcr,gLv.budrxd gUnr’egv.nJcr; anrm/dr,
1anrnox bzcr,wv; pfregv; amr,mI’bunr;pznr’lUwr,dUYr’tJcrpfrwv;no<
18
jbr’wobx n J gr /cr,mI’gzcn xr nrx do’egv.mnr’ bI;nzcmxr nr’awrgvf ,jU’emvyvwv;
nogn z ,r > scrgn U ’r m/dr,nnrx smrwx v; {jUw;r gwrb,o lo;[.egv.yJw’r gwrnxo gwr
amr,H;tzd,r bJngr /cr,noa x gz ,r bQd;r < mnr’bqnkr wK ’r kun]r wi <r kKw’r bun,r nv’]iw<r
kKw’r gUn’r gv.]iw<r kKw’r gUn’r p/nr]wi >r mnr’jJw;r scr bqnkr wK ’r [in’r scr< mnr’
suchr v.< dQm,r hv.< mnr’lmrhv.< k/wrwhxo v.< lQchr v.< lKcn r cr,kmr’wohx v.< mnr’
lugwxr /nr;lrwf cq ’r lrmf v’> gwramr,H;sUtd z ,r bJngr /cr,noa x gz ,r bQd;r jUw;r gv;
gwr ycr’bo,lo;[.egv.yJw’r gwr< g/cr,mnr’ bqnmr wq ’r lr<f bJngr /cr,mnr’ bqnr
]iw<r mnr’awrkn U sr crd/br;jbr’bJngr /cr,wo<x bo/lQmbr n J gr /cr, mnr’awrscr
hqd’r wo>x mv,lUc,r gLv.budd xr aKwxr gUn’r egv.nnrx edamr,dnr’lo;[.lzc;r
d/cr’anrmnr’kr;f [.nnrex s gUY’r eddo/gfv,bQd;r gUY’r ywr>x edv;ncr,no
scregv.nJc;r wv; jUw;r gv;budt xr jwr; ycr’bo,s/cr’l/cr’dzb,r enekv;t/mr
gwrjwK ’r nox gwredamr,bo,kwr; t/mr’hqd’r Rh/nr’nr’f sv,snv,ebv’no mnr’
edamr,dnr’lo;tzmr,cin’r ekv;s/cr’l/cr’budt xr jwr;es gUY’r edlo;
do/gfv,gUY’r ywr”x noywr>x
budrxtjwr;sbr’lQcr’enjwr;mv,lUcr,gLv.budrxdnnrxwv; pw
Rh/nr’nox mnr’amr,aicn r wK d r /cr’hnrjwK ’r nnr<x mI’d/cr’wUnkxr ;o jra f nr
lref samr,wv; yum,r wv,danrlefr samr,wv; egv.nJc;r gv;dgr’mI’bnrhv
anrwv; eg,twr; bqnd r /o mo/jrf Ocrhx ;o ko;jqb’r kIcwrjwK ’r noy x ,U > aig,r smrx
gwrwv; ycr’mI’nibbxr /nr,anrld z ;r esbnrhvjKw’r noy x ,U >
gzb;r nnrEl; mv,lUc,r gLv.budd xr aKwxr edv;awrkwr;jrf anrgwr
sbr’lQcr’enmrf’ dcr’anramr,sbr’lQcr’enmrf’edv,lqwrnoxdv.>
mnr’bqnr jKw’r lra f nrgwramr,sbr’lQc’r enanrwv;noj x mrx jzc,r elv’g
mnr;gJmr’hv.< amr,mnr;gJmr’hv.jgfv,jKwr’noxywrx> gzbr;scrEl;gwramr,
sbr’lQc’r en> gzb;r wv;mnr’amr,kwr;d/cr’dJw’r < mnr’amr,jr;f bJnt xr /nr
dv,lo; nmrj x t
fr mr’mQd;r < mnr’amr,mI’pzn’r dv,lo;lzd;r elv’p< edv’
s< dv,lo;sKw’r yqn<r nimj r <fr dv,[.bzc,r nibbxr /nr,> gzb;r noEl; gwrjcr,
19
ebv’amr,sbr’lQcr’enmrf’lzcr;kwrywrxaKwr;>
anrls fr mrx gwrsbr’lQc’r enbnrmv’< gwrs/cr’l/cr’mv’lzc;r dugxr
k< lzc;r dugkxr bqner bv,< dv,dugkxr mzd,r sud’r yqnr El;sqn;r d/cr’aznr
Odr;tJcd r gu kxr sud’r yqnj x wr>x 1 gzb;r scrEl; gwrjcr,ebv’sbr’
r wK ’r noy
lQc’r enkwr< gzb;r wv;mnr’jz;o lKw<r bqnbr n J txr /nrdv,lo;nmrj x tfr mr’mQd;r <
mnr’mI’pzn’r dv,lo;lzd;r elv’pedv’semv’h< dv,lo;gdr’yqn<r lo;
jrn
f mi <r dv,wUnp xr gz ;r hnr< [.bzc,r hnrnbi bxr /nr,ywr>x gzb;r noEl; gwrjcr,
ebv’sbr’lQc’r enjKw’r kwry,U ywr>x 2
gmr’nox hwr’edjQd;r dUY’r tmr’jJw;r jrs f ,I yKc;r anrbd u t
xr jwr;
l/dr;tJcrmv,lUcr,gLv.budrxdwv; anrmnr’jwr;sbr’lQcr’enmv’nnrx
lUgznr,>
1tmr’sjrjv,sI,yKcr; anredengfv,dznr;po/,nv;dcr’sI,<
2ekv;scr,sznbr d u t xr jwr;anrnxo a/nr’ko;H;jwr;mv,lUc,r gLbudd xr lo;lIl;o bqny
r wr;> lJn’r
mv’ mKw;r mnr’jU’budtxr jwr;es yzn’r ekv;scr,szntr cQ ;r bzg;r nJc;r nnrx mnr’hqd’r jzm’r El;bqnr
aRhnrdv,gfv,ywr;> acr,< (gUwr,lmr,bUwr, 1929)< nv; 345-346, scr< bbrx4 (mU,ld) nv; 72
20
gnrszcr
tmr’aRiysjrjv,sI,yKcr;
tmr’aRiysjrjv,tUnr;nJcr;lzcr;dugrxk>
lzngxr nQ t r mr’budt xr jwr;nox azc’r won x ’fr aRiytmr’sjrjv,sI,
yKc;r 1 anrbd u t xr jwr; ehv’H;bnr,jwgrgx ,I dI;sUna r si bi dnmigdv,
him’r wqc’r bv,Rv,nsI, gmr’aznd r /cr’bKn;r nnry x wr>x nr’f ekv;tmr’jwr;anr
nox jzm’r ncr,hwr’lo;hnr nr’f bbrd x cr’nmrnnrx tmr’sjrjv,sI,yKc;r nox
awrsbr’lQc’r enwxd o ;I gQb;r mnr’gUY’r > gUY’r gv, nr’f bbrt x mr’j/wr’budxr mKw;r
jwrxdcr’nmr hwr’lo;hnrmI’lo/dI; anrgmr’gmr’sbr’lQcr’ensjrjv,
sI,yKc;r lUY;r d/cr’jzd,r ej’gU;lo/lo/’nnry x ,U > scrhwr’awrd/cr’jz;o
pJna r ci r dcr’ekv;sbr’lQc’r jKw’r nnrex s lqb;r hqn’r tmr’sjrjv,sI,
yKc;r ebv’no hwr’edlo;[.bzc,r jrf lznt xr mr’budt xr jwr; tJcd r ;I d/nr,
d/nr,es dQd;r edv’lInnry x wr>x
tmr’aRiysjrjv,sI,yKc;r jmrx -
1P dugkr k/nrjfr<
2P smudy cwr;h/gr;dugkxr bqner bv,<
3P nieRvt dugrxkmzdr,sudr’yqnr<
4P mgrg sqnr;d/cr’aznrjU’dugrxkmzdr,sudr’yqnr<
tmr’aRiysjrjv,tUnr;nJcr; dugrxk
ekv;bzc,r tmr’aRiydugkxr sjrjv,nox pU;mI’bYr,Yv,kwr gmr;nmr
1tmrmjgrgbwdrdn sudrd< nrf’ mhw (aludrdgm-1922) nv; 9; scr< bbrx 4 (mU,ld)
nv; 420
21
bin,r wv; {d/cr’jJw;r jr;f dugkxr } noes mnr’jQc;r lQc’r en dI;bzc,r mnr’wv;
ebv’awrjmz ’r sv,snv,budt xr wv;no pwgUn’r nox gUY’r bqna r nrjbq ’r <
gin’r jr<f k/nrjwrf v;no> ekv;sbr’lQc’r jKw’r nox amr,bnrd/cr’h/nrj x efr s
smrhx d q ’r H;bzc,r jrp
f d i ’r > gzb;r wv;mnr’awrl/o ’co/;esbin,r wx<o bin,r jzm’r ekv;
bKg,r piwmr nr’es mI’bQc;r mgr’k/nr’woEx l; j/cr;hqd’r H;gUn’r dcr’nmrt/cr,
wv; sv,snv,budt xr jwr; gUY’r bqnwr v,dhnrh/o . no >
gmr’aznd r /cr’bKn;r sv,snv,budt xr nox bqnwr wxo v,dhnrh/o .egv;
amr,jr;f < bqnwr v,dhnrleI gv;amr,bqn>r gzb;r wv; jzm’r ncr,gU;smr,sQnr
bKcmr ’I nnrx hwr’dUY’r hnrpwhwr’El;dcr’elv’g bQc;r mnr’mI’mnr’bqnr
(ytvpUd)> amr,jr;f wv;b/nr’bo/’jwr;gwr,H;kwr;yU,nr’f pwmKg;r mr;f amr,
nnr amr,jr;f wv;lzg;r cJd;r < bnrdgu kxr jwr;gwr, lo;mI’d/cr’wUngxr wU r dv,
lo;bqnmr /br, (Sin) > gUY’r anrbcz ,r jQc;r enjwr;gwr,anredxanrjwJ ;r
jr;f lzc;r wv;jwr;gwr,bqns r cr< lUg;r him’r Omr’jwr;gwr,bqns r crneo s en
sqn;r d/cr’bnrjwr;gwr, H;lo;tUb’r hnrd/cr’lzd;r lQw’r < gdr’yqn<r mnr;
nimj r fr El;d/cr’egLv,sKw’r gUY’r >
emvyvegv.nJc;r yUwer k’l/dr;wv; eRv’gv,nox amr,yvlo;noes
hqdr’H;gUnr’bqnrebv’dUgr’jrfgfv,> tQcr;emvyvd/cr,egv. yUwrek’edwv;
mnr’amr,bqner Rv’gv,scrEl; amr,lUw,r lo;yUd’r yvmnr’> hqd’r no awr
d/cr’bnrhcQ ’r jrf anrpd i ’r pUner sEl; lQner dv,gUn’r bqny r ,U > anr
nox jwr;gwr,j/cr;Ocrl x ;o emvyvegv.aznd r /cr’wv; {hnrp/o ,ho/.} noes egv.
szcn r nrwx v;bqnr egv.hnrln I >o kwrdcr’szcer gv. bqna r nr’dR/o’ ncr,
gnrywrx> gUYr’gv; emvyvegv.tis/mrEdx gUdr,jQdr;co/’lgrxknv, eRv’
gv,lIleI s bzc,r lQc’r jrf cwr;dJn’r bqner yv’gv,esEl; [.wv; mnr’ed
yUd’r yvlo;yU,> mI’d/cr’hdr’h/nres yUd’r yvbnr El;gqw,r ekav,yu,
gUn’r bqny r wr>x budt xr jwr;nox mKner mvyvegv.lJn’r sud’r ywr>x mnr’jwr;
bqner mvyvlUcr mI’bYr,Yv,dqmt r nU ;r lUY;r bo/’so/; bun;r dv,lUg;r elv’g
22
gUnr’bqnrdcr’lUcrywrx>
ebv’awrekv;bzc,r ekv;bv,lidgu kxr nowx v; k/nrjfr gin’r jrf mo;jrf no
es mnr’bqnp r /o ,anrs/nrkdr’suk anrbcz ,r wv; sKw’r jr<f aun,r jr<f lUmr
jrfnonoxywxr> gUYr’gv; ekv;dugrxkanrjrf.yU,nrf’dugrxkaRiysjrjv,
anrbd u t xr jwr; sbr’lQc’r EnpwgUn’r El;elv’gnox mI’ekv;bzc,r bo/’wUnxr
kbrx (philosophy) anrlgJ l xr mr,es jQc;r enlo; dI;bzc,r mnr’dcr’nmr>
ekv;dugkxr nr’f sjrjv,mo/nJc;r nox amr,jr;f gUY’r wv; jQc;r endI;bzc,r wv; dugxr
kk/nrjn fr go Y U ’r < mnr’egv;bv’jqmd r cr’dI;bzc,r jKcn xr cr,amr,gum,r tUn;r <
amr,mnr;dqc;r < amr,mI’lzngxr n Q s r cr< bqna r nrbwr,h/mr’lo/< amr,h/nrj x rf
amr,dUci ’r jfr jKw’r nol x ’U gzn,r > gzb;r no dv,edhvlo;ekv;anr edd/crdwU r
lo;dugkxr bv,liekv;nox mnr’hvekv;gf/mr’hwr’y/br,nv, dv,edsbr’lQc’r
endugkxr nr’f sjrjv,mo/nJc;r noex dx> anrleI sbKn;r noj x mrx amr,bin,r
dI;bzc,r mnr’es wod x wU d r gu kxr jr.f dUwd r gu kxr nox lIdwK ’r gzn,r ywr>x
bQgs xr mrbx du txr jwr;wv; pwnobx n q d r gu kxr noesdv. mnr’jwr;amr,
eb,bQdr;d/cr’egLv,sKwr’nrf’jUwr;b/nrpwgUnr’> gUYr’gv; mnr’jwr;wv;
mnr’mI’d/cr’egLv,sKw’r lo/bKcl r /o mqw’r po/,dzn;r jrEf l;po/,dUwr bun;r dv,
gUnr’[inr’kwr jwr;Rh/nr’kwryU,no> nrf’bbrxtmr’ acr,gudrxdRnigv,y
nnrx ycr’mI’wxoekv;sukvni d/cr’egLv,jrfdcr’lo/no> krf;wv;d/cr’egLv,jrf
gUnr’[inr’kwr El;d/cr’egLv,jrfjwr;Rh/nr’kwr< d/cr’egLv,sKwr’jzmr’
av,yuc,r gv,m El;d/cr’egLv,sKw’r bz,o bQd;r gv,m< d/cr’egLv,sKw’r smr,eyv’
jnr, hgrxjzmr’jrfgnr El;d/cr’egLv,bzo,bQdr;d/cr’hgrxsmr,eyv’jnr,<
d/cr’egLv,po/,dUwr El;d/cr’egLv,po/,jrj f gfv,nnr>x 1 gUY’r gv; jKw’r nox
dcr’lUcr kwr;bv’nr’f dugkxr wx>o yv,wv;scr edv;gv;s/nr,Cdv’ anrjn J ;r
srf < nmrj x t fr mr’ anrl;o mv’gzb;r kdr’jfs r mtgmr,mt/nr’< anr ebv’lo;
wv;lzdr;escwr’dugrxk< anredlo;wv;d/cr’egLv,sKwr’suk anramr,
1acr, (gUwr,lmr,bUwr, 1929) nv; 49
23
elv’scr< bv’jqms r /nr,Cdv’ anrebv’g/cr’lzd;r es sukdugkrx dcr’szc<r
s/nr,Cdv’anrggJ ’r Omr’aubgq kxr v, dcr’jref aggrgx dv, < nmrj x t
fr mr’sucr
sudr’ anrwv;mv’jKwr’noxdcr’sqcr;egv; kwr;bv’nrf’dugrxkyU,lU’gznr,> 1
suda xr nrncJ ;r nr’f mdrj x mi nigv,ywv; {wo/’esbudt xr jwr; yzc;r eyv’
s/nr, smv,b/dr; budt xr jwr;wv; kwrkwr;bqna r nijj xr < dugkxr El; gv;
dgr’lo;mI’d/cr’lQg;r lo/; (anijj r v dugkr v wibRinvmtmrmv)} no> 2 p/crx
[.anrnexo s jcr,ebv’jr.f ekv;dugkxr noy x wr>x dI;nox amr,jr;f wv; gzb;r dugkxr
k/nrjrfesjrf.dJwr’yU, dUwrdugrxknox< gUYr’jrf.gzbr; bunr;dv, {ebv’amr,
mnr;dqc;r anijj xr no dJn’r bqnd r gu kxr } no ekv;nogx Y U ’r >
budrxtjwr;nox bqnrpU;hnrjJwr;jrf;jzmr’ncr,mnr’bqnrmnr’mI’
ywr>x mnr’jwr;wv; gqw,r lUY;r pwEl;anregLv,mUn;r jzm’r av,yuc,r gv,m
noex s gUn’r hwr’tug,r lo;[.lzc;r s/mrbcK r 1P d/cr’egLv,sKw’r (adrsvd)<
2P d/cr’pid’r mnr’ amr,nnr ep’anrdRo/’mnr’< anramr,h/nrj x fr
mnr’ (avdInw)< 3P d/cr’bUnl xr d z ;r mnr’ (nids r Rn) no> mKw;r jwr;
gwr, hnrmQnr;egv.anrtugr,jrf h/cr;lI lwr’lInnrx cinr’tugr,jrfnKwr
mnr’< jrj f br’mnr’< kr;f hnrmnr’tQc;r yU,dig’r dig’r < jwr;gwr,h/nrj x fr sKw’r
jrf gzb;r egv.nnr>x anrnbxo n q d r /cr’egLv,sKw’r (adrsvd) ywr>x gUY’r
bqnrlzcr;d/cr’dUwrtUbr’ j/mr,bUYr;anrnJcr;> gUYr’gv; d/cr’egLv,sKwr’
anrnxo mnr’amr,mnr;dqc;r jKcn xr cr,gUn’r egv.nnrx jqmd r cr’anrlI
jnrjmfr nr’egv; amr,mnr;dqc;r nnry x wr>x mKw;r cwr’lo/’ mnr’lQg;r lo/;gfv,
nnr<x mKw;r jwr;gwr, amr,j/cr;hnrl;o egv.nnr<x mKw;r jwr;gwr, yub;r yzm’r
gfv,d/cr’egLv,sKw’r nnrx jwr;gwr,edcin’r ekv’kUm<r bqnmr v’lzc;r amr,s/cr,
edv,< amr,bqc’r jref s yUwer k’edhqd’r gfv, gv;bqnl r cU y r ,U > anrnxo bqnr
agusUwr,mnr’ anramr,h/nrxjrfmnr’< bqnrep’anrdRo/’kzcrh/cr;p/cr
1m< nfr’mhvdugrxk knr,t sudrxd< bbrx 1 (mU,ld) nv; 90.
2m< bbrx 1 (mU,ld) nv;-85; scr< bbrx 3 (mU,ld) nv; 27.
24
avdInwywrx> anrnoxegv; bqnrlzcr;d/cr’tUbr’j/mr,bUYr;anrnJcr;
ncr,gwr,> scrjwK wxr v; y/mr’edv;lqwr jwr;gwr,amr,mI’d/cr’jrd f d i ’r Oo;nKwr
egv.nnrxno< awrjrfjbr’k/dr,budr’gfv,nKwrmnr’no anrnox bqnrd/cr’
lzd;r lQw’r < bUd’r lzd;r < bUd’r bz,o (nids r Rn)ywr>x jKw’r s/mranrnxo
dJn’r mI’wxmo /nr,mQn;r nr’f lzc;r d/cr’egLv,sKw’r pwgUn’r hwr’edxywr>x
ebv’dUY’r awrd;I nxj o cJ r lzc;r wv;mnr’amr,mI’lzc;r ekv;t/mrgnr
gqw,r lUY;r wv,dhnrh/o . El;wv,dhnrla I nrwv;nox mnr’jQc;r lIy,U nv,<
gUYr’gv; hwr’lUwr,sznr,wUnrxjzmr’d/cr’egLv,sKwr’pw El;d/cr’k/nrjrf
mnr’< d/cr’lzdr;lQwr’mnr’ncr,gnr ncr,]iwrebv’edbzcr,lQcr’jrf nKwr
pwjJw;r jr;f gum,r gum,r tUn;r tUn;r nnry x ,U > ebv’hqd’r nnr hwr’jcr,edlo;
d/cr’lzd;r lQw’r anredxmnr’ywr>x gqwl r UY;r ekv;t/mranrnexo s budxr
tjwr;l/dr;wv; -
“jwr;Rh/nr’kwrawK xr scrjwK wxr v; jwr;Rh/nr’bun,r nv’ amr,wv;
ebv’amr,[.bzc,r lQc’r jrf jKcn xr cr,wv; {anrnj xo mrx bqndr /cr’egLv,sKw’r jJw;r
jr;f ywr<x anrnj ox mrx bqnd r /cr’h/nrj x fr jiwu ;r jr;f edxywr<x anragz ,r bUnxr
szca r nrnnrx bqnd r /cr’lzd;r lQw’r edxywr}x ebv’nojcJ r hqd’r ]iwer gv; kwr
dJn’r amr,j/cr;[.bzc,r jrl f ;o nKwl r cz ;r d/cr’egLv,mUn;r sKw’r gum,r tUn;r < amr,
nnr amr,j/cr;jiscr,end/cr’bnrbn K ;r dv,bKn;r ebv’edlo;[.bzc,r jrf
nKwer lv’p anrk;fr egLv,mUn;r sKw’r > po/,nJc;r jwr;Rh/nr’kwrawK xr jwr;
Rh/nr’ bun,r nv’egv.lref samr,wv; scrmnr’[.bzc,r lQc’r jrf nKwd r /cr’egLv,
sKwr’pwnoxwv; bqnrd/cr’egLv,jrf< anramr,h/nrxjrf< wv;bqnranramr,
h/nrj x efr dx< anrp/dr,lzd;r < bUd’r bz,o es szca r nrnnrx wv;bqnd r /cr’
lzd;r lQw’r edx jJw;r jJw;r jr;f jr;f ebv’no kwrjcr,edj/cr;hnr< [.bzc,r lQc’r
jrf nKwer lv’p anrk;fr egLv,mUn;r sKw’r nogx mu ,r gum,r tUn;r tUn;r ywr>x jcr,
edj/cr;jiscr,ensqn;r d/cr’bnrbn K ;r dv,Odr;tJcd r ;I sud’r dugkxr es
egv.anrjmz ’r ekv;jiscr,sznkr wrnnrex gv; dgr’edlo;[.bzc,r lQc’r jrf
25
nKwer lv’p anrk;fr egLv,mUn;r jzm’r av,yuc,r gv,mnnry x wr>x 1
dugu kxr nox hwr’edlo;jQg,r [.gfv,s/mrycK ;r -
1P bgdidgu kxr dugkxr yUw’r yUw’r < dugkxr dugkxr <
2P wibRinv,mdugkxr dugrxkanrlQgr;lo/;<
3P scr,kv,Rdugkxr dugkxr gugi ’r Fic;r dJn’r gKd,r bqn<r 2
gv;bqnd r /cr’k/nrjd fr cr’sqc;r nr’f pwanrgd K ,r < twr;< bqn<r do/
anrlo;yU,jzmr’gnrdcr’egv.jcr’gnr< anrlo;yU,p/dr,y/nrgnr
dcr’egv.hgr ex gv.tug,r mQn;r gnr< anrk;fr lo;smra x mr,lo;< anramr,kr;f lo;
smrl x ;o < mo;jr<f Ocrhx ;o < kIcwrjgfv, anrbn q d r gu kxr dUwr El;dugkxr jrf dcr’
szca r nr bKn;r dcr’gmr,pv,yzm’r hbrwx v; bqnd r gu kxr edxnn o xo kwr;bv’won x ’fr
bgdidgu kxr dugkxr yUw’r yUw’r ywr>x
d/cr’mUn;r sKw’r cin’r egLv,jrd f cr’sqc;r nox mnr’amr,]ics r cr> mnr’
ko/.lQgr;lo/;kKwr’kKwr’lUcryU,> mKwr;mnr’ko/.lQgr;lo/;gfv,nnrx mnr’hqdr’H;
jqbr’k/nrjrf< lzcr;amr,mUnr;sKwr’bqnrebv,ywrx> d/cr’lQgr;lo/;anrnox
bqnd r /cr’k/nrjgfr bz ;r mnr’lQg;r lo/;wibRinv,mdugkxr ywr>x dugkxr szca r nr
l/dr;enmv’nox mnr’bzcr,jrfco/;edx> prfamr,j/cr;dzbr,tqcrlo;> dugrxk
ekv;mo/nJcr;nnrx hwr’yJcr;kQnr’[.dKwr’nmr gzbr;wv;mnr’[.co/;es bqnr
anrhwr’dUwrtUbr’yU,dv,es,gU;wnr’mKcr’gUnr’noxywrx>
dugkxr tUn;r s/mr scr,kv,Rdugkxr -dugkxr gugi ’r Fic;r din u ’r gUd
i ,r bqnr
anrwv;bzcbr n q y
r ,U hcr’ekvnox mnr’gqw,r lUY;r sepv’apitmr’es lmr,
lzc;r bun;r dv,dugkxr sjrj x v, noex sywrx bun;r dv,edbzc,r jrn f nrx hwr’lUw,r
awrdcr’ekv;tdr’s/cresEl; wUnt xr dr’jQg,r dUwkr ci ’r hwr’ anrwv; {gwr<
gwr} gwrny xo ,U ywr>x anrhwr’Ocrwx v;gwr< pU;< gUn’r < sdr’ jgfv,nox ebv’
awrapitmr’budt xr jwr;wv;jicu r gUY’r bqner gvgzct r /dr; anrlgQ ;r lo/;yU,
1m< bbrx 1 (mU,ld) nv;-87
2wisudrti (mU,ld) nv; 499; a< nv; 38
26
dv,es,< bqnhr cQ ’r dUwEr l;hQc’r jrf anrdgr’edlo;jQg,r epgfv, knr,tv,
hv;yKc;r bnr,jknr,tv,noy x wr>x dI;gQb;r mnr’ budtxr jwr;wv; nnrgx Y U ’r
bqna r nrjbr’bQn’r knr,tv,hv;yKc;r wv;no> dI;lra 1 f mr,dI;lref gv; mnr’
jwr;sbr’lQc’r enknr,tv,hv;yKc;r wv; {jwr; Rh/nr’kwrawK xr knr,tv,hv;
yKc;r nox dgr’edlo;wv; bqnd r /cr’jrjf br’bQn’r dI;nKwkr nr,tv,hv;yKc;r
ywr}x 2 wv;no> dI;nox tug,r lo;[.wv; dugkxr dcr’knr,tv,hv;yKc;r nox amr,jr;f
wv; bqnp r bfr n q mr nr’> knr,tv,hv;yKc;r nox dJn’r bqnd r wU d
r gu kxr gmr’lqwr
ywr>x mKw;r anrhwr’[.wv; lzc;r wv;gUn’r nox gUY’r bqnkr nr,tv,hv;yKc;r egv,
s/cr;wonx n o nrx hwr’yJc;r kQn’r ed[.bzc,r jrf nKwmr nr’dKw’r gzn,r ywr>x knr,
tv,hv;yKc;r nobx n q j
r wK ’r lrf ?
knr,tv,hv;yKcr;
knr,tv,hv;yKc;r nox bqnTr bU grknrtv egvTubhr /cr;ywr>x nr’f egvTubr
h/cr;nox bv’wxt o /dr;lUcs r ,I yKc;r anrwv; gQn,r -t/dr;lin<r jJm’r lo-t/dr;
nmr<x h/wra x n u ,r - t/dr;po’ El;bwr,tzc’r -t/dr;lUm’r jKw’r nox dcr’Tubr
aicr-aubvdvnTUb kzcrt/dr;sI,yKcr;ywrx> 3 nrf’Tubraicrnnrx kwr;bv’wxo
pgr’dUavydn[gr’yKc;r anrwv; dv< [< kU;lcr< lin<xr dUwr El;av,
yucr,jrfnnrxywrx> hqdr’nogv;bqnrTubrh/cr;dcr’sqcr; kwr;bv’woxnrf’egvTubr
h/cr;noxywrx>
knr,tv,tUnr;szcrjmrx bqnrewdnvngrknrtv egvyinr’jfr
ywr>x nr’f egvnobx v’woy x n i ’r anrtgu ,r jr<f anramr,tug,r jrf jqmd r cr’yin’r
g/cr (suk dugkr aubgq kr v ewdnv) ywr>x hwr’yin’r [. gzb;r Tubhr /cr;d/cr’nr’f
El;Tubhr /cr;po/,nzg;r dummxr n Q ;r gnrnnry x wr>x ew,dnv,mI’[gr’yKc;r ywr>x
hwr’yin’r [.gzb;r m/gr,dvdcr’h/cr;p/cr dummxr n Q ;r gnr< [dcr’sqc<r kU;lcr
1sMkqdredn bYrjubvdvngrknrtv Dugrkv> scr< bbrx 5 (mU,ld) nv; 421
2scr< bbrx 3 (mU,ld) nv; 158
3s< bbrx 3 (mU,ld) nv; 59
27
dcr’ao/sQw<r lind xr cr’so/w/nr< dUwd r cr’kKc;r dKwd xr cr’sqc;r < jrdf cr’av,
yuc,r jrdf mu mxr nQ ;r gnrnnry x wr>x yin’r dUwy r n i ’r jrd f cr’sqc;r nox kwr;bv’wox
nr’f egvej,dnv,noy x wr>x 1
mn-jrf ekv;nokx wr;d/cr’dJw’r nmrwy ox ,U nr’f apitmr’j/wr’budxr
yU,edx> edlo;[.bzcr,dI;bzcr,mnr’wv; mnr’amr,jrf;ekv;jrf. anrsbr’
lQcr’en {wiY/nr,< kfnrcwr’} anrmnr’kdr’s/nrgnrdcr’Rubrwdrxtu>
jwr;gwr,tug,r lo;kug’r jrl f ;o wv; budt xr sv,snv,noa x mr,yzm’r hbrwx Y i /nr,
kfncr wr’jKcn xr cr,d/cr,sv,snv, amr,nnr apitmr’d/cr,jKw’r nbrt x wJ r
wxn
o nr>x jrn f bxo nq wr dox fv,R avydn anrncJ ;r jKcn xr cr,m/gr,dv< [ kwr
nnrgx Y U ’r > hwr’j/cr;kint r ci ’r mnr’lo;yU,es bUg’r bzcmr nr’lo;jKcn xr cr,
dfv,Rd/cr,anry,U > budt xr jwr;egv; gogx lxo /dr;enlzc;r gv;knrkn i t r ci ’r
aic,r deR,dfv,R[gr’yKc;r yU,> d/cr’bQg;r bKc;r gnrjEfr l;m/gr,dvnomx ’I jKcxr
ncr,no> dvnox [.hnrsIdcr’sqcr;El;h/cr;p/cr anrhnrlo;dcr’
sqcr;es jrfsmrxawrd/cr’wUnrx< d/cr’ko;jrfjKwr’noxes[.hnrkUcr’elv’g
ywrx> jzmr’ncr,dfv,R amr,mKnrgnrnnrx hwr’tUbr’hnrlo; av,yUcr,
elv’glo/mqw’r yU,> hwr’amr,j/cr;cin’r [.lo;sIh/cr;p/cr< hwr’gUY’r hnrl;o
gUY’r > hwr’amr,j/cr;hnrl;o sqcr< gUY’r j/cr;cin’r lo;gUY’r > hqd’r noes
hwr’awrdcr’dfv,RdUwkr ci ’r hv;yKc;r dv< [< kU;lcr< lin<xr dUwr jKw’r noex s
tUb’r [.hnrl;o h/cr;p/cr< sqc<r sQw<r so/w/nr El;wdrt x u anrdmu d xr wK l xr ;o
jKwr’noxywrx> gUYr’gv; jKwr’anrwv;mv’nox gUYr’kwr;bv’wxokUcr’elv’gnJcr;
dzn;r nJc;r p/gr,gUY’r < bo,kwr;bv’mUd’r > nr’f elv’gnox jrwf n U Exr l;dcr’ko;
jrlf ’U bqns r cranrwv;nox kwregv;kwr;bv’lo; nJc;r dzn;r nJc;r lry f ,U > gUY’r
gv; jKw’r kwrnxo hwr’amr,j/cr;awrdcr’dfv,Rhwr’ dv< [< kU;lcr< lin<xr dUwr
jKw’r noex s [.awrl;o > gUY’r gv; awrdcr’jrd f vf ,Rnoex s [.hnrkwrl;o
yU,> dI;nox d/cr’wUnrxEl;d/cr’ko;jrfnox kwramr,jrf;wv;bqnrlUgr; anr
28
lzd;r lQw’r swr’ekvyU,ekvekv anrp/dr,gnrwox dcr’av,yuc,r lUg;r anr
awrdcr’dfv,Rhv;yKc;r es[.nnr>x wv;edxmnr’ kwraci l r crpcrncz ;r gnr
es kwrebv,bqnmr ’I mv’ gzb;r lUY;r dfv,Rhv;yKc;r ywr>x gzb;r noEl; gUn’r dv
mzd,r bv’gKd,r mv’nox mnr’amr,mI’d/cr’[. d/cr’ko;jrf lzc;r sIlcK l r cQ j
r gfv,>
d/cr’wUnExr l;d/cr’ko;jrf anrkwr;bv’wxn o ’fr lUg;r nox bqner bv,mv’gzb;r dfv,R
hv;yKc;r kbrwx /cr’bnres smra x wrjhfr wr’es [.hnrl;o nnry x wr>x gzb;r no
mn-jrf noex gv; bqnd r vf ,Rwoa x nrncJ ;r jKcn xr cr, m/gr,dvjgfv,nnry x wr>x
knr,tv,tUn;r s/mrnj xo mr’ bqner gvjrd f cz ’r ywr>x edv;mKnj r cK xr
ncr,ew,dnv,jrd f cz ’r noex gv; mI’gfv,[gr’yKc;r ywr>x jKw’r kwrbn q er bv,mv’gzb;r
pgr’dU[gr’yKcr; po/,nrf’El;av,yucr,po/,nzgr; kwrdumrxmQnr;gnrnnrx
ywr>x jrdf cz ’r (sYrYv) nox jQg,r ep[.lo; lzc;r wv;mnr’bqnTr bu hr /cr; bqnr
1
n/mr, -anrjwK mxr nr’ mqw’r mnr’bQg,r gnrnnry x wr>x
knr,tv,tUnr;sI,noxjmrx bqnregvbzcrbqnr Ficr;dJnr’gKdr,bqnr
(scrkvRgrknrtv) ywr>x 2 nr’f egvnox kwr;bv’wxgo /nrla I gi ,r jv.dcr’sqc;r
ywrx> anrhwr’wv;g/mr, (gmrm) nox kwr;bv’nrf’noxywrx> ebv’awrjzmr’budrx
tjwr;sbr’lQc’r wv; {jwr;Rh/nr’kwrawK xr ej,dnv,nox gwrwv;mnr’bqnr
g/mr,noywrx} no> 3 gzbr;mI’jrfkrf;lo;noxEl; egv.nJcr;mnr’awrdUwrsUbr’
dcr’jref sEl;hqd’r gfv,< l/dr;gfv,< wUngxr vf ,nnry x wr>x jref j,dnv,nox
bqngr /nrj<fr d/cr’hqd’r jry f wr>x mnr’jiscr,hqd’r H;hwr’ kJcgr /nry,U nr’f
g/nrlIg/nrjv.El;g/nrlzdr;lIjv.nnrxywrx>4 noxegv;mI’[gr’yKcr;
mKnn r cr,ew,dnv,dcr’sYr,Yv,kwrywr>x kwrbn q er bv,mv’gzb;r jrp f gr’dU
2scr,kv,Rnrf’knr,tv,hv;yKcr;nox mI’dI;bzcr,gf/cr;kf/cred.< scr,kv,Rnrf’d/cr,dI;Edxmnr’jQcr;
lo;wv;-lzcr;d/cr’< sgr’smr,esbKcrnrf’lUgr;El; knr,tv,hv;yKcr;yU,ywr;>
3acr,< (gUw,r lmr,bUw,r 1929) nv; 590 ejdnvhM pigkr ew gmrmM wdvmi< ejdyidvf gmrmM geRvdi
gveyn wvjv mnsv>
4a< nv; 6
29
[gr’yKcr;El; av,yucr,[gr’yKcr; po/,nzgr;dumrxmQnr;gnrnnrxywrx> 1
ew,dnv, dcr’sYrYv,amr,jr;f g/nrej,dnv,> kwramr,j/cr;hqd’r H;
g/mr,bqner bv,> g/nrjfr jKcn xr cr, awrs,fr jrf (mnsigvR)< g/crjfr (snr
d) < dQb’r ddr’-ynr,jrf (atimgz kr )< yum,r ymr (sdrtv)< jrn f mi r (smv
ti)< bYrYv< kdr’jrf (wIRy i )< kr;f lo; (Rvg)< jrl f mr (edvs bdik)< lUcl r mJ ’r
(awijrjv)< jrfpQnrsucr (mvn)< d/cr’wUnrxgqwr,gbr’lUYr;gwr (sgrgvy
didt r )i jKw’r nox j/cr;hqd’r H;pzn’r g/mr,bqner bv,ywr>x jref j,dsig;r hv;
sib’r nox bqner gvjrbf cz br n q r (scrkvRgrknrtv) ywr>x
knr,tv,tUnr;hv;noxjmrx bqnregvjrf[. (wiYrYvngrknrtv)
ywr>x 2 jr[f .nox aicn r wK pr gr’dU[gr’yKc;r dcr’av,yuc,r [gr’yKc;r po/,nzg;r
es bqner bv,ywr>x ebv’wv; dvdcr’h/cr;p/cr dummxr n Q ;r gnregv; jr[f .po/,
dv bqner bv,ywr>x edv;no jr[f .nox aicn r wK [r < kU;lcr< lin<xr dUwr dcr’
jref s mI’yU,[gr’yKc;r ywr>x 3
lzc;r wv; jr[f . (wiYY r vn)nxo mnr’amr,bo,jQg,r [.lo; wdrt x ku cK ;r
mqw’r mnr’anrwv;nox tug,r lIl;o bzc,r jry f ,U > mnr’gUY’r bqna r nr[.lo/lo/<
anr[.av,yuc,r anrkwr;mv’dummxr n Q ;r nnrgx Y U ’r > dUwy r /cr,mnr’jmrx mKw;r
dvdcr’sIsmz ,r dummxr n Q ;r gnrnnrx jr[f .hnr (jgrkwu Y i Y r vn) ebv,bqnr
anredv.edxgUYr’[.sInnrxgUYr’> mnr’amr,jQgr,[.lo;wv;nnrx bqnr
sIsmz ,r > anrjgQ ,r [.lo;sIsmz ,r nox bqnj r d fr cz ’r (sYrYv) ywr>x jrd f v [.
(jgrkwu Y i Yr vn) nox bqner kv;anrj.fr nr’f apitmr,mv, anrmnr’jQc;r
enwv; hnrngo Y U ’r > hnr anrwv;nox mnr’amr,bzc,r wv; [.jgr’ jQg,r [.
lo;> wiYY r vn d/cr,anr (esvdwiYY r vn) jgfv,egv; mKngr nrdcr’
2ebv’awrapitmr’p/o,mhv,yv,nwv;no wiYvngrknrtnox mI’s/mrbKcr-jidrd< mn< avly
wiYvnno< dI;gf/cr;mnr’ edlo;hnrn’rf apitmr’j/wr’budr l/o’hqn’r dQg;r dI’gnr anrp;U dQm;r
ligr;b/nrmfr,kwr dQmr;yU,mKwr;lqwrywrx<
30
noxywrx>
dI;nox kr;f smrgx /f mr’tQc;r aid’r nJc;r < ebv’awrjmz ’r apitmr’budt xr
jwr;wv;no mnr’amr,mI’scranrmnr;dqc;r < wiY/nr,< kfncr wr’ (self or soul)
anramr,lQg;r lo/; anrkcq ,r kdr’edv,Tubwr drt x Eu l;dcr’wiY/nr,> nox
egv;edamr,lo;nbrbx v’wv; mnr’bqnr wiY/nr,anrs/nrkdr’edv, Tubr
wdrxtu> ekv;anrwv;mv’nox hwr’edlo;[.woxdQgr,dQgr,lQcr’lQcr’ gzbr;wv;
gmr;pzc;r yum,r wv; jrwf Y i /nr,nox mnr’bqnmr wq ’r kfncr wr’ anrmnr;gQn,r es
sJb,r mv’ jqmmr wK ;r pwgmr’aznd r /cr’bKn;r mv’edv,tJc;r pwy/mr’lqwr ebv’
amr,t/dr,no>
jwr;sv,di deb’budt xr jwr;dUnn r cJ ;r mnr’nbrwx v; budt xr jwr;
sznwr v; {gUY’r bqnwr Y i /nr,anrlwq r ko/.lo/;gfv,mv’lUcy r ,U nr’f smr,sRv,}
no> budt xr jwr;t/mrmnr’wv; jrwf Y i /nr,nox mr’f kr;f wv;bqns r crn>o jwr;
sv,didbz ,r wv; mnr’bqna r nrhwr’yin’r [.< t/cr,< j/mr,bUY;r pzn’r lI
aig,r jv. kzcgr /mr,lIg/mr,ho/.eav;no>
budt xr jwr;bzcwxr v; jwr;nUg,r dnrawK xr jzc,r mr’f y/mr;cin’r gwrehv’
ko;enmv’jKcn xr o edv,bKn;r hv.> gwrehv’ko;enmv’wiYY r vngU;lo/lo/’ lzc;r
wv; mnr’gKd,r kJn;r mv’ ebv,mv’ gzb;r lzc;r d/cr’ (ehdu)< ebv’amr,mI’lzc;r
d/cr’ mnr’amr,dznexr bv,bqnr anrwv;noa x mr,jr;f ]iw>r gmr’nnr budt xr jwr;
jcr,sJb,r s/cr’l/cr’gfv,kbrkx brd x /mr’gnrywr>x wiYY r vnnox mnr’lo;jJw;r
gzb;r nKwl r cz ;r anrmnr’aicer s bqner bv,ywr<x ebv’wiYY r vn bqner bv,mv’
gzb;r m/gr,dvdcr’TUbvyuchr /cr;p/cregv; anrnOxo crwx v;jrd f v[. (jgrkwu Y i r
Yvn) ywr>x ebv’gzb;r [dcr’sqcer gv; Ocrwx v;jr[f [. (esvdwiYY r vn)< ebv’
gzb;r kU;lcrdcr’ao/sQwer gv; Ocrwx v;jrkf ;U lcr[. (kvnwiYY r vn)< ebv’gzb;r
lind xr cr’so/w/nregv; Ocrwx v; jrl f n i [xr . (jiwvwiYY r vn)< ebv’gzb;r dUwr
dcr’wdrt x u dKwl xr ;o nnrex gv; Ocrwx v; jrd f wU [r . (gvywiYY r vn)< ebv’gzb;r
jrdf cr’av,yuc,r jref gv; Ocrwx v; jr[f . (menvwiYY r vn) noywr>x
31
lKwer snnrx budt xr jwr;awrdcr’aubmv,bKcd r gQ ;r es sJb,r sbr’
lQc’r enwv; po’noex gv; hwr’Ocrj x mz ’r mnr’ anrmnr’mo;mQn;r nnry x wr>x scr
wv;po’mo;pKc’r egv; hwr’Ocrwx v;nnrx bqnp r ’o pKc’r < ebv’bqnp r ’o mo;bv,egv;
hwr’Ocrwx v;nnrx bqnp r ’o mo;bv,no> gzb;r no wiYrYvn nox lo;jJw;r gzb;r lzc;r d/cr’
anrmnr’aicer sgKd,r kJn;r mv’nnrn x >o 1
aicn r wK br cK a
r nrnexo s jwr;budt xr ekv’s pU;dQm;r lig;r adrt x
gv,tv,sbr’lQc’r enwv; {po’pJn’r nox mnr’mo; mKw;r ycr’dJgmxr ’I pJn’r gUY’r <
mKw;r amr,mI’pJn’r nnrx mnr’ebv’mzd,r gfv,ywr>x awrlcz ;r d/cr’mnr’lQg;r
lo/;gfv,ywr>x amr,jr;f wv;po’nnrx dQg,r ep;gfv,bqny r bz ’r bqny r bQ ’r > edv;
ncr,no wiYY r vn anrbn q er bv,mv’ gzb;r m/gr,dvdcr’TUbvyucn r xo mnr’
gUY’r bqner bv,mv’lo; mKw;r lzc;r d/cr’m/gr,dv< h/cr;p/cr< so/lQc’r < jrp f /crx
[mr;gnrngxo Y U ’r > mKw;r lzc;r d/cr’jKw’r nnrx amr,mI’ywrn x nrx lQg;r lo/;gfv,
nnrx jrwf Y i Y r vnnox mnr’amr,ko/.gfv,jU’[< kU;lcr jgfv,es bqnmr v’esv’
dwiYY r vn jgfv,> 2
budt xr jwr;awrdcr’ekv;dQd;r edv’lIesbJd,r b/gr,wv; jrwf Y i /nr,
nox aicn r wK Rr bu hr /cr;< ewdnv< sYrYv dcr’scrkvRes mnr’amr,yU,
lo;ekvekv amr,g/cr’gnrl;o dcr’Tubhr /cr;jKw’r nnr>x mnr’jwr;wv; -
{wiYrYvnj/cr;bqnrmv’lo; gzbr;Tubrbqnrcwr;h/gr;mnr’ (TUbubvyM)<
gzb;r Tubbr nq a r v,yuc,r mnr’ (TUbvRmrmnmr)< gzb;r Tubgr mrj x ;oz mnr’ (TUbbdidt r v
nmr) es d/cr’[mrjmU ’r jcr,kJn;r mv’ dKw’r dzn’r mv’> amr,nnr jrwf Y i r
Yvnnox ebv,mv’gzb;r ew,dnv,bqncr wr;h/gr;mnr’ ---< amr,nnr sYrYv
bqnrcwr;h/gr;mnr’ --- < amr,nnr scrkvR bqnrcwr;h/gr;mnr’ --- <
scrkvR bqna r v,yuc,r mnr’< scrkvR bqna r nrgmrj x ;oz mnr’es ew,dnv,
[mrjmU ’r nox jcr,kJn;r mv’< dKw’r dzn’r mv’ kJn;r yr,f mv’ywr}x >
1m< bbrx 1, mhvdnrhvscrky sudrd (mU,ld) nv; 256
2ma< bbrx 2 (mU,ld) nv; 306-307
32
{lKwer sTub<r ewdnv< sYrYv< dcr’scrkvR scrgn U ’r egv.nJc;r
wv; gwredenanrjwfr Y i Y r vnebv,mv’< azg,r gfv,< do/bUngxr vf ,< gKd,r bqnr
ebv,mv’< yr,f mv’< dUw’r mv’< kJn;r yr,f mv’ ebv’wv;nojcJ r mnr’gUY’r l/dr;lUcr
yU,essmr,esyKc;r anrmnr’amr,mI’edxbn q er dxnnrgx Y U ’r }no> 1
dI;gQb;r mnr’ gUY’r bqnkr nr,tv,hv;yKc;r nogx Y U ’r anrhwr’Ocrgx nr
lUcy r ,U {sdr’dwv,}< pU; (buggxr wU ,r )< {gwr}> jKw’r nogx Y U ’r bqnr jJw;r kzckr nr,
tv,hv;yKc;r anrhwr’d/cr,wxn o nrgx YU ’r > kwrdcr’sqc;r bqnr anidj xr amr,
mnr;dqcr;< lQgr;lo/;lUcryU,dv,es,ywrx> anrmnr’amr,mnr;dqcr;nox
bqnd r gu kxr ywrx (ydi anijj r M dM dugkr )M > anrnxo bqner kv;gf/mr’edx
kzcbr d u txr jwr;ywr>x dI;gQb;r mnr’jmrx anrjbr’bQn’r yU, nKwkr nr,tv,hv;
yKc;r nox bqnd r gu kxr ywrn
x >o nr’f k/wr’y/mr’lQg;r lo/;gmr’nJc;r dcr’gmr’szcr
nnrx kwrknr,tv,hv;yKc;r anrlefr gv;amr,mKngr nrl;o > bzc,r wv; gmr’aznr
d/cr’ amr,mKnl r ;o dcr’gmr’szc>r kwrgY U ’r bqns
r /o dJn’r sJb,r bqner sluh/o
gfv, ebv’amr,t/dr,nnrgx Y U ’r >
{bunr,nv’aKwrx mnr’mKnrncr,nmrxdUgr’d/dr,ywrx< bv’awrgU;lo/
mqw’r jzm’r mnr’es elv,lQn;r lolcU y r ,U < mnr’dJn’r amr,gJd’r amr,t/dr,
esgmr’ esgQbxr esjgrgx /nr<x gUY’r gum,r elv;lolcU y r ,U ebv’amr,t/dr,
ywr>x edv;ncr,no bun,r nv’aKwxr pwgUn’r hwr’noex gv; mKngr nrdcr’nmrx
dUg’r d/dr,ywr}x > 2
mKwr;anrnJcr;sudr’sqcr;gfv,nnrx mnr’sKwr,d/cr’bnr dv,H;
dJn’r sJb,r lzc;r d/cr’d/cr,anr bqner bv,ywr>x nr’f nnrx mnr’amr,mI’scr
anrwv;mnr;gQn,r es amr,lQg;r lo/;> mnr’amr,mI’kfncr wr’ (Self Atman)<
2acr,< (gUwr,lmr,bUwr, 1929) nv; 700 dI;nox ycr’mI’ekv;tmr’kzcr [iwr’Rklo’tsr, Heraclitus
(mKw;r 500 bI,jI,) l/dr;wv; gU;smr,sQnbr cK a
r nrlefr gv;elv,lolcU y
r ,U > ekv;jQc;r lQc’r mnr’ anr
bKnr;[.nmrnox “jwr;gwr,amr,j/cr;w/cr’dirnrlo;szcrgmr’ dI;s/opzcr’nmrxanrlqwr dI;lqwrgnr
gzbr;wv; pzcr’nmrxmfr,lop/nr,k/mr;jwr;gwr,gU;y/mr’ywrxno>
33
nr’f kwr< amr,nnr {gwr} anrwv;no>x pref samr,wv; edpzml xr ;o jrwf v; {gwr}
1
anrwv;nox amr,jr;f bqnRr bu r bqner w,dnv,< bqns r YrYv< bqns r crkvR<
bqnwr Yi /nr,anrl>fr mKw;r anrTbu n r /mr,knr,tv,hv;yKc;r bqny r ,U prmf nr’
es [mr;gnrbn q y r ,U nr’f kKc;r j/gr;Tubn r /mr,knr,tv,2 nnrx hwr’nbrwx v;
bqnr {gwr} no> gUY’r gv; anrnxo bqnd r /cr’ko;jrp
f d i ’r pUngr Y U ’r < gUY’r bqnr
scrkvR< gUY’r bqnr ejdsigr hv;sib’r szcr nr’f kwr anrncJ ;r anrhwr’
nbrwx v; {dUwgr wr} amr,nnr {gwr} (sgrgvydidt r )i nogx Y U ’r >
knr,tv,hv;yKc;r anrhwr’Ocrgx nry,U wv; gUn’r < sdr’ nonxo bqnr
dugkxr (scrkvRdugkr )noywr>x lKwer snomx nr’amr,mI’sdr’ buggxr wU ,r d/cr,
egv.d/cr,gUn’r mv’pzc’r cmr’yU,nKwkr nr,tv,hv;yKc;r no>x budt xr jwr;wv; -
{gUY’r mI’dugkxr bKcl r wq gr YU ’r < amr,hnregv.k/mr,dugkxr > gUY’r mI’g/mr,
(d/cr’hqd’r ) gUY’r < mnr’amr,mI’egv.hqd’r s/cr;>3 mnr’amr,mI’egv.dUcxr nJcr
dI;po/,lcrd/cr’dUc>xr gUY’r bqnd r /cr’dUcgxr Y
U ’r > anrwv;pwnox ko/. lo/;
dUcrxnJcryU,noegv;amr,jrf;> pwdJnr’bqnr anrdUcrxnJcryU,hcr’gUYr’
mnr’ywr>x pwEl;d/cr’dUcn xr cJ r amr,jr;f wv; bqnp r bfr n
q mr nr’> tQc;r anr
nJc;r jmrx mnr’amr,mI’egv.wUnxr dI;po/,lcrd/cr’wUn>xr d/cr’wUnxr dJn’r
bqner gv.wUngxr mr’lqwy r wr>x scrjwK wxr v; jwr;gwr,ko/.bQd;r d/cr’wUnn xr o amr,
j/cr;hnrlo;egv.wUnrxywrx> dI;nox hwr’amr,j/cr;lJmr’lo; lzcr;wv;d/cr’
hnrj/wr’budn xr xo dJn’r s/nrkdr’gnrdcr’ekv; {gwrwn U xr < gwrbn q gr wr} nox
ywrx>
gmr’nox ekv;t/mranrwv; jzc,r pwmI’gmr’ed,jmnr’]iwn r >o ebv’
awrjzmr’ekv;tmr’budrxtjwr;wv; pwgmr’mKwr;ed,j anrwv;nxo amr,
j/cr;wUnrx[.lo;> pU;yumr,ymrFv.p/nr,pIbUcrkwr eda/mr’ekv;dzbr,nox
1ekv;tmr’andrd dI;dznr;[gr’ edjQcr;EngnryU,>
2jwr;budrtekv’s awrdUwrgUnr’hwr’dQgr;gnrdcr’ dUwrsznr’moxgbr’j/gr;< wisudrti
(mU,ld) nv; 594-595
3wisudrti (mU,ld) nv; 515
34
yU,> scrjwK wxr v; jwr;gwr,kJn’r dzc;r t/mrmnr’wv; {gmr’mKw;r ed,j Fv.pI
lUcr (God) lU’ bqna r s I cr ? no} mnr’eddzb,r l/dr;wv; Fv.pIlcU r amr,
mI’cwr;ed,jwv;noes mnr’edamr,a/mr’eav’ekv;dzb,r mnr’scr>
budt xr jwr;wv; {jwr;Rh/nr’kwrawK xr smr,sRv,nox amr,j/cr;hnr
lo;dI;sud’r mnr’< amr,[.hnrl;o gmr’mKw;r ed,jsdr’dwv,> kwrbn q r
ebv,mv’es tUc,r tqw;r < kzckxr mry,U nr’f awijj xr v,< did’r jbr’wod x cr’sMeyv’
j/nr,< dzcmxr ;o dnrhvywrx }> gqw,r lUY;r awijj xr v,es budt xr jwr;sJb,r
sbr’lQc’r wv; d/cr’dJmd r nr awijj xr v,gmr’aznd r /cr’bKn;r nox amr,j/cr;
1
[.lo;< bzc,r wv; mnr’amr,mI’awijj xr v,mv’mKw;r gmr’nnrgx mr’non x >o 2 gzb;r
no hwr’amr,j/cr;wv;lo;wv; mnr’amr,mI’mv’pwgmr’mKw;r bUnmxr v’ gmr’nnrx
gmr’nox anrwv;nnr>x
anrnxo bqner kv;bzc,r anrgbQ ;r aRiydugkr sjrjvywr>x dv,
ed[.bzc,r jrs f jrj
x v,mo/nJc;r nox mnr’lmr,lzc;r edx< gzb;r wv; budt xr jwr;
ehv’wowx v; {egv.anrhnrdgu kxr nox hnrbv’jqmr dugkr smudd r y (lzc;r cwr;
h/gr;dugkxr ) dugkr nieRvt (dugkxr mzd,r sud’r yqn-r nibbxr /nr,) mgrg (sqn;r
d/cr’aznOr dr;dugkxr mzd,r sud’r yqn)r ywr}x >3
anrnxo amr,jr;f wv; mnr’hqd’r H;pwj/wr’budl xr ;o kI< ekv’kUmr jKcxr
ncr,bKnr;t/cr,pidr’woxnnrx> wv;dI;edxmnr’jmrx ebv’bqnrj/wr’budrx
jQd;r egv.nJc;r no mnr’bqner gv.anrl;o egLN,jref sbKn;r ywr>x mnr’amr,
mI’d/cr’gUws r cr< sugj xr sfr crywr>x jrmf nr’dJn’r nimwr d ox v,es,es gzb;r d/cr’
lQg;r lo/; amr,nnr ep’anrdRo/’]iwr mnr’amr,cin’r mo;jr<f ekv’kUmr gzb;r
wv; mnr’hnrg;U smr,sQnbr cK r jKcn xr cr,kwrm’I nnry x wr>x budt xr jwr; amr,
1scr< bbrx 2 (mU,ld) nv; 178-179; bbrx 3, nv; 149, 151
2acr,< bbrx 5 (mU,ld) nv; 113.
3scr< bbrx 5 (mU,ld) nv; 437. budrtjwr;wv; ebv’[.hnrsjrjv,anrnJcr;egv; [.bv’sjrx
jv, d/cr,jKwr’ywrxno> sjrjv,sI,yKcr;nox aicrlcrpcrnzcr;gnrwo.>
35
dznkxr cI wr< mo;jref sbzg;r > bKn;r wv; mnr’jwr;bqnj r wr;yumd xr v,es,no>
dI;]nr,h/cr;jnr kzcrj/wr’budrx El;nrf’bbrxtmr’ gU;anranr
nnrx h/cr;budt xr jwr; dJn’r mI’nv;yumgxr ;I < nimy r n q <r h/nrj x <fr aid’r lUwxo
yU,> amr,dznhxr nrh/cr; anrgn 1
i ’r k/nrj<fr mo;jref sdI;> bo/’mzn’r po/,
lo/’mJw’r El;h/cr;szn’r j/wr’budl xr fr dI;wdrwx v’j/wr’budl xr fr amr,dznexr pv,
enh/cr;budt xr jwr; anrm’I h/cr;mo;jr<f ekv’kUm<r gUY’r mI’h/cr; anrbn J er p;
d/cr’nimy r qnr El;h/cr;jUm’r sKw’r bnrhmi ’r Omr’yU,>
bQgsxr mrwx v; pwhwr’mI’d/cr’k/nrjefr sdv. j/wr’buda xr mr,tug,r lI
lo;kIm;o jrgf bz ;r mnr’< azg,r jrl f mr< jra f mr,y/wr’gzb;r mnr’> sepv’lzc;r
amr,lIn’fr pwgUn’r hwr’ j/wr’budwxr v; bqner dv’s< jrd f bz ,r sUY;r bdik
ywr>x bdik dI;bzc,r mnr’wv; azg,r jrl f mredv,bKn;r < kr;f H;bKn;r dugkxr < kr;f
H;bKn;r lusmu ’r kUw’r lqc’r no> g/nrdcU mxr nr’nox hqd’r H;lzc;r amr,egLN,sKw’r
jrfEl; d/cr’hqdr’ho/.gKdr,azgr,ywrx>2 hqdr’noes hqdr’H;hwr’jrfamr,
y/wr’ amr,yKnl xr ;o edv,d/cr’k/nrjy fr wr>x gzb;r jraf mr,y/wr’ amr,nnr
jrflmredv,d/cr’k/nrjrfEl; mnr’amr,gzgr’azgr,d/cr’k/nrjrfbQdr;lo;>
ebv’bqnn r nrjcJ r mKngr nrdcr’gqb’r awrd/cr’k/nrjs fr ,fr tQc;r es hqd’r H;
cwr’lo/’ anramr,tug,r yJc;r kQn’r ho/.dKw’r gfv,gzn,r ywr>x anrtgu ,r lIl;o
bqnn r Exo dx amr,lUw,r lo;azg,r jrl f mr< jrbf dz ’r < gUY’r lUw,r [.bzc,r sepv’
d/cr’k/nrjfr hqd’r ]iwmr nr’bqner bv,mv’< hqd’r ]iwhr wr’edeg;so/,bQd;r mnr’>
edhqd’r hJwr tug,r lIl;o awrdcr’jry f /wr’< Y/nr,hwr’< adigt xr /nr,hwr’<
hQc’r jrhf wr’es sJb,r kdr’jfn r nr>x
ycr’mI’woxbbrxtmr’j/wr’budrxszcrbbrx Ocrxwv; etRgvtv dcr’etRI
1ycr’mI’]nr,h/cr;budtr jwr; dI;mKc’r gnr,tv,R< FU;gin:r nr’f mKc’r ek, -h/cr;jwr;yes’egv’dm
anrgUYr’mI’lubr,kI;k/cr;wox< anrnox gUYr’bqnrmKwr;bo,bqnrbudrxt mKwr;mnr’jwr;hqdr’s/cr;DugrgR
jRiyv,< w/o’bqnrbudrtywrx mnr’jwr;ycr’esxen’d/cr’dJwr’gmrnnrxgznr,>
2a< bbrx 1, nv; 7
36
gvtv anrn’fr mnr’dqmd r mz wr ox lzc;r egLN,sKw’r jrf anrlgu ;r nzcd xr eb’
yic’r jo/’budt xr bJd,r b/gr,wv;azg,r sUb’r mv’ gzb;r anrkwr lo;tUb’r j/mr,bUY;r
d/cr’egLN,sKw’r jrf gzb;r ekv;tmr’budt xr jwr;nnry x wr>x mKw;r bzg;r nJc;r kunr
lUcregv’sl wo;lwr;tJcrbudrxtjwr;wv; {lugrxnzcrxdeb’jwr;hwr’kwrnox
amr,mKnrjKcrxncr,lugrxnzcrxdeb’d/cr,sv,snv,kwr anrmI’h/cr;nv;
lug’r dvmQn’r < svnKwhxr dr’jv’< nv;hQc;r < cwrmcJ er s mI’hQc’r [iwa xr n U ;r nnr>x
lug;r nzcj xr wr;hwr’kwrnExo dx ebxmv’sKw’r es mI’h/cr;lIll U d I Y U ’r ebxmv’
jJn;r sref s h/cr;kQml xr bQ ;r wx<o mUn;r jrj f mz ’r pwtmr’< niml r x kuns r bJ ,r
l/dr;tQcr;wv; anrkwrjwr; mI’h/cr;p/crjJnr;b/cr,yU,jKcrxnonox gwrkv;
kuny r mu ,r ymrwv; anrnxo dgr’edbqngr bz ;r kwrjwr; [.bzc,r jrf nKwt r mr’budxr
tjwr;hwr’edxywrxno}> 1
budt xr sv,snv,nox dJn’r s/nrkdr’edv, lzc;r d/cr’kIekv’kUm<r
kIncQ <r cwrscU ’r < sepv’dUn;r jrf anrnbrwx v;bqnr niwvRn anrh/mr;eh.
dv,lo;[.bzc,r jrt f mr’sjrj x v,nnry x wr>x po/,nJc;r dI;nox tug,r lIl;o kug’r
jrwf v; jUm’r -bI,dinxo bqnwr bxo d z jxr cr,ganrncJ ;r nr’f dzn;r dv,lo;[brhx nr
sjrj x v,sI,yKc,r < bqnn r mrgx drd x /cr’knr anramr,mI’amr,bqnr anrhwr’
edkdr’jrp f gu ,r w/nr,mnr’ bun;r dv,ed[.hnrnbi bxr /nr,nnry x wr>x 2
1m< bbrx 2 (mU,ld) nv; 121
2bunr;dv,bzjrxjcr,gjqdr’yKcr;nnrx dUYr’dI;dznr;gmr,mt/nr’dv.>
37
dznr;s/mr
sjrxjv,tUnr;szcr smudyaRiysjrxjv,
sjrxjv,tUnr;szcrnox bqnrcwr;h/gr;dugrxkbqnrebv, (smudy
aRiysjrjv) ywr>x ekv;sbr’lQc’r smudyaRiysjrjv anrghxo nr
yU, dI;nr’f bbxmr ,U cwr;dcr’nmrnnrx lo;hnry,U jKcn xr cr,po/,dr;f noyx wr>x
dnrhv d/cr’kr;f lo;noyx wrx bqnd r wU t
r mr’anrj/cr;hqd’r H;pwmr,f <
bdisnr,et,mr,f ed,bqnt r cQ ;r es mI’spv,wjbr’bQn’r kr;f lo;anrnxo
anrnnrx jKcn xr cr,wv; -
1P gvmdnrhv kr;f egLN,mUn;r sKw’r jzm’r gv,m<
2P pwdnrhv kr;f sJb,r mI’pwgfv,dv,es,<
3P wipwdnrhv kr;f H;pwk/dr,sud’r sqc;r no mI’wos x /mrycK ;r ywr>x 1
elv’pd/cr’krf;lo;lmr,m/gr;nox mnr’hQcr’kJnr;yrf,mv’ gzbr;lzcr;
d/cr’mnr’jzm’r lo/lo/’es gKd,r bnrdgu kxr gU;yKc;r El; dv,sdr’dwv,kwr
lo;sJbr,pwgfv,dcr’nmrnnrxywrx> gUYr’gv; dI;nox amr,lo;sznr,nbrx
elv’pnowx v; mnr’bqncr wr;ed,[wrbcJ ’r bKn;r > gzb;r sv,snv,budt xr nowx v;
wowx v; amr,mI’lo;lzc;r eh,du[wrbcJ ’r bKn;r < cwr;ed,bKn;r es smrj x cQ ;r wv;gU;
smr,sQnrbKcr mnr’aicrlcrpcrnzcr;gnres bqnrlUcryU,no> edv;gv;
elv’pdnrhvanrnxo hwr’nbrwx v;mnr’bqnl r cz ;r d/cr’eh,du dv,dugkxr
bqner bv,esdv. dv,mnr’edbqnn r nrx ycr’lo;aicbr cJ ;r bKn;r gzn,r > lo;
aicrbJcr;yinr’jrfew,dnv,<2 ew,dnv,smrx lo;aicrbJcr;d/cr’dumrxdKwrx
1mhw (aludrdgm-1922) nv; 9; scr< bbrx 5 (mU,ld) nv; 421
2ewDnvsMmuDyv dnrhvsMmuDeyv< m< bbrx 1, (mU,ld) nv; 51
38
pdrxsjgfv,es sJbr,l/mr’d/mr’gnres bqnrlUcryU, jzmr’ncr,lzcr;
pzn’r sJb,r bqnr bdijj r smubbr vd ywr>x
gzbr;no elv’pdnrhvnox mnr’amr,jrf;cwr;ed,[wrbJcr’bKnr;<
amr,jr;f cwr;eh,duhcr’mnr’ anrlwq gr Y U ’r bun;r dv,dugkxr bqner bv,> gUY’r
gv; mnr’bqnrcwr;eh,du anrjmrdznr’bKnr;< t/cr,jQcr;lKwrbKnr;nnrx
ywrx>
gzbr;nnrEl; ekv;sbr’lQcr’nrf’bbrxbv,linnrxwv; cwr;h/gr;dv,
dugkxr bqner bv,nox mnr’kwr;bv’jqmr dcr’giel,sv,d/cr,jKw’r gzn,r no> bQgxr
wv; dnrhvnox hwr’awrw[ox wrd/cr’bKn;r es<1 sbr’lQc’r gnrd;I noex sdv.
hwr’tugr, lIkugr’jrflo;wv; dnrhvnoxmI’wox sgrgvydidrti bqnrcwr;lUcr
mnr’ anrbn q mr v’gzb;r emv’hnnrx noywr>x
ekv;dnrhv anrwv;kr;f lo;nox amr,jr;f gUY’r gv’dzcmxr ;o < kr;f lo;av,
yuc,r gv,m[gr’yKc;r < kUw’r lqc’r El;amr’n/dr;gUY’r < mnr’egv;kwr;bv’anr
krf;lo; anrdidrxjbr’jzmr’d/cr’wUnrx< d/cr’hnr< g/crjrf< bKcrlo;hqdr’<
d/cr’yum,r sv,snv,jKw’r nol x ’U gzn,r ywr>x 2 ebv’awrjmz ’r po/,sv,snv,
budt xr tdr’s/crwv; bnrhvd/cr’pid’r gnrdcr’sqc;r nr’f lUg;r ed,awr
d/cr’pid’r tqcgr nrlgq n xr .zo nr’f nv;[in’r edv,tJcs r gJ ’r sKwn r ’fr mKc’r < nr’f
kKw’r jKw’r nox bqner bv,mv’gzb;r elv’p gKw’r sun,r dUwbr n q y r ,fr noy
x wr>x ed,
awrjKwr’noxgfv, gv;bqnrbnrhvpo/,m/gr;mI’< bo/’mKcr’< dcr’dUcr,wKcr’gUnr’nox
gKd,r azg,r mv’dI;elv’p3 anrws xo n
u ,r dUwbr n q y
r ,fr noy x wr>x gUn’r lUcbr cz r
mKc’r jKw’r anrkdr’jrf dv,edeg;kobnrhvd/cr’pid’r gnres aub,r eav’
gnr po/,gdr’yqngr ;U sJc,r mKc’r kwrnxo edv.edxdwK s xr ,fr bKg,r piwmr nr’ nr’f
po/,bo/’mKc’r < po/,m/gr;mI’gUY’r es amr,dzn z kxr wr;tJcl
r ;o dI;t/br;lJgbxr nrhv
1dUYr’dI;nv;ligr;--
2m< bbrx 1 (mU,ld) nv; 51; scr<bbrx 2, nv; 72; wip<nv; 380
3m< bbrx 1, nv; 86
39
kwr> mKnj r cK n
xr cr, budt xr jwr;l/dr;enjwr;Rdrt x bv,lwv; {lUg;r lUcn r xo
yub;r yzm’r wxeo s dzcmxr ;o so;lKd,r esEl; bqnwr kxo ;I kv;dnrhvwxy o ,U } no>
pref gv;edyJnwr v; gv;bqnl r cz ;r amr,lIdcr’sqc;r nr’f lUg;r nox bqnr
ebv,mv’gzbr;elv’p gKwr’sunr,dUwrbqnryrf,noxywrxno> anrnoxmnr’amr,
y/br,dv,edbzc,r jr>f gUY’r gv; hqd’r ]iwr d/cr’kr;f lo; dzcmxr ;o nox hqd’r H;pw
bqner bv,mv’ anrwv;nox mnr’bzc,r jry f /br,> dI;nox edlo;aub,r aUw’r gnr
po/,atitmr’ nr’f dzn;r sjrj x v,tUn;r szcr anrmnr’lJgl xr mr, anr
mnr’gqw,r gbr’gnr dcr’sjrj x v,tUn;r nJc;r nnrl x ’U gzn,r > dI;nox edlo;
aicn r wK l r /o ’g/mr,-gmrm El;anrkn J ’r gKd,r nol
x ’U gzn,r >
ycr’mI’avhv,RsI,yKcr; anrmnr’bqnrcwr;h/gr; lzcr;dv,sdr’
dwv,kwredmI’lo;gfv,< yU,lo;gfv,< sJb,r gJd’r swr’lo;gfv,nnry x ,U >
1P gblIgvRvhvR av’h/nrgn z ;r kwr;d/cr’gin<r
2P pdrsvhvR av’h/nrd/cr’dumd xr wK kxr cz d
r vf ,R
[gr’yKc;r El;av,yuc;r [gr’yKc;r >
3P wiYvnvhvR av’h/nrj[fr .<
4P menvsYrejdnvhvR av’h/nrjefr j,dnv, jrkf ;fr
esv,sUn’r <1
nr’f kwrs,I anrnnrx ej,dnv,nox bqngr /crjkfr ;fr yU,< kr;f mI’< kr;f mI’
tQc;r < kr;f sJb,r tQc;r < kr;f bqngr vf ,tQc;r dig’r dig’r nnry x wr>x 2 anrnmxo nr’gKd,r
azgr,bnr cwr;h/gr;pwdcr’smr,sRv, gzbr;g/nrlIg/nrjv.3 anrmnr’
hqdr’s/cr;mv’nnrxywrx> mnr’mKnrgnrdcr’ej,dnv,ywrx>4 hwr’lo;
hnrmv’gmr’mKw;r jwrn x nrx scr,kv,Rnox wv;bqngr mr,mno>5 gqw,r lUY;r ekv;
1ibid.,p.48.
2ebv’dQgr;p/o,lqbr;hqnr’jfrb/nrmrf,wv;jJcr mnr’mQnr;gnrdcr’liBIDUwr:”Libido” ywr.>
3ma< bbrx 1 (mU,ld) nv; 210
5dUYr’dI;nv;ligr;---?
40
jref j,dnv,< menvsYrejdnv anrwv;mv’po/,nKwn r nrex s budt xr
jwr;wv; {mKw;r egv.nJc;r [.bzc,r jrl f cz ;r av’h/nr jref j,dnv,nxo mnr’bzc,r
jrfbv’jqmrdcr’dnrhvs/mryKcr;ywrx}>1 gzbr;no ekv;dzcrxmo; ej,dnv,
menvsYrejdnv El; gmrm jKw’r nod x cr’sqc;r mI’ekv;bzc,r mKngr nr
anrjcQ ;r enwv; kr;f lo;< kr;f bqn<r kr;f mI’< kr;f mI’gfv,tQc;r < kr;f bqngr vf , tQc;r yr’f yr’f <
kr;f yr,f gfv,yr’f yr’f < kr;f hvOmrtcQ ;r dig’r dig’r } noywr>x anrnxo bqncr wr;h/gr;
dv,dugkxr bqner bv,es hwr’lo;hnrmnr’mI’woy x ,U nr’f scrkvRgrknrtv egv
bzc,r bqn<r bqnkr nr,tv,anrncJ ;r nr’f knr,tv,hv;yKc;r anrmnr’hqd’r H;
sdr’dwv,gKdr,bqnrebv,nnrxywrx>2
anrnxo bqna r nrlmr,lzc;r lKc;r yr,f esbKn;r nr’f ekv;tmr’budt xr
jwr;ywr>x gzb;r nnr hwr’edlo;dzc’r jQm,r jQm,r wxwo v; cwr;h/gr;< jKwp xr nr’
dv,dugkxr bqner bv,nox mI’wxy o ,U nr’f dUwd r gu kxr noy x wr>x amr,jr;f wv;mI’po/,nzg;r <
edv;ncr,no cwr;h/gr;jKwp xr nr’ dv,dugkxr mzd,r sud’r yqnn r exo gv; mI’wxy
o ,U
nr’f dUwd r gu kxr nonx cr,gwr,es mnr’amr,mI’po/,nzg;r > dI;nox ycr’mI’ekv;
anrbKnr;[.nmr goxlo;hnr nrf’bbrxbv,lidcr’nmr anrwv; {yMgiYrji
smudytmrmM sbrbM dM nieRvttmrm-M scresamr,wv; ebv’mI’Fic;r dJn’r
gKdr,bqnregv; mnr’mI’Ficr;dJnr’mzdr,sudr’yqnrncr,gnrywrx} no> 3
sdr’lr<f kKc;r wdrt x l u <fr bKclr /o ’mnr’lrf scrwv;mnr’mI’spv,w anrj/cr;
gKd,r bqnmr v’egv; mnr’egv;mI’Fic;r dJn’r bqnr dv,edlo;mzd,r sud’r yqn<r
lulQwrywrx> hqdr’no knr,tv,hv;yKcr;nox mI’wxoFicr;dJnr’gKdr,bqnr hcr’
mnr’esamr,gv’ bv’mI’wxF o ci ;r dJn’r mzd,r sud’r yqny r wr>x ekv;nox edsJb,r
sbr’lQc’r engnrtcQ ;r dI;nr’f dzn;r sjrj x v,tUn;r s/mr nibbxr /nr,gzn,r >
1scr< bbrx 2 (mU,ld) nv; 100 (gv,mdnrhv< pwdnrhv< wipwdnrhv - ekv;bzcr,mnr’mI’dI;
po/,nv;>
2dUYr’dI;nv;ligr;p/o,nv;---?
3m< bbrx 3 (mU,ld) nv; 280; scr< bbrx 4, nv;47,107; wi<nv; 423
41
ekv;bv,li gmrm< snrsgRidrxsmrxwv; g/Rrm no mI’ekv;bzcr,wv;
d/cr’hqd’r < g/nr wv;no> gUY’r gv; apitmr’j/wr’budxr gqw,r lUY;r gmrm nox
mI’ekv;bzc,r dQd;r edv’lI< mnr’jQc;r enwv; d/cr’hqd’r bv’ej,dnv,no>
amr,jrf;wv; gv;bqnrd/cr’hqdr’dcr’sqcr;> mnr’bqnrpznr’g/mr, jKcrxncr,
gUnr’dcr’nmrt/cr,wxonnrxegv;amr,jrf;> ebv’awrdI;bzcr, ekv;ewv’h/nr
gmrm wv;jJcr mnr’amr,dznj xr cQ ;r wv; bqnp r n z ’r agLVwr’> pzn’r mnr’nnrx
Ocrwx v; wibvg pzn’r m/gr,< dUwl r ;o nmrd x n z ’r kzcgr mrm (gmrmpl< gmrmwibvg)
ywrx>
ej,dnv,nox bqnl r ;o anrlI dcr’anrjv.ncr,gnr> gzb;r no
gmrmegv;mI’gfv,anrlI anrjv.ywr>x g/mr,lInxo gKd,r bnrpn z ’r m/gr,lI
es g/mr,jv.nogx d K ,r bnrpn z ’r m/gr,jv.ywr>x dzcmxr ;o < ej,dnv,< g/mr,
lIamr,wv; jv.amr,wv; mI’hQc’r dKwt xr cJ r jKcn xr cr,mnr’j/cr;bnrpn z ’r nnrx
ywr>x mnr’dJg’r sUn’r aI’tzc’r bnr dv,edlo;sJb,r gfv,< sJb,r lIsbJ ,r jv.
nnrxywrx> lIaigr,jv. anrlrfesamr,wv; mnr’mI’woxnrf’dUcr,wKcr’smr,
sRv,ywr>x jwr;Rh/nr’dv,Edx bQgwxr v;mnr’hqd’r < s/cr;esdv. mnr’amr,
bqngr mrm< gzb;r wv;mnr’ebv’azg,r bUnl xr d z ;r es sgrgvydidt r i anrwn U xr
wv; mI’gwr< g/cr’godcz mxr ;o elv’p anrj/cr;H;sJb,r pwgfv,tQc;r nnr<x mnr’
ebv’p/dr,g/cr’goes giel,sv,dcr’sqc;r < av,swlmrswr; dcr’sqc;r ywrx
El; amr,mI’d/cr’gKd,r mr,f tQc;r ywr>x lo/’gmrmnox amr,tug,r lIl;o gfv,gfcr
jzm’r bKn;r anr;wv;Cdv’ amr,nnr bnrs’U El;bnrd/mr, (moral justic
or reward and punishment) anrn>xo lo/’bKcbr n q Cr dv’ amr,nnr bnr
sU’bnrd/mr,gnrnxo mnr’aicn r wK r d/cr’yum,r Fv.p/nr,pIbcU r (God) egv.
dQb’r ddr’< egv.dmr’bKcmr /o mI;< egv.dQb’r ddr’ lIagi ,r jv.bnrgn U ’r nnrx
ywr>x ekv;anrwv;Cdv’ (justic) nonxo mI’ekv;bzc,r szccr mQ ;r es mI’ep’wo<x mnr’
mI’lzc;r ho/.jv.nmrlwK er s lzc;r lIedv,gUn’r hwr’> lo/’gmrmnox bqnl r /o ’
bgr’bKcj r mz ’r lzc;r d/cr’pzn’r kzcd r /cr’hqd’r < scrkvR kUnkxr n J ’r < mnr’bqnr
42
bKcmr /o mI;jzm’r pic;r dJn’r < mnr’amr,gqw,r scrgnrdcr’bKcmr /o mI; bnrs’U bnr
d/mr,gnr> scrjwK wxr v; g/nrln I xo gKd,r bnrpn z ’r lIes g/mr,ho/.nos x mrx
gKd,r bnrpn z ’r jv.nojcJ r anrnxo amr,wv;Cdv’ amr,nnr bnrs’U bnr
d/mr,gnr< amr,jr;f wv;esegv.egv. amr,nnr hQc’r esanranr mv’dQb’r
ddr’ nKwd r /cr’hqd’r jwr;gwr,es bnrs’U bnrd/mr,< gUY’r bqnF r ci ;r dJn’r <
bqnmr /o mI;mnr’gUYr’> anrnmxo nr’amr,y/br, dv,edbzc,r jr>f anry/br,
mnr’noEx dx dv,ed[.lzc;r pzn’r kzcgr /mr,< ej,dnv, anrm’I hQc’r t/cr,
jQc;r wxho cr’kwr nr’f j/dr;nox aig,r j/dr;nv;nnrgx Y U ’r > dI;nox hwr’edlo;
sbr’lQc’r en d/cr’do/jzm’r ncr,sv,snv,budt xr wv;nnrgx n z ,r >
mKw;r jwrx hwr’lo;hnrmv’wv; gUn’r hwr’gUY’r bqnj r mu ’r gzcr egvgzcTr bu r
dcr’n/mr,nogx Y U ’r no> anrhwr’Ocrwx v;do/nox gUY’r bqnd r wU kr nr,tv, lJw;r
gJd’r d/cr’hqd’r mnr’gfv,gUY’r > jzc,r hQc’r dcr’sqc;r gJd’r gfv,mUd’r mKw;r hQc’r
dUwkr nr,tv, gJd’r hqd’r g/nrgvf ,nnrhx v.> ebv’awrj/wr’budwxr v; {amr,gJd’r }
no> jrkf ;fr < ej,dnv,< muc;r mzc’r < dzcmxr ;o nox sJb,r mI’< sJb,r bqngr vf ,tQc;r dig’r
dig’r es bqnwr hox cQ ’r lUca r nrncJ ;r dUcn xr cJ yr ,U dcr’jUw;r dcr’j/dr; dcr’
smrsRv < dcr’lUg;r gmr,pv,ywr>x anrnxo bqnhr cQ ’r anry,fr lUcr nr’f lUg;r
noyx wr>x ebv’awrjmz ’r sv,snv,budt xr wv; dUwd r /o gfv,< t/dr;lUcs r ,I yKc;r
gJdr’gfv,egv; mnr’amr,gJdr’< sJbr,dUcn rx JcryU,h/cr’mnr’ nrf’h/cr;p/cr
d/cr,anr< gKdr,bnrpwd/cr,j/dr; anrOcrxwv; kJnr’gKdr,mrf,tQcr;no
nnrxywrx>
gqwr,lUYr;anrnoxes ekv;t/mrj/cr;t/mrlo;wv; {scrwv; mnr’
amr,mnr;dqc;r < amr,lQg;r lo/;no amr,bqnl r nz gxr nQ wr xo jKcn xr cr,kfncr wr’
‘Atman’ ebv’no pwgKd,r mr,f anrwv;nox jzc,r edbqnl r ;o hv. mKw;r wo/’do/}>
mKwr;bo,l/dr;enlzcr;wo/’do/nox hwr’ko;jrfdUYr’ pwnoxmnr’bqnrscrno<
mnr’smrhx d q ’r ]iwr sJb,r bqngr vf ,nogn z ,r > anrhwr’Ocrwx v;pwnox gUY’r bqnr
egvgzckr nr,tv,hv;yKc;r nox hwr’gos x mrl x cU y r ,U > kwrlgQ ;r lo/; ebv’amr,t/dr,<
43
kwramr,mKngr nrl;o nr’f jUw;r gmr’nJc;r El;gmr’nJc;r anrsbJ ,r gnry,U
nnr>x kwrd/o gfv,gU;gmr’gmr’es bqner bv,mv’lUcy r ,U (kwrgd K ,r bqnmr v’gU;gmr’
gmr’es do/gfv,jzm’r gU;gmr’gmr’< sJb,r l/mr’d/mr’gnrlcU y r ,U )ywr>x
{mKw;r anrknr,tv,gKd,r bqnmr v’ twr;mv’esdo/gfv,nnrx sUjwr;
Rh/nr’ gKd,r lUcy r ,U < twr;lUcy r ,U < do/lUcy r ,U kKw’r kKw’r ywr}x >1 hqd’r noes
edv;gv;pwedv;lqwr hwr’gmr’gmr’lo;gKd,r < lo;do/yU,< gUY’r gv; hwr’smrx
sJb,r mI’lo;yU,> scrwv;hwr’[.bzc,r ekv;anrwv;mv’non x o bQgs xr mrwx v; mnr’
amr,mI’d/cr’mnr;gJm’r amr,mI’lzngxr n Q r jKcn xr cr,wiY/nr,kfncr wr’esdv.
hwr’j/cr;sJbr,yU,swr’lo;gfv,yU,>
mKw;r dUwkr ci ’r knr,tv, amr,mI’gfv, amr,mI’hQc’r dUcgxr /nrl;o ywrn x nrx
hQcr’jrfhwr’amr,do/gfv,jzmr’ Tubrknr,tv,do/> mnr’gfv,sJbr,awr Tubrh/cr;
d/cr,anr anrhwr’Ocrwx v;d/cr,j/dr;nnry x wr>x nr’f dUwkr ci ’r lug;r azn,r
no. hQc’r dUwr hQc’r jrf dcr’Y/nr, ycr’dJgn xr mu ,r ea,wx<o gUY’r gv; kwrm’I nmrx
hQc’r dv,edhqd’r H; kwry,fr kJn;r bqngr n U ’r lUcl r ;o yU,> hQc’r dUwd r cr’hQc’r jrf
anrwv; gUn’r nonxo mI’aqnhr cQ ’r wxho cr’kwr bun;r dv,edsJb,r awr Tubhr /cr;mr,f
es mU;mr,f yr,f tv’edv,ebv’gum,r tUn;r ywr>x
jzm’r ncr,wv; amr,mI’d/cr’mnr;dqc;r < amr,mI’lzngxr n Q <r mnr’lQg;r
lo/;nnrx mnr’amr,mI’scr anrmnr’ko/.< ldr’k/mr;gfv,jU’ jUw;r gmr’nJc;r
El; dcr’jUw;r gmr’nJc;r > lzc;r wv;mnr’amr,mI’scr anrmnr;gQn,r anr
mnr’ko/.lo/; lugp xr wj/dr;nox gfv,pwj/dr;nv; anrwv;nox t/cr,jQc;r
lInv,> mnr’gUY’r bqns r /o dJn’r sJb,r gKd,r esdo/ anrebv’amr,t/dr,
lUcn r gxo Y
U ’r < so/dJn’r sJb,r bqna r nrnxo gUY’r bqnr anrk/o .tzg,r lo/;gnr
gUYr’> mnr’mKnrjKcrxncr, yzdr;po’]icr’jJcr’kJnr’jJcr’wnr’nnrxywrx>
mnr’amr,jr;f yzd;r po’anrlwq gr nr< smry x d z ;r po’d/cr,anregv; amr,
jr;f > lug;r azn,r yr,f mv’bqngr n U ’r lUcr av,yul;o [gr’sib’r > wv;dI;edxmnr’
1bRmj (mU,ld) nv; 78
44
gUn’r lUcr av,yu[gr’sib’r nox mnr’amr,mKngr nr dcr’lug;r azn,r anrbn U xr
mv’[gr’sib’r bInnr>x edv;mKnn r cr,no gUn’r anrd/o ywrj x /dr;nox gfv,gKd,r
bqnd r /cr,j/dr;nnrex gv; hwr’amr,j/cr;wv;lo;wv; bqner gv.lqwmr n K gr nr
no< amr,nnr bqnd r /cr,egv.no> mnr’gUY’r bqns r /o dJn’r sJb,r anrmnr’
mKngr nrngxo Y U ’r > d/cr’do/ El;d/cr’gKd,r mnr’mv’bQg,r gnr nr’f d/cr’wUnxr
jUw;r gmr’gUY’r 1 > d/cr’wUnxr gmr’lJn’r (judmi Rn) nr’f pwnox mnr’gKd,r
tQmhr cQ ’r bnrjwfr n U xr gmr’aznd r /cr’bKn;r (jrbf disnr,et, jref d,gKd,r )
nrf’d/cr,pwywrx> wv;edxmnr’ gUYr’bqnrso/dJnr’sJbr, anrmnr’mKnr
gnrngxo Y U ’r > nr’f jUw;r b/nrpwnoex gv; d/cr’wUnj xr gfr mr’nJc;r nox mnr’ed,
bnrd/cr’wUnrxsJbr,tQcr;d/cr,anrywrx> gzbr;no ebv’awrd/cr’hnrtJcr
j/wr’budwxr v; ekv;t/mr lzc;r d/cr’wo/’do/nox mnr’amr,jr;f anry/br,lUcr
l/cr< j/wr’budexr gv.lref gv; amr,dznmxr ;o jrf gzb;r lzc;r bnr,hvanrn>xo
jUw;r gv; d/cr’dzcmxr ;o dnrhv ycr’dJgmrx ’I smr,sRv, dgr’edsJb,r
mI’gfv,yU,> dnrhv anrbn q hr cQ ’r ehv;nox mnr’edgJd’r gfv, mKw;r anrawr
bYr,Yv, anr[.hnrlo;tmr’jJwr;jrf;< nibrxb/nr,nox kv;do/bQdr; tUYr;
tznrbQdr;dnrhvnnrxywrx>
45
dznr;sI,
sjrj
x v,tmr’jJw;r jr;f tUn;r s/mr
dugrknieRvt aRiysjrjv dugrxkmzdr,sudr’yqnr

tmr’jJw;r jr;f tUn;r s/mrnxo bqna r nrdv,edlo;bUna xr gz ,r lzd;r
es dugkxr k/nrj<fr lzd;r esdugkxr bnr,dUc,r ywr>x anrnOxo crwx v; tmr’
jJw;r jr;f anrdgu kxr mzd,r sud’r yqnr (dugkr nieRvtaRiysjrjv) nibxr
b/nr,noywrx>
bun;r dv,tUY;r tznbr d Q ;r dugkxr mUd’r sqc;r nnrx egv.nJc;r edlo;
tUY;r bQd;r cwr;gwrhx /gr;dugkxr dnrhv dzcmxr ;o jKcn xr cr,hwr’lo;hnrmv’ jqmr
jwrn x nry x wr>x gzb;r no nibbxr /nr,nox bKn;r [.wv; (dnrhgrky) dnrhvmzd,r
sudr’yqnrnoywrx>
nibbxr /nr,nobx nq s r cr< Ocrwx v;anrlfr ?> dv,edhvekv;gf/mr’ anr
hwr’jr.f dJw’r yU, gU;mJw;r gU;wnr’noex s sbr’lQc’r ekv;t/mr anrnxo mnr’
y/br,woy x ,U > gzb;r wv; nibbxr /nr,nox mnr’bUnd xr /cr’[.hnrhwr’gfv,nnry x wr>x
scrjwK wxr v; nibbxr /nr,nox awrewv’h/nrswJ ;r sJw;r es sbr’lQc’r no hwr’ed
gfv,bzc,r jzm’r ekv;bzc,r mnr’ anredbQg,r bKc;r gnrnnry x wr>x gzb;r wv; pv,sv,
ekv;l/dr; anrhwr’jr.f dJw’r yU,nox bqngr n U ’r hwr’kUca
r gz ,r es jr.f dJw’r
dv,edko;en jQc;r en d/cr’tUb’r hnrav,yUc,r anrebv,mv’ gzb;r dfv,R
(dv [ kU;lcr jgfv, [gr’yKc;r ) ywr>x bRmdrtsjrjv elvgudd r Rv nox
smrx amr,mKnj xr cr, mqw’r anrwv;mv’mKw;r go;>1 gzb;r nnrEl; mnr’amr,
r cK n
mI’lo; ekv;gf/mr’l/dr; dv,edjQc;r lQc’r en d/cr’tUb’r hnr nibbxr /nr,<
1amr,j/cr;awrm/gr,dv< [< kU’lcrjgfv,es[.lo;>
46
mKnj r cK n xr cr, bv amr,mI’ekv;gf/mr’jr.f dJw’r dv,edjQc;r en lzc;r spv,w
gunl r n i mr cK ’r nnry x wr>x dwr,dUwn r cJ ;r l/dr;endo’egv.bvwv; mnr’jcr,
hvlugd xr ;I gzc’r liner s bzg;r mv’dI;nr’f nzcn r gxo Y
U ’r no> bvsmrt x /mrwv; {mr’f
kr;f wv; mr’f luY’r nmrhx v.}> dwr,kdr’jrs f /cr’l/cr’enmnr’ lzc;r wv;dI;gunr
amr,j/cr;luY’r lo;< mnr’bqna r nrgn z ;r gQn,r wx<o gUY’r j/cr;bol;o gUY’r no>
bvsmrxdzbr,wv; {mnr’amr,bqnrlo;jKcrxncr,mrf’wv;eax< hqdr’]iwregv; gUYr’
edmI’nmrx mKnj r cK nxr cr,nr’f nzcnr <xo mnr’mI’lQc’r bzb,r bQb,r es anregv.
nJc;r j/cr;luY’r lo;nr’f mnr’ lmr[wrl;o nnrgx Y U ’r ywr}x no> jcr,wv;ekv;
gf/mr’nox bqnl r grkx nv, anrmgz ,r eng/crjhfr wr’ dv,jQc;r lQc’r gU;smr,sQnr
bKcres mnr’amr,j/cr;edv.do,ko;Enlo; dJnr’spv,wkzcrwdrxtudcr’
lUc>r ekv;gf/mr’l/dr;nox hwr’nbrwx v; mnr’bnrt/cr,pid’r t/cr,pUnwr xo nr’f
lzc;r dv,ed[.bzc,r hnrtmr’jJw;r jr;f no> gzb;r nnr lcrgvlwdvRsudd r
jQc;r enwv; gUn’r mI’ awijj r v sum,r cmr’kwrnxo gfckr mrwox gzb;r ekv;gf/mr’ jKcxr
ncr,j/crxkmraucrnnrxno> 1
gUY’r gv; ebv’amr,mI’pv,sv,l/dr;gf/mr’no hwr’egv;amr,j/cr;hqd’r
scrl;o > scrjwK wxr v; nibbxr /nrnxo awrsbr’lQc’r jzm’r ewv’h/nrswJ ;r sJw;r no
hwr’edgfv,bzc,r jrj f mz ’r ekv;bzc,r mnr’ anredbQg,r bKc;r gnrnnry x wr>x gzb;r
nnrEl; gmr;nmrnmr hwr’sbr’lQc’r jzm’r ekv;s/nrkdr’ (amr,) anrm’I
d/cr’pid’r ea,dI;sud’r nnrx jKcn xr cr,po/,dr;f noy x wr>x
dnrhgrky dI;elv’p d/cr’kr;f lo;mzd,r sud’r sqc;r >
ascrkd dI;anramr,mI’d/cr’bzcrbqnr>
wiRvg dI;anramr,mI’d/cr’krf;lo;>
nieRvt dI;elv’pmzd,r sud’r yqn>r
nibrbvn dI;mzdr,yqnrelv’p>
hwr’j/mr’wUnd xr Y
U ’r ekv;sbr’lQc’r anrncJ ;r ekv;jQc;r lQc’r nibr
1lcr,gv,< nv; 113
47
bvn jKcn xr cr,mI’wox nr’f pJnmr ,U bbrgx ;U anrl’U gzn,r >
{nibbxr /nr, anrwv;nox bqna r nrmd z ,r bQd;r dnrhv ebv’amr,gJd’r
esaI;< bz,o bQd;r < dI;anrw/cr’bQd;r dnrhv< bz,o bQd;r dnrhv< k/mr;bUnd xr nr
hv< amr,mI’d/cr’jbr’bQn’r scrnnry x wr}x >1
{jwr;Rh/nr’kwrawK xr ascrkd anramr,bzcbr n q nr xo bqns r cr ?>
anrnox bqnranrhwr’mzdr,bQdr;dnrhv (Rvggrky)< mzdr,bQdr;edv’s
(edvsgrky) mzd,r bQd;r emv’h (emvhgrky)> anrnOxo crwx v; ascrkd
ywrx}>2
{jwr;Rv,taKwxr anrmd z ,r bQd;r dnrhvnox bqnn r bi bxr /nr,ywr}x >3
{jwr;Rh/nr’kwrawK xr nr’f gv;kKc;r wdrt x u anrlefr samr,wv; anr
bqnmr v’gzb;r scrkd dcr’ ascrkd nnrx wiRvg anramr,jbr’bQn’r nox
mQd;r sucsr d u ’r bKn;r ywr>x anrnbxo cz ,r wv; mnr’lzd;r esmv,n< kv;bQd;r
4
dnrhv< tUY;r bQd;r d/cr’jbr’bQn’r < ddr’k/dr,bQd;r smrsRv< mzd,r
bQdr;dnrhv< g/cr’god/cr’jbr’bQnr’< mzdr,sudr’yqnr nibrxb/nr,} no
ywrx>5
ekv;dzbr,jwr;sv,RibudrxdRv, edv,jwr;bRibv,jg anrmnr’
t/mrwv; nibbxr /nr, bqns r crnn xo nrx jwr;sv,Ribd u dxr Rv,dzb,r gfv, jKcn xr cr,
budtxr jwr;s/cr’l/cr’enwxo d/cr’nKwn r nry x wr>x {anrmd z ,r bQd;r elv’p<
edv’s< emv’h} wv;no> 6
{anrb,oz bQd;r dcr’kv;bQd;r dnrhv elv’p anrk;fr lo; jrj f br’yU,
nKwr aubvdvngrknrtv hv;yKcr;nox bqnrd/cr’mzdr,yqnrdugrxk} ywrx
1scr<bbrx 1, nv; 136
2Ibid,iv,p359.
3Ibid, iii,p.190
4scr< bbrx 4, (mU,ld) nv; 251
5acr,< bbrx 2 (mU,ld) nv; 34
6ekv;g/fmr’jwr;sv,RibudrdRv,< m< bbrx 1 (mU,ld) nv; 191
48
no> 1 {anrpwsJb,r gnr mzd,r sud’r yqngr vf , anr,ed,bqnt r cQ ;r sud’r
sqc;r gfv,nox bqnn r bi bxr /nr,ywr}x >
gqw,r lUY;r nibbxr /nr,es budt xr jwr;sJb,r sbr’lQc’r enwv; {jwr;
Rh/nr’kwrawK xr ycr’mI’dI;anramr,gKd,r < anramr,eg,twr;< anramr,
mI’d/cr’kbr’kJcrbzcrscrnnrxyU,> scrjKwrxwv; mnr’amr,mI’dI;anramr,
gKd,r < dI;anramr,eg,< dI;anramr,bzcbr n q nr nrn x o mnr’amr,mI’lo; dI;
azc;r bUnl xr dz ;r bun;r dv,egv.lo;gKd,r < lo;eg,< lo;twr;< lo;bzcbr n q n
r >xo
gzb;r wv; mnr’mI’wxo dI;anramr,gKd,r < dI;anramr,eg,twr;< dI;anramr,
bzcbr n
q l r ;o El; mnr’jcr,mI’dI;azc;r bUnl xr dz ;r bun;r dv,egv.mI’d/cr’gKd,r <
mI’d/cr’twr;< mI’d/cr’bzcbr n q l
r ;o yU,ywr}x >
nibbxr /nr,nox mnr’amr,mI’t/dr;sI,yKc;r -nmrx linr lUm’r po’ scr
ywrx> Tubrh/cr; anrjmr anrgo< anraUnr; anrjv’< n/mr,dcr’Tubr
h/cr;< lIdcr’ho/. jKw’r nox awrmY U mxr d
z ,r sqc;r ywr>x lUg;r nox dcr’d/cr,lUg;r
amr,mI’ywr>x mnr’amr,mI’ d/cr’mv’d/cr’gfv,scrywrx> mnr’amr,mI’ d/cr’
gKd,r El;d/cr’do/ywr>x mnr’amr,mI’av,yuc,r dv,lo;tUb’r hnrywr>x gzb;r
wv; sbr’lQc’r lzc;r nibbxr /nr,wxo jzm’r ncr,ekv;s/nrkdr’jKcn xr Eo l; gUn’r
gmr;nmrnmr t/cr,pid’r wv; nibbxr /nr,nox bqna r nrbn i ;r pUnbr n K ;r anr
s/nrkdr’wxn o eo s nbrwx v; mnr’yv.bQd;r {gwr-kfncr wr’} no> wv;dI;edx
mnr’ nibbxr /nr,nox mnr’amr,jr;f anryv.bQd;r kfncr wr’> gzb;r wv;mnr’amr,
mI’kfncr wr’dv,edyv.bQd;r nnry x wr>x scrk;fr wv; mnr’yv.bQd;r esanr
anrno gUY’r edlo;wv; mnr’yv.bQd;r sgrgvydidt r i (lzc;r yum,r pid’r
wv;mI’gwrw)ox nogY U ’r >
ebv’wv; nibbxr /nr,nox bqnwr exo kv;jQc;r anrs/nrkdr’ amr,nnr
bqnwr xo ekv;anrtgu ,r lzc;r (negative or positive) ebv’no mnr’egv;amr,
mQn;r ncr,gwr,> ekv;bzc,r anrs/nrkdr’ El;anrtgu ,r lzc;r nox kwraci r
1ekv;g/fmr’jwr;musI,l< scr,< bbrx 2 (mU,ld) nv; 117
49
lcrpcrncz ;r gnrweox s mI’lo;dI;bzc,r szccr mQ ;r > ekv;jKw’r nox amr,awrj.fr
dJw’r lo; dv,nibbxr /nr, anrbn q d r /cr’jJw;r jref dxn>xo mnr’bUnexr kv;bzc,r
aicl r cr pcrncz ;r gnrEl; ekv;bzc,r szccr mQ ;r ywr>x
gv;bqner kv;s/nrkdr’ (ekv;bv’amr,) nox amr,tug,r lo;wv; mnr’
bqnn r ’fr dI;bzc,r s/nrkdr’gUY’r > ycr’mI’ekv; aeRvgL ekv;s/nrkdr’ dUwr
snr’sgRidxr jr.f nr’f bv,liny xo ,U > mnr’jQc;r enwv; amr,mI’d/cr’bqnn r >o
gUY’r gv; dUwr {aeRvgL yU,lI} ekv;nox mnr’amr,jQc;r en ekv;bzc,r anr
s/nrkdr’> ekv;anrwv; {amd} amr,mI’d/cr’do/nox bqnwr eox kv;s/nrkdr’
esdv. mnr’amr,jQc;r endI;bzc,r anrs/nrkdr’< mnr’mI’ekv;bzc,r mKnr
gnrdcr’ nibbr vn ywr>x ekv;nox dI;bzc,r mnr’ amr,jr;f nr’f ekv;bzc,r anr
s/nrkdr’> ekv;nJc;r anrbn K ;r [.nmr jKcn xr cr,nibbxr /nr,nox bqnwr mi d u xr
di bUd’r lzd;r < azg,r bUnl xr dz ;r no> pref damr,j/cr;wv;lo; ekv;wimd u dxr i
nox bqner kv;s/nrkdr’no> gUY’r gv; ekv;anrwv; azg,r bUnl xr d
z ;r nox mI’dI;
bzc,r s/nrkdr’wx>o bUnl xr d z ;r nox mnr’jQc;r en dI;bzc,r azg,r lzd;r essmr,
esyKc;r anrm’I d/cr’kzc;r kmrjfr ]gr’ho/. anrwv;noy x ,U > gUY’r gv; azg,r bUnxr
lzdr;nox amr,jrf;ekv;s/nrkdr’> gzbr;no nibrxbvn mudrxdi amr,nnr
wimd u d xr ni xo bqna r nrld z ;r lQw’r tUn;r dI;anrncJ ;r lzd;r esd/cr’]gr’
ho/.dcr’sqc;r < lzd;r eselv’pdcr’sqc;r < edv’s< emv’hdcr’sqc;r < lzd;r
esekv;ewv’h/nr anrm’I ekv;bzc,r szccr mQ ;r < gzcgxr /o ,gnr< k/wr’y/mr’El;azc;r
dI;nnry x wr>x ebv’dUY’r nr’f tvduwp i crgsudd r nv;lig;r 140 nf’r mdrx
jimnigvy ebv’no hwr’[.tJcrwv; nibrxb/nr,nxo bqnrbRmdrxtsjrjv,
noywr>x anrnbxo n q er kv;tmr’lmr,lzc;r anrbd u txr jwr; ehv’enbnr
jwr;bgrxgusv,di anrbudrxtjwr;tUbr’mnr’mv’ dI;sJcr,emv;nnrxywrx>
lznmxr n z ’r tmr’ anrsd u ’r nox kr;f wv;noj x cJ r -
{gUn’r hwr’ gUY’r bqnkr cK ;r t/dr;[gr’yKc;r lin<r nmr<x po’< lUm’r <
kUc’r bwr,av,gv,s dcr’jrwf Y i vn pzd;r jbr’gnrwgox Y U ’r > mnr’jwr;bgrgx u
50
sv,di tdr’s/crkwreshnrgfv,wv; kwrjKwr’[gr’yKcr;nnrx anrlrfegv;
amr,j/cr;wv;lo;wv; {kzcgr wr< gwr< dUwgr wr} no> mnr’[.bzc,r jrgf vf , hqd’r ]iwj r wfr i
Y/nr,ebv,bqnmr v’es sud’r sqc;r gfv,< hqd’r ]iwd r /cr’egLN,jr<f d/cr’kmrjfr
El;jrfaubqgrxkv,ew,dnv,kwr gKdr,mv’essudr’sqcr;gfv,> gzbr;d/cr’[.
Y/nr,mnr’El; awrjmfr nr’g/cr’y/nr d/cr’did’r Oo;jbr’bQn’r gfv,ywr>x
gmr’nnr mnr’[.hnrnrf’dUwrkicr’mnr’wv; gUYr’mI’jrfpqcr,bqcr’ aubqgrxkv,
anredgmrxjzo;mnr’ H;lo;Odr;tJcrgfv, dI;nmrxjrftmr’t/nr;sucres
[.wv; aubgq kxr v, pKg,r jJn;r nox edyJn’r y/wr’gfv, dcr’]icd r cr’hI’noywr>x
gUY’r gv; mnr’smrkx n J ’r nJg’r wUntxr cQ ;r wv; -
{scrgwrwcU ’r dUY’r (pv,wnv,) jra f bu gq kxr v,pKg,r jJn;r nox dI;kUc’r
g/crh/wr1 avgvsvnYrjvydnno noxbqnrjrfbzcrbqnr (scr,kdtmr’)
gUY’r >2 scrgwrbcz er pjrf avgvsvnYrjvydn kUc’r g/crh/wramr,sud’r
sqc;r nox dI;nKwwr Y i vnYrjvydn jr[f .amr,dKg;r amr,sud’r sqc;r amr,
nnr dI;nKwr aginj r Yryvydn amr,nnr enwsYrYvnvsYr
Yvydn jrd f cz ’r egv;amr,jr;f < jra f mr,dzc’r egv;amr,bqner s pv,wnv,
jKcrxncr,wv;mv’nnrxjJcr nnrxegv; gUYr’bqnrscr,kd jrfbzcrbqnrgUYr’>
hqd’r nnr mnr’amr,bzcer pjrs f cr,kd< jrs f nr,dkr;f sJb,r mI’kr;f sJb,r bqnr
3
pwgfv, dcr’jrkf ;fr H;pwk/dr,sud’r gfv,< gzb;r wv;mnr’amr,sJb,r ed,dcr;
jrkf ;fr sJb,r bqn<r ed,pwtQc;r amr,nnr kr;f H;pwk/dr,sud’r es smra x mr,
mI’d/cr’jrd f d i ’r Oo;scrn’fr elv’gnoEx l; mnr’amr,sugj xr sfr cr< gzb;r wv;
amr,mI’jrs f gu nxr Exo l; mnr’ebv’lo;nimy r nq gr vf ,gum,r tUn;r ywr>x mnr’[.wv;
{d/cr’gKd,r nox sud’r sqc;r ywr<x lo;yU,lUY;r pwsug’r jJn;r ywr<x anrlwU ,r
1dI;yU,dnr’swr’ jKcrxncr,kUcr’g/crmKcr’gUnr’<
2j/nr,dcr’lUcr bQgrxwv;bqnrnmrxjfrtmr’sucresdv. dJgrxbqnrscr,kd-tmr’bzcrbqnryU,< bo,jfr;
bRmdrtsjrj<
3noxbzcr,wv; mnr’amr,hqdr’H;g/mr,mrf,bqnrtQcr; gzbr;wv;edv;lqwrmnr’ebv’lzdr;es elv’p<
dnrhv< ejdnv,ywrx<
51
hqd’r tQc;r amr,mI’scrywr>x amr,mI’scrgd J ’r dv,edlo;hqd’r tQc;r ywr}x
no>1
mKw;r anrmnr’j/mr,bUY;r yin’r lIyn i ’r ho/. yin’r g/crew,dnv,
nnrx mnr’[.wv; anrnnrx mnr’amr,mnr;gJm’r < anrnnrx amr,pzd;r
nzcr,mnr’wox< mnr’amr,j/mr,bUYr;nnrx lUYr;dcr’Rv,g jrfjbr’> mnr’
j/mr,bUYr;ew,dnv, anrlrfegv;mnr’amr,kzdr,dgrx didr’Oo;wxoanr
nnr>x mnr’[.ew,dnv,jKw’r nnrd x cr’sqc;r wv; kwrdgr’yqnhr /o gfv, gmr’
mKwr;knr,tv,lulQwrgfv, mKnrjKcrxncr,yzdr;po’mzdr,gfv,mKwr;so;mnr’nmrx
mnr’mUd’r sqc;r nnry x wr}x no>
{gzb;r nnrEl; jwr;Rh/nr’kwrawK xr jwr;pU;anrgmu ,r tUn;r wxo bR
mdrxtbYrYv- d/cr’[.anrj/cr;mzdr,bQdr;dugrxkdcr’sqcr;nox Ocrxwv;
bRmdrt x aRiybYrYv ywr}x >
{d/cr’bUnrxlzdr;mnr’ anrtUbr’hnrnKwrtmr’jJwr;jrf;nox amr,
kzn’r amr,woscr< mnr;gJm’r woy x wr>x jwr;Rh/nr’kwrawK xr anrmnr’amr,mI’
edx (emvstmrm) nox bqnranrpidr’es anrmnr’mI’edx (aemvs
tmrm) nibbxr vn nox bqna r nrjwJ ;r jr;f ywr>x jwr;Rh/nr’kwrawK xr gzb;r nnr
El; jwr;nJcr; mI’d/cr’gumr,tUnr; bRmdrtsjrjv noxywrx> gzbr;wv;
bRmdrtsjrjvnox bqnn r bi bxr /nr, anrm’I edxywr}x >
dI;lrfamr,dI;lrf budrxtjwr;yibr’dJwr’ekv;dQdr;edv’anrnox
bun;r dv,jQc;r ennibbxr /nr,ywr>x budt xr jwr;wv; {gwredszner nsUtmr’
jJw;r jr;f sqn;r d/cr’aznOr dr;tmr’jJw;r jr;f gzn,r }>2 dI;no; tmr’jJw;r
jr;f nox dJn’r yKc’r nibbxr /nr,gmr’lqwy r wr>x
gmr’no bRmdrtsjrjv anrwv;nox bqna r ;I scr? ebv’awrjmz ’r
sv,snv,budt xr wv;no anrbRmdrt x sjrjv kr;f wv;nox mnr’bzc,r wv; amr,
1ekv;gf/mr’jKwr’nox jQcr;enwv; mnr’jwr;bqnr aRhnrdv,ywrxno<
52
mI’scrmnr;dqc;r (bRmdrt x amr,mI’d/cr’lQg;r lo/; jJw;r jr;f edx) gU;smr,
sQnbr cK gr wq ,r gbr’gnrw<ox bzcbr nq wr eox s amr,mnr;dqc;r < mnr’amr,mI’kfncr wr’
lzngxr n Q r anramr,lQg;r lo/;nr’f dUwhr wr’> anrnbxo cz ,r wv; bqnbr Rmdrt x
sjrjvywr>x tmr’jJw;r jr;f nox amr,dznbxr n q p r /o ,s/nrkdr’ bQgwxr v;mnr’
mI’ekv; edv.do,en lzc;r anrs/nrkdr’esdv.> anr[.hnrtmr’jJw;r
jr;f nox bqna r nrhwr’hnrg;U smr,sQnbr cK r jKcn xr cr,kwrm’I (ytvpUd)M < bqnr
anrtY U ;r tznbr dQ ;r dnrhv (dnrhgrkx y)< anrdgu kxr mzd,r sud’r yqnr
nibrxb/nr,noxywrx>
nibrxb/nr,nox mnr’bqnrpznr’m/gr, gzbr;anrmzdr,bQdr;elv’p
dnrhv anrwv;nox amr,tug,r lIl;o wUn>xr nibbxr /nrnxo mnr’amr,jr;f pzn’r
aI;scr> mnr’amr,jr;f pzn’r gzb;r elv’pmzd,r sud’r > nibbxr /nrnxo pzn’r
egv;amr,jrf;< lzcr;d/cr’eh,duegv;amr,jrf;> scrwv;mnr’bqnrpznr’no
dgr’edmI’pzn’r gKd,r gzb;r lzc;r d/cr’eh,duywr>x mnr’dJn’r bUngxr vf ,pzn’r
dcr’lzcr;eh,duywrx> bunr;dv,hwr’lUwr,hqdr’nnrx gUYr’lUwr,[.bzcr,hnr
tJca r wrgY U ’r > dI;nox ycr’mI’sqn;r d/cr’ dv,edOdr;nibbxr /nr,> gUY’r
gv; nibbxr /nr,nox mnr’amr,jr;f pzn’r gKd,r kzcs r n q ;r d/cr’mdrj
x mi bdibdv>
dUwy r /cr,mnr’jmrx jwr;gwr,bojmz ’r sqn;r d/cr’es j/cr;Odr;tJcl r ;o dI;
jig’r lzy o ,U > gUY’r gv; lzn o xo amr,jr;f mI’mv’gzb;r sqn;r d/cr’< amr,jr;f pzn’r
gKd,r kzcs r n q ;r d/cr’> jwr;gwr,j/cr;hnrl;o so/lQc’r yU, gUY’r gv; so/lQc’r nox
amr,jr;f pzn’r gKd,r gzb;r m/gr,dvjwr;gwr,>
gUn’r hwr’gogx t
xo /mrgnry,U anrwv;wo/’lo;nibbxr /nr,ywrn x nrx mnr’
mI’scrn>o ekv;t/mrjcK n xr cr,no mnr’amr,j/cr;gKd,r kJn;r mv’lo; gzb;r wv;
nibbxr /nr,nox bqnwr bxo Rmdrt x sjrjv nnry x wr;> scrwv;mnr’bqna r nr
sud’r jzmbr n K ;r bRmdrt x no mnr’amr,mI’scrw/o ’lJn’r mnr’> scrjwK wxr v;
ycr’mI’wxs o gr’smr,esyKc;r wo/’lJn’r nibbxr /nr,no mnr’gUY’r edbqnr bR
mdrt x sjrjv< amr,jr;f nibbxr /nr,> Rh/nr’jwr;nJc;r jJw;r wv; Rv,tnox
53
awrlzcr;d/cr’lo/yKcr;es dzcr;t/mrbudrxtjwr;wv; {gzbr;scrEl;wxonibrx
b/nr,bqnd r ;I yKc’r m/o } no> mKw;r anrk;o jrj f mz ’r ekv;t/mranrnxo mnr’gUY’r
bqnrd/cr’wUnrx anrwUnrxjzmr’mKwr;wo/’lcrlo;nibrb/nr,ywrx> gzbr;nnr
budt xr jwr;dzb,r enwv; {jwr;Rv,taKwxr ekv;t/mranrnxo mnr’azg,r nzg;r
kf/cr,gfv,ywr>x egv.anry,U nr’f pwmQd;r lUY;r dcr’nibbxr /nr,no x wxj o cK n
xr cr,
bqnd r ;I yKc’r mo/ bqndr ;I sud’r jzmmr nr’ywr}x >1
ycr’mI’ekv;gf/mr’ anrbn K ;r gmr;nmrsmrwx v; {budt xr jwr;j/mr,kwr;
nibbxr /nr, amr,nnr bRinbi bxr /nr,no> anrnhxo d q ’r H;kUca r gz ,r d/cr’wUnxr
gqw,r lUY;r lzc;r nibbxr /nr, lo/jKwl xr ;o yKc;r yU,edx>2 gmr’mKw;r jwr;gwr, lo;
cinr’ekv;bKnr;l/dr;jKcrxncr,nonox jwr;gwr,edt/cr,wv; nibrxb/nr,mI’
w/nr;mI’mKcr’< bqnrwxodI;swr’kUcr’g/cranrnJcr; jKcrxncr,dI;yU,swr’kUcr’
sdr’dwv,non x >o {kwr;j/mr,nibbxr /nr,no}x mnr’amr,mv’mQn;r gnrdcr’bbrx
cwr;tmr’jwr;> wo/’esdo/ mnr’amr,mI’scrkwr;jU’nibbxr /nr,> gUY’r mI’ekv;
{bRinbi bxr eu dv’} jr.f dv,budt xr jwr; dcr’jwr;Rh/nr’dv, mKw;r kwrjwr;do/
nnr>x gUY’r gv; mnr’amr,yKc’r jU’wv; {kwr;j/mr,nibbxr /nr,} no> {bRinbi xr
buedv’} bzc,r wv; sqc;r sud’r yqngr vf ,gum,r tUn;r < mzd,r yqngr vf ,gum,r tUn;r no>
gzb;r wv; wo/’esdo/ywrx budt xr jwr; jwr;Rh/nr’dv,kwrjwr; amr,mI’lo;pw
tQcr;nnrxywrx>
gmr’nox ekv;t/mrtQcr;anrnJcr;j/cr;t/mrlo;wv; {wo/’esbudrxt
jwr; jwr;Rh/nr’dv,kwr;do/ywrx kJn’r bqns r cr ?} no> ekv;t/mrnexo gv;
kwr;bqner kv;gf/mr’ mqw’r anrbd u t xr jwr;amr,dzb,r nnry x wr>x 3 edv;gv; mKw;r
budrxtjwr;ko;lUYr;lzcr;anrnoxnnrx mnr’jwr;wv; mnr’amr,mI’ekv;
gf/mr’ dv,edjQc;r engnr lzc;r jwr;Rh/nr’dv,wo/’eskwrd/o ywrn x nr>x
2gmr;pzcr;dQmr;woxwv; w/o’budrtjwr;j/mr,kwr;nibrxb/nr,no< anrnoxamr,mQnr;gnrdcr’nfr’pJnr
bv,lijwr;< ekv;anrwv; wo/’budrxtjwr; awrbRinibrxb/nr,noxgUYr’ jcr,mQnr;>
3mo< bbrx 1 (mU,ld) nv; 486
54
mKwr;anrbudrxtjwr; dzbr,gf/mr’edv,jwr;wdrxsbRibrxbvjgnnrx mnr’
jwr;l/dr;wv; {gKd,r } amr,nnr {amr,gKd,r } nox mnr’amr,mv’gqw,r kzc;r gnr
dcr’jwr;Rh/nr’dv,kwrywr<x gzb;r wv; kKc;r Rub<r ew,dnv,< sYrYv,< scr,
kv,R< wiY/nr,jKwr’nox kwrgqwr,gbr’gnrdcr’ekv;gKdr,dcr’amr,gKdr,nox>
bun;r jwr;Rh/nr’dv,kwrEdx kwrjwr;ebv’dI,pqw;r bQd;r < kUdbxr d Q ,r Rubn
r /mr,
jKw’r nnry x wrEx l; mnr’amr,mI’screbv,bqnt r cQ ;r lo; wo/’esdo/>1
jwr;Rh/nr’dv, anrebv’sqc;r do/gfv,ywrn x nrx gogx axo wrdgQ ;r gnr
dcr’po’mzd,r gfv, gzb;r pJn’r mUd’r sqc;r amr,nnr yzd;r po’mzd,r gfv,mKw;r so;
mnr’ nmrxmnr’sudr’gfv,nnrxywrx> dI;no; hwr’tugr,lIlo;bzcr,lQcr’jrf<
yv,mI’d/cr’yuc;r gfcj r wfr v; aubmv,po’anrdgQ ;r gnr anrwv;yzd;r po’mzd,r
gfv,nox amr,jr;f nibbxr /nr, gUY’r bqnd r wU kr nr,tv,hv;yKc;r kzcj r wr;pU;[.hnr
nibrxb/nr,noxgUYr’> jwr;gwr,edlo;awrekv;noxsrf,jrf gzbr;wv;gUnr’dcr’
nmramr,wv; pU;mI’bYr,Yv,kwrgmr;pzc;r ycr’t/cr,pid’r wxwo v; aubmv,anr
po’mzd,r gfv,nnrx wv;bqnn r bi bxr /nr,no>
ycr’mI’wxeo kv;t/mranrncJ ;r anrbn K ;r [.nmrnnry x ,U > scrwv;
amr,mI’ {gwr}< {kfncr wr’} ebv’no anr[.nibbxr /nr,nox edbqnp r >fr scramr,
mI’gwrno prs f mrbx n q er gv.[.> jzm’r ncr,hwr’lo;hnrmv’jqmj r wrn x nrx anr
wUnn xr xo mnr’bqnj r wfr n
U gxr Y
U ’r > nzg;r nox mnr’amr,mI’egv.wUnkxr ;o jr<f amr,
mI’egv.anrbbQ y xr ,U po/,lcrjwfr n U >xr edv;lo/’noncr,gwr, anr[.nibbxr /nr,
nox bqnbr Yr,Yv,ywr>x mnr’amr,mI’gwr< amr,mI’kfncr wr’yU,wxp o /o ,lcr anr
[.bzc,r jrn f bi bxr /nr,> dI;dzn;r hwr’aub,r aUw’r gnrmv’ lzc;r dugkxr nnrx hwr’
lo;hnrmv’wv; mnr’bqns r cregv;ywr<x bqns r dr’dwv,egv;ywr<x bqnkr cK ;r
scregv;ywrx scrjwK wxr v; mnr’mI’Fic;r dJn’r bqner bv,mv’no mnr’egv;dgr’
mI’jKwp xr nr’ mI’Fici ;r dJn’r dv,edmzd,r sud’r sqc;r < lulwQ y r wr>x dugkxr <
smr,sv,Rv,edv;lqwr mnr’dJn’r bqnwr ox spv.wj/cr;gKd,r bqn<r spv,w
1suni< bbrx 5 (mU,ld) nv; 132(41); Ibid ,i,p.487; iii,p.245.
55
j/cr;sud’r sqc;r ywr>x dugkxr bqnmr v’gzb;r dzcmxr ;o dnrhves mnr’sud’r mzd,r
yqngr vf , gzb;r bYr,Yv,ywr>x dzcmxr ;o dcr’bYr,Yv, mI’won x cr,gnr nr’f knr,tv,
hv;yKc;r jKcn xr cr,hwr’hnrmv’jqmj r wry
x wr>x
hqd’r no jKwp xr nr’j/cr;bqner bv,El; j/cr;mzd,r sud’r yqnn r xo mI’
won
x ’fr dUwkr nr,tv,hv;yKc;r ncr,gnr> anrnxo bqner kv;anrbd u t
xr jwr;
jQcr;enes bKnr;[.nmrnnrxywrx< {lUgr;noxlrf< lzcr;d/cr’H;lUgr;bqnr
ebv,lr<f dv,lUg;r sud’r sqc;r lr<f sqn;r d/cr’dv,edOdr;tJcd r ;I lUg;r sud’r
sqc;r nolx fr gwrbd u t
xr wv; kwrm’I wxo dI;nr’f dUwyr /wr’d/nr,nJc;r wv’ anryn i ’r
[.lo;noy x wr>x anrnmxo nr’bzc,r wv; tmr’jJw;r jrd f cr’sI,yKc;r nox hwr’[.hnr
lo;yU,dI;nrf’knr,tv,hv;yKcr;hwr’wv;no> lUgr;anrhwr’jrf.dJwr’yU,nox
mnr’yKc’r wv; bqnd r gu kxr ywr>x noex gv;wv;lo;wv; mnr’amr,mI’Fv.pIscr egv.
anrj/cr;hqdr’H;dugrxkbqnrebv,El; egv.anrhqdr’H;dugrxkmzdr,sudr’
yqnrnnrx>
mKw;r anrhwr’bUg’r bzcbr Yr,Yv,H;kJn;r yr,f mv’jzm’r sjrj x v,sI,bKcr
nnrx hwr’[.hnrpwmQbr’sKcr,< d/cr’jJwr;jrf;elv’gdcr’lUcrywrx> mKwr;
anrhvhnrd/cr’lbrs x cK ,r <1 hnrtmr’sjrj x v,nnrx gv;bqnhr cQ ’r dcr’lUcr
anrj/cr;kUcrgKdr,bnrsmr,sRv,pwbnr,dUcr, awrnimryqnrgfv,es
mnr’amr,mI’aqnhr cQ ’r j/cr;gKd,r bnrH;scr,kv,R g/mr, bqner bv,ywr<x gzb;r
wv; mnr’amr,mI’awijj xr v, dnrhv dv,edlo;bnr,dUc,r nnry x wr>x mnr’
mKnj r cK n
xr cr,gUn’r bqnr [.jgr’hnrcwr;h/gr;eyv’gv,mnr’es awreyv’gv,
jrfmnr’ho/kQnr’gfv,nnrxywrx>
nr’f sv,snv,dcr’sqc;r gmr;nmrwv; sU’anrhwr’muc;r mzc’r wxn o nr.
gUY’r j/cr;lo;mKw;r wo/’do/no> gUY’r gv; nibbxr /nr,nox hwr’j/cr;[.j/mr,bUY;r
lo; nr’f b/nrpwnogx mr’lqw<r mnr’amr,jr;f mqw’r anrb.fr dr’f lo; mKw;r wo/’do/>
egv.anrebv’[.hnrtmr’sjrxjv,ywrx< nibrxb/nr,ywrxnox bqnr
56
egv.anrlo;egLN,sKwr’esbKnr; nrf’kUcr’elv’gnoxywrx> mnr’ebv’bUnrx
lzd;r esd/cr’mo;jr<f nQcj r <fr kIjfr d/cr’dugkxr anrdgq ’r cQn’r bKn;r nnrx
ywr>x t/dr;jrl f mI nr’ gum,r tUn;r woy x wr>x mnr’amr,dznmxr ;o nQcj r fr jzm’r
adidxr mKw;r bUnmxr v’< dv,edmo;jrf gzb;r dv,mKw’r nv;egv;amr,mI’> mnr’yU,
nr’f bjrj x bu /nr, y/mr’edv;lqwgr mu ,r tUn;r ywrx 1 > gzb;r nnr mnr’h/nrj x fr
egLN,jzm’r gU;smr, ebv’amr,mI’d/cr’kbrkx cJ j r mz ’r gwr (gwrhd q ’r gwrkcJ r anr
mI’spv,wjKcn xr )o esEl; pKg,r jJn;r wxy o ,U > mnr’egLN,mUn;r sKw’r jzm’r
pwpKg,r jJn;r k/wrs<fr mI’ain,r deR,lI < lzd;r esd/cr’sugj xr <fr nim<r
gdr’yqny 1
r wr>x gzb;r wv; mnr’ebv’lzd;r es gKw’r sun,r dUwy r ,fr elv’p
edv’s emv’h mv,n giel,sv, dcr’sqcr;ywrxEl; mnr’aUnr;aznr,<
pKg,r jJn;r < mI’mqd;r dv,gum,r tUn;r mI’d/cr’aid’r lU< jrl f j I cfr /mr’< [.bzc,r
jrEf l; mI’d/cr’yKngxr nr;knr,tI,ywr>x gzb;r wv; mnr’amr,mI’g/crjfr {gwr}
noywrEx l; anrmnr’dzc;r tQmj r ;oz bKn;r nnrx bqna r nrsgu ’r jJn;r edx>
mnr’amr,dr’f lo;scr< amr,muc;r mzc’r scr gzb;r wv;mnr’ebv’p/dr,g/cr’go sgr
gvydidt r x
nibbxr /nr,nox mnr’bUnexr kv;bzc,r szccr mQ ;r dcr’gzcgxr /o ,gnr (gwrgbz ;r
mr’f mr’f gzb;r gwr) noy x wr>x gzb;r nnrEl; mnr’bUnd xr nz ’r gfv, anrhwr’[.wv;
lI dcr’jv.< pid’r dcr’tug,r < mI’El;dcr’amr,mI’ pwnoy x wr>x edv;ekv;
anrwv; (suk egLv,jr)f anrhwr’gowx v; nibbxr /nr,gdr’yqnj r n fr nrx mnr’
mI’ekv;bzc,r bQg;r bKn;r wxy o ,U > jwr;sv,Ribd u d xr Rv,wv; {do’egv.aKwxr nibbxr /nr,
nox gdr’yqnj r n fr v,< nibbxr /nrngxo dr’yqnj r nfr v,} no> gmr’nnr jwr’
audv,yI,t/mrwv; {jwr;sv,Ribd u dxr Rv,aKwxr scrjwK wxr v; mnr’amr,mI’ew,
dnv,no smrex dgfv,hqd’r ]iwmr ’I lo; d/cr’egLN,jrgf dr’yqnj r fr ?}> jwr;sv,
RibudrxdRv,dzbr,wv; {gzbr;wv; mnr’amr,mI’ew,dnv,scrEl; dJnr’bqnr
dcr’gdr’yqnj r y fr wr}x no> ekv;gf/mr’jwr;sv,Ribd u dxr Rv,dzb,r nox kwr;s
57
epv’atitmr’edxwv;es mnr’bUngxr vf ,d/cr’bzc,r jrgf n U ’r sv,mYrY (butu
j/nr,) ywr;>
nibbxr /nr,nox bUngxr vf ,nr’f lzc;r bo/’wUnExr l; anrtgu ,r lzc;r (adgr
gvwjR) ywr>x bQgs xr mrwx v; gqw,r lUY;r nibbxr /nr, bRmdrt x sjrj x v,es hwr’
goxaubr,l/dr;dzcr;t/mrgnryU,esdv.egv; hwr’amr,j/cr;bzcr,jrflo;nKwr
mnr’> lugr;aznr,lqgr; nrf’Ocr;ticr’lU(Kindergarten) amr,tugr,lIlo;
tqcgr nr lzc;r bo/’szn,r wUn>xr mnr’gUY’r lUw,r wxj o yfr n J ’r y/wr’< jrmf nr;gQn,r
es sJb,r hqn’r gfv,< wnr’nJc;r mv’ mnr’j/cr;bzc,r jrl f ;o nnry x ,U > nibbxr /nr,
nox gUY’r mI’pU;mI’bYr,Yv, (pU;[.sjrj x v,tmr’) [.kJd’r tJcl r ;o gUY’r (bdrx
jdrd x mrewdidbrex bv’wiYhU )i > scrjwK wxr v; hwr’woj x y fr ,fr y/wr’< jrmf nr;gQn,r
esjzmr’sqnr;d/cr’< smrxlo;tmr’dUwr’dznr’mv’no wnr’nJcr; hwr’egv;
edamr,mI’d/cr’gfcmr cJ er s edj/cr;wUnkxr d J ’r hnrl;o nibbxr /nr,ywr>x
edv;lqwr hwr’sJbr,wo/,dUYr’sqnr;d/cr’mdrxjimbdibdv anr
aznOr dr;tJcr [.hnrnbi bxr /nr,gzn,r >
58
dznr;hv;
sjrjv,tmr’jJw;r jft
r n
U ;r sI,
mgrgaRiysjrjv sqnr;d/cr’aznrOdr;nibrxb/nr,
mgrgaRiysjrjv-sqnr;d/cr’jJwr;jfr; aznrOdr;nibrb/nr,
tmr’jJw;r jf;r tUn;r sI,nox bqn;r sqn;r d/cr’ anran z Or dr;tJcnr bi br /nr,
dI;anrdgu kxr mzd,r sud’r yqnj r wJ ;r jr;f (dugkr nieRvtgvminbI dibdv aRi
sjrj)ywr.> anrnoxOcrxwv;sqnr;d/cr’g/cr gzbr;wv;mnr’ew;y/cr,bQdr;
d/cr’dJw’r gmrbn U bxr n
Q sr cz yr cK ;r < anrncJ ;r Ocrwx v; gvmsuknrlgi vnueyv’g1
anrdmr,eyv;< bqnkr wU ’r kzcd r cr’lo/< anramr,mI’pzn’r < anramr,mI’nmrx
mQd;r nmrdx n z ’r < anrbn q d r /cr’hqd’r butj u /nr,kwr> tQc;r anrncJ ;r jmr’
bqna r drd x gilmdrt 2
x vnueyv’g> d/cr’hqd’r d/cr’gmr anrhd q ’r H;dUwr
jfyr /br,pJd,r < anrbnrdgu kxr < anramr,mQd;r < anramr,mI’nmrd x nz ’r
scrnnry x wr>x dcr’szca r nrnxo dUn;r dUwbr d u txr jwr;jzm’r mv’tUb’r hnr
mv’wv; amr,mI’pzn’r scrneo s sqn;r d/cr’g/cr anrbd u txr jwr;tUb’r hnr
mv’nnrx bnrd/cr’hnr dv< Y/nr, anrj/cr;hqd’r H;nimy r n
q <r [.hnr<
lo;tmr’m/gr;pUw,r < lo;nibbxr /nr, wv;no> sqn;r d/cr’g/cr anrnxo smrkx n J ’r
1d/cr’yum,r av,jI,wgkwr jKcn xr cr,snr,jyI’kwr buRv,ngdrs x bkwrwv; yU,egLv,egLv, giner gLv,
egLv,< pzn’r lIagi ,r jv.< g/mr,lIg/mr,h/o.amr,mI’< cR/o’amr,mI’< mKc’r pInbi bxr /nr,amr,mI’< ebv’d/oegv;
pwk/dr,sudr’ywrxno> anrjzmr’sqnr;d/cr’nox Ocrxwv; gvmsuklrligvnueyvgywrx>
2sv,snv,gLinr’kwr jzmr’d/cr’gmranrnox< kwryumr,wv; jzmr’d/cr’pJgr’gmr anramr,nucr;kUwr’<
nznr’dI;gU,m/gr,hinr< ginrj/o;< bUgrxkU;lcr gUwrwv;lo;sudr,mQnr;es awrmUcr;mQcr’d/o< gmr;nmrnmr
yU,nf’r tKn,r nf’r bv,> hqd’r noew;bQd;r anrlmI ’I ej’jim,r dcr’sqc;r es hqd’r H;dUwj r wr;gwr,dugkxr
k/nrjfrnox yumr,wv;edhqdr’hfr;g/mr,gwr,mKwr bUnrxmv’l/oj/dr;nnrx hQcr;mUdr’sudr’gfv,es lo;bUnrx
lzd;r dugkxr wv;no> d/cr’dJw’r gmrnxo azns r cU gr nres dJw’r gmrgnry,U jqmmr wK ;r budt r jwr;egv’dm
bo,ebv,nnry x wr;>
59
Ocrwx v; tmr’mQd;r m/gr;g/cr,bQd,r yKc;r no> gzb;r wv; mnr’mI’ gic,r sz;o bQd,r anr
jKcrxncr,dI;drf;noxywrx>
1P smrmvdidt r i hnrjJwr;jrf;<
2P smrmvscrgbrb wUnrxjJwr;jrf;<
3P smrmvwvjv l/dr;jJw;r jr;f < l/dr;gf/mr’lI<
4P smrmvgmrmnrd hqd’r jJw;r jr;f < hqd’r g/nrl
wv;dI;edxmnr’jJcr ekv;tmr’budrxtjwr; anrmnr’jwr;ehv’
sznbr n K ;r yU, nr’f jUw;r k/wr’d/cr’ 45 bInnrx lo/’nJc;r amr,lo/’nJc;r dJn’r
bv’sqn;r d/cr’noy x wr>x mnr’jwr;sbr’lQc’r sqn;r d/cr’nox gfv,lo/lo/’< edv,
lo/gUn’r jzm’r ncr, anusybIj kwredbzc,r jrl f ;o tmr’mnr’jwr;nnrx
ywr>x gzb;r no gv;bqner kv;tmr’pJnl r /nrbx /nrs x n
Q r anrep;jzd,r wxn o ’fr
bidg/dr;nnrx hwr’hnrl;o sqn;r d/cr’m/gr,g/cr,bQd,r yKc;r nox yU,ywr>x
dv,edkbr’kJcr pJg’r gmrhd q ’r jzm’r sqn;r d/cr’non x nrx edamr,lo;
wUns xr ,fr jrwf v; edlo;hqd’r jzm’r < gmrjmz ’r kbrl x /mr’d/mr’gnr jKcn xr cr, mo/
kbrmx ’I wxo ncr,dQm;r enmv’po/,nKwn r nr>x nmrEl;ea, hwr’edlo;pJg’r
gmrjmz ’r jKw’r kwrgvf ,[mr;gnr bQc;r ncr,bzcbr n q lr ;o prmf nr’nnry x wr>x kwrgbr’
go/,edv,gnrweox s anrncJ ;r dcr’anrncJ ;r jz;o tQmbr gU ’r bzcgr nrlcU y r ,U >
m/gr,g/cr,bQdr,yKcr;nox mI’d/cr’yKcr’mo/ dv,edyugrxyzcr;sigr;kv,
s/mryKcr;H;gumr,tUnr;mv’nnrxywrx> sigr;kv,s/mryKcr;anrwv;noxjmr’
sI,l< smv,ti dcr’bYr,Yv,ywr>x 1 scrjwK wxr v; hwr’sbr’lQc’r enkwrgvf ,
1mo/ bbrx (mU,ld) nv; 301
60
bqnj r mu ’r (jum’r prj f mu ’r mnr’) no edjz;o hwr’dv,edbzc,r jrcf /o ;nnry x ,U >
sI,lsig;r kv,nox aicn r wK mr d q ;r dv,gf/cr;kf/credv,lUg;r El; aid’r lUedv,
sdr’dwv,dcr’sqcr;ywrx> mnr’dv.lImzcrjrfgzbr;pU;mI’bYr,Yv,kwrdcr’
nmr gzb;r kwrlcU l r mJ ’r ekv;tmr’ anrbd u t xr jwr;kr;f wv;nnr<x mKw;r kwrdmQ ;r <
l/dr;lzc;r sv,snv,budt xr nnrx kwrgY U ’r gum,r kwr;jrf nr’f lzc;r bo/’wUnkxr brx
dcr’lzc;r gmr,pv,edbqnn r nrgx Y U ’r > anrbd u txr jwr;ehv’enekv;tmr’
nox bqnbr n u ;r dv,sdr’dwv,kwrl;o lI< lo;egLN,sKw’r jr<f dv,lo;aid’r lU
edv,elv’gywrx (b]jnhidvy< p]jnsukvy< elv’gvnugmrbvy)>
ebv’awrjmz ’r sv,snv,budt xr wv;jJcr bun;r dv,gUn’r hwr’edgum,r
tUn;r nnrx mI’wxn o mrgx drs x cz y r cK ;r anrhwr’edlo;bUg’r bzcr {d/cr’aid’r lU
El;bYr,Yv,}ywr>x d/cr’aid’r lUnxo mnr’d/cr,dUwmr d q ;r dv,ej,dnv,
jrlf I jryf n K exr s nmrgx drd x /cr’knrjwK ’r nox bqnn r mrj
x l fr I m/gr,[wr,jrl f I
ywr>x bYr,Yv,nos x mrx d/crdwU Y r /nr,bYr,Yv, amr,nnr nmrgx drj x nfr xo
ywr>x scregv.nJc;r gUY’r bUg’r bzcj r a fr d i ’r lUesbz,o bQd;r Y/nr,no mnr’ed
bqngr nU ’r [wrjl fr I smrn x gJ ’r dnregv.nJc;r es scrsmrgx Y U ’r bUg’r bzcY
r /nr,
bYr,Yv,es bzo,bQdr;lzcr;aidr’lUgnrnoxebv’no mnr’edbqnrgUnr’mI’
bYr,Yv,anremvjcr’edv,bKnr;ywrx> gzbr;no dv,edbqnrmv’pU;gumr,
tUn;r nnrx edlo;bUg’r bzcn r mrgx drd x cr’szcj r mz ’r gnrywr>x anrnxo bqnr
d/cr’yKc’r mo/pwj/wr’budy xr wr>x lo;wv;wod x /cr’aid’r lUd/cr’bYr,Yv,gbr’
jzm’r gnrny xo wr>x nohx wr’edhnrd;I po/,nv;>
nrf’sI,lsigr;kv, anrwv;pJgr’gmrsinrnox mnr’aicrnKwrd/cr’
aid’r lUgTunv,es bv’wxgo ci ,r sz;o s/mranr anrwv; smr,mv,wv,jv,< smr,
mv,gmr,mnr,d El; smr,mv,av,jI,w nrf’m/gr;g/cr,bQdr;yKcr;ywrx> nrf’
s/mranrnnrx smr,mv,wv,jv, nobx cz ,r wv; -
1P amr,l/dr;gf/mr’bQdl xr n Q br cK n r cJ ;r <
2P amr,l/dr;gf/mr’kv.ko/gnr< gf/mr’jcr’gf/mr’esx anrj/cr;hqd’r
61
H;gUn’r szcer gv. amr,nnr gUn’r nr’f jum’r ebv’dQg,r yo/;gnr< pid’r gnr<
amr,pzmrxpqcr,gnrnnxrbKcrnJcr;>
3P amr,l/dr;gf/mr’kQcl r cK ’r < gf/mr’ho/.gf/mr’bzcgxr nr< gf/mr’lv,gnr<
gf/mr’jUgrxdmr[wrjrfbKnr;nnrxbKcrnJcr;>
4P amr,l/dr;gf/mr’bwr,h/mr’lo/< anramr,bnrpn z ’r scr< anr
gUY’r hqd’r H;sum’r kic,r k/wr’y/mr’nnrbx cK n r cJ ;r jKw’r noy x wr>x
mKw;r egv.nJc;r ew;l/dr;gf/mr’pid;r bKc;r anrj/cr;dKwkxr gK ;r bKn;r
nnrx mnr’dgr’edlo;l/dr;gf/mr’jJw;r jr;f < gf/mr’tug,r mQn;r [bKn;r < gf/mr’
mI’pznr’nmr< gf/mr’aUnr;aznr,< gf/mr’mI’dI;bzcr,es mI’d/cr’jzo;lKwrgnr
nnry x wrx egv.nJc;r amr,tug,r lIl;o lv;lIl/dr;> gf/mr’l/dr;edlo;mQn;r
kic,r k/wr’< azc;r s/cr,tug,r nnry x wr>x scrwv;egv.nJc;r amr,emvl/dr;gf/mr’
kwr;d/cr’dJw’r scrno anrleI sbKn;r nox amr,l/dr;scresyU,woy x n
q r
yqnrnoxywrx>
smrmvgmrmnrd hqd’r jJw;r jr;f hqd’r anrln I xo yugy xr cz ;r jv,Rid
hwr’ d/cr’hqd’r lIhwr’El; bnrd/cr’gdr’yqnn r nry x wr>x anrnxo mnr’
scr,sznr H;hwr’ew;es -
1P dqg’r cQn’r bKn;r < kv;dUwj r bfr n K ;r bKcnr cJ ;r <
2P lgr’kUwr’lqcr’bKnr;< lQnrawrkUwr’lqcr’bKnr;< m/br,mrfkUwr’lqcr’
bKnr;noxbKcrnJcr;>
3P gUdp xr di ’r lug;r em’ pUwbr n K ;r nnrbx cK n r cJ ;r >
jKw’r anrwv;mv’nnrx kwrdn J ’r hqd’r H;bKn;r lo;gdr’yqn<r lo;lI
bqnrjzmr’sqnr;d/cr’jJwr;jrf;ywrx>
smr,mv,av,jI,w g/nrlcq d xr cz jxr mz ’r tmr’anrwv;nox nv;g/nrlcq xr
dzcrxhwr’nox edlo;lzdr;anrgfv,dKwrxkKgr;bKnr; mKnrjKcrxncr, g/nrgv.ko/
m/gr,gzcr;jJnr’y/mr’< kKcr;l/gr;n/gr; anrj/cr;awrbKnr;do/< g/nrko/
lwr;< ko/gzccxr n U <xr lqcd xr wU s
r dr’ dv,edkv;do/es ko/ginn r wK kxr wrjv.gfv,
62
nnry x wr>x g/nrlcq d xr cz hxr wr’nox tug,r lokmQ l xr dI;nox hwr’[.
jQc;r lInv, lzc;r wv;sv,snv,budt xr jwr;nox mnr’amr,yzm’r hbrs x gJ ’r sKwr
anrl>fr gzb;r wv; mnr’ew;bQd;r kKc;r l/gr;n/gr;dcr’sqc;r es smra x mr,bnr
hQc’r g/nrlcq d xr cz xr anramr,jzm’r tmr’nnry x wr>x
gic,r sz;o s/mrycK ;r -(smrmvwvjv<smrmvgmrmnrd<smrmvavjIw)nf’r
m/gr;g/cr,bQd,r yKc;r nox kwr;bv’dzn;r sint r mr’ywr>x hwr’lUw,r [.bzc,r jrwf v;
sI,lj/wr’budn xr xo yKc’r dv,edyugy xr cz ;r d/cr’egLN,sKw’r < d/cr’pzmp xr cq ,r
gnr bun;r dv,dUwj r wr;gwr, El;bun;r dv,dUc,r wKc’r gUn’r ywr>x hwr’tug,r nbrx
szn,r wv; ebv’amr,mI’mnr’amr,bqnr bun;r dv,edkJn;r yr,f gfv, po/,nmrj x fr
tmr’no> ebv’amr,mI’bJnrxt/nrsinrtmr’no g/nrpo/,tmr’amr,j/cr;
kJnr;yrf,lo;>
tQc;r anrncJ ;r jmr’ bqngr /nrpgJ ’r svjrs f mv,ti anrm’I gic,r sz;o
s/mranr< anrjwJ ;r wv; smr,mv,wvyv,m< smr,mv,sdi dcr’smr,mv,smv,
ti nr’f m/gr;g/cr,bQd,r yKc;r ywr>x smr,mv,wv,yv,mnobx cz ,r wv; -
1P aguswU ,r anrb,o bqnn r nrx kdr’jrn f cr,]iwmr nr’ebv’edamr,
bqnrbKcrnJcr;>
2P aguswU ,r anrebv’bqny r wrn x nrx kdr’jrn f cr,]iwmr nr’edamr,
sJb,r bqnbr cK nr cJ ;r >
3P guswU ,r anrb,o bqner bv,nnrx kdr’jrn f cr,]iwer bv’edbqnmr v’
nnrxbKcrnJcr;>
4P guswU ,r anrbn q y r ,U wxno nrx kdr’jrt f ci ’r gfv,< hqd’r H;mnr’dUw’r
dzn’r gfv,< gum,r tUn;r gfv,nnrbx cK n r cJ ;r jKw’r noy x wr>x
smr,mv,sdi kug’r tUb’r jJw;r jr;f anrla I nrwv;nox bqna r nrhwr’
kdr’jr[f .jzm’r dI;nKwr -
1P dUwkr ci ’r < d/cr’dUcn xr cJ d r wU kr ci ’r nobx cK nr cJ ;r <
63
2P ew,dnv, yin’r lIyn i ’r jv. yin’r g/crnbxo cK n r cJ ;r <
3P jrf bKcbr n
q j r n fr bxo cK nr cJ ;r <
4P tmr,m d/cr’wUnxr d/cr’ko;jrf av,yuc,r jrn f bxo cK n
r cJ ;r >
bun;r dv,t/dr;jrl f eI dkJn;r gfv,nnrx av,nv,bv,nsdi p/crx
[.lUmr’tUYr;nox mnr’gqwr,gbr’lUYr;gv,yv,nubsrxsnv,es bqnranr
bKn;r pJg’r svnmranrncJ ;r ywr>x lo/’bzcer pgv,yv,nubsrs x nv, ycr’mI’
lo/jKwrxlo/bKcryU,>
gqw,r lUY’r ew,dnv,nubsrs x nv, dUY’r ew,dnv,nox egv.nJc;r
edlo;p/cr[x .ew,dnv,< yin’r [.dcr’lUcr tug,r jra f mr,tug,r jrf yin’r
g/crabu gq kxr v,kwr hqd’r ]iwbr n q er bv,mv’es smrs x du ’r sqc;r gfv,gmr’lrgf mr’nnrx
nrf’dUwrkicr’hwr’nnrxywrx>
gqwr,lUYr;d/cr’dUcrxg/nrjrf d/cr’bqnrjrfnnrx hwr’tugr,lIlo;
p/cr[x .jrhf wr’ mnr’bqnwr eox lv’pwo]x wi <r amr,bqn]r wi <r azg,r jrf lmrw]xo wi <r amr,
azg,r jrl f mr]wi <r t/cr,pid’r wo]x wi r amr,t/cr,pid’r ]iw<r jrp f cU bxr wi ]r wi <r jrnf mi r
]iwrjgfv,jKwr’noxyU,> hqdr’noes hwr’tugr,lo;[. jzmr’sepv’jrf anr
mnr’dUcxr mnr’bqnr mnr’gKd,r kJn;r bqnmr v’< mnr’ sud’r ho/gfv,noy x wr>x
gqw,r lUY;r tmr,mv,nubsrsnv,- anrwn U kxr ;o jrf av,yuc,r noex s
hwr’tug,r lo;[. pic;r dJn’r bqnkr wr< hqd’r ]iwkr wr bqner bv,mv’es sud’r ho/
gfv,< hqd’r ]iwr kwrkn J ;r yr,f mv’< hqd’r ]iwl r ;o k/mr,d/cr’dqg’r dqc<r lo;lujgfv,
jKwr’noxywrx>
lo/’pv,wnv,g/nrjs fr ,I yKc;r nox sbr’lQc’r enwxn o ’fr sdibt/nr,
sI,yKcr;ywrx>
gic,r so;z tUn;r s/mr smv,ti g/nrpgJ ’r sv,jrn f xo j/cr;H;lo;Odr;
tJcs r /nr,Cdv’sI,yKc;r ywr>x dI;nr’f btms/nr,nnrx d/cr’ko;jra f guswU ,r
jKcn xr cr,jrkf ;fr lo;gv,m< edv’sjrl f mr< jrkf /nrj x d fr mJ <r d/cr’mo;jr<f jrp f cU xr
jrbf wi r El;jrgf cf r niwRnhv;yKc;r jKw’r nox awrg/cr’gogvf ,es mI’d/cr’jUm’r
64
El;d/cr’gdr’yqnj r fr jJml xr y o ,U lUY;r d/cr’jrwf n U xr jrl f mJ xr (widgrg< wi
jvR) ywr>x
nr’f dudy i s/nr,nnrx gv;bqnj r wfr n U j xr lfr mJ xr (widgrg< wijvl)
awrgd J ’r t/dr,gfv,es jrn f mi n r wK a r v,yuc,r lqwr bun’r tv’mv’lUcy r ,U lUY;r
dcr’jrj f mU ’r jrgf dr’yqnr (bIdx
dI;nrf’ddiys/nr,nnrx jrfjUmr’bI,di anrmnr’bqnr yinr’
jUm’r (ewdnv) nox awrh/o gfv,es gUY’r gJd’r wxo jrgf dr’yqnr dcr’jrp f cq ,r
bqc’r (aubgq kxr v) ywr>x
nr f ’ s/nr , tU n r ; sI , nnr x anr b q n r j r f y i n r ’ jU m r ’ El;jr f
yin’r jv. dcr’sqc;r (anrwv;d/cr’egLN,jrEf l;lzc;r amr,egLN,jr<f d/cr’
jUm’r El; lzc;r mo;jrd f cr’sqc;r ) awrg/cr’gogvf ,es gUY’r mI’jrp f cq ,r bqc’r gnr
dcr’jrn f mi r nKwa r v,yuc,r lqwr (eaggrgx dv) gJd’r tcrwy ox ,U ywr>x hqd’r no
es jrhf wr’ awrpgJ ’r svlo;gfv,gzb;r hwr’lo;pJg’r pznwxr s ox mrmvwvyvm< smrmv
sdi dcr’smrmvsmvti nnry x wr>x
gic,r sz;o szca r nr nr’f bYr,Yv,sig;r kv,noEx dx bqnd r /cr’wUnj xr wJ ;r
jrf;El; d/cr’[.bzcr,jJwr;jrf; anrj/cr;hqdr’H;bYr,Yv,bqnrebv,nnrx
ywr>x d/cr’wUnj xr wJ ;r jr;f nox jQc;r enwv; wUnd xr v,w/cr’bQd;r kUw’r lqc’r ej’
jim,r < gv,m< kzcs r n u ,r dUwr amr,nnr bJnbxr d Q ;r d/cr’jrj f br’< wUnl xr cz ;r mqd;r
dv,El;wUnrxlzcr;amr,kv;dqgr’cQnr’bKnr; anredlo;bJnrjzdr,nKwr
sdr’dwv,dcr’sqcr;nnrxywrx> dI;nox mnr’bqnranrlIdzcr’mo/wxoedx>
lzc;r wv;ew;bQd;r d/cr’wUngxr wJ ’r sun,r dUwbr n q y r ,fr < woj x mfr d q ;r dv,< amr,kv;
dqg’r cQn’r bKn;r (nqgkxr m< mqdd r v< awihci s r ) jKw’r noex s awrggJ ’r Omr’wox
bYr,Yv,noy x wr>x anrnmxo nr’jQc;r enwv; bYr,Yv,nox dqmt r n U ;r wxn o mrx
gdrd x /cr’knrjwK ’r noex s anrwv;wos x n
u ,r dUwbr n q y r ,fr lr<f edv’s jrl f mr
lr<f jcr’gnrl<fr dqg’r cQn’r ebxgingr nrlj fr wK ’r nox bqnmr v’lUcy r ,U nr’f eg;
egv.edv,egv.lrf nrf’mU,gUnr’lrf nrf’g/nrmKcr’lrfnox gzbr;hwr’yubr;yzmr’wxo
65
bYr,Yv,ywrx>
d/cr’[.hnrjwJ ;r jr;f nox bqna r nr[.hnrg;U smr,sQnbr cK j r wJ ;r jr;f
jzm’r ncr,dJn’r spv,wkwrm’I ywr>x jcr,wv;tmr’sjrj x v,sI,yKc;r nox jQc;r
lQc’r engU;smr,sQnbr cK r jKcn xr cr,kwrbn q kr wrm’I ywr>x gzb;r nnrEl;d/cr’
[.hnrjwJ ;r jr;f nox mnr’hqd’r H;[.hnrtmr’sjrj x v,sI,yKc;r ywr>x d/cr’[.
hnrjJwr;jrf;anrnox bqnrbYr,Yv,anrsucrsudr’< anr[.hnrlo;dI;
jJw;r jr;f sud’r jzmn r nry x wr>x ebv’awrsv,snv,budt xr jwr;wv; d/cr’[.
bYr,Yv,nox mI’szcryKcr;> anrnJcr;jmrx bqnrd/cr’[.hnr jrfdzcr’< mI’
Y/nr, [.lo;lzc;r d/cr’jKcn xr cr,kwrm’I wxn o nry x wr>x anrnj xo mrx bqna r nr
[. jzm’r lzc;r jzm’r d/cr’ (anuebv’tY/nr) noywr>x anrnxo mnr’amr,
ebv’lJgrx< Y/nr,anr[.lJgrxnoxOcrxwv; (bdiewtY/nr) Y/nr, anr
j/cr;wUnp xr gz ;r es [.hnrl;o nnry x wr>x mnr’[.tJcl r ;o dJn’r spv,wkwr
anrld z ;r mI’jJw;r < d/cr,jJw;r won x nry x wr>x anrngxo Y U ’r bqnl r ;o mKw;r jrf
hwr’lzd;r esgiel,sv,dcr’sqc;r es mnr’kJn;r yr,f mv’ gzb;r g/nrpv,wnv,
nnrxgUYr’ywrx>
lugd xr ;I sqn;r d/cr’m/gr;g/cr,bQd;r yKc;r anrenmv’dI;gQb;r noex s
egv.nJc;r dgr’edbzc,r jrwf v; mnr’bqns r n q ;r d/cr’dv,pwhwr’tug,r lo;jzm’r
hqd’r jzm’r es bUg’r bzcgr vf ,hcr’prhf cr’mnr’noywr>x anrnbxo n q br cK mr /o mI;dUwr
kic’r < sUb’r < jref s bqnd r v,kJn;r yr,f dcr’kr;f pKg,r jJn;r k/wrsn fr nry x wr>x
mnr’amr,gqw,r scrgnrdcr’ d/cr’yum,r < sU’dzc’r < wo;sv mU’jv’> gzb;r noEl;
mnr’ amr,mI’lzc;r scr anredlo;Ocrwx v; (Religion) sv,snv,anrl>rf
gUY’r bqns r n q dr /cr’anran z Or dr;dv,ed[.bzc,r jrF f ci ;r tmr’< spv,w
tmr’< dv,lo;bUdr’lzdr;< egLN,sKwr’es lo;gdr’yqnrjzmr’lUYr;tmr’
sin<r sjrj x v, m/gr;bYr,Yv, pUw,r bYr,Yv,nogx Y U ’r >
nr’f mKc’r j/wr’budgxr ;U mKc’r mI’wxF
o ci ;r tuc’r lo/’g/nrb,U jv, mU’jv’lzc;r
sv,snv, anrh/cr;lIes h/cr;yqn,r ec;nnry x ,U > jKw’r kwrnxo ycr’bo,
66
kwr;bv’nr’f sqnd r /cr’m/gr;g/cr,gzn,r > gUY’r gv; gzb;r lo;jzm’r Fic;r tuc’r mU’jv’
sv,snv,El; kwrm’I gv;knr anrbnr d/cr’h/nrj x efr s bqna r nrlwU ,r wxo
bunr;dv,jKwr’Y/nr,numr,kwr dv,edkwr;jU’sqnr;d/cr’gfv,lzo’loz’nnrx
ywrx>
gqw,r lUY;r tmr’sjrj x v,sI,yKc;r es hwr’mI’nv;g/nrsy I cK ;r dv,
edlo;hqdr’nnrxywrx>
tmr’jJw;r jr;f tUn;r nJc;r nox bqnd r gu kxr < Fic;r bqnp r w< dugkxr
d/cr’k/nrjmrf nr’< d/cr’kIjmfr nr’< d/cr’jUm’r mnr’< lzc;r amr,gum,r tUn;r
mnr’< lzc;r anramr,h/nrbx cq ’r jrmf nr’< lzc;r amr,mnr;dqc;r mnr’ El;lzc;r
amr,mI’lzngxr n Q mr nr’jKw’r noy x wr>x gqw,r gbr’anrnexo s anrhwr’edlo;
hqd’r nox bqnd r v,edlo;[.bzc,r mnr’< yzm’r hbrwx v; mnr’mI’edx (bRiner Yy)
nonoxgUYr’ywrx>
tmr’jJw;r jr;f tUn;r szcn r xo bqngr ei l,sv, anrbn q cr wr;h/gr;lzc;r
dv,dugkxr bqner bv,ywr>x gqw,r gbr’anrnexo s anrhwr’lUw,r hqd’r nox bqnr
dv,b/gr;bQd;r < tUY;r tznbr d Q ;r < yv.bQd;r mnr’ (bhvdbrb) ywr>x
tmr’jJwr;jrf;tUnr;s/mrnox bqnrnibrxb/nr, dI;anrdugrxkmzdr,
sud’r yqn<r anrm’I edx< anrjwJ ;r jr;f edxny xo wr>x dzn;r dv,hwr’edlo;
hqd’r nox hwr’[brbx cz ,r hnrtcJ a
r wr (sjrj x gi vdbrbx ) nnry x wr>x
tmr’jJw;r jr;f tUn;r sI,nox bqns r nq ;r d/cr’aznOr dr;tJcn r bi bxr /nr,
ywr>x gzmgxr Y
U ’r mI’Y/nr,es wUnl xr /mr’awrnxo mnr’amr,tJcd r ;I lo;> gzb;r
nnrEl; hwr’lUw,r lo;kdr’jrhf d q ’r jzm’r pJg’r jzm’r (pvewdbrbx ) 1 noywr>x
1mhw (aludrdgm-1922) nv; 10
67
dznr;Mgr’
tmr’andrd
x - anramr,yzm’r hbra
x drd
x
ycr’mI’wxd o /cr’yum,r anrwv;kzn<r pnr< kfncr wr’< wiYnr, (Atta)
nr’f dUwgr nU ’r hwr’es wv;bqnl r n z gxr n
Q a r nrmnr;gJm’r anramr,lQg;r lo/;
anrm’I woy x ,U dv,es,nonnry x wr>x sv,snv, gmr;pzc;r wv; gUn’r hwr’gU;egv.
egv.mI’kfncr wr’ anrpv.p/nr,pIbcU r nnrgx ;U prmf nr’wv;no> wo/’esdo/ywrx
nnrx wiYn q ,r kfncr wr’nox gfv,mI’dI;mKc’r pIdv,es, amr,nnr mKc’r cRo/’dv,
es,dv,b/nr jzm’r ncr,pv.pIjwr;bUcp r /nr,dQb’r ddr’bnr g/mr,lIg/mr,
jv.mnr’mI’nnrxywrx>
gmr;pzcr;wv; wiY/nr,kfnrcwr’nnrx bop/nr,ko/.lo/;j/dr;gfv,lo/
jUw;r lo/b/nr edv,ebv’sug’r jJn;r srt f n U ;r es lJn’r sud’r mnr’gfv,[mr’
Omr’gnrFv.pIlcU r (God) nnry x wr>x Fv.pIlcU r amr,nnr s/crlcU r (Uni-
versal Soul) no x Ocr x w v;pnr c wr ’ elv’glU c r n o e s bq n r c wr ; ed,
dI;anrwY i /nr,p/dr,azg,r mv’nnry x wr>x kfncr wr’nox mI’yU,dI;nr’f gUn’r
es bqner gv.wUn<xr egv.j/mr,bUY;r yin’r lIagi ,r jv.< egv.hbra x wrs’U El;
d/mr, jzm’r ncr,d/cr’ hqd’r s/cr;lIagi ,r jv. mnr’mI’nnry x wr>x bo/’wUnxr
jKcn xr cr,wv;mv’nox bqnwr v,dd/cr’yum,r kfncr wr’ywr>x
sv,snv,budrxtjwr; amr,yzmr’hbrx lzcr;wv;wiY/nr,kfnrcwr’mI’
no> ebv’awrjmz ’r ekv;tmr’budt xr jwr;wv;Edx d/cr’yum,r ymrkn f cr wr’nox
gUY’r wUnbxr n q a r wr< wUnhxr d
q ’r awrgY U ’r > mnr’bqna r nrpd i ’r pUngr Y U ’r es
amr,mI’lznn xr ’fr dJn’r spv,w>1 mnr’j/cr;emvhqd’r H;d/cr’wUnxr anr
wv; {gwr}< kzcgr wr< sun,r dUwy r ,fr < elv’p< edv’s< emv’h< mv,n jgfv,
1amr,mI’lo;< amr,hvhnrlo; nfr’Ficr;bqnrelv’g< dJnr’spv,welv’g>
68
giel,sv, dcr’lo/El; bnrhvkwrbn q er bv,nnry x wr>x anrnxo mnr’bqnr
cwr;h/gr; kzcrbnrhvdcr’sqcr;es hqdr’H;pidr’emv’gnr ed,awrd/cr’
pid’r gnrlgq n xr .zo nr’f [in’r gfv, edv,tJcbr n q sr gJ ’r sKwn r ’fr mKc’r ywr>x dI;gQb;r
mnr’ ed,gzb;r d/cr’yum,r pid’r pUna r nrnexo s mnr’sKw,r d/cr’bnr dv,
H;d/cr’ho/.mKgr;bqnrebv,nrf’lUgr;noxywrx>
ycr’mI’d/cr’ko;jrfszcrbKcrgJgr’gbr’wxoyU, nrf’jrfgUnr’hwr’lJgrxlJgrx
ywrx> szcrbKcranrwv;nnrxjmrx bqnranrdv,edgQdr,gcr;eh.dUwrEl;
dv,edlUlzmrdUYr’tJcrdUwrnoxywrx> bunr;dv,gQdr,gcr;eh.dUwrkicr’nox
gUnr’hwr’kUcrazgr,pv.pI dI;anrgUnr’hwr’lUwr,lo;bJcr;mnr’esEl; H;
mnr’gQd,r gcr;bnrd/cr’[mr,lUm;r nKwhr wr’ mKnj r cK n
xr cr, lug;r aznl r ;o bJc;r
jrfyrf, nKwrebv;em;mnr’nnrxywrx> bunr;dv,lUlzmrdUYr’tJcrjwr;gwr,
nnrx gUn’r hwr’kJca r gz ,r mv’kfncr wr’ amr,nnr pnrcwr’ anramr,j/cr;do/
esbzg;r nnry x wr>x awrd/cr’yum,r szca r nrnexo s yzmbxr nrhQc’r jrmf nr’
Yv’mQn;r mKw;r anramr,bzc,r jrl f <fr mKw;r yU,aUn;r < mKw;r yin’r gUwr El;mKw;r mI’
d/cr’lUw,r mv’nnry x wr>x gzb;r nnrEl; gUn’r hwr’hdrkx d z ,r dgrwx n ox wK d
r /cr’
yum,r kfncr wr’wox nQn;r nQn;r nvnvywr>x
budtxr jwr;Edxjmrx amr,bnrhcQ ’r lzc;r d/cr’amr,bzc,r jr<f aUn;r cwr
swr’sUc’r < kI;y/nr;yin’r gUwEr l;elv’pdnrhvjKw’r no>x gUY’r mI’d/cr’
yKc’r mo/ dv,H;gUn’r hwr’[.bzc,r tmr’sjrjv,es tUY;r tznbr d Q ;r yv.bQd;r
jKwr’kwrdmr,eyv; bv’jqmrcwr;h/gr;kwrebv’amr,gJdr’scrnnrxywrx> ebv’
awrsv,snv,budt xr jwr;wv; d/cr’yum,r hwr’ anrgwq ,r lUY;r pv.pIlcU r
amr,nnr kfncr wr’lUcn r xo bqna r nrpd i ’r es amr,mI’nmrx dzn’r scrn>o
gzb;r d/cr’yum,r jKw’r nox ycr,kwr;lJgwxr n ox ’fr gUn’r hwr’es awrjbr’jrgf n U ’r
hwr’wxoEl; jKwr’kwrjcr,ebv’amr,krf;tzmr,krf;cinr’ amr,krf;bzcr,jrfekv;tmr’
bKn;r anrs/nrkdr’d/cr’yum,r kwrnnry x wr>x
budtxr jwr;[.lzc;r noj x cQ ;r lInv,> wv;dI;edxmnr’ budt xr jwr;wv;
69
tmr’mnr;jwr;nox bqna r nrs/nrkdr’edv, pzc’r nmrl x o (bdiesv’dgv
mi)< anrkcq ,r kdr’edv,elv’pgUn’r d/cr’kr;f lo;gUn’r no> wo/’esbudt xr
jwr;lo;sbrbx nrYd u Y/nr,ywrs x ,I wUc;r mnr’jwr;ncr;swr’dI;dr;f dUn;r
ebv’ties wUnmxr n Q ;r hcr’jwr;wv; {gwrl;o [brbx cz ,r hnrtmr’sjrjvanrlgJ xr
lmr,anrl;o y/br, bzc,r jry f /br, anrgY U ’r pU;mI’bYr,Yv,kwr[.bzc,r jrl f ;o
---> gUnr’kwrjmrx mI’d/cr’dnrhv d/cr’jbr’bQnr’[mr,cmr’wxoes yU,
nr’f lbr’sic,r yU,nox edamr,j/cr;[.hnrl;o tmr’sjrjvanrn}xo no>
wUnrxmQnr;jKcrxncr,wv;mv’nnrxes budrxtjwr;awr[nrdUnrxgfv,
gmr’nJc;r eswUnwxr v; {jzc,r mnr’edbQd;r lo/ amr,bQd;r lo/hv. ebv’gwrkdr’
jrfehv’tmr’sjrjv, anrgwrjcr,hv[brxlo;mv’nox edv,lUgr;} no> gmr’
nnrx mnr’jwr;dQgr;dUYr’gUnr’hwr’ lUYr;dcr’mzgr,mUwrywrx> nrf’nzcr
mzg,r mUwnr nrx mUwgr mr;pzc;r mI’nr’f nmr<x gmr’pzc;r smrj x cr,hvpud’r azg,r piwr
nmrmx v’< gmr’pzc;r smrbx n U axr gz ,r piwn r mrex s y/nrgnrdcr’nmrwx >ox edv;
lo/’ncr,no nr’f lUg;r noex gv; ycr’mI’gUn’r jKw’r anrm’I d/cr’kJn;r yr,f bQg,r
gnrl/o t/nr;nnry x ,U > gmr;pzc;r dgr’ed[.bzc,r tmr’jJw;r jr;f yU,noEl;
budrxtjwr;jcr,dQbr’ddr’dv,edehv’tmr’ywrx>1
ekv;tmr’andrd x amr,nnr ekv;tmr’anramr,mI’kfncr wr’nox
mnr’dJn’r mI’pzn’r sJb,r anrl;o mv’gzb;r anrhwr’tdr’s/crknr,tv,hv;
yKc;r jqmd r cr’ekv;tmr’bdidj xr smubbxr vd (tmr’enlzc;r pzn’r sJb,r gnr
esbqn)r nnry x wr>x dI;nr’f tmr’jJw;r jr;f tUn;r nJc;r nnrx hwr’lo;hnrmv’
anrwv;pI< gUn’r < sdr’< pU;- buggxr wU ,r anrwv;nox gUY’r bqnd r mu d
r wU kr nr,
tv,hv;yKc;r es mKw;r anrhwr’ jQg,r tdr’dUY’r kwrnnrx hwr’ amr,lo;hnr
scrn’fr kwr anredlo;wv; {gwr} dUwgr wr amr,nnr kfncr wr’lUcr amr,nnr
lzngxr n Q r anramr,lQg;r lo/;esbzg;r nnr>x noj x mrbx nq r lo/’tdr’s/cr
ywr>x bdidj xr smubbxr vdegv;edv;nnr mnr’bqnl r /o ’gbr’sJb,r j/br;gnr
1mhw (aludrdgm-1922) nv; 4 ekv;scr, (foot note); mo/bbrx 1 (mU,ld) nv; 167 ekv;scr,
70
ywr>x jzm’r ncr,awrl/o ’nowx v; nr’f lUg;r nox mnr’amr,mI’aI;scr anred
lo;wv; {gum,r tUn;r ywrd x wU ;r } nonnry x wr>x gU;smr,sQnbr cK r mnr’bzcbr n q y r ,U <
gqwr,kzcr;gnrlUcryU,< aicrlcrpcrnzcr;gnrlUcryU,ywrx> anrnoxjmr’
bqnrlo/’gzcrxgqwr,gbr’gnrywrx>
mKwr;bo,gfv,dI;gf/cr; nrf’lzcr;bdidrxjsmubrxbvdnnrx ebv’[.lo/’
bzdr’mnr’no eddKwr’bzcr,jrfco/;nKwrmnr’yU,> lo/’bzdr’mnr’jmr’ jQcr;
lQcr’woxjKcrxncr,dI;drf;noxywrx>
1P aimsrs x mics r di aideM hv’di- ebv’anrnbxo n q er bv,no anr
nnrxjcr,bqnrebv,ywrx>
2P aimsrs x aubvdv aida M bu jrj x di- gzb;r anrnbxo n q er bv, El;
anrnnrxjcr,bqnrebv,ywrx>
3P aimsmicr asdi aidMnehv’di- ebv’anrnoxamr,bqnr
ebv,no anrnnrex gv;amr,bqner bv,ywr>x
4P aimsrs x nieRv’tv aidM niTj u jxr di- gzb;r anrnmxo d z ,r sud’r
yqngr vf ,El; anrnnrj x cr,mzd,r sud’r yqngr vf ,ywr>x 1
aicn r wK l
r /o ’bgr’bKcr lzc;r pzn’r eh,duplsJb,r gnrbn q <r lo/’gqw,r
kzcr;gnrbqnr< lo/’aicrlcrpcrnzcr;gnrbqnrnoxes pwgUnr’ sdr’ pI
s/crdcr’sqc;r jqmd r cr’pwsmr,sv,Rv,nol x <fr lzc;r mzd,r sud’r yqnn r lxo fr
awrsbr’lQc’r engnrwy ox ,U dI;dzn;r bdidj xr smubbxr vd anrm’I gic,r sz;o
sib’r szcn r yxo wr>x
1P gzb;r awijj r vEl; scr,kv,Rkwrbn q er bv,ywr>x
2P gzb;r scrkvRdcr’lo/El; wiYvnbqner bv,ywr>x
3P gzb;r wiYvnEl; n/mr,Rubkr wrbn q er bv,ywr>x
4P gzb;r n/mr,TubEr l; avydn[gr’yKc;r bqner bv,ywr>x
5P gzb;r avydn[gr’yKc;r El; psrs x d/cr’dumd xr wK bxr nq er bv,ywr>x
1m< bbrx 3 (mU,ld) nv; 63; scr< bbrx 2 (mU,ld) nv; 28,95
71
6P gzb;r psrsx El; ew,dnv,bqner bv,ywr>x
7P gzb;r ew,dnv,El; dnrhvbqner bv,ywr>x
8P gzb;r dnrhvEl; aubvd/nr,jrj f br’bQn’r bqner bv,ywr>x
9P gzb;r aubvd/nr,El; pwbqner bv,ywr>x
10P gzb;r pwEl; jvdibn q er bv,ywr>x
11P gzb;r jvdiEl; 12P jRv mRn esv’g bRiedw jgfv,bqner bv,
ywrx>
hqd’r no pwbqner bv,mv’< mI’mv’< smrs x bJ ,r bqngr vf ,ywr>x scrjwK wxr v;
hwr’awrbKcranrnox binr;pUnrgfv,no gmr’nnrhwr’lo;hnr so/sJbr,bqnr
awrsudr’sqcr;gfv,ywrx>
gzb;r awijj xr v mzd,r sud’r yqnEr l; scr,kv,Rkwregv;mzd,r sud’r
yqnrgfv,ywrx> gzbr;scr,kv,Rkwrmzdr,sudr’yqnrEl; wiYv,nmzdr,sudr’
yqngr vf ,ywrPx PP> gzb;r jv,dimd z ,r sud’r yqnEr l; jv,Rv,< mRn< esv’g<
bRied,wjgfv,mzdr,sudr’yqnrgfv,ywrx>
dI;nox tug,r lIl;o dzc’r wv; gU;gic,r so;z bqnl r ;o pzn’r dcr’cwr;h/gr;
eh,dupldcr’szcy r wr>x gzb;r nnrEl; kwrgwq ,r gbr’gnrw<ox aicl r crpcr
nzc;r gnrweox s bqnl r ulcU y r ,U gwrgbz ;r mr’f mr’f gzb;r gwrywr>x mnr’amr,lzd;r
lQwr’woxekvekv> gzbr;noEl; j/wr’budrxnox amr,yzmr’hbrxcwr;h/gr;gmr’[wr
d/cr’bKnr; jKcrxncr,hwr’lo;hnrmv’jqmrjwrxnnrxywrx> jqmrdcr’edlo;
nbrwx v; bdidj xr smubbxr vdnox mnr’bqnwr cU ’r bnr,dUc,r (cirle)wxn o <o mnr’
amr,lo;nbrwx v; bqnd r cU ,r mzc;r jQc;r (chain)sJb,r gnrnnr>x
ekv;t/mranrwv; t/cr,h/cr;lzd;r lQw’r (Free will) nox awracz ;r wxo
nr’f d/cr’wUnxr jqmd r cr’bo/’wUnkxr brx kzcj r /wr’kKw’r gUn’r mKc’r wnr’dUg’r kwry,U >
gUYr’gv; ebv’awrjzmr’bdidrxjsmubrxbvdwv;jJcr ekv;gf/mr’anrnox
amr,j/cr; gKdr,azgr,mv’lo; nrf’apitmr’j/wr’budrx> scrjKwrxwv; kUcr’
elv’glUcn r xo gqw,r gbr’gnrw<ox bqna r nrbcz br n q wr <ox aicl r crpcrncz ;r gnr
72
won
x o g/crjl fr d z ;r lQw’r nox edhqd’r ]iwmr ’I lo;ekvekv> g/crjn fr xo kwr;bv’wxo
nrf’jumr’scr,kv,R jKcrxncr,d/cr’wUnrxnoxes mnr’bqnrmv’gzbr;lzcr;d/cr’
gqw,r kzc;r gnr (bdidj xr smubbxr nrn) ywr>x anrhwr’l/dr;wv; (lzd;r lQw’r )
nonxo amr,lzd;r lQw’r lo;dcr’bJg’r nr’f lUg;r elv’gno>x mnr’ycr’mI’lzc;r
pzn’r sJb,r j/br;gnres gqw,r kzc;r gnrwy ox ,U < gzb;r no t/cr,h/cr;lzd;r lQw’r
ekv;nox mnr’amr,bo,lzd;r lzc;r pzn’r sJb,r j/br;gnrbn q <r amr,jr;f anr
gum,r tUn;r wx>o nr’f elv’gnox gzb;r wv; gU;smr,sQnbr cK r aicl r crpcrncz ;r gnr<
gqw,r gbr’gnresbqny r ,U El; mnr’amr,mI’lo; d/cr’lzd;r lQw’r gum,r tUn;r
anrywrd x wU ;r > d/cr’yum,r awranrwv; t/cr,h/cr;lzd;r lQw’r nox cwr;bJnxr
k/mr,mnr’ mnr’gqw,r gbr’gnr d/cr’yum,r pv.pI (God) wiY/nr,< Cdv’ (Justic)<
sU’ El; d/mr,nnry x wr>x gzb;r no mnr’amr,j/cr;wv;lo; t/cr,h/cr;lzd;r lQw’r
amr,aicbr cJ ;r prf dJn’r lzd;r lQw’r woex kvekvno>
ebv’awrjzmr’bdidrxjsmubrxbvdwv;lrf< lo/’tdr’s/crknr,tv,
hv;yKc;r wv;lrf d/cr’yum,r d/cr’ko;jrf anrwv; {gwr< kfncr wr’< wiY/nr,} anr
nbrwx v; bqnl r n z gxr n Q r amr,j/cr;do/nonxo bqnd r /cr’yum,r pid’r < bqnr
anrawrjwfr n U bxr nq gr Y U ’r > j/wr’budwxr v;Edx anrnbxo n q t r mr’andrd x
amr,mI’wiY/nr,amr,mI’kfnrcwr’ywrx>
dv,edeg;lid;r bQd;r d/cr’gfcj r n
fr nrx edengfv, d/cr’jJw;r jr;f
szcy r cK ;r dI;noex sgzn,r > smudysjrjv - d/cr’jJw;r jr;f anrgn U ’r
d/cr,jJw;r wox dcr’bRmdrtsjrjv - d/cr’jJw;r jr;f anredxno mI’szcr
yKcr;noxywrx>1 anrhwr’dJwr’yU,dv,es,gU;wnr’mKcr’gUnr’ jKcrxncr,wv;
{gwr}< {mr’f }< {egv.nnr}x jgfv,jKw’r nox hwr’amr,lQn<r amr,jr;f wv; jij’U
wiY/nr,< kfncr wr’es Ocrgx nr> hwr’gUY’r Ocrgx nrjmz ’r ncr,ewv’hv,Rd/cr,
jJw;r mI’wxn o nrgx Y U ’r > bRmdrtsjrjvnox sbr’lQc’r wv; anredxedxmnr’
mnr’amr,mI’gwr mI’sdr’dwv,scr> ebv’awrjzmr’sudr; sudrdvlcrgv
1sv,Rt< bbrx 2 (mU,ld) nv; 77
73
wdvR p/o,mhv,yv,nwv;jJcr {buggxr wU ,r } anrwv;nox ebv’awrekv;d/cr,jJw;r
wv;mnr’mI’yU,< gUY’r gv; anredx mnr’amr,mI’no>
anramr,yzm’r hbrwx Y i /nr,lUcr amr,j/cr;do/nonxo bqnl r grkx nv,
tmr’bKcd r /o kzchr n
i yv,n dcr’mhv,yv,n dcr’lUcer s mnr’amr,mI’lzc;r
dv,ednbrwx v; pic;r tuc’r j/wr’budn xr xo mI’d/cr’bQg,r bo/;bKc;r gnr dcr’ekv;
tmr’mU,cwr;budrxtno>
gzb;r nnr anrla I /mr’anrncJ ;r jmr’ edv;lqwr pU;mI’bYr,Yv,
kwrgmr;pzc;r ycr’mI’g/crjkfr ;fr lzml r mQ r awrd/cr’ko;jrf (d/cr’yum,r ) adrd
anrs/nrkdr’gnrdcr’wv,dbudrxtjwr; kwr;mv’jzmr, nrf’tmr’budrxt
jwr;yU,> jKw’r kwrp;U mI’bYr,Yv, nbry x mr sUnj r n fr wK br d
u t xr jwr; dcr’
ekv;tmr’jwr;yU,> gUY’r gv; kwramr,j/cr;wUnmxr n Q ;r lo;wv; budt xr jwr;nox
dgr’edeb,bQd;r d/cr’yum,r wiY/nr, anrkwrlwU ,r nv, nnrn x >o kwrlmz r
lzmar wrbd u t xr jwr; dv,edjz;o bnr gmrbx nr dv,lo;mI’ pwdv,es, (Eter-
nal existence)> anrnxo ycr’amr,jr;f wiY/nr,lqga xr n z ,r dJn’r bqnr dUwr
anraci ’r gqdkxr wrhcz wxr v; (Self)anrggJ ’r S dUwgr cU r’nogx mr’lqwy r wr>x
ebv’edl/dr;sJwr;sJwr;dQgr,dQgr,lQcr’lQcr’nojJcr egv.anr
yum,r adrdnox dgr’wv;lo;wv; gwrymu ,r adrd amr,nnrwY i /nr,noy,U >
amrnnrebv’mnr’ko;wv; anrbudrxtjwr;amr,yzmr’hbrxadrdnoxpidr’
no> gUY’r gv; hqd’r ]iwer gv;lI pref samr,wv; ebv’ycr’kdr’jrf dv,awr
d/cr’yum,r jv. anrbd u txr jwr; amr,yzm’r hbrx jKcn xr cr,hwr’lo;hnrn’fr bbrx
tmr’bKnr;nnrx mv’jzmr,srf,nrf’sv,snv,budrxtno mnr’amr,j/cr;>
sv,snv,jKw’r anrymu ,r ymrFv.pIkwr gmr’gmr’bJnp r /wr,lzc;r wv; Fv.pI
kfncr wr’mI’noy,U dQg,r dQg,r lQc’r lQc’r ywr>x scrjwK wxr v; budt xr jwr;yzm’r hbrx
awrd/cr’yumr,szcranr anrwv;mv’nox wv;mnr’lmr,lzcr;nv, jKcrxncr,
d/cr,sv,snv,no mnr’jwr;egv;dgr’edbJnp r /wr, nr’f eg;elv’ggUn’r
dQgr,dQgr,lQcr’lQcr’ mKnrjKcrxncr, mnr’jwr;wv;mv’d/cr,mqwr’nnrxes
74
mnr’jwr;edamr,sKc,r amr,wqnbxr wr,mv’ nr’f jUw;r k/wr’d/cr’[wrb/gr,s/wr’
hv;bI wo/’esmnr’jwr;awrbRinbi bxr /nr,ywr>x
gUn’r dcr’lo/sugj xr gfr bz ;r tmr’andrd x budt xr jwr; gzb;r wv; adrx
dkwrymu ,r won x nrx dgr’edlo;k/mr,d/cr’yv.bQd;r nnry x wr>x budt xr jwr;
p/crx[.lzcr;anrnoxyU,>
mKw’r y/mr’nJc;r jwr;Rh/nr’jwr;nJc;r t/mrbd u t xr jwr;wv; {eav’
jwr;hwr’dI;kv; mKw;r egv.nJc;r amr,hvhnr anrmnr;gJm’r dI;nr’f dUwmr nr’
nnrx jzc,r mnr’mI’lzc;r d/cr’y/br,k/nrjgfr vf ,kv;]iwer nv’} no>
budt xr jwr;dzb,r wv; {mI’aKw;r jwr;Rh/nr’< egv.nJc;r mnr’mI’d/cr’
yum,r jKcn xr cr,edwv;gfv,noy x wr>x lUg;r elv’gnomx ’I wxa o drd x ywr>x wo/’es
do/ywrx kwrdgr’edlo;gfv,bqna r drd x (wiY/nr,) anrmnr;ej,< mI’dv,
es,< tcrwd ox v,es,< amr,lQg;r lo/;nnrex s kwrdgr’edlo;yU,swr’gfv,
dv,es jKcn xr cr,wv;nnry x wr}x no> mnr’lo;cin’r budt xr jwr; lug;r deb’
mnr’jwr;ehv’tmr’ anryKcr’dv,edyv.bQdr;d/cr’yumr, adrdwvd
gqw,r lUY;r anrwn U bxr n
q Pr PP < yKc’r dv,edtUY;r tznbr d Q ;r dnrhv< yKc’r dv,
g/cr’y/nrd/cr’jbr’bQn’r < dv,lo;dugkxr mzd,r yqn<r dv,lo;nibbxr /nr,ywr>x
gmr’nnr gUn’r egv.nnrx wUnmxr n Q ;r wv; {gwredlo;k/mr,d/cr’yv.mUYl xr wQ r
bQd;r ywr<x gwredamr,mI’lo;tQc;r ywr}x no> gzb;r nnr mnr’kcr’< mo;jr<f Ocrhx ;o <
nmrd x v dUg’r < dUb’r aUg’r mnr’esawrgcf mr cJ gr vf ,ywr>x hqd’r noes jwr;R
h/nr’kwrawK xr anrnxo bqnl r cz ;r d/cr’dv,lo;y/br,k/nrjfr mKw;r egv.nJc;r
amr, hvhnr anrmnr;gQn,r nr’f dUwmr nr’nnry x wr>x 1
budt xr jwr;wv; {jwr;Rh/nr’kwrawK xr d/cr’ko;jra f nrwv; gwredlo;
sJbr,bqnr< lo;mI’nox hqdr’H;jKwr’bo,lo;scr,sznrkwr dUgr’dJnr,gUwrgfv,
aKwr;}>2
1m< bbrx 1 (mU,ld) nv; 136-137
75
jKw’r ko;hvwiY/nr, nr’f sv,snv,budt xr kwr tqcwr v; {anrbd u txr
jwr;jQg,r tdr’s/cr dUws r dr’dwv, wv;bqnRr bu <r ew,dnv,< snr,Yv,<
scr,kv,R dcr’wiYY r vnnoneox s smrwx v; jKw’r kwrnnrx anrlefr gv;amr,
jr;f wiY/nr,wv;no> gUY’r gv; mnr’jwr;amr,wv; nzg;r esknr,tv,hv;yKc;r
ycr’mI’lo; wiY/nr, nrf’gUnr’hwr’< amr,nnrnrf’d/cr,jKwrxd/cr,yKcr;
wv;no> dI;nox mnr’amr,j/cr;tqcrgnrlo; gzbr;mI’wxolzcr;d/cr’szcryKcr;
jKcrxncr,po/,drf;noxywrx>
anrncJ ;r jmrx ebv’awrjmz ’r ekv;tmr’budt xr jwr;wv;jJcr sdr’
dwv,anrwv;nox gUY’r bqnkr nr,tv,hv;yKc;r pzd;r wxgo Y U ’r < lKwn
r mxo nr’amr,
mI’scrtcQ ;r > mKw;r lref samr,wv; mnr’jwr;wv; amr,mI’d/cr,jKwd xr /cr,bKcr
scrn’fr gUn’r hwr’ nr’f sdr’dcr’lo/ lKwer sknr,tv,hv;yKc;r >
tUn;r szcj r mr’ budt xr jwr;eb,bQd;r wv,d adrd x wiY/nr, kfnr
cwr’ nrf’dUwrjqmrnzgr;dUwrgUnr’dQgr,dQgr,lQcr’lQcr’< anrwv;mI’wxoyU,nrf’
lUg;r nox no> hwr’j/mr’dUY’r bKcd r gQ ;r mnr’gmr;pzc;r gzn,r -
nr’f bbrt
x mr,mbdnnrx ycr’mI’wxgo v,tv, anrlmr,lzc;r nv, nr’f
tmr’budt xr jwr;edx> nf’r gv,tv,mo/ 277, 278 dcr’ 279 nnrx szc[r wr
po/,nv;nnrxwv; {gv;bqnrkKcr;anrlo;k/mr,bzcrbqnrdcr’sqcr;nnrx bqnr
anidj xr (sbrebscrkvRv anidj r v) noes smrwx v; gv;bqnkr cK ;r anr
lo;k/mr,bzcbr n q d r cr’sqc;r nox bqndr gu kxr (sbrebscrkvRv dugkr v)>
ekv;gv,tv,mo/s/mrsmrxwv; gv;bqnrtmr,mnox amr,mI’wiY/nr,kfnr
cwr’ (sbrebtmrmv andrdv) no>1
ekv;gf/mr’anrwv; scrkvRv dI;nr’f gv,tv,szc[r wr po/,nv;nox tug,r
lIlo;p/crx[.lIlIyU,> mnr’jQcr;enwv; kKcr;anrlo;k/mr,bzzcrbqnrno>
gUY’r gv; dI;ekv;gv,tv,mo/s/mrnnrs x mrwx v; tmrmv no> gzb;r scrEl; amr,
jrf.dJwr’ekv; scrkvRv dI;ekv;mo/s/mr jKcrxncr,ekv;mo/nJcr;dcr’mo/szcr>
1m< bbrx 1 (mU,ld) nv; 228; scr< bbrx 3, nv; 132-133
76
smrxdJwr’wxotmrxm> dI;nox bqnrdI;anrlmr,lzcr; anrhwr’edlo;wUnrx
nnrxywrx>
ekv;scr,kv,Rnox jQcr;enwv; bqnrRubrxn/mr,knr,tv,hv;yKcr;
anrlo;k/mr,d/cr’bzcrbqnr aicrlcrpcrnzcr;gnr gqwr,kzcr;gnresbqnr
nnrxywrx> scrjKwrxwv; gv,tv,mo/s/mrwv; {gv;bqnrscr,kv,Rdcr’sqcr;
amr,mI’kfncr wr’ ebv’no egv.nJc;r dgr’wUnmxr n Q ;r wv; {bQgsrx mrwx v; gv;bqns r cr,
kv,Rdcr’lUcr amr,mI’kfncr wr’noesdv. mnr’j/cr;mI’lo;kfncr wr’ po/,nzg;r
scr,kv,Rkwry,U < po/,nzg;r knr,tv,hv;yKc;r yU,} no> anrnxo tmr,manr
jrf.dKwr’ nrf’ekv;gv,tv,mo/s/mrnox bqnrbunr;dv,edew;y/cr,lzcr;d/cr’
t/cr,pidr’pUnranrnoxywrx>
ekv;tmr,mnox ycr’gf/cr;kf/cresscr,kv,R> mnr’amr,mI’ekv;d/cr,
anr anrg/f cr;lKwer stmr,m> mnr’kwr;bv’jqmd r cr’scr,kv,REl;ascr,
kd< bRmdrt< nibbr vnywr>x nr’f lUg;r lum;r pv.anrnl xo fr po/,nzg;r nox
lrf gv;bqnkr cK ;r lIdcr’jv.< anrkbr’kJcr El;anramr,kbr’kJcr (scrkd<
ascrkd)< anrgqwr,kzcr;gnrEl; anrlzdr;gqwr,kzcr;gnr anrmnr’
amr,kwr;bv’nr’f ekv;tmr,mnox amr,mI’scr> gzb;r no ebv’awrekv;nowx v; mnr’
t/cr,jQc;r lInv, lzc;r wv; {gv;bqnt r mr,mdcr’lUcn r xo amr,mI’wiY/nr, amr,
jr;f wv;gUY’r nr’f knr,tv,hv;yKc;r bv’jqmn r gz ;r knr,tv,hv;yKc;r gzn,r ywr>x 1
ebv’awrjzmr’po/,et,Rwv,dwv;jJcr anrnoxmnr’bzcr,wv; mnr’
amr,mI’wiY/nr, nrf’bugrxgUwr, jqmrnrf’tmr,m> po/,mhv,yv,nkwregv; mI’wxo
mKnrjKcrxncr,et,Rwv,dywrx>
nr’f suddxr algdrd x bu m mjrj x mi nigvynnrx budt xr jwr;bUcr
gf/mr’edv,deb’kwrwv; {jwr;Rh/nr’kwrawK xr gzb;r yum,r hbrx awrwv,d kfncr wr’
El;mnr’edamr,mI’lo;d/cr’mo;< Ocrhx ;o < k/nrj<fr cwrmcJ <r swr’sUc’r jKw’r
noy x wr}x dgr’wv;no> gUY’r gv; jzc,r sUjwr;hnrmn Q ;r egv.anrhbra x wrwv,d
1m< bbrx 1 (mU,ld) nv; 228; scr,< bbrx 3, nv; 132-133
77
wiY/nr,es amr,lo;mo;jr<f Ocrhx ;o < k/nrj<fr cwrmcJ <r swr’sUc’r nnrx yU,hv.}>
{amr,hnrdI;kv;jwr;}
{anrnxo gwregv;amr,hnr lzc;r wv; jKw’r hbra x wrwv,dwiY/nr,kwr
amr,lo;tUb’r d/cr’k/nrjfr jKcn xr cr,wv;mv’nnrx }> 1
scrjwK wxr v; budt xr jwr;tUb’r hnrmv’ lo/’wiY/nr,kfncr wr’no mnr’
jwr;dgr’edsbr’lQc’r engnrd;I noy x ,U > gzb;r wv; mnr’jwr;dzc;r t/mr,
Rh/nr’kwrwv; jzcr,egv.anrhbrxawrwv,dkfnrcwr’nox amr,mI’d/cr’
k/nrjhfr v.no> gUY’r gv; budt xr jwr;wv;Edx mnr’amr,mI’wiY/nr,kfncr wr’
jKcn xr cr,wv;nnr<x mnr’jwr;wv; anrnnxr bqna r nrpd i ’r es gUY’r bqnr
anrwn U axr wr< mnr’j/cr;hqd’r H;gKd,r bqnbr nrhvgU;smr,< gKd,r bnrd/cr’
mo;jr<f Ocrhx ;o < k/nrj<fr cwrmcJ <r swr’sUc’r nnry x wr>x
budrxtjwr;sJbr,l/dr;enekv;tmr’ nrf’sudr;anrlqwrgnrwv;
{jwr;Rh/nr’kwrawK xr mKw;r amr,lo;hnrwY i /nr, amr,nnr essmr,d/cr,
yKc;r anrggJ ’r Omr’gnrdcr’wiY/nr, anrgY U ’r bqnwr v,d wUna xr wrl/o lo/
essmrwx v; lUg;r lUcn r xo mI’adrd x < gwrdgr’edbqnt r cQ ;r mKw;r wo/’do/> dgr’
lo;mI’dv,es,< swr’yU,gfv,dv,es,< mnr;gJm’r dv,es,< amr,lQg;r lo/;es
El; mI’gfv,dv,es,dv,b/nrywr}x >
dI;nox budt xr jwr;sbr’lQc’r enwxl o cQ ’r lQc’r wv; ebv’awrd;I jJw;r
dI;jrf;bRmdrxtwv;jJcr dI;lrfegv;amr,mI’lo;adrxdwiY/nr,< kfnrcwr’<
scrwv;yum,r awrjcK n xr nrno gUY’r edbqna r nrmgK ;r mr;f gUY’r ywrn x >o 2
ycr’mI’gUn’r gmr;pzc;r anrhvwiY/nr,nr’f ekv;tmr’budt xr jwr;nox
es edengfv,dUwy r /cr, wiY/nr, anrkwrjwr;hvnnrgx n z ,r > nr’f jKw’r
nnrx anrncJ ;r nr’f tmr,mbdmI’wxwo v; {adrdvhi adrdenv nvetv} no>
nobx cz ,r wv; {jwr;gwr,bqnd r ;I aicbr cJ ;r hcr’jwr;gwr,} no> kwrk;fr wv; adrd x
2 Ibid, 138.
78
ekv;nox bqnrjwr;lUcrbKnr;kzcrwiY/nr,aznr,no>
gmr’aznd r /cr’sud’r anrk;fr wv;Edx ekv;bin,r anrna xo mr,mQn;r >
adrxdekv;nox mnr’amr,jQcr;endI;bzcr,mnr’wv; kfnrcwr’> dUwrbv,li
adrd x nox gUY’r bqner kv;d/crn/mr, anrOcrs x ,fr hcr’dUwj r wr;gwr,anrncJ ;r
gUY’r > gUY’r gv; anrhwr’jr.f dJw’r yU,nr’f bbrn x xo m/crd;I wv;bqnwr Y i /nr, adrx
dno nr’f dzn;r bo/’wUnkxr bra x di ’r azn,r gUY’r > gUY’r gv; adrd x anrj.fr
dJw’r yU,nr’f tmr,mbdEl; jqmd r cr’bbrd x cr’nmrnnrex d. gUY’r jQc;r en
wv; hcr’dUwj r wr;gwr,< hcr’dUw’r mr’f < hcr’dUwmr nr’ (myself,yourself, himself,
1
oneself) nojgfv,gUY’r >
tQc;r anrncJ ;r ekv;anrwv; {nvetv’} amr,jr;f wv; pv.pIlcU r
(God) wv;no< gUY’r bzc,r wv; {bJc;r aic<r jz;o < tQm<r gQd,r gcr;} nogY U ’r > gzb;r
nnrEl; adrd x v hi adrd x env’ nvetv’ ekv;nomx nr’bzc,r wv; {dUwj r wr;
gwr,bqnd r ;I bJc;r aic,r hcr’dUwj r wr;gwr,< bqnd r /cr’jz;o jwr;gwr, bqnd r /cr’gmrx
tQmj 2
r wr;gwr,} gUY’r no> mnr’amr,mI’ekv;bzc,r gqw,r lUY;r wiY/nr,kfncr wr’
nr’f apitmr’ jKcn xr cr,d/cr,sv,snv,tJwwr n ox nr>x mnr’gUY’r jQc;r enwv;
jwr;gwr,edlo;bJc;r aichr cr’jwr;gwr,< yv,ebbJc;r aicbr n K ;r bzc,r wv;nogY U ’r >
ycr’mI’tQc;r dUwy r /cr, anrawrwY i /nr,kfncr wr’ dv,edjims r ,fr
nr’f tmr’budt xr jwr;yU,> nox bqner kv;gf/mr’anrhwr’gogx hxo nry,U wv; {adrd x
dIbv wihRt< adrd x sRnv< anYv sRnv anredv.azg,r mv’dI;nr’f
mhv, bRinbi bxr vnsudd xr 3 nnry x wr>x tQwl r gi ;r nox mnr’bzc,r wv; hqd’r H;
dUwj r wr;gwr, bqngr n u lr n i r dI;jug’r mnr;< hqd’r H;dUwj r wr;gwr, bqnd r ;I
bJc;r szn;r pUY’r hcr’jwr;gwr,wv;noes amr,jr;f wv; gfv,awrd/cr,egv.bqnr
1nrf’ew,dnr,dEl;lzcr;budrtsv,snv,(sqnr;d/cr’g/cr< lKnrep,FeRv,RI, bI1957)
2nfr’tmrmbDadrtgtv,sbr’lQcr’wv; {nvetvdi”anrwv;nox bzcr,wv;{bdidrtv} gmrxjzo;
no< tma<bbrx 3 (mU,ld) nv; 148
3DI,< bbrx 2 (gUwr,lmr,bUwr,-1929) nv; 62
79
dI;bJc;r aic>r 1 jKw’r anrk;fr hnrwY i /nr, nr’f j/wr’budkxr wr dQm;r bin,r ekv;
gf/mr’ {adrd x dIbv adrd x sRnv} nowx v; {awradrd x bqnj r cK n
xr cr, so/
po’lQc’r El;< awr adrd x bqnd r ;I bJc;r aicEr l;} no> 2
ycr’mI’ekv;gf/mr’budrxtjwr;l/dr;edv,jwr;annr,dv,yU,>
scrjwK wxr v; hwr’amr,ko;jrd f Y
U ’r lIll I cz ;r bJn’r lcrmnr’< sqn;r so/mnr’no
hwr’amr,j/cr;bzc,r jrl f ;o ekv;gf/mr’anrbd u txr jwr;kr;f wv;nnr>x
mKwr;y/mr’nJcr; budrxtjwr;yU,swr’dI;w/nr;eb,luwyU,> bqnr
k/wr’d/cr’s/mrlKnr gznr,nv;budrxtjwr;bo,awrbRinibrxb/nr,ywrx> gmr’
nnr mnr’jwr;ebv’mI’av,yubd Q ,r sib’r dqmer s k/mr,d/mr,d/cr’bqngr n i ’r
woy
x ,U ebv’jmrk;fr do/ywr>x gUY’r gv; budt xr jwr;wUnwxr v; ebv’ycr’amr,bzc,r tJcr
lug;r nzcd xr eb’jwr;jKw’r jmrj<fr hgrgx nrno bo,s/cr,tug,r dv,edawrnbi xr
b/nr,no> gzb;r nnr mnr’jwr;dQb’r ddr’aUd’r yKnd xr /cr’gin’r mnr’jwr;
hqd’r H;d/cr’gin’r yqnkr n Q ’r gfv,ywr>x gUY’r gv; bo/’yU,lImnr’jwr;ycr’dJgxr
aUn;r woyx ,U > wnr’nJc;r mnr’jwr;ncr;wod x ;I nzg;r wih/nr> jwr;annr,dv,
egv.lqcrxlUlumr’lv’budrxtjwr;nox gfv,jU’dI;budrxtjwr;esl/dr;wv;
{jwr;hwr’dI;kv;eav; gwrkv;lUlmz br /o ’yU,lIjwr;hwr’yU,eav;< gwrkv;dUY’r
jzm’r d/cr’bqnj r wr;hwr’yU,eav;< gzb;r bKw;r d/cr’bqnj r wr;hwr’ El;kv;dUY’r
mKc’r ebv’mzcgr vf ,kv;ywr>x m/gr,dvkv;egv; dUY’r ebv’amr,jQc;r lo;gfv,kv;ywr>x
gUY’r gv; ycr’mI’wol x cz ;r nJc;r anrgwrkv;jry x mrx kv;wUnmxr n
f ,fr noj Q ;r wv; {ebv’
budrxtjwr;ycr’bo,bnrekv;jiscr,dv,jwr;scr,kno edbo,awrbRinibrx
b/nr,} noeav;>
gmr’nnr budt xr jwr;mI’d/cr’aid’r lUnv, jzm’r ncr,[wrjgfr n U ’r
hwr’mI’nnrex sl/dr;edv,jwr;annr,dv,egv.lqcl xr mU nr’jwr;azn’r
1DI,< bbrx 2, nv; 108 anreR eDwidrbinr,wv;-H;bqnrlQcr’po’h/cr’jwr;gwr,< dI;bJcr;aicrh/cr’
jwr;gwr,< yv,jfryfr,bKnr;dv.
1DIa< gUwr,lmr,bUwr,< nv; 380
80
aznr’wv; {avnnr,dv,aKwrx jwr;scr,kmucr;mzcr’scrwxoyU,dI;gwr ? gwr
amr,jQg,r eptmr’bun;r bKn;r tmr’bun;r gwres ebv’anrsn z br nrtmr,m
mv’ywr}x no> gqw,r lUY;r tmr’jJw;r jr;f noex s budxt r jwr; amr,dzns xr cJ ,r wxo
bun;r dv,Csv,ginr dv,Csv,cmrw>xo jwr;annr,dv,aKwxr sbrs x /cr’ scregv.
nJc;r jwr;nJc;r wUnwxr v; mnr’dgr’azn[r wrscr,k< jwr;scr,k smrex d
lo;jry f ,fr nKwmr nr’< awrmnr’wv;< H;mnr’jiscr, ekv;bUcn r mr’nv;wv;no
ehgzn,r > gUY’r gv; budt xr jwr;Edx amr,mI’g/crjj fr cK nxr cr,nnr> gzb;r no
mnr’smrl x wU ,r w/cr’kbrbx nr ekv;scr,sznr dI;scr,kjwr; hqd’r screnv’>
edv;lqwr gwrtwr;nv,ywr>x mI’bQd,r sib’r bIdmq y r wr>x dUwkr ci ’r gwrbd u t xr nox
ebv’mKnrjKcrxncr,elv.gwr, tugr,lo;em’nnrxywrx> gzbr;nnrEl; av
nnr,dv,aKwxr edv;hqd’r H;dUwj r wr;gwr, bqngr nu l r n i hr cr’jwr;gwr,dv.>
d/cr,egv.nox amr,bqnrdI;bJcr;aicrjwr;gwr,> edv;awrtmr,m bqnrgunr
linj r wr;gwr,dv.< bqnd r ;I bJc;r aicdr v.< lKwer snod x /cr,anr mnr’amr,
mI’scr bqnd r ;I bJc;r > 1
anrbudrxtjwr; ko;edv.do,l/dr;en jwr;avnnr,dv,nox
mnr’jQcr;lInv,> hqdr’H;jwr;avnnr,dv, ebv’lo;jrflqgrxmzcrjrfgfv,>
jwr;avnnr,dv, wUnwxr v; wo/’esbudt xr jwr; sqc;r knr,tv,nnrx kwrjwr;
dgr’bqnl r gu ;r h/mr’ebv;h/mr’em;< amr,mI’egv.jz;o tQm<r amr,mI’dI;bJc;r aic<r
amr,mI’egv.azn[r wrnmr’nv;ywrn x >o gzb;r nnr budt xr jwr;eg;yvjrbf nr<
bnrhcQ ’r < bnrd/cr’h/nrj x fr jwr;avnnr,dv,wv; kwrjwr;lUw,r lo;bJc;r aicr
hcr’dUwrkwr< bJcr;aicrtmr,m anrmnr’jwr;sznrmv’nnrxes yv,H;
bJc;r aicr d/cr,egv.d/cr,jKw’r nnrn x >o dI;nox ekv;t/mr gqw,r lUY;r d/cr’
yum,r adrd x amr,nnr wiY/nr,nox amr,mI’lo;dI;nr’f ekv;tmr’ anrwv;
mv’nox>
budt xr jwr;sJb,r sbr’lQc’r en jwr;avnnr,dv,gfv, lzc;r wv;ed
1DI< bbrx 2 (gUwr,lmr,bUwr,-1929) nv; 61-62
81
hqdr’]iwr egv.nJcr; edj/cr;hqdr’H;hcr’dUwrmnr’bqnrgunr< bqnrdI;bJcr;<
ed hqd’r ]iwa r wrtmr,mjwr; bqngr n u r bqnd r ;I bJc;r < gQn,r jwr;wv; gUY’r lUw,r lo;
bzc;r ep sdibt/nr,sI,yKc;r ywrn x >o 1 mnr’amr,gqw,r lUY;r adrd x
wiY/nr,kfncr wr’scr>
ycr’mI’tQc;r ekv;gmrx bun;r dv,jKw’r anrkdr’jrf awradrd x hvsr,f
dI;nrf’ekv;tmr’budrxtjwr;yU,> mKwr;y/mr’nJcr; budrxtjwr; ncr;woxdI;
dUn;r mod x n
U ;r nJc;r nr’f tKn,r mKw;r k/wr’d/cr’lugd xr ;I bvRnsI,gfv,tKn,r au
Tuew,lnnr>x y/mr’nnr jo/’kuns r /mrsbi ’r lug;r kunl r cU er gv’sl aznr
awrem’kwres gfv,mUn;r gnrd;I nr’f tKn,r lqwgr nrywr>x jwr;jo/’egv.nJc;r
anrycr’bo,ed,nv;[inr’nox k/dr;awrem;mzgr,yv;egv.nJcr;ywrx> mKwr;
bKn;r lqn;r egLN,sKw’r yU,nnrx em;mzg,r yv;nnrs x mrx jgr’awrkwU ’r mI’gv;
knrgmr;pzc;r esbo/;gfv,> mKw;r kwrhvesgfv,tUb’r hnrbd u txr jwr; anrncr,
wxy
o ,U cwr;dUn;r mon x nrx kwrt/mr,wv; jzc,r ycr’hnrem;yic’r egv.nJc;r mv’
]iwn r >o mnr’jwr;egv; dzc;r t/mrlcz ;r nnry x wr;> mKw;r kwrl/dr;enlzc;r
nnrx budt xr jwr;smrkx n J ’r dzc;r t/mrkwrwv; {sUedwv;jKc]xr wi r ? anrlfr
mnr’edkQmd xr wK ’r ?< a/nrsgz ;r hvem;yic’r egv.nnrhx v.?> amr,nnr anr
szg;r hv dI;dUws r U anrbv,liOcrwx v; adrd x nM 2 nnrhx v. ? no>
kwrdzbr,k/nrwv; {anrszgr;hvkwrszgr;hvdUwrkwrnoxkQmrxdKwr’} no
ywr>x gmr’nnr budt xr jwr;jcr,jr.f kwrncr;es sbr’lQc’r en tmr,mbnr
kwrywr>x ekv;tmr’budt xr jwr; nr’f pJnt r mr’bidg/dr;nox amr,jr;f yKc’r jU’
adrxdeswv;> mKwr;anrbRibvjg wsrxsgzdrxd t/mrbudrxtjwr;wv;
{jzc,r adrd x mI’nr’f dUwkr ci ’r gUn’r amr,mI’} nonnrx jQc;r engfv, po/,dr;f
noyx wrx -
{jwr;egv’dm jzc,r ycr’mI’adrd x hv.}
1dUYr’dI;dznr;gmr,mt/nr’dv.< Ibid.,p.62
82
budrxtjwr;amr,dzbr,es yU,yqnryqnr> gmr’nnr smrxkJnr’
t/mrwv; {jwr;hwr’egv’dm amr,mI’ adrd x hv.}>
budt xr jwr;egv; yU,yqny r n q t r cQ ;r >
wsrs x gzdd xr lugbxr /o ;gfv,ywr>x
wo/’es wsrs x gzdd xr lugbxr /o ;gfv,ywrn x nrx jwr;avnnr,dv,dzc;r
t/mrwv; gzbr;scrEl;budrxtjwr; amr,dzbr,gf/mr’t/mr wsrxsgzdrxdno
nnry x wr>x budt xr jwr; s/cr’l/cr’en d/cr’hnrmnr’jwr;wv; -
{avnnr,dv,aKwrx scrgwrdzbr,mnr’wv; mI’adrxdaKwr;ebv’no
edbqna r nrgmrt x mQ r jwr;Rh/nr’dcr’bun,r nv’kwr anrymu ,r ymr sdrx
sdwv,d - d/cr’yum,r mI’es,es,nnry x wra x wK ;r }>
avnnr,dv, {amr,mI’adrd x hv.} no mKw;r wsrs x gzdd xr t/mrjcK n
xr o
nnrx scrjwK gxr wrdbz ,r gfv,wv; {mnr’amr,mI’adrd x } no anrnexo gv; dgr’
edbqner kv;gmrt x mQ gr vf , po/,jKw’r jwr;Rh/nr’dcr’bun,r nv’kwr anrymu ,r
audexr sdwv,d-d/cr’yum,r pwk/dr,sud’r nnry x wrax wK ;r } no> 1
{avnnr,dv,aKwxr smrt x cQ ;r scrgwrdbz ,r gfv,wv; {ycr’mI’adrd x
yU,aKwr;}edv,mnr’no jzcr,anrnox edmv’mQnr;gnrdcr’gf/mr’gwrwv;wxo
{gv;bqnt r mr,mdcr’sqc;r amr,mI’adrd x } nony xo ,U hv.}> 2
{amr,mQn;r kv; jwr;env;}
{avnnr,dv, smrt x cQ ;r scrgwrdbz ,r wv; {amr,mI’adrd x } no edv,
wsrs x gzdd xr jJcr smrex dhqd’r H;wsrs x gzdd xr 3 gfcd r wK ’r gfv,tQc;r jzm’r
ncr, mnr’ebv’mI’d/cr’gfcwr ox jqmmr wK ;r jwrn x nry x wr>x gzb;r wv; edkwr;jrwf v;
mKw;r aznd r /cr’Edx gwrm’I wxa o drd x es edv;lqwn r xo gwramr,mI’scrgvf , ywr}x
no> 4
1m< bbrx 1, nv; 486
2tm< dznr; 20, m/o 7; suni<bbrx4, nv; 282
4scr< bbrx 4 (mU,ld) nv; 400-401
83
gzbr;scrEl; budrxtjwr;yU,yqnryqnr anrwv;nox mnr’t/cr,
jQcr;lInv,> ebv’smrxkJnr’wUnrxko;jfr jzmr’bJnr’lcrdcr’sqcr; El;lzcr;
anrbd u t xr jwr;amr,dgr’sqcr edv,ekv;t/mrgn U ’r t/mrkwrno yJc;r kQn’r
t/cr,jQc;r dKw’r gzn,r ywr>x wv;dI;edxmnr’ jKw’r kwrp;U dzc;r t/mr lzc;r bnr
hv anrbd u t xr jwr; amr,dgr’sqcn r xo awrlmJ ’r bQd;r wox lzc;r bJn’r lcrnnrx
ywr>x budt xr jwr;amr,jr;f j/gr;kzm,r piw,r dKw,r anrbnrekv;dzb,r edv,
bKn;r dcr’lo/< mnr’jwr;dJn’r ko;jref sdzb,r yU,ywr>x mnr’jwr;bqnkr ’U wv’
mI’dUwt r bU ’r nmr< mI’gTunv, dcr’bYr,Yv,ywr>x mnr’jwr;amr,jr;f wv; kr;f
end/cr’[.mnr’jwr;< Y/nr,mnr’jwr;esEl;dzb,r ekv;t/mrbn K ;r < gUY’r
mI’jrkf ;fr jz;o egv.t/mr dv,ed[.tmr’sjrj x v,gUY’r > mnr’jwr;dJn’r dUY’r
hnrgn U ’r dcr’lo/ jzm’r ncr,jnrt x /nr; d/cr’kJn;r yr,f kwr< g/crjkfr wr<
d/cr’wUnkxr wr< jv,Ridkwr< hQc’r nmrgx drkx wr dv,edbzc,r jrf bnrhvkwrnnrx
esdzb,r eg;bnrdv,esywr>x 1
ebv’awrjzmr’budrxtjwr;wv; ycr’mI’lo/’eg;dzbr,bnrhvsI,yKcr;
ywrx>
1P gmrpcz ;r edlo;dzb,r sJw;r sJw;r <
2P gmr;pzc;r smrex dlo;tdr’s/cresdzb,r <
3P gmr;pzc;r smrd x cz ;r t/mrknJ ’r esdzb,r <
4Pgmr;pzc;r smra x mr,dzb,r es bJnbxr d Q ;r no jKw’r noy x wr>x 2
anramr,lUw,r lo;dzb,r esbJnbxr d Q ;r nox mnr’edmI’lzc;r lo/jKwxr
lo/bKcryU,> anrnoxebv’edjien anrwv; amr,lUwrlo;dzbr,nonnrx
mnr’mKnrjKcrxncr,ekv;t/mr anrwdrxsgzdrxdt/mr jqmrdcr’ekv;t/mr
anrggxo t xo /mrbd u t
xr jwr; anrwv; {jzc,r elv’gnomx nr;gJm’r dv,es,< amr,
1m< bbxr 1 (mU,ld) nv; 487; wip (mU,ld) nv; 340. Y/nr,budrtjwr;anrnox Ocrxwv;
aindr RiybeRvbRiydr dYvnywr;<
2acr, (gUwr,lmr,bUwr,-2929) nv; 216
84
mnr;gJm’r dv,es,}jgfv,jKw’r noy x wrx >1 edv;lo/’ncr,no budt xr jwr;l/dr;
k/nredv, jwr;mv,lUc,r gLv.budd xr dcr’d/cr,jKw’r mv’nnrx mnr’mKngr nr
ywrx> gUYr’gv; gqwr,lUYr;ekv;t/mr anrwv; jzcr,mI’adrxd< amr,mI’no
nnrx mnr’jwr;amr,dznwxr v;mv’ lo/’bKcl r wq gr nr< noj x mrx bqna r nrmnr’
jwr;gogx gxo mu gr nrmv’< sbr’lQc’r engnrmv’nnry x wr>x mnr’jwr;amr,j/cr;
wv;lo;wv; {mI’adrxdaKwr;} no< gzbr;wv; anrnox mnr’s/nrkdr’gnrwxo
dcr’ekv;gf/mr’mnr’jwr; {gv;bqnt r mr,mdcr’sqc;r amr,mI’adrd x } no> gzb;r
nnrEl; mnr’jwr;egv;amr,kr;f wv; {adrd x amr,mI’} no< gzb;r mnr’amr,
lUw,r < amr,mI’pzn’r es gUY’r edbnrd/cr’sugj xr wfr srsx gzdd xr pU;anr
yum,r wv; mI’adrd x jqmj r wrn x nry x wr>x 2 bKcn r cJ ;r egv; wsrs x gzdd xr nox mnr’
amr,mI’bJnt xr /nrdv,edbzc,r jrn f wK r andrd x egv;bKcn r cJ ;r ywr>x gzb;r no
amr,dzbr,es bJnrxbQdr;ekv;t/mrnox bqnranrkQmrxesbKnr; nrf’lZcr;m/cr
anrywrx>
hwr’egv;amr,tug,r lo;lUcl r mJ ’r wv; budt xr jwr;no[x .jgr’ wsrs x
gzdrxd ebv’]icrn/nr’mv’nonoxyU,> anrnox mnr’amr,jrf;bzgr;gmr’aznr
d/cr’bKn;r anrwsrs x gzdd xr mv’dzc;r t/mrmnr’jwr;> anrnbxo d u txr jwr;
ycr’woj x afr d i ’r lU dUY’r tJcer gv.mI’d/cr’yum,r gfcy r ,U > ekv;anrjcQ ;r en
wsrs x gzdd xr nox hwr’hnrwl ox /o dI;lo/lQnr nr’f bbrbx v,liy,U lzc;r wv;mnr’gxo
god
x cz ;r t/mr,budt xr jwr; gf/mr’t/mrmn K gr nr anrlwq gr nr anrwv;nnr>x 3
anrbudrxtjwr; amr,dgr’sqcrnox a/br;h/cr;ycr’dKwrxlIes anred
sbr’lQc’r edv,wsrs x gzdd xr nnry x ,U >
gUn’r gmr;pzc;r nbrwx v; adrd x nobx cz ,r wv; {jr<f jr[f .} no> gUY’r gv;
budt xr jwr;Edxwv; anrgn U ’r hwr’nbrwx v;dUwkr ci ’r nowx v;bqna r drd x nonxo
1scr< bbrx 4 (mU,ld) nv; 393-395; m<bbrx 1 (mU,ld) nv; 484
2dUYr’kJnr’nv;ligr;--?
3scr< bbrx 3 (mU,ld) nv;257,263; bbrx4, nv;391 ekv;scrx.,k395., k398,400.; m<bbrx1, nv;-
k481,k483,k489; acr,<bbrx5, nv; 193
85
ycr’s/cr,tug,r es {jr<f d/cr’wUn<xr jr[f .} gzn,r no gzb;r wv; dUwkr ci ’r nox mnr’
h/cr;bqngr n z ;r bqnmr mr,dKw’r esjr<f gzb;r wv;jr<f d/cr’wUn<xr jr[f . (jidd xr <
menv’< wiYv,n) kwrlgQ ;r lo/;ebv’amr,t/dr,kJn’r kJn’r wnr’wnr’lUcy r ,U
dznr’esdUwrnnrxywrx> 1
anrOcrwx v; {gwr} nonxo mnr’gUY’r hqd’r H;d/cr’wUnxr adrd x anr
mnr’amr,gqw,r gbr’scrgnr d/cr’jJw;r jr;f es smr.bqna r nramr,mI’pzn’r
scrnnry x wr>x dv,edlo;hnrjwJ ;r jr;f nox bqnd r v,[.hnrnbi bxr /nr, anr
hnrl;o y/br,nnry x wr>x nr’f smr,yudd xr nigvy2 ycr’mI’jwr;Rh/nr’
ek,mg El;dcr’jwr;Rh/nr’jumr’nJcr; aubr,aUwr’gnr nrf’lzcr;[.hnr
sjrxjv,wxoyU,>
jwr;Rh/nr’kwr dzc;r t/mr jwr;ek,mgwv; lzc;r wv; jzc,r mnr’ycr’
hnradrd x nr’f knr,tv,hv;yKc;r amr,nnr essmr, anrkwr;bqna r drx
dnnr]x wi n r >o jwr;ek,mgdzb,r wv; {amr,mI’} no> jwr;Rh/nr’kwrsmrkx n J ’r
wv; scrwv;jKcn xr nr jwr;hwr’dgr’bqnj r wr;Rh/nr’dv, lzd;r esgiel,
sv,dcr’lUcy r wrn x >o gUY’r gv; jwr;yJnwr v; bQg,r smrgx wr amr,hnr adrd x
nr’f knr,tv,hv;yKc;r esdv. gwramr,jr;f jwr;Rh/nr’dv, lzd;r esgiel,
sv,dcr’sqcr;> jwr;egv.hwr’kwraKwrx gqwr,gbr’lUYr;d/cr’jbr’bQnr’ nKwr
knr,tv,hv;yKc;r es gwrycr’dJgmxr ’I wxgo /crjfr {gwr} noy x ,U < gUY’r gv; gwramr,
hnr {anrny xo wrx bqna r drd x no dQg,r dQg,r lQc’r lQc’r > jwr;ek,mg sJb,r
sbr’lQc’r wv; anrhwr’Ocry x ,U {gwr gwr} nonxo Tuber gv;amr,jr;f < ewdnv<
sYrYv< scrkvR< wiYvn anrlefr gv;mnr’amr,bqn<r d/cr,jKwd xr /cr,yKc;r
anrld z ;r es knr,tv,hv;yKc;r noex gv;amrj;fr (bzc,r wv; ebv’amr,mI’knr,
tv,hv;yKc;r egv; amr,j/cr;Ocrwx v;gwr< gwrngxo wq ,r gbr’knr,tv,hv;yKc;r es
Ocrdx /cr,jJw;r wxgo Y U ’r )> bQgs
xr mrx mnr’jwr;ek,mg amr,hnr {noy x wrbx nq r gwr}
86
no dQg,r dQg,r lQc’r lQc’r esdv. mnr’ycr’dJgmxr ’I wxgo /crjfr anrOcrwx v; {gwr
gwr gwr} noy,U >
anrmnr’jwr;wv;nnrx mnr’mKnrjKcrxncr,ao/mzgr,yv;ywrx> ao/
mzg,r nox amr,jr;f wv;bqnl r cU ,r mzg,r mnr’< sImnr’< pzcmr gz ,r mnr’anrl<fr gUY’r
bqna r /o mzg,r gUY’r > gzb;r mzg,r El; mnr’mI’ao/Omr’mv’> ebv’amr,mI’mzg,r ao/Omr
egv;edamr,mI’lo;>
jwr;ek,mg sJb,r sbr’lQc’r wv; edv;gv;jwr;pU;bqner sv’dv,b/nr,
kwr ycr’dJg’r mI’jrOf crwx v; {gwr gwr} noy x ,U > mKw;r anrjnrmx nr’kJn;r gfv,dqmr
tUn;r nnrx g/crjj fr br’kr;f Ocrwx v; {gwr gwr} nonxo H;yUd’r ho/gfv,ywr>x
ekv;aubr,gnranrnox kwr;bqnrd/cr’jzo;lKwr< mI’eg’jU’nmrnv,
El; mKw;r gf/mr’aub,r aUw’r gnrsd u ’r gfv,ywrn x nrx kwrdcr’sqc;r bv’jqmj r wr;
ek,mg bqnj r wr;Rh/nr’dv,gfv, anrgei l,sv,dcr’lUcr sud’r sqc;r gfv,es
tUY;r tznbr d Q ;r {gwr} nnry x wr>x
ebv’awrjmz ’r ekv;tmr’budt xr jwr;wv; anrhwr’gmrtwJ wr ox {gwr mI’
wiY/nr, mI’adrd x } nonxo bqna r nrpd i ’r pUnyr wr>x gqw,r gbr’bnrhv {a
ndrd x } noex s anredtug,r mQn;r jzm’r d/cr’nox hwr’amr,lUw,r lo;tJwr
bqnwr v,d d/cr’yum,r scr< hwr’gUY’r lUw,r [.hnr gU;smr,sQnbr cK r jKcn xr cr,
kwrbn q <r kwrm’I < gUY’r lUw,r bzc,r jrgf nrwv; anrhwr’Ocry x ,U {gwr gwr< mr’f mr’f <
sdr’dwv, } jKw’r nox mnr’aicn r wK kr nr,tv,hv;yKc;r es Ocrd x /cr,jJw;r wx<o
gUY’r bqner gvgzcTr bu n r /mr,knr,tv,hv;yKc;r anraci l r crpcrncz ;r gnres
sJb,r l/mr’d/mr’gnrlcU y r ,U ebv’amr,t/dr, jzm’r ncr,bdijj r smubvd
mI’es mnr’amr,mI’scranrmnr;ej,< gJm’r < amr,lQg;r lo/;< mI’lo;gfv,dv,
es, nr’f puc,r pv.s/mrkcU ’r lUcn r >xo
dI;nox ycr’gKd,r azg,r lo;ekv;t/mrwv; {scrjwK wxr v; amr,mI’adrd x
wiY/nr,no anrlbfr n q er gv.j/mr,bUY;r pzn’r gv,m> anrnxo edamr,mI’
prf dv,eddzbr,lo; kQmrxdznr’esbudrxtjwr;> mKwr;jwr;nJcr;t/mrekv;
87
t/mr anrnoxnnrx budrxtjwr;wv; {jwr;Rh/nr’kwraKYrx gwrebv’sznr
bnrsj U wr;mv’ywrx lzc;r wv; dv,edlo;dUY’r eh,du pl sJb,r j/br;gnr
esbqnwr n r >xo 1
ox ’fr lUg;r dcr’lUcn
ekv;tmr’ {andrxd anramr,mI’adrxd< wiY/nr,< kfnrcwr’}
budtxr jwr;nox amr,tug,r lIl;o nbrwx v; bqnp r /o ,anrs/nrkdr’< po/,mUYxr
k/dr,bQdr;> mKnrjKcrxncr, nibrbvn mnr’egv;bqnranrjJwr;jrf; mI’edx
El; hwr’amr,j/cr;nbrxsznr,lo;wv; bqnranrs/nrkdr’> anrmnr’
amr,mI’ adrd x lo;nnrx anrsmry x mu ,r wv; mnr’mI’nonxo bqna r nr pid’r
es bqnp r /o ,s/nrkdr’ywr>x tmr’andrd x budt xr jwr;nox aI’sobd Q ;r
d/cr’lbr’sic,r mJd’r dnr d/cr’yum,r wv;mI’adrd x noex s gKd,r bnrs/o lQc’r
bYr,Yv,ywr;> mnr’amr,jr;f bqnr anrs/nrkdr’< jKcn xr cr, {ascrk}
gmr’gmr’wv; {ycr’ mI’ekv;mun’r andrd x } yU,no> 2
1m< bbrx 3 (mU,ld) nv; 19; scr< bbrx 3, nv; 103

2a< nv; 31
88
dznr;jqdr’
gmr,mt/nr’ g/nrpgJ ’r svjrp
f v,wnv,
budt xr jwr;wv; {jwr;Rh/nr’kwrawK xr ycr’mI’wxeo Rv’gv,szcj r wK >xr szcr
anrnbxo n q ar nrl>fr bqner Rv’gv,dUwEr l;eRv’gv,jry f wr>x ycr’mI’gUn’r kwr
jKw’r anregLv,sKw’r gzb;r amr,mI’eRv’gv,dUwr ]icn r cJ ;r bI< szcbr ,I < amr,nnr
b/gr,bI< amr,nnr b/gr,bIb/o gfv,ywr>x jwr;Rh/nr’kwrawK xr gUY’r gv; egv.anr
lzd;r eseRv’gv,jrf nJc;r gmr’< nJc;r gQbn xr xo mI’ea,nv,< n/nr’mI’nv, lKwr
esjwr;Rh/nr’dv,kwr>1
tmr’budt xr jwr; lo/’gmr,mt/nr’mnr’jwr;nox yKc’r dv,hqd’r H;jrf
jJn;r srf gum,r tUn;r < jrp f cq ,r bqc’r gnr< jrgf dr’yqny r wr>x j/wr’budExr l;
amr,jrf;j/wr’budrxkwrgmr;pzcr; ycr’awrekv;bzcr, {gmr,mt/nr’} nox bKcr;
pidr’d/cr’gfv, anrbudrxtjwr;krf;wv;nnrx> gmr;pzcr;t/cr,wv; {gmr,m
t/nr’no}x bqna r nrb,oz bQd;r nv;g/nrhwr’ gU;wnr’mKc’r gUn’r no< bqngr /nr
ncr;g/nrl/o lo/ jKcn xr cr,]nr,h/cr;budt xr jwr; ncr;nr’f tmr;< nr’f wdrwx v’
pvsKw,r < dI;godnr’y/nr dI;cQwgr n U ’r < gum,r mJcexr gLv,mUn;r jzm’r s/nr, amr,
nnr nrf’aUmunrl/gr,lo/’ (minr< lnr;linr< ho/dUwr) nnrxgUYr’no>
lo/’g/nr gmr,mt/nr’budt xr jwr;noEx dx amr,wv;nnr< amr,bzc,r wv; bo/;
g/nr[n i ’r ey’esaid’r > jzm’r ncr,gUn’r hwr’awrpd i ’r yum,r pid’r nnrx
lJnr’mv’gUnr’hwr’ awrlo/’ncr;g/nrgmr,mt/nr’nox ko/.lo/;kwr;bqnr
gfv,Fic;r tuc’r < b/cr[Yr’gnres wxbo n q br gr’bKcr edlo;hqd’r gU;wnr’nnrx
89
ywrx>2
gUn’r hwr’gmr;nmr azngr nrkwr;jrf {eyv’g} dv,edlo;aUmn u <r
aidt xr bi /dr; lo;dvpI (dibbr jgrk)u anrd/cr,egv.amr,mI’nnry x ,U > bUnxr
mv’]icrd/nr,d/nr, dI;ainr’dI’yv’ ycr’mI’no/’k/wrpo/,j/wr’budrxegv.
nJc;r kdr’jrmf v’ dv,edlo;nmrgx dr[x j/cr;cin’r (dibbr esvd) mKw’r pzc’r
lo;wxo dibbr jgrku nnr>x d/cr’ko;jrmf wq ’r nox mnr’bqna r nrpd i ’r pUngr Y U ’r
es gUY’r gum,r mJcrex shv anrk;fr lo;kr;f bqnr anrwv;dnrhv bun;r dv,lo;
a/mr’n/dr;gUYr’>
gmr,mt/nr’ncr;g/nranrwv;nox mnr’d/crekv;pv,wnv, anr
mnr’bzc,r wv; {bUg’r bzcr pJg’r pzn}xr no> ebv’wv;dI;edxjcJ r ekv;nomx nr’bzc,r
wv; g/nrbgU ’r bzcj r fr ldr’em’jry f wr>x mnr’yKc’r dv,edsug;r sIjfr H;pKg,r
jJnr;< g/cr’lzdr;d/cr’kzcr;kmr jKcrxncr,elv’p< edv’s< jrflmr< jrf
k/nr<x mo;jr<f jrbf wi r jrt
f /cr,tKmj r wK ’r noex s bUg’r bzcp
r gu ,r w/nr,bnr H;mI’mv’
nmrxgdrxknr jKcrxncr,jrfnimr< jrfp/crx[.< Y/nr,< ej,dnv,< hQcr’jrf<
ain,r deR,< h/nrj x <fr d/cr’jUm’r < jrgf dr’yqn<r aznOr dr;dv,lo;bYr,
Yv, anr[.hnrtmr’sjrj x v,sI,yKc;r < nibbxr /nr,ywr>x
pv,wnv,nox mI’szcy r cK ;r > anrncJ ;r Ocrwx v; smtpv,wnv, bUg’r
bzcHr ;jrn f mi <r H;jrmf ’I nKwa r v,yuc,r lqwr (jidd r eaggrgdv) jzm’r ncr,
lo/’anrbbrxtmr’jQcr;enmv’ lo/jKwrxlo/bKcrnnrxywrx> anrnox hqdr’H;
Odr;tJcd r ;I s/nr,jnrs x cu sr du ’r jKcn xr cr,wv; {enwsYrYv nvsYrYv
ydn-sYrYv egv;amr,jr;f amr,jr;f sYrYv egv;amr,bqn}r noywr>x
s/nr, anrm’I d/cr’l/gr,lo/’jKw’r nox ebv’awrbd u txr jwr;wv; gUY’r bqnj r fr
wUnhxr d q ’r bqn<r bqngr /nrj<fr bqns r cr,kd wv;no> smtpv,wnv,nox mI’
1pJnlr gi ;r eyv’GvwjR anrR/o,eDwidt r dr’< dI;l/nr,d/nr,< mKw;r 1896, wv;bbrmx ,U lig;r anr
dQmr;dI;sIlznr mKwr;y/nr;[mr;b/gr, 18 enwv;gmr,mt/nr’no. wo/,lUcr’jU’bKcrbzo’kUnr.a/nr,< do;
dqnr’jgfv,no> bJnr’budrxtsv,snv, mKcr’sIlznr jwr;wv,bUwr,lv, Rv,]lv,dQmr; (gUwr,lmr,bUwr,-
1956)nv;-199.
90
wxj
o mq a
r n z d r /cr’budt xr jwr;gzn,r > gzb;r no mnr’amr,jr;f kzcj r /wr’budjxr dQ ;r
jQd;r < gUY’r gv; nr’f nv;g/nrpv,wnv, po/,j/wr’budhxr wr’ amr,eb,bQd;r
smtpv,wnv,> gUY’r gv; mnr’amr,jr;f anramr,mI’amr,bqnr bun;r dv,
lo;nibrxb/nr,> dUnrdUwrbudrxtjwr; gmr’lqwregv; y/mr;pJgr’gmreyv’g
mv’dI;kU’sznl r /o lo/egv.es lo;mv’j/nr, anrl/gr,lo/’jKw’r nnry x ,U <
gUYr’gv; mnr’jwr;amr,h/nrxjrf< gzbr;wv; s/nr,jKwr’nnrx amr,hqdr’H;
mnr’jwr;lo;bUnl xr d z ;r mv’edxedx< kwramr,bnrl;o bYr,Yv, anr[.lo;
d/cr’jJw;r jr;f bRmdrtsjrj x v > mnr’jwr;szn,r nbrwx v; bqns r /nr,
anrbnrl;o {d/cr’egLN,sKw’r jrf d/cr’gdr’yqnr mKw;r pzc’r dJga xr wrs/nr,
gUY’r (didt r tmrmsukwihvRv) no>1
gzbr;nnrEl; mnr’jcr,hvtQcr; lo/’g/nrpv,wnv,d/cr,anr
anrOcrxwv; {wibsrsnvpvwnv} anrj/cr;hqdr’H; jrfbUnrxlzdr;lo;
giel,sv,< [.hnrtmr’sjrxjv, nibrxb/nr,ywrx> anrnox bqnrlo/’
pv,wnv,kzcj r /wr’budxr lo/’bUg’r bzcj r kfr cz j
r /wr’budxr anramr,mI’amr,bqnr
nnry x wr>x mnr’bqnl r /o ’tdr’s/cr anraci n r wK sr di< smv,ti< wiRy i <
pv,wnv,nnrxywrx>
anrawrnv;ligr;aidr’aznr,nJcr;es edjQcr;enlo;lzcr;
d/cr’pv,wnv,gf/cr;gf/cr;kf/crk/f crnxo mnr’amr,j/cr;> gUY’r gv; anrhwr’kdr’
jref ngnry,U dI;no;nox gUY’r edenlo/’ dI;ymr dI;gQb;r lzc;r lUY;r
g/nrpv,wnv,< g/nrbgU ’r bzcj r <fr g/nrjkfr n J ;r yr,f nogx vf ,gzn,r >
dv,edbUg’r bzcl r dr’em’jrn f nrx budt xr jwr;ehv’ensdibdrtv
nsudd r (mo/ 22P dIknigvy< dcr’mo/ 10P mjrjmi nigvy) ywr>x sudd r
anrnxo amr,jr;f gUY’r gv; jwr;scr,kv,hgrmx d Q ,r bQc’r es kUnkxr ;o yU,dI;wdrx
munj r wr;< dgr;gv,gUn’r [in’r kwregv; aznmr v’ncr;duc’r tzmr bqnwr cQ ’r bqnr
wQc’r yU, lUY;r d/cr’nbry x mrywr>x
1m< slrelksudd
xr < m/o 8
91
lo/’g/nrpv,wnv,anrnxo jzm’r ncr,nr’f sudd r wv; amr,jr;f wv;
awrp/dr,gnrdcr’pwhwr’< ew;ycr,bQd;r pwhwr’< wv;dI;edxmnr’ kwr
dJn’r mI’gJg’r gbr’jbr’dUwhr wr’< pwhwr’< d/cr’hqd’r d/cr’s/cr;hwr’ gU;wnr’
mKc’r gUn’r ywr>x dJn’r wv; gJg’r gbr’gnrwox d/cr’mo;jrhf wr’ El;d/cr’sKw’r hwr’<
d/cr’l/dr;hwr’ El;d/cr’wUnhxr wr’< d/cr’y/mr;hwr’ El;Y/nr,hwr’ywr>x
ekv;tmr’pv,wnv,nox awrjgQ ,r epwobx n q s r ,I dzn;r -
1P gvyvnubsrsnvsdibdrtvn - pv,wnv,gv,ydUwkr ci ’r <
2P ewdnvnubsrsnvsdibdrtvn - pv,wnv,yin’r jrf -
ew,dnv,<
3P jidd r vnubsrsnvsdibdrtvn- pv,wnv,jr<f
4P tmrmvnubsrsnvsdibsrtvn - pv,wnv,av,yuc,r jrn f o
sI,yKcr;jKwr’noxywrx>
mnr’kr;f bqngr /nrpv,wnv, anrlefr gv;ywrx anrhwr’lUw,r [. nr’f
jrnf xo bqns r di F/cr[x .dUwr dcr’anubsrsnv F/crex sdUY’r jzm’r ywr>x
gqwr,gbr’dUwrkicr’knr,tv,noxes anrbKnr;bzcrepyU, gmr;nmr
nmrnxo bqna r vnvbvnsdi F/cr[x .lUm’r tUY;r jrf (kwr;azg,r ) ywr>x lo/’
pv,wnv, avnvbvnsdinox nrf’bbrxenwxowv; mnr’mI’lo/’ncr;gUYr’no
dQgr,dQgr,lQcr’lQcr’ywrx>
bunr;dv,lo/’pv,wnv,d/cr,bKcrEdx awrjQcr;enwoxnrf’sudrxd
nnrwx v; jwr;gwr,kr;f ncr;< kr;f jug’r < kr;f bo< kr;f cQg;r egv;lI awrjj fr wr;gwr,wv;
no> gUY’r gv; bun;r dv,avnvbvnsdi pv,wnv,noEx dx {edlo;ncr;
kUd’r kUY,r < wodx wU yr d
q ,r sJw;r < wos
x didcU dxr n
J ,r } no jQc;r ennr’f bbrgx mr’lqwr
ywr>x gUY’r gv; anrncr;kUd’r kUY,r nox mnr’amr,co/; bun;r dv,gUn’r gU;mKc’r
mKc’r < bKcl
r cU mr nr’ kr;f wv;gUn’r mKc’r wnr’dUg’r kwrywr>x gzb;r nnr bun;r dv,
jKwr’edy/br, nrf’lzcr;ncr;kUdr’kUYr,nox ncr;lo;nKwrdcr,< wxodUwrkicr’
yqd,r sJw;r < wxs o didcU d xr n
J ,r hqd’r noywr>x ncr;yqd,r sJw;r anrwv;nox
92
amr,jr;f wv;yqd,r dUwwr ox dcr;dUwwr ox pJd,r pJd,r kQckr cQ >r ncr;H;s/cr,edv,
wxoes awrmJwr’d/cr,nKwr[wr,kwr,dI;dgr’> ncr;hqdr’nnres lbr’dv
amr,nnr dvdUY’r dI;bo/kU;lcr H;mnr’ebv’lUmr co/;jrj f wr;gwr,dv.>
jwr;gwr,tUY;r lUm’r kwr; lUm’r azg,r yU, gU;wnr’mKc’r gUn’r < gUY’r gv;
amr,F/cr[x .jzm’r mnr’< edv;gv; nJc;r jgrgx /nrgx Y U ’r egv; jwr;gwr,amr,wxo
jrflo;nKwrlUmr’tUYr;> edv;lqwr jwr;gwr, edkbr’kJcrhqdr’nogfv,ywrx-
tUY;r lUm’r kwr;azg,r m/nr,m/nr,< yv,ebgnr;kins r cr> awrjj fr wr;gwr,wUc’r
dUYr’nKwrlUmr’tUYr;kwr;tUYr;azgr,< awrjrfdUYr’jzmr’< F/crxjzmr’lUmr’
tUY;r kwr;azg,r dv.> mKw;r jwr;gwr,tUY;r nnrx m/crbgz ;r jwr;gwr,edtUY;r
jrl f cU <r m/crbgz ;r egv; edtUY;r jrmf wr> anrnxo mnr’amr,mI’bnrhvscr>
edv;tUY;r gfv, jzm’r ncr,mnr’mI’ bQc;r ncr,mnr’bqnd r v,esdv.> anr
lUw,r lo;F/crn x Exo dx jwr;gwr,lUw,r [.jzm’r < ebv’tUY;r jrl f cU er gv; H;[.wv;
tUY;r jrl f cU j r gfv,> po/,nJc;r jwr;gwr,wxj o n fr mi n r mi r nKwl r mU ’r tUY;r es
[.jzm’r d/cr’dUcn xr cJ <r d/cr’lQg;r lo/;mnr’> woj x bfr ,oz lJm’r bQd;r him’r Omr’jwr;
gwr,< lzc;r d/cr’d/cr,jKwd xr /cr,bKc<r yv,mJn’r dvdUY’r d/cr,mqw’r kdr’jrf
anrngxo vf , mzg;r hv;mqds xr bi ’r mqdd xr v.>
mKw;r ed,jv.Edx jwr;gwr,lo;tUb’r hnrd/cr’y/br,pJd,r anrwv;
dv,edwoj x l fr ;o nKwl r mU ’r tUY;r yU,ywr>x jwr;gwr,eda/mr’wv; jrgf wr,jwr;
pUcbxr wi pr ’fr gv;]iwr anrwv;noy x ,U > amr,jr;f wv; jwr;gwr,wxj o efr s kug’r kUngxr vf ,
gU;jv.sQnl r cz ;r > jwr;gwr,cin’r sqcp r /o ,d/cr’nzg;r < gmr’nnr jrj f wr;gwr,
sugexr s edpUcbxr wi gr vf ,ywr>x jwr;gwr,yUwj r /cr;jrbf d z ’r gfv,es jrj f v.gfv,>
gUY’r gv; scrwv; jwr;gwr,sJb,r bzcer panrngxo vf , nJc;r wnr’szcbr gz ;r g/crnfr
El;d/mr’kmr nJc;r gmr’mzg;r hv;mqds xr bi ’r mqdexr bv’no ebv’tJckr /wr’mnr’mv’
jwr;gwr,edgumr’ticr’lo;jrfjwr;gwr, dI;nKwrlUmr’tUYr;gfv,lzo’loz’ywrx>
wo/’mv’ebv’]icrmv’d/nr,d/nr,no jwr;gwr,edlo;d/cr’tUbr’hnr d/cr’
jUm’r < d/cr’sKw’r < d/cr’gdr’yqnr jUw;r pzc’r gQba xr n z ,r gmr’nJc;r mKw;r jrjf wr;
93
gwr,niml r I nKwl r mU ’r tUY;r < mKw;r amr,cin’r sqcp r /o ,d/cr’nzg;r scrnnry x ,U >
d/cr’jUm’r jUw;r gQba xr n z ,r nJc;r nox mnr’mI’gv;knr bun;r dv,jwr;gwr,edx>
jwr;gwr,ebv’kr;f sJb,r bzcer pgfv,dig’r dig’r nnry x wr;> anrnxo edlo;wv;
bqnrk/wr’jUwr;y/mr’ anrjwr;gwr,jUmrho/wox nrf’g/nr av,nv,bv,nsdi
ywr>x jUw;r gv;jwr;gwr, ycr’dJg[xr .dUwj r wr;gwr,yU,nox jwr;gwr,edamr,
j/cr;awrjrfsrf,lo;nKwrd/cr,anr>
lo/’pJg’r pzna xr v,nv,bv,nnox bqnl r /o ’pJg’r pznxr kzcj r wr;yes’
kwres gUY’r bqnl r /o ’kJn;r jU’ dv,lo;s/nr,gUY’r > nzg;r nnrx hQc’r smv,ti
jrmf nr;nimn r xo bqna r nramr,mI’amr,bqnr dv,edlo;[.bzc,r jr<f wUnp xr gz ;r
hnr< [.hnrsjrj x v, bv’jqm[r .bzc,r hnrnbi bxr /nr,ywr>x
nzg;r esanrwv;mv’nox lo/’pJg’r av,nv,bv,nnox dJn’r mI’pzn’r
dI;hcr’jwr;gwr,gmr’lqwrywrx> mnr’jzo;H;bo/’yU,lIdUwrkicr’lI< lo;lJwr;
yzn,r jr<f nzn’r lbr’lI< jz;o hQc’r nr’f nv;g/nrg;U wnr’ywr>x hqd’r H;jwr;gwr,
lo;jry f n q <r niml r y I wr>x mKw;r gmr’jwr;gwr, jrd f n J ,r dqn;r < m/crj x mfr /crex kv’
nnrx scrjwr;gwr,hqd’r g/nrav,nv,bv,nnox mzg;r gmr’azn,r szcs r /mrmd q xr
ebv’no jwr;gwr,edhnr jwr;gwr,lo;gdr’yqngr vf ,< yqnj r gfr vf ,gmr’lqwr
nnrxywrx> jwr;gwr,ed[.hnr jKcrxncr,wo/’jwr;gwr, lo;lJwr;aimr,dqmr
nnrxywrx>
lo/’awrg/nrpv,wnv,d/cr,anr anrlmr,lzcr;tugr,mQnr;es
kwr;d/cr’joz;nmrnox bqnranrF/crx[. jzmr’d/cr’hqdr’jwr;gwr, gU;anr
anr< dUwhr d q ’r sUb’r wv; nr’f mKw;r nv;g/nrg;U wnr’< nv;g/nrjwr;gwr, El;
nv;g/nrdcr’lo/ amr,nnr nv;g/nrlcq d xr cz l xr y fr wr>x mKw;r bo< mKw;r jug’r <
mKw;r ncr;< mKw;r cQgr;nzn’r < mKw;r yqd,r dUw<r mKw;r yqd,r mJw’r < mKw;r gUm;r < mKw;r wo/,
dUY’r < mKw;r nuc;r kUw’r < mKw;r l/dr;< mKw;r yU,yqny r n q <r mKw;r ginr mKw;r sUd<xr
mKw;r po/;azn,r mKw;r po/;lUcj r wK ’r nol
x fr jqmd
r cr’d/cr,anrlfr jwr;gwr,ed
lo;F/cr[x . jzm’r d/cr’hqd’r gU;anranr mKw;r pzc’r dJghxr d q ’r yU,nnry x wr>x
94
anrnox dgr’lo;wv; jwr;gwr,yU,swr’nrf’mKwr;bjrxjub/nr, nrf’mKwr;g/nr
bjrj x bu /nr, y/mr’lqwy r wr>x anrnxo amr,bzc,r wv; jwr;gwr,edamr,lo;wUnxr
lzcr;mKwr;bUnrxmv’ El;mKwr’nv;nnrx> anrkrf;wv;Edx jwr;gwr,wUnrxjzmr’
d/cr’dUcn xr cJ r nr’f mKw;r y/mr’lqwr anrmn Q ;r jzm’r nv;g/nr d/cr’hqd’r d/cr’
wUnrxhwr’ywrx>
wv;dI;edxmnr’jJcr gUnr’hwr’ amr,dznrxyU,swr’ nrf’mKwr;pzcr’
y/mr’edv;lqw<r kwrgmu ,r mJcy xr ,U jzm’r mKw;r bUnExr l;mKw’r nv;lUcy r ,U > bQgs xr mrx
kwrmKnrh/cr;hqdr’g/nresmqwr’mqwr’yU, nrf’bdrxjub/nr,edv;lqwresdv.
jrwf n U kxr wrEdx gfv,mI’esdI;dI;wxy o ,U > jrwf nU kxr wr anrbwi l r cz ;r jzm’r bnrhv<
d/cr’mo;jrkf wr mKw;r bUnmxr v’jKw’r nnrex s smrgx mu ,r mJcp xr nQ gr /nr wUnd xr v,ed
hqd’r dv,eds/cr; anrk;fr mI’kr;f bqnmr wK ’r nv;lUcy r ,U > gzb;r noEl; kwramr,
yU,swr’ amr,nnr amr,egLN,sKw’r jzm’r nv;g/nr anrdgJ hrx d q ’r yU, nr’f
y/mr’edv;lqw>r gzb;r nnrEl; kwramr,j/cr;sKw’r mUn;r < amr,h/nrj x l fr ;o
nr’f nv;g/nrkwr nr’f y/mr’edv;lqw>r
gUn’r gmr;pzc;r ncr;yU,nr’f sQc,r kwr;es lUdY U ’r lig;r pJnkr /wr,
lr<f dUY’r tI,wI, mKw;r pzc’r dJggxr n i kr wr; anrwv;nox mnr’bqna r nrgl xo ;o hnr
yU,nnry x wr>x d/cr’hqd’r kwrnnrx mnr’hqd’r H;bKn;r t/cr,wv; kwrnxo m/crx
nv, ebv’amr,mI’kicr,k/wr’ginrkwr;mnr’lIlIywrxno> jwr;gwr,edj/cr;
wUnrxmQnr;wv; kwrginrkwr;hv. amr,nnr dUYr’ligr;pJnrk/wr,hv.noyU,>
gmr;pzcr;smrxedwv; kwrhqdr’g/nr dcr’szcrmqwr’ywrxno> wv;dI;edxmnr’
kwramr,hqdr’scr< kwr;jrfscr nrf’dcr’szcranrnnrx> kwrm/crxmo;yU,es
kzc;r kmrd;I jrkf wrw>xo kwramr,j/cr;egLN,sKw’r lo; nr’f mKw;r pzc’r kwrhd q ’r nnr>x
kwramr,yU,swr’nr’f pwbjrj x bu /nr,< mKnhr /cr;kwr amr,[.dUwer s kdr’jrf
bo/;azg,r lzd;r pwkwry,U > (anrnxo amr,bzc,r wv; edamr,lo;l/dr;edv,
gnr dcr’do’egv. mKw;r ycr’dJggxr n i a r v’h/nr)>
jwr;gwr,kr;f kdr’jrgf v;]iwkr dr’jrl f v;< kr;f gfv,mI’dI;lrmf ’I < mI’nr’f wqc’r
95
lref gv;ywrx mnr’amr,j/cr;ew;lzd;r lo;pw jUw;r ycr’dJgbxr n q gr n U ’r lib’r
lIy,U no<x nr’f tmr;egv;lI jwr;gwr,gv;dJn’r edlo;tUb’r d/cr’bqnp r wes
yU,swr’jzmr’mnr’gfv,yU,ywrx< pwedxedxnox bqnrnrf’bjrxjub/nr,ywrx>
amr,jr;f d/cr’wUnmxr wK ;r bUnmxr v’< amr,nnr mnr’amr,jr;f d/cr’wUnd xr v,mKw’r
nv; anrycr’bo,bqn>r egv.anry,U jzm’r pwbdrj x bu /nr,nox lo;wv;yU,
jzm’r pwedxedxes bqner gv.anregLN,sKw’r ywr>x
mKwr;anrt/mrwv; gzbr;scrEl; lugr;sidr,deb’jwr;dcr’lo/
anry,U jzm’r pwyUw’r yUw’r es smrn x cJ ;r wnr’gUY’r ginkr wr;nJc;r dv,gUY’r
nox ebxmv’nv;dvjJn;r b/cr,srl f n I n
o nrx budt xr jwr;dzb,r wv; {kwrjwr;amr,
mo;jrjf mz ’r lzc;r anrbn q br nU mxr v’< dv,mKw’r nv;egv; kwrjwr;amr,m/crmx ;o jzm’r
scr> gzb;r m/crmx ;o jrf gzb;r dv,mKw’r nv; dcr’mo;nQcj r fr jzm’r lzc;r mKw;r bUnmxr v’
nnrEx l; pU;nUg,r dnrkwrnxo lo;mo;k/nrjfr ebv’ncr,awrywK ;r yv; anr
b/dr,k/dr,dUn;r mnr’ywrex s d/gr,wxn o ’fr so/lQd,r nnry x wr}x no>
sdi jrp f /cr[x .nox amr,jr;f bzc,r wv; {gwrhd q ’r anrna xo wK ;r < gwrhd q ’r
anrnnrxaKwr;} wUnrxwv;no> mKwr;jwr;gwr,wUnrxwv; {gwrhqdr’anrnox} no
jwr;gwr,dgr’edj/cr;wcr,wKw;r gfv,es jwr;gwr,amr,jr;f wv; yU,jzm’r d/cr’
hqdr’s/cr;< gUYr’bqnranryU,jzmr’d/cr’ko;jrfanrwv; {gwr} noes yv.
bQd;r nv;g/nrjwr;gwr,ywr>x jwr;gwr,edlo;lJm’r bQd;r hcr’dUwj r wr;gwr,
dcr’bJg’r es yU,jUmj r gi ’r wxo nr’f d/cr’hqd’r jwr;gwr,ywr>x mKnj r cK n xr cr, mKw;r
jwr;gwr,l/dr;gf/mr’edv,bRis/dr;nnrx scrjwr;gwr,wUnrxmQnr;wv; gwr
l/dr;yU,ebv’no anrnox j/cr;hqdr’H;sqnr;so/ d/cr’wUnrxl/dr;gf/mr’
d/cr’ko;jrl f /dr;gf/mr’ gJd’r k/dr,gfv,ywr>x scrwv; jwr;gwr,lJm’r bQd;r hcr’
dUwj r wr;gwr, dcr’bRis/dr;ebv’no jwr;gwr,dgr’bqngr n U ’r l/dr;kQmxr egv.
nJc;r ywr;> gv;bqngr /nry,fr lUcr jKcn xr cr,po/,jnrh/cr;< bo/’mKc’r < bo/’wUnxr
po/,nmrj x t fr mr’jgfv,jKw’r nox pud’r azg,r bqner bv,mv’ mKw;r gmr’egv.bzcgr /nr
awrjmrf nr’jUmj r gi ’r wox d/cr’hqd’r kwr< mKw;r amr,[.jgr’ d/cr’aUg’r d/cr’ao/
96
scrnnry x wr;>
sdi F/cr[x . gqw,r lUY;r d/cr’hqd’r hwr’ anrbd u t xr jwr; bUcs r n z r
bnrnxo bqnd r v,edlo;yU,swr’ nr’f pzc’r y/mr’edv;lqwy r wr;> (jin,r gLv,
b/nr,kwregv; aicn r /o ’sznr anrnn
r wK l xo cr,gwr,)> dI;nox lo/’pv,wnv,
gmr,mt/nr’-aiRy i vbtnox mnr’amr,mI’bKcd r /o anrwv;edlo;awrd/cr’
dUcd xr wU ar nrlfr wxbo n q br cK y
r ,fr espv,wnv, anrwv;nnr>x jwr;gwr, gUY’r
lUw,r F/cr[x . jzm’r d/cr’hqd’r anrjwr;gwr,dUcn xr cJ nr nrgx Y U ’r > edv;gv;
jgrgx /nrn x cJ ;r gUY’r egv; jwr;gwr,amr,d/br;lo;sum’r kic,r bQd;r y/mr’ anr
mI’gv;knryrf, bunr;dv,gmr,mt/nr’anrnox> jwr;gwr,gUYr’lUwr,bUgr’bzcr
sdi jrF f /cr[x . gfv,gU;nrwf nr’kmr; jzm’r d/cr’hqd’r < d/cr’dUcn xr cJ ;r jwr;gwr,
gUY’r > gmr,mt/nr’szca r nrnxo mnr’gqw,r gbr’gnrdcr’dUwkr ci ’r hwr’ywr;>
ycr’mI’tQc;r ewdnvnubsrsnv - dUY’r ew,dnv, mnr’gqw,r
lUY;r yin’r jUm’r < yin’r jv.< yin’r g/cr jKw’r noy x ,U > hwr’j/mr’dUY’r bKcr
dQg;r mnr’anrncJ ;r gzn,r > hwr’wv; jwr;gwr,mI’d/cr’amr,egLN,jrf mI’lzc;r
mo;jrwf v;nogn z ,r > ebv’bqnn r o jwr;gwr, sum,r cmr’wxo jfmr cz s r wr;wxy o ,U ywr>x
m/crbgz ;r m/crlfr jwr;gwr,ed[.jQc;r lzc;r wv; gzb;r scr jwr;gwr,amr,egLN,
sKw’r > gmr’aznd r /cr’bKn;r jwr;gwr,tug,r lIl;o wUnhxr v anryv,ebH;lo;
mo;jrf gzb;r lzc;r d/cr’amr,egLN,sKw’r jwr;gwr,< yv,mo;jfgr bz ;r d/cr’mo;jrj f wr;
gwr,> gUY’r lUw,r kdr’jrHf ;[.wv; gzb;r scr amr,egLN,< lo;mo;jrf nongxo Y U ’r >
kdr’jrd f Y U ’r < jQd;r hqd’r ]iwr mnr’ebv,mv’< cwr;h/gr;mnr’ hqd’r ]iwr mnr’
sud’r gfv,bqngr mr’gmr’< lzc;r mnr’sud’r mUd’r gfv,> kdr’jrl f l U mz r ygrd x Y U ’r
mnr’ jKcn xr cr, hwr’dUY’r kKc;r wdrt x du /cr’nzg;r es yv,ebkUnwxr n U kxr nJ ’r
jzmr’mnr’> hqdr’jKcrxncr, bo/’so/;kwrdUYr’ lqbr;hqnr’dUYr’ kKcr;wdrxtu
nnrd x v.> dI;noex gv; edv;ncr,nnr jwr;gwr,amr,tug,r lo;dUY’r anr
nnrwx v; {bqner w,dnv,gwr< yin’r jv.gwr }no> gUY’r lUw,r ygrd x Y U ’r mnr’
wv; {bqner w,dnv,} gUY’r no> {gwr} anrgY U ’r d/cr,jJw;r bqna r wrnexo gv;
97
yv,wUns xr ,fr jrdf wU mr ’I edxn>o mKw;r jwr;gwr,dUY’r hnrmnr’ jKcn xr cr, mnr’
bqnmr nr’lU. jzm’r spv,wmI’nnrx jwr;gwr,dgr’edamr,jbr’bQn’r nKwr
ew,dnv,nnrex s edbUd’r lzd;r gfv,ywr>x dUY’r ew,dnv, anrlefr gv;
edlo;dUY’r < pv,wnv,jKcn xr mo n
K gr nrywr>x
edv;lqwrhwr’aubr,gumrgnrgfv, lzcr;jidrdvnubsrsnv - ygrx
dUY’r jr[f .jzm’r jrbf n q n r go n z ,r > anrnxo jrj f wr;gwr,bqner lv’p jrkf ;fr lo;
wxho v.< jrj f br’wxho v.< bqnwr a ox gz ,r jrl f mredv’skr;f jv.< sUY;r < jcr’< hgra x d i ’r
lUwhox v.no edlo;[.jzm’r < dUY’r jzm’r > mKw;r jrhf wr’t/cr,pid’r amr,nnr
hnrjwJ ;r jf;r jgfv,jKw’r nox edlo;dUY’r jzm’r < F/cr[x .jzm’r ywr>x ebv’ed
l/dr;dI;sJw;r jJw;r jrmf nr’no dv,edl/dr;engnr anrjhfr wr’bqnr
yU,nnrx hwr’ycr’amr,hdr’l/dr;es aUg’r ao/wx>o gzb;r no hwr’gum,r kr;f ew;
bQd;r mnr’lUcy r ,U > dI;nox jwr;gwr,edlo;hdr’h/nr edlo;jry f d q ,r sJw;r
es ygrxdUYr’jrfhwr’ jKcrxncr, hwr’dUYr’nv;hwr’ dI;m/nr,jmr;nnrx
dv.>1
gUY’r gv; hwr’amr,lUw,r d/cr,d/cr’pid’r scr< dQb’r ddr’scr< jQg,r
enlzcr;lIdcr’jv.scr< pidr’dcr’tugr,scr> gUYr’lUwr,F/crx[.jzmr’<
dUY’r jzm’r < jQd;r dUY’r lIdcr’jv.< pid’r dcr’tug,r gUY’r > jwr;gwr,amr,
jrf;bqnrpU;ddr’sinr gUYr’bqnremvpo/,bo/’so/;gUYr’> mKwr;jwr;gwr,pv,
wnv, ygr’dUY’r jrj f wr;gwr,es hnrjmz ’r ncr,Fic;r mnr’bqns r gr’sgr’
nnrx jwr;gwr,edmI’mv’jrp f cq ,r bqc’r nKwy r ni ’r jrl
f d
I cr’jv. bKcbr n q jr fr
jKw’r noy x wr>x hqd’r no jrj f wr;gwr, dgr’lzd;r lQw’r mv’es ebv’hnrl;o gU;
smr,sQnbr cK r jKcn xr cr, kwrm’I kwrbn q y r wr>x
hwr’j/mr’dUY’r dUwy r /cr,anrncJ ;r > hwr’wv; jwr;gwr,azg,r jrl f mr
wxn o >o azg,r jrl f mrnxo gUY’r bqner dv’s< kr;f jv.< jcr’ jKw’r nox mv’[mr,dUm’r
wxgo YU ’r > egv.anragz ,r jrl f mrnxo mnr’amr,[. amr,F/crwx v;mnr’azg,r jrf
1mo/ bbrx 1 (mU,ld) nv; 100
98
lmrno anrwv;nox mnr’lIkwr;jref s mI’ekv;bzc,r szcbr cK r jKcn xr cr, gf/mr’do’
hwr’wv; kr;f jqw’r H;g/nr’ kr;f n/nr’H;lQn;r nonnry x wr>x gmr’mKw;r jwr;gwr,
F/cr[x . sdil;o d/cr’bqnj r wr;gwr, mKw;r [.edv’sjwr;gwr,azg,r nnrx kJn’r
emvao/mv’es awrjrflmrnnrxho/lo/gfv,ywrx> anrnox jwr;gwr,tugr,lo;
jQd;r dUY’r spv,wmnr’< hqd’r ]iwr mnr’gKd,r bqner bv,mv’es smrs x d u ’r ho/
gfv,nnr>x dI;noex gv; jwr;gwr,amr,tug,r lIl;o wUnwxr v; {gwrjl fr mr}< {edv’
sgwr} no> jwr;gwr,gUY’r lUw,r lo;F/cr[x .jzm’r ygr.dUY’r jzm’r jKcn xr cr,
dJnr’edv’smI’nnrxdv.> anrnox hwr’edlo;dUYr’ F/crx[. gv;bqnr
yin’r jr<f bKcbr n
q j r fr d/cr,jKwd xr /cr,yKc;r dcr’sqc;r l/o’jKcn xr cr,wv;mv’nnrx
ywrx>
ycr’mI’tQcr;lo/’gmr,mt/nr’ anrpv,wnv, wUnrxko;jrfnKwrtmr’
sinr< nmrxjrftmr’El;av,yucr,jrfdcr’sqcr; (tmrmvnubsrsnv) yU,>
anrhwr’hnr anrhwr’lUa/nr,< aub,r gumgr nr< l/dr;edv,gnrjwK ’r nox
dcr’sqc;r kwr;bv’wxn o ’fr lo/’gmr,mt/nr’anrny xo wr>x mKw;r jwrx hwr’lo;hnr
mv’ anrwv;jwr;ek,mg dcr’jwr;Rh/nr’kwrjmu ’r nJc;r nnrex gv; kwr;bv’
lo;g/nrgmrr,mt/nr’ anrnoxncr,gwr,es j/cr;hqdr’H;[.bzcr,hnrnibrx
b/nr,ywrx>
jzmr’ncr,lo/’gmr,mt/nr’anrnox mI’nnrxes jwr;gwr,j/cr;
lqb;r hqn’r < wUn<xr ko;jrl f cz ;r nIwRnhv;yKc;r anrwv; -
1P gvmjrsnrd lmr,m/gr; kr;f lo;<
2P byvbvd kr;f jv. jrl f mr<
3P tinmidt r cwrnn z ’r < k/nra x n K <r
4P audt r jrj guggr j u j
r jrp f cU bxr wi r mo;nQcj r <fr
5P wijgi s i s r v gfcrjrf< t/cr,pidr’t/cr,pUnr<
jKwr'kwrhv;yKcr;nox Ocrxwv; nIwRn lzcr;kzcrxkmrjrf< bqnranr
h/mr;eh.d/cr’kJnr;yrf,< d/cr’bzcr,jrflQcr’lIywrx> mKwr;anregv.nJcr; mI’
99
dcr’niwvRn1 [mr,cmr’yU,< mKwr;anrmnr’ amr,[.edhqdr’]iwrk/mr;bUnrx
lo; niwvRn kwrnnrx mnr’amr,j/cr;[.bzc,r jrl f ;o anrld I cr’anrjv.<
mQnr;dcr’amr,mQnr;nnrx>
pfer samr,wv; ebv’kr;f bzcer ppv,wnv, nKwbr j z j xr cr,gjqd’r yKc;r
egv;lo;>
1P sdi - jrp f /cr[x .< F/cr[x .jzm’r d/cr’dUcn xr cJ r dUw<r sUb’r < jrf
dcr’sqc;r >
2P tmrmwijy - wUnrxko;jrf lzcr;tmr’dcr’sqcr;< bv’jqmrlzcr;
sv,snv,< sint r mr’< bo/’wUnkxr br<x a/nr,lig;r < kUnkxr vf .< aub,r aUw’r gnr<
gumrgnrlzcr;tmr’>
3P wiRyi - kdr’jrhf d q ’r < woj x hfr dq ’r yKc’r edv,ebv’ywrs x du ’r dUw;r >
4P bIdi - d/cr’jUm’r - nmrgx drd x /cr’knr anrmnr’s/nrkdr’
gnrdcr’po/,ho/.jv.< cwrmcJ <r cwrscU ’r >
5P bsrsdi - mwrdwU mr wrj<fr dUwj r afr mr,mI’d/cr’kdr’k/nrx kQc>r
6P smvti - jrn f mi r jKcn xr cr,sbr’lQc’r po/,d/cr’nKw>r
7P aubgq kr v - jrp f cq ,r bqc’r anrdv.kqc,r lo;elv’gtmr,bQd,r yKc;r <
jraf mr,bo/.bKc<r nim<r gdr’yqn<r amr,sugy xr cu ;r scr>
bun;r dv,edbzcer plo; nmrgx drd x /cr’knrjwK ’r nox anrlwU ,r nv,
esbKn;r nox azg,r jrkf ;fr < ej,dnv, El;d/cr’yKc’r a/nr’ywr>x
ebv’anrk;fr bzcer p nKwkr nr,tv,hv;yKc;r tdr’s/crdY U ’r wv; {gwr}
sdr’dwv,nox mnr’bqns r crn>o amr,nnr nKwt r mr’sjxj r v, sI,yKc;r
jKcn xr cr, sbr’lQc’r enmv’ d/cr’nKwn r nrex gv;lo;yU,ywr;> anrbcz er p
jQd;r dUY’r nKwa r v,yuc,r anrwv;mv’nox kwr;bqnt r mrmvnubsrsnv anr
j/cr;H;[.bzcr,hnrnibrxb/nr,ywrx> lKwreslo/’anrhwr’dQmr;engnrmv’
1 niwvRn anrmI'woxnfr'bbrxnox dUwredxmnr' bqnr nIwRn< binrhcr'jwr;gwr,es lUgfv,dv.>
100
noxes ycr’mI’av,yucr,gmr,mt/nr’ d/cr,anrdcr’nmr< ebv’awrjzmr’
Fic;r tuc’r wv; mI’gmr,mt/nr’sI,sib’r ywr>x nr’f nnrx gmr;pzc;r bqnd r v,lo;
bRmwihvR sI,yKc;r -
1P mqdd r vpvwnv - bzcer pjrhf grx nKws r dr’dwv,dcr’sqc;r amr,
jQg,r epscr jKcn xr cr,em;hgrl x gu ;r mI’egv.lqwgr Y U ’r nnr>x
2P gTunv - bzcer pjra f di ’r lU nKws r dr’dwv,dcr’sqc;r jKw’r dugxr
y/gr;k/nrj<fr tUb’r ep’>
3P mudd i v - jr[f mrjmU ’r nKwj r wK ’r bKn;r m/gr;mI’lIbn
q r hqd’r g/nr
kJn;r < jKw’r bKn;r egLN,jr>f
4P aubgq kr v - jrp f cq ,r bqc’r nKwer lv’gtmr,bQd,r yKc;r (mI’sun,r <
amr,mI’sun,r < mI’egv.< amr,mI’egv.< bKn;r esx< bKn;r yzc;r < dugkxr < egLN,jr)f
jKwr’noxywrx>
101
dznr;bQdr,
anrbd
u t
xr jwr;ehv’sznr
El;lUg;r mKw;r wnr’nox
gUnr’hwr’gmr;pzcr; sznr,wUnrxwv; sv,snv,budrxtjwr;nox bqnr
lo/’aUn;r azn,r es mQd;r dzn’r nv,< t/nr;sucn r v,noEl; bun;r dv,gUn’r
jo/’pU;yic’r yUw’r yUw’r kwr jKw’r hqd’r g/nrhvlqcd xr cz yxr ,U gU;wnr’mKc’r gUn’r nox
edamr,j/cr;pJgr’pznrxhqdr’jzmr’lo;< scrwv; krf;bqnrj/wr’budrx jQdr;
jQd;r egv.nJc;r no edlo;w/cr’bQd;r nv;g/nr[n i ’r ey’es gfv,yU,dI;wdrx
amr,nnr gfv,yU,dI;dqd,r yqner s pJg’r gmrjcr,lo;wv;no>
anrnxo bqnd r /cr’bzc,r jrp
f di ’r anrleI kv’kUma r nrncJ ;r gzb;r wv;
kwramr,ebv’bzc,r jrf nKwer kv;tmr’budt xr jwr;nnry x wr>x gUn’r kwrhmrgx hxo bi ;r
nQd;r esdQb’r ddr’ gzb;r wv; Yv’gmr’s/cr,edv,es lo;lUmn Q ;r bbrlx cz ;r
sv,snv,budt xr anrgn U ’r amr,mI’d/cr’[.hnrdmq t r n U ;r nr’f lzc;r po/,nox
esEl;dQm;r wx<o anrgY U ’r dQm;r jQc;r en bqnbr v;bqnp r /o , bqnbr dz ’r bqnr
dznr;nnrx> ekv;tmr,mbudrxtjwr;nox amr,jrf;gUYr’yKcr’jU’ bunr;dv,
jwr;Rh/nr’kwry,U nr’f wdrwx v’< bv’jqmbr n u ;r dv,gUn’r [in’r kic’r no/’ yic’r
jo/’dcr’lUcgr nz ,r ywr>x tmr’sjrj x v,sI,yKc;r nox bqnl r /o ’yU,swr’j/wr’
budexr s amr,jdr’jQg,r scresEl; yKc’r jU’dv,dcr’sqc;r ywr>x
gUn’r hwr’gmr;nmrnmr amr,kwr;hqd’r Rh/nr’lo; amr,nnr amr,
gfv,yU,swr’lo; dI;nr’f tKn,r nr’f tmr;< hwr’wv; bQgwxr v; bqns r v,snv,budxr
j/cr,jQd;r anrmd Q ;r egv; ebv’ycr’wv; hwr’amr,j/cr;jzm’r lo;mnr’ nr’f
nv;g/nrg;U wnr’wnr’no mnr’egv;edamr,gfv,mI’pzn’r lIscr edv,gUn’r
dcr’lo/> gUYr’gv; scrjwr;gwr,[.bzcr,jrf lznrxgQnrtmr’sv,snv,jwr;
102
mQn;r mQn;r ebv’no jwr;gwr,dgr’edj/cr;jzm’r lo; pJg’r gmrl;o mKw;r yU,swr’
nr’f pwgUn’r [in’r yU,amr,lz’o ywr>x gmr;pzc;r smrex dwv; ebv’gfv,yU,dI;go
dnr’y/nr dI;anrh/cr,gogUnr’no dgr’edjzmr’ sv,snv,budrxtco/;
dKw’r < s/cr,tug,r dKw’r no> gmr;pzc;r smrex dwv; anrgvf ,yU,gJd’r gUY’r ekv
jKcn xr cr,nnr mnr’lIk/nrx lImcz j r wfr v;noes dgr’edamr,bnrnmrj x fr
tmr’kwrY/nr,kwr mU;mrf,yrf,sucrlo;wv;no>
w/cr’bQd;r nv;g/nrelv’gI, (bo/;azg,r tKn,r gv,m) nox amr,bzc,r wv;
bo/;bQd;r lUg;r elv’gno>x jwr;sv,Ribd u d xr Rv, - deb’po/,kfvmJw’r budt xr jwr;
wv; egv.nJc;r gfv,yU,dI;nr’f tKn,r es dmr’jrp f gJ ’r gmr d/cr’dJw’r gmrjwr;
Res’kwr< gUY’r gv; mnr’j/cr;mI’lo;d/cr’wUnl xr mrswr; dcr’giel,sv,dqmr
dUwmr nr’wxy o ,U > egv.nJc;r smrx yU,dI;nr’f w/nr;nr’f wqc’r es amr,pJg’r gmr
tmr’ jwr;Res’kwr< gUY’r gv; jrmf nr’ j/cr;pKg,r jJn;r es g/cr’lzd;r
giel,sv,dcr’lUcy r ,U no> nr’f gv; dcr’szcy r cK ;r nnrx jwr;sv,Ribd u d xr Rv,
wv; egv.yU,nr’f wqc’r nr’f w/nr;smrx yU,lUY;r pwpKg,r jJn;r k/wrsn fr xo mnr’
Q ;r dzn’r es gLN.es egv.yU,swr’dI;nr’f tKn,r ywrx 1 wv;no>
dJn’r kQmmxr d
anrgmr;nmrnmrymu ,r wv; dv,edjzm’r lo;ekv;tmr’budt xr jwr;
nox lUw,r lo;bQd;r nv;g/nr[n i ’r ey’anrwv;nox bqnd r /cr’hnrpd i ’r bzc,r
jrfpidr’anrnJcr;ywrx> anrnox lo;wv;lzmrlQmres hvd/cr’ew;lzdr;
anrmnr’amr,kfr;hqdr’ jzmr’tmr’nnrxes wv;awrgUYr’> nrf’bbrxtmr’
ycr’mI’ekv; anrycK ’r jU’ dv,gUn’r [in’r kwry,U dcr’nmr lzc;r wv; kwrhd q ’r
jzmr’pJgr’pznrxpv,wnv, jzmr’ekv;tmr’budrxtjwr;es lo;[.hnrnibrx
b/nr,gfv,nnr>x bRibvjg jJw;r wv; wdrs x gzdd xr t/mrbd u txr jwr;bzg;r nJc;r
lzc;r wv; gUn’r [in’r gUn’r ey’ pU;yic’r gUn’r jo/’kwr anrpgJ ’r gmr jzm’r
tmr’mnr’jwr;nox jzc,r ycr’Odr;tJcl r ;o tmr’jnrs x cu r yU,]iwn
r >o budt xr
jwr;egv;sbr’lQc’r gfv,jzd,r jzd,r ej’ej’wv; amr,jr;f gUY’r nJc;r egv.szcr
1m <bbrx 1 (mU,ld) nv; 30-31
103
egv.< nJc;r b/gr,szcbr /gr,< nJc;r hqcs r cz hr cq <r pU;yic’r gUn’r jo/’yU,nr’f pwnv;
[in’r dvey’kwr anrjmz ’r tmr’ gmrtmr’es lo;Odr;tJcgr vf ,tmr’jnrx
sucs r du ’r mI’yU,dcr’nmr anrwv;nnry x wr>1 bun;r dv, gUn’r gmr;pzc;r
dv,edgfv,yU,swr’ dI;sI,yqnr dI;anramr,mI’sqcremv’ El;yv.gwr’
nnrx eds/cr,tug,r dv,kwry,U > gUY’r gv; anry,U nr’f eg;gUn’r dcr’loes
pJg’r gmrtmr’jwr;es jo;z tQmgr n U ’r kwrnxo bqna r nrly I cz ;r eyv’dKw’r gzn,r
ywr>x m/crbgz ;r egv; anrgvf ,yU,dI;nr’f tKn,r jUw;r k/wr’es kdr’jrbf cz er p
jrmf nr’ jRidmnr’ sint r mr’mnr’ t/nr;tmr’mnr’ Y/nr,mnr’ H;mI’
hQcr’lKwrdznr’esgwr, amr,nnr hqdr’H;gumr,tUnr;ywrxes kJnr’azgr,
tKn,r mv’esEl; jz;o tQmbr n K ;r noex gv; lo;wv;bqna r nrs/cr,tug,r kQml xr bQ ;r
yU,> scrjwK wxr v; yU,nr’f tKn,r gfv, edv,sud’r jUw;r gUY’r gum,r wUnl xr Y U ;r
d/cr’egLN,mnr’< d/cr’lzd;r lQw’r mnr’es amr,wUnexr dv,do’egv. bI;nzcxr
mnr’no mnr’amr,mv’c/mr,mQn;r gnr dcr’ekv;tmr’budt xr jwr; anraci r
nKwmr dq ;r dv,gTunv,es dv,edjz;o bKn;r lUlmz d r Y
U ’r tJcbr n K ;r nnr>x
egv.nJc;r j/cr;ek’ek’t/mrwv; scrjwK wxr v; gUn’r [in’r yUw’r yUw’r kwr
yU,nr’f nv;dv[in’r ey’es pJg’r gmrjmz ’r lo;sv,snv,ebv’no hqd’r scr
El;budt xr jwr; bUg’r dcr;mU,jum’r scr,kno> scr,knox mnr’gumj xr ;oz bun;r dv,
jKw’r mI’jrkf ;fr mv’yU,swr’ dcr’jUw;r av;s/gr;es amr,jr;f gUY’r gv’wv; pJg’r
gmrtmr’ bun;r dv,kwreddqmt r n U ;r tmr’El;Y/nr,gUY’r < bv’jqmd r v,ed
jz;o lKwdr /cr,egv.gzn,r ywr>x gUn’r [in’r kwrEdx amr,j/cr;awrk/wr’y/mr’gfv,
dcr’jUw;r av;s/gr; dv,edgumj xr ;oz tQmbr n K ;r < gUY’r gv; jwr;Rh/nr’kwr anr
amr,mI’bunr;pznr’ dUYr’tJcrnv;[inr’dvey’ dcr’nv;g/nrelv’gI,
d/cr,jKw’r nox mnr’mI’sun,r y/mr’m/nr dv,kwrjwr;woj x wfr /cr’ekv’lo; dv,
edjz;o tQmbr n K ;r dv,lo;lI dv,lo;egLv,sKw’r jKcn xr cr,budt xr jwr;wv;nnrx
gfv,dcr’jUwr;pwkwryU,> gzbr;noEl; ebv’mv’dUYr’jzmr’ bJnr’so/budrxt
1Ibid,pp.490 ff
104
sv, snv,no wdrwx v’munj r wr;nox bqnmr v’dI;pJg’r awrnmrj x t fr mr’ gUY’r
amr,gv’ bqnmr v’cwr;cun’r dI;anrhn q ’r sznl r gi ;r tmr’ El;Fic;r Ec;ywr>x
sudr;sigvl (scrgvelvwvdsudrdIknigvy) anrjQcr;en
lo/’yU,lo/’swr’ lo/’nbry x mrgnr nr’f pwgUn’r yU,[in’r ey’kwr< nr’f dUc,r
wKc’r gUn’r kwrnxo bqna r nrbd u txr jwr;jiscr,mv’nnry x wr>x
jo/’bun,r nv’num,r anrjwJ ;r wv; sigv,lnox goy x /mr;wo;sv jU’[gr’
nv; mKc’r d/cr’azg,r < d/cr’j/nr’< d/cr’dUg’r < d/cr’Ocr,< g/crh/wr< linmr cK ’r
(d/cr’dr;f d/cr’nKw)r jzm’r ncr,mnr’hbra x wrg/f mr’scr,szner bv;mnr’ mKw;r
jmrdo/nnrxywrx> budt rx jwr;l/dr;enjo/’bunr,nv’numr,wv; ebv’awr
jzm’r lo/’aRiywiny- sint r mr’aRiyv, anrmnr’jwr;ehv’nnrwx v;no
mnr’bQgr,bKcr;gnrdcr’[gr’nv;mKcr’noxyU,wv;no> ebv’awrjzmr’sinrtmr’
aRiywv;no [gr’nv;mKc’r nobx cz ,r wv; d/cr’azg,r bqner bv;em;< d/cr’j/nr’
bqnCr sv,smr’mv’< d/cr’dUg’r bqnl r gu ;r em’< d/cr’Ocr,bqnd r ’o egv. bI;nzcxr
[inr’drf;[inr’nKwrgnr< po/,d/cr’drf;smrxbqnrlugr;j/cr;lugr;lqcrx< po/,
d/cr’nKwrbqnrpU;yU,nrf’sv,snv,kwrnoywrx>
budrxtjwr;wv; gUnr’hwr’tugr,lIlo;wo;sv [gr’nv;mKcr’ jKwr’nox
aKw;r wv;no> dI;nox wo;svanrwv;nox mnr’mI’lzc;r d/cr’l/gr,lo/’bun;r dv,
egv.anrw;o sv anrmd Q ;r anrgcJ ,r nbry x mr anrgcJ ,r wo;svkwry,U > [gr’
nv;mKc’r anrwv; ebv’em;bI;nzcxr nr’f [in’r nr’f ey’lqwgr nr dcr’anrm,U
gUn’r dcr’lo/ anrjcQ ;r enmv’d/cr’po/,nKwn r nrx j/wr’budwxr v; mnr’bqnr
anrmd Q ;r anrgcJ ,r nbry x mr wo;svnoywr>x gUY’r gv; edhqd’r ]iwwr ;o svkwr?
budrxtjwr;wv; anrhqdr’jzmr’nv;g/nrbunr;pznr’prfmnr’mI’nnrx mKnr
gnrdcr’wo;svkwrywrn x >o bun;r pzn’r jKw’r nox awrsbr’lQc’r wxy o ,U nr’f ekv;
tmr’sigvlywrx>
gmr’aznrd/cr’bKnr; ebv;em;nox bqnregv.anrmI’mqdr;dv,nKwr
lug;r l/cr’kwrywr>x budt xr jwr;wv; {ebv;em;nox mKngr nrdcr’kuns r /cr bRmr,
105
mywr}x no> ekv;bRmr,mnox jQc;r enwv; bqnd r /cr’yum,r anrmd Q ;r sucs r d
u ’r
anrncJ ;r nr’f bo/’wUngxr n U ’r mKc’r ain’r dI’yv’kwres budt xr jwr;smrx awr
ebv;em;sr,f kwr;bv’nr’f noy x wr>x gzb;r no ebv’bqngr n U ’r [in’r kKw’r j/wr’budl xr I
no edv;lqwr lug;r azn,r kwr aznwr ;o svebv;em;kwr gU;wnr’ mKw;r g/crnfr El;
d/mr’kmrywr>x ebv’awrjmz ’r sint r mr’aRiyv,anrnwxo v; {kwredlo; lqcxr
lUlmu ’r lv’ ebv;em;mKw;r kwrtwr;mv’< edlo;hqd’r g/nrd/crdwU kr wr<1 ed
lo;sJb,r lUlmz t r ci ’r gum’r jKwkxr wK ’r Fic;r tuc’r lIebv;em;< edlo;Omrsmi ’r bQc’r
tic’r gum’r kUw’r mzn,r ebv;em;< edlo;hqd’r lU,hQn’r d/nr’dv,ebv;em;wo/’es
kwrd/o no hv;yKc;r jKw’r noy x wr>x ebv;em;egv; smrkx n J ’r mI’bun;r pzn’r dumxr
dzb,r lug;r l/cr’kwr edlo;scr,sznl r gu ;r l/cr’ H;ew;g/nrm/br,mKg;r < jr.f
hqd’r g/nrlmI ’I pzn’r < edlo;bz,o lug;r l/cr’hqn’r sznbr Yr,Yv,lIlx
tUn;r szcj r mrx bqnwr dr;tmr’ gqw,r gbr’lUY;r deb’ dcr’kU’ywr>x
egv.bqnd r eb’tug,r lo; hqd’r jmrx ebv’hnrk’U mv’no edlo;lugj xr gu ’r > ed
lo;lumr’lv’kU’> edlo;mI’d/cr’nbrxymrestzmr, awrekv;sznr> kJnr;
hqn’r m/nr,m/nr,< edlo;jz;o tJcr anrk’U lUw,r > edlo;mI’d/cr’goex skUnxr
a/nr,lig;r > egv.bqnkr ’U smrx edlo;dumd xr bz ,r lUlmz d r Y U ’r tJcd r eb’>
mnr’edlo;scr,sznr H;mI’jRidlI> sznmr cQ ,r bnrbYr,Yv,> amr,sKc,r
bYr,Yv,essznr bQc;r ncr,jwr;gwr,emv> gbr’sJb,r bnrd’o egv.lI> gQd,r
ekep’bnrno hv;yKc;r ncr,gnrywr>x
tUnr;s/mrjmr’ bqnrwdr;tmr’pUwrdcr’em’ywrx> egv.bqnr pUwr
tug,r lo;l/dr;gf/mr’hgra x d i ’r lU dcr’ekv;gf/mr’nbry x mredv,em’> tug,r lo;
ew;bQdr;gf/mr’]gr’ho/. gf/mr’lv,> tugr,lo;mI’sjrjv,> tugr,lo;w/cr’nzbr,
yJn;r kUw’r lqc’r Rdnv, H;egv.bqner m’tic’r > gmrt x mQ br nrkwU ’r nuc;r d/cr’mo
1budr;awrnv;g/nrebv;Em;< hqdr’g/nrbnrebv;Em;>
106
anrgJcr,d/nr,> egv.bqnrem’egv; tugr,lo;h/cr;hQnr’kwr;nmrxd/cr’ginr
kicr,k/wr’m/nr,> tugr,lo;nbrxymr[mrjUmr’do’egv. bI;nzcrxpo/,pUwr> tugr,
lo;mI’sjrjv,> tug,r lo;tic’r lUkwU ’r lqc’r Rdnv, anregv.pUwwr /cr’bnr>
amr,tug,r lo;k/nr<x h/br,hqd’r g/nrwdr;tmr’gum,r tUn;r no mI’hv;yKc;r ncr,
gnrywrx>
tUn;r sI,jmr’ bqnwr dr;tmr’do’egv.gnr< dcr’bI;nzc[xr n i ’r dr;f
[in’r nKwy r wr>x edlo;mI’ej,dnv,lIedv,gnr< emvhbrd x n z ;r gnr>
l/dr;gf/mr’w/nrkwr;[edv,gnr> jzo;tQmrd/cr’m/gr;mI’gnr> wxot/nr;bqcr’
gnr> edamr,tug,r lo;tqcp r dq ’r gnr> lo;jz;o tJcgr nr mKw;r egv.nJc;r mI’
d/cr’lUw,r mv’> edamr,lo;bz,o bQd;r gnr mKw;r pzc’r mI’d/cr’y/br,pJd,r no hv;
yKcr;ywrx>
tUn;r hv;jmr’ bqnwr dr;tmr’ ebv;lqcExr l;lug;r lqcy xr wr>x ebv;lqcxr
tug,r lo;bnrg/nr anrgcJ ,r nmrhx cQ ’r lug;r lqc>xr bnrgv;hqd’r g/nrgmu ,r ebv’>
tug,r lo;yUd’r yv mKw;r pzc’r mI’ko;mI’n/wr> tug,r lo;bnrs’U < jv,g Yv’mKw;r
k/wr’y/mr’tug,r lQb;r > egv.bqnl r gu ;r j/cr; tug,r lo;dzb,r kJn’r jmr’ edlo;
hqd’r g/nrggxo xo amr,lo;k/nr>x tug,r hgrn x bryx mr< tzma r wrg/f mr’> edamr,lo;
lgrl x nQ r edlo;awrjs fr ,fr nr’f nv;g/nrno mI’hv;yKc;r ncr,gnrywr>x
tUn;r [gr’jmrx bqnwr dr;tmr’munj r wr; bun,r nv’ dcr’gUn’r [in’r
kwrywr>x gUn’r [in’r kwr tug,r lo;awrdcr’bjrj x ykUw’r lqc’r sI,yKc;r lqcl xr U
lUY;r d/cr’nbry x mr> mI’d/cr’hgrn x bryx mresjz;o tQm>r mI’jrmf d q ;r dv,es
sU’yzn’r H;yU,lIgdr’yqn>r mI’ej,dnv,es gmry x nJ ;r bnr anrkwr
lUw,r > gmrjx ;oz kwr;nmrp
x gr’szm’r no [gr’yKc;r ywr>x jKw’r bqnmr n u j r wr;bun,r
nv’yU,nr’f sv,snv,kwregv; tug,r lo;dzb,r kJn’r edv,gUn’r hKn’r kwr H;kwr
ew;y/cr,hqdr’g/nragusUwr,> mI’mqdr;dv,ej,dnv,sU’yznr’H;yU,lI>
dJg’r sUn’r H;hqd’r s/cr;dv,n sI,lg/nrlgI s u wU ,r ehv’entmr’mr,f anr
bo,y/mr;lo;cin’r > ehv’ywrs x mrex hv’tQc;r sbr’lQc’r H;bzc,r jrl f >I tug,r lo;
107
jiensqn;r d/cr’lI aznOr dr;mKc’r pIno mI’[gr’yKc;r noy x wr>x
gmr’nohwr’lo;bzc,r jfwr v; pwgUn’r [in’r kwr anry,U s/cr;nr’f nv;
[in’r < nf’r mU,gUn’r dcr’lo/noex gv; yU,nr’f kzb,r k/fc,r sint r mr’ aRiyj/wr’
budwxr yxo ,U ywr>x gzb;r nnrEl; nr’f smr,yudd xr nigvynnrx mI’wxl o cz ;r kunr
ain’r bJd,r b/gr,l/dr;enwv; mnr’wo;sv amr,jr;f gUY’r gv’jwr;Rh/nr’ mI’
sint r mr’kwr bv’jqmwr ;o aubsgv gUn’r [in’r kwr anrm’I sint r mr’ bzchr dq ’r
d/cr’lIes dUY’r tJcn r v;[in’r jzm’r tmr’kwrgn z ,r ywrnx >o 1
scregv.nJcr; krf;bqnrj/wr’budrxno mnr’amr,mI’b/crbzo’mgr’mnr;
anr edlo;p/nr,kwr;jKc.r ncr,kRiynr,kwr pQd’r nmr.< lmr[wr (bap-
tism)< (gUYr’dv,edbqnrjwr;Rh/nr’Edx mI’lzgr’lo/’pQnrg/nr edlo;
hqd’r jzm’r winy)> scregv.nJc;r [.bzc,r jrn f wK r ekv;tmr’budt xr jwr;no
smrx[.wv; ekv;tmr’mnr’jwr;nox bqnrsqnr;d/cr’m/nr,mQnr;noes smrx
hqd’r jzm’r no gmr’nnr mnr’bqnj r /wr’budexr gv.nJc;r ywr>x gUY’r gv; jzm’r
ncr,mnr’bqnrFicr;tucr’gwr,eg, anrsJbr,l/mr’gnrmv’ amr,hgr’ amr,
k/dr,nnrx egv.nnrx edlo;wv; {budt xr mr sRnmr gdrs x vmi< tmrmmr
sRnmr gdrs x vmi< scrkmr sRnmr gdrs x vmi} noywrex s dJw’r gmrsn i r
hv; -
1P amr,kv;dUwj r bfr n
K ;r do/<
2P amr,lgrkx wU ’r lqc’r bKn;r <
3P amr,pid’r gv,emsu<
4P amr,l/dr;gf/mr’lQn<r
5P amr,ginl r wr;yv;mwr’gmrno dI;bv;nv;scr,kv, mKw;r mI’mv’d/cr’
lU, b/crb’oz bU,jv,gnr,edv’lrn f nry x wr>x
mnr’amr,mI’lo/’kbrwx /cr’gnr amr,nnr bgr’bKcl r /o ’kwr;jU’j/wr’
budxr anredlo;hqd’r jzm’r > sv,snv,budt xr nox bqns r n q ;r d/cr’dv,pw
1scr< bbr 1 (mU,ld) nv; 234
108
es anrlwU ,r lo;hqd’r noj x mrx bqns r n
q ;r d/cr’m/gr;g/cr,bQd,r yKc;r ywr>x wv;
dI;edxegv; dI;mKc’r j/wr’budkxr wr ycr’mI’b/crl,U d/nr’< bo’z l/mr’sv,snv,
anrlIlUlIdUYr’es h/cr;kQmrxlQbr; jzmr’ncr,k/wr’y/mr’tJcrmv’nnrx
ywr;> ycr’mI’]nr,h/cr;budt xr jwr; dI;nr’f wdrwx hi /nr< gzc’r mU’< bv’jqmd r n U ;r
ebv’ti anrj/wr’budkxr wrd;o dqn’r < lU,mzg,r < wo;svyU,ywr>x jKw’r nox amr,
jr;f wv; bqnd r v,sU’yzn’r g/wr,no < jKcn xr cr,sv,snv,gKw’r Fv.pIkwr> mnr’
gUY’r bqna r nrhwr’mI’d/cr’kug’r jrl f ;o budt xr jwr;wv; bqnCr sv,kU’wv’noes
bnrd/cr’nbry x mrgv,Rw dI;mnr’jwr; egv.anrjei n sqn;r d/cr’bnr
hwr’nogx Y U ’r > anrhwr’hgrs x vmQd,r bQc’r Fic;r tuc’r jKw’r nox bQgwxr v; mnr’amr,
lmr,lzc;r esdv. mnr’mI’gv;knr anrbnrd/cr’h/nrj x fr nKwd r /cr’yum,r
sv,snv,es smrgx mrt x mQ br n u ;r dv,jKw’r hQc’r Y/nr,< nmrj x t fr mr’ lqgn xr mu ,r
kwr H;bojmz ’r sqn;r d/cr’kJn;r gfv,lz’o lo’z nnry x wr>x
gUnr’gmr;pzcr;wUnrxwv; sv,snv,budrxtno. gUYr’bqnranrmQdr;
jnrxsucr< tmr’sinrjnrxsucr< bo/’wUnrxjnrxsucres awrboz,pv;wxolzcr;
gUnr’< lzcr;bo/’m/gr;mI’ gUnr’mKcr’hwr’yU,nonnrx bqnranrpidr’woxyU,>
budt xr jwr;dJn’r kwr;jrf dv,gUn’r dcr’lo/ lo;egLN,sKw’r edx> anrmnr’
jwr;hnrtcJ Er dx ebv’amr,jzm’r sqn;r d/cr’pKg,r jJn;r anraci n r wK s r gi ;r
kv,sint r mr’< nmrj x t fr mr’ebv’no mnr’amr,j/cr;lo;d/cr’egLN,sKw’r jQd;r
edxmnr’> gUY’r gv; anrjmz ’r pwjKcn xr cr,nonxo mnr’y/br,wox bun;r dv,
hvOmrkwU ’r lqc’r El;nv;g/nrelv’gI,anrwv;nox budt xr jwr;[.yU,>
gUY’r gv; budt xr jwr;amr,nbrwx v; d/cr’m/gr;mI’po/,kUw’r lqc’r nox wv;
mnr’bqnbr cK y r ,fr jig’r jzmbr n K ;r < mnr’gUY’r bqnkr cK ;r gmrx dv,Odr;tJcd r ;I yKc’r
mo/ dv,Odr;tJcp r wmQd;r sucs r d u ’r gUY’r > gzb;r nnrEl; budt xr sv,snv,
nbrwx v; kUw’r lqc’r ej’jim,r nox amr,nmregv; lUw,r mI’wxd o /nr,d/nr, bun;r
dv,edlo;nmrxjrftmr’kJnr;yrf,noywrx>
budt xr jwr; amr,awrpwp/dr,g/cr’gogvf ,esdUc,r wKc’r gUn’r bJnxr
109
t/nrb/o ’m/gr;mI’< mnr’jwr;dUY’r hnrjd z ,r ej’ nr’f lzc;r po/,dUc,r wKc’r
gUn’r < po/,bo/’mKc’r < po/,bo/’m/gr;mI’dcr’sqc;r yU,> dUY’r ekv;scr,sznmr nr’
jwr; anrgwq ,r lUY;r lzc;r sinrtmr’< nmrj x t fr mr’< po/,bo/’wUnkxr brlx j fr wK ’r
noex s hwr’[.hnrl;o yU,> gUY’r gv; gUn’r mKc’r wnr’dUg’r kwr amr,[.lzc;r wv;
ekv;sznbr d u txr jwr; bv’wxl o cz ;r dUc,r wKc’r gUn’r < bo/’m/gr; mI’El;po/,bo/’mKc’r
no> hwr’ycr’hnrlo;ekv;tmr’dcr’nmr anrmnr’gqwr,gbr’lzcr;jKwr’nox
mI’wojx d
z ,r ej’ lo/dI; nr’f bbrbx v,lijwr;yU,> hwr’j/mr’awragz ,r dUwy r /cr,
anrnJcr;esdUYr’gznr,>
jgrgwdrds i du dr nr’f dIknigvy (mo/ 26) jQc;r enwxd o gQ ,r dQg,r
lQc’r lQc’r wv; d/cr’p/nrnxo bqncr wr;h/gr;kzcd r /cr’y/mr;amr,lIEl;g/nr
ho/. jKcn xr cr,lgrgx nr< l/dr;gf/mr’lQn<r pid’r emv’gnr< jcr’gnr< mKg;r
dI;gnrjgfv,ywrx> jwr;kunrmKcr’mKwr;gznr, jKcrxncr,lUcrbzcrjJcr; y/mr’
edv;lqwr awrd/cr’bnrd/mr,esEl; kdr’jrd f gq ’r dqcmr v’ dI;g/nrmgK ;r
mr;f yU,ywr>x gU,ddnr,dsudd xr nr’f nigvyanrlwq gr nregv; sbr’lQc’r
enlzcr;wv; ebv’awrlo/’jKcrxncr,wv;mv’nnrxjrf.ebv’no mnr’amr,tJcr
dI;< gUYr’edbQdr;lo/wv;no> anrbudrxtjwr;bnrd/cr’ko;jrfwxoEdxjmrx
bun;r dv,edaI’sobd Q ;r d/cr’mKg;r lKc’r jKcn xr cr,wv;mv’nnrx jwr;kunmr cK ’r
kwr edlo;jz;o jwr;ho;jwr;nv’< gmrt x mQ br nrjwK p xr nr’ dcr’kKc;r yib’r kKc;r
dJw’r d/cr,yKc;r bun;r dv,edpug,r w/nr, jKwp xr nr’ywr>x edlo;gmrt x mQ r
yJnr;bnr cJnr’dJnr’ bunr;dv,gUnr’gv.kwr edj/cr;bzcrg/nrlo;nrf’
g/nrgv.ko/> gv;cJnr’lKnrbunr;dv,gUnr’t/mr’g/nrkunrkwregv; tugr,
lo;bnrH;ebv’gumr,tUnr;ywrx> mKwr;anrgUnr’mKcr’kwr lo;d/cr’jzo;tQmr
gumr,tUnr; dv,nv;g/nrlqcrxdzcrxkwrnnrx kwrdgr’h/nrxbqcr’jrfg/nrkwr<
edamr,mI’d/cr’mo;kIj<fr jrs f gu xsr /grsx cres lJn’r sud’r mnr’ w/nr;mKc’r
dgr’edgdr’yqnr lzd;r ep’kqny r wr>x 1
1DI,< bbrx 1 (gUwr,lmr,bUwr,-1929) nv; 101
110
gzbr;anrnoxEl; budrxtjwr; l/dr;engUnr’[inr’kwr lzcr;wv;
dv,edH;bo/’m/gr;mI’kJnr;nnrx mnr’lmr,lzcr;gv;]iwranrwv;nnrxywrx>
gUY’r gv; anrnxo mnr’amr,bzc,r wv; mnr’jwr;sepv’lo;jrf lUw,r lo;mI’jrf
elv’p- d/cr’jrj f br’bQn’r nKwkr wU ’r lqc’r ej’jimn r >o gzb;r wv; jrj f v.nox
mnr’s/nrkdr’gnrdcr’ekv;scr,sznmr nr’jwr;< jqms r mrx mnr’jwr;amr,
lo;jrf lo/’hvlqcd xr cz gxr ;U lo/’lo/’> ycr’mI’g/nrgv.ko/m/gr,gzc;r jJn’r y/mr’< lqcxr
sdr’dv,kv;ko/ginj r wK ’r nox mnr’jwr;wv;bqnr g/nrm/br,mKg;r nr’f g/nrlcq xr
dzcxr jKcn xr cr,hwr’lo;hnrmv’jqmj r wrnx nry x wr>x
gUn’r egv.nJc;r jJw;r wv; dIkjvnu gfv,el,wo;svbudt xr jwr; mKw;r
wnr’nJc;r esl/dr;wv; {jwr;hwr’dI;kv; hwr’bqngr n U ’r [in’r yUw’r yUw’r gfn’r
nv;[in’r dvey’es lqcl xr gu ;r lqcexr m’eav;> budt xr jwr;hwr’ kQn’r edv;
ehv’bnrtmr’ anrj/cr;bnrpn z ’r H;lo;gdr’yqns r wK ’r jrj f wU ;r j/dr;nox
El; j/dr;nv;nnrkx v;lU’} noywr>x
budrxtjwr;ehv’enmnr’ lzcr;d/cr’sI,yKcr; anrj/cr;bnr
d/cr’egLN,sKwr’gUnr’[inr’kwr bunr;dv,j/dr’nox aigr,j/dr;nv;ywrx>
tUn;r nJc;r noj x mr’ mnr’edlo;gdrkx n Q ,r < bzcbr n
q l r ;o < bv’jr<f gox nr’f nv;
g/nrlcq d xr cz mxr nr’es lughxr d q ’r kdr’jrf (audt r vnsmrbdv)> tUn;r szcr
jmr’ mnr’lUw,r emvOmrsmi ’r bQc’r < br.f bv’cJn’r kwr;mnr’< anrmnr’lo;mv’jzm’r
tmr’lo;mv’gzb;r [iw,r lok’o yz.o mnr’ (avRgrksmrbdv)> tUn;r s/mrjmr’ mnr’
tug,r lo;mI’aUY’r egv.lI (glyvnmidd r dv) egv.mI’sjrjv, lgr’lQmr<
mI’sin<r mI’Y/nr,< emvaznbr j o mz ’r sqn;r d/cr’lI lzd;r d/cr’mKg;r > tUn;r
sI,jmr’ tug,r lo;emvjr.f jo/,< yv,jr.f nmrnv,< ea,nv,< bzc,r wv; yv,mI’
dcr’elv’peslo/nv,es awrsmi ’r wx<o amr,sKw’r gins r wK ’r jo/,< El;yv,
jo/,pUwj xr /o ,pv. anrwv; (smjIwgi dv) no jKw’r noy x wr>x
wo/’nnrx budrxtjwr;sJbr,ehv’En g/nrlIsI,yKcr; anrbnr
pzn’r lIdv,gUn’r [in’r kwr dv,lo;egLN,sKw’r mKw’r nv;ywr>x tUn;r nJc;r jmr’
111
sdrxtv,- mnr’edlo;mI’dcr’sdrtv, yumr,ymrnKwrsinrtmr’< g/mr,<
gv;knrd/cr’wUnl xr yI wr>x tUn;r szcj
r mr’ sI,l-mnr’lUw,r gmrsn i mr ’I sinr
amr,kv; jrbf n K ;r do/< amr,lgrkx wU ’r lqc’r bKn;r < amr,pid’r gv,em,su< amr,
l/dr;gf/mr’lQn<r amr,ginl r wr;yv;mwr’gmr> tUn;r s/mrjmr’ jv,g mI’jrf
ej,dnv,bUd’r bUd’r bz,o bz,o lU,d/nr’mQc,r kUw’r lqc’r cJn’r kmr’bnrbn K ;r H;bqnr
kUw’r kzckr wr> tUn;r hv;jmr’ bYr,Yv,< mnr’tug,r lo;bzcEr p bYr,Yv, anr
j/cr;aznt r cJ dr gu kxr mzd,r sud’r yqn<r [.hnrnbi bxr /nr, jKw’r noy x wr;>1
m/crbgz ;r budt xr jwr; ycr’ehv’engfv,dI;gf/cr; lzc;r Omrcn J ’r jo/,
cJnr’nnrxgznr,> dUwry/cr,mnr’jmrx mKwr;mnr’jwr;l/dr;en jo/’m/wr,
sigv,lnnrx mnr’jwr;wv; {mnr’tug,r lo;jr.f jo/,nJc;r bun;r nr’f sI,bun;r
cJn’r kwr;jwr;gwr,ywr>x kJc;r nJc;r smrp x cr,wxn o ’fr g/nrm/gr;mI’es tUn;r sI,
nnrx wxd o wJ ’r mKw;r y/mr’mI’mv’g/nrlmr,lzc;r nnr}x wv;no>2 mKw;r bzg;r nJc;r
budt xr jwr;l/dr;enset’anvtbind r gi egv.bqnr lug;r sv,wgmnr’
jwr;egv.bUg’r dcr;wdrex j,dwnr, dI;wqc’r sv,wdrt x n
i nrwx v; ycr’mI’d/cr’
egLN,sKw’r sI,yKc;r noywr>x tUn;r nJc;r jmr’ bqnd r /cr’egLN,sKw’r gzb;r mI’kUw’r
lqc’r ej’jim,r gum,r tUn;r anrl;o mv’jzm’r tmr’ (adrts i ku )> tUn;r szcr
jmr’ jr.f jo/,cJn’r lzd;r lzd;r lQw’r lQw’r bun;r dv,mnr’< bun;r dv,lug;r em’
[in’r ey’mnr’< do’egv.mnr’ dcr’nv;g/nr lzc;r lU,d/cr’d/nr’ (epvg
suk)> tUn;r s/mrjmr’ amr,mI’nI; mI’kzd,r (annsuk)> tUn;r sI,jmrx
amr,mI’d/cr’pid’r aguswU ,r < yU,lUY;r pwsug’r jJn;r (anwjrjsuk)
noywr>x dI;nox tug,r lIl;o F/cr[x .wv; anrgwq ,r gbr’bo/’m/gr;mI’nox mI’s/mr
yKc;r es budt xr jwr;smrx sJb,r bnrsdiwv; d/cr’egLN,sKw’r gzb;r lUY;r
d/cr’m/gr;mI’El; gzb;r kUw’r lqc’r ej’jimn r xo mnr’amr,d/nr,d/cr’egLN,sKw’r
2DI,< bbrx 3(gUwr,lmr,bUwr,-1929) nv; 115
3acr,< (gUwr,lmr,bUwr,-1929) nv;-232-233
112
jzm’r tmr’ nr’f sib’r [gr’bun;r nJc;r bun;r wv;no>3
lugd xr ;I anrsbr’lQc’r mv’d/cr’nKwn r nrex s hwr’lo;hnr lzc;r wv;
budt xr jwr; ko;jrl f Y U ;r lzc;r po/,m/gr;mI’ wv;bqnkr cK ;r yib’r d/cr’dJw’r bun;r
dv,d/cr’egLN,jrgf n U ’r hwr’yU,> gUY’r gv; mnr’jwr; amr,nbrwx v; nnrbx n q r
d/cr’egLN,sKw’r anredxanrm/nr,no> mKw;r anrmnr’jwr; bnrhcQ ’r po/,
bo/’m/gr;mI’kJnr;nnrx mnr’jwr;woxnmrxjrftmr’lIkJnr;yrf, anrj/cr;bnr
d/cr’egLN,sKw’r < gdr’yqn<r h/nrj x n fr xo bqnbr cK y r ,fr dv,dcr’lo/ywr>x
budt xr jwr; mI’d/cr’hnrtcJ n r wK br /o ’mKc’r < lzc;r sJg’r sKw<r lzc;r gdr’
yqnj r wK ’r noy x ,U > dI;nox kr;f sJb,r sbr’lQc’r entQc;r lzc;r wv; sv,snv,
budt xr nox gmrt x mQ br nrhcQ ’r jKw’r wv;mv’nnr.es smrex hv’sznr dv,edjzm’r
tmr’ awihmi s r -amr,kv;dqg’r cQn’r ebxgn i gr nr< dv,edlo;gdr’yqngr nr
es amr,bnrhcQ ’r dv,suga xr n U gr wr’gnr< ebxgn i gr nr kv;do/gnrnnr>x
ebv’awrjmz ’r sv,snv,budt xr wv; {sJg’r sKwj r mz ’r Cdv’} anrwv;nox mnr’
amr,mI’< gUY’r bqner kv;gf/mr’anrpd i ’r pUner s hvlzc;r hvd/cr’wv; mnr’
mQn;r dv,ed[mr,dUm’r edv’s< d/cr’mKg;r lKc’r < ebxgn i gr nr< kv;gnrd/o
jKw’r nogx Y U ’r > prs f mrd x bQ ’r ddr’wv; jzm’r Cdv’amr,jzm’r Cdv’?> egv.mI’hQc’r
yr,f dcr’egv.mKg;r esbKn;r nox bqna r nrjmz ’r Cdv’es egv.mI’hQc’r ea, dcr’
egv.sum’r nox wv;bqna r mr,jzm’r Cdv’> sJg’r hwr’nogx Y U ’r jcr,jzm’r Cdv’< sJg’r
sUamr,jzm’r Cdv’no> budt xr sv,snv,Edx amr,yzm’r hbrd x /cr’wUns xr nz ,r
jKcrxno>
budt xr jwr;amr,jr;f gUY’r ehv’szner ntmr’awihmi s r < d/cr’gdr’
yqn<r dUnd r wU mr nr’jwr;gmr’lqwr gfv,dI;nv;sJg’r sv,gI,kwr dcr’egv’liy
kwr anreddJg’r edv’gnr gzb;r himn r mrex Rv’hin,I nnrex s h/mr;sJg’r nnrx
mv’> tQc;r gmr’nJc;r mnr’jwr;h/mr;kuna r jv,dsdr; anredgfv,dJg’r mKc’r
wUY,r sv,lI, kKw’r kunwr drj x ,I kwrmv’yU,gzn,r >
mKw;r b/nrbd u t xr jwr;y/mr’nnregv; edv;mKngr nry/mr’edv;lqwr
113
ycr’mI’jwr;kungr n z ’r mKc’r kwr anramr,jzm’r tmr’kwry,U > gUn’r mKc’r kwrl;o
k/mr,d/mr,dqg’r dqc<r Odr;gincr n J ’r kmr’< ebv.hQm<r kv;do/< gqb’r kzn,r bUnd xr ;I
es wxd o /mr,ngr’nvnKwkr wr> gzb;r lzc;r d/cr’hqd’r amr,mKngr n U ’r El; budxr
tjwr;mI’d/cr’aid’r lUy,fr lUcer dx> tmr,mbdadrt x gtv gqb’r Omrekv;
mun’r wxwo v; gzb;r nnrEl;budt xr jwr; mI’jry f cK ’r a/nr’ dv,bUg’r bzcr lUcbr cz r
jJc;r H;lI> d/cr’hnrtcJ mr nr’jwr;nKwgr /nrmcK ’r < dUc,r wKc’r gUn’r < bo/’m/gr;mI’
pzc’r mKw;r b/nrmnr’jwr;nnrx bqna r nrls I n U jr y
fr ,U edx> mnr’jwr;jIx
enwv; w/nr;mKcr’dKcr’gv’ sugrxyucr;mv’< yUbr;yzmr’mv’< lIcinr’p/nr;mv’
gv;]iwn r cJ ;r mKw;r lUcbr cz jr cJ ;r < jwr;kun<r pzc’r mKc’r kwrEl; pU;gmrg/nrkwr
amr,jzm’r Cdv’< gin’r sU’ginl r /br;mv’nnr>x bun;r w/nr;mKc’r edgdr’yqnr
nnrx edlo;mI’lUcbr cz j r cJ ;r jzm’r Cdv’ywr>x hwr’edhqd’r ]iw[r .lo; lUcbr cz r
jJc;r jv.anrjmz ’r Cdv’anrwv;nnrx ebv’hwr’lUdY U ’r {wdr;tmr’jwr;
kunmr cK ’r sib’r yKc;r } nr’f jv,dgno edlo;[.yU,jKcn xr cr,budt xr jwr; sbr’
lQcr’nnrxywr;> 1
ekv; {Rvj} anrnxo hwr’tug,r jr.f dQn’r d/cr lUcbr cz j r cJ ;r anr
jr.f dJw’r yU,edv;lqwn r y xo wr>x gzb;r nnrEl; gv;bqnl r cU br cz j
r cJ ;r dcr’lUcr
jKcn xr cr,pU;gzn’r mKc’r < pzc’r mKc’r < pU;azn[r wrp/o ,bo/’mKc’r < po/,mo/mI; dcr’Ocr;
g/nrddr’sinr jKw’r noex gv;kwr;bv’nr’f ekv;ewv’h/nr {kun}r noy x wr>x
mo/nJc;r wdrt x mr’jwr;kunj r mr’ dvn- hqd’r s/cr;d/cr’lU,d/cr’
d/nr’ywr>x jwr;kunn r xo amr,tug,r lo;tI,nqw<r mQd,r hgrkx wU ’r lqc’r < tug,r
lo;jv,gmQc,r bnr dv,bKn;r lo;m/gr;mI’ywr>x
mo/szcj r mr’ bqns r ,I lywr>x mnr’amr,tug,r lo;kv;hQmbr n K ;r < lgrx
lQn<r Odr;gincr n J ’r bKn;r < bUnbxr n Q gr v,m< l/dr;gf/mr’lQn<r ginl r wr;yv;
mwr’gmr> jKw’r nobx cz ,r wv; dI;Y/mrd x mQ ,r mnr’ mnr’tug,r lo;gmrsn i hr v;ywr>x
mo/s/mrjmr’ bqnbr Rijj xr v,gywr>x mnr’ tug,r lIl;o bz,o bQd;r gU;smr,
1jv,dg< bbrx 1, nv; 260,399; bbrx 2, nv; 400; bbrx 3, nv; 274,320; bbrx 5, nv; 119,378
114
sQnbr cK r bun;r dv,gUn’r dcr’lo/dgr’lo;lIywr>x gzb;r no mnr’lUw,r lo;dUw;r
dnr’dv,edbzo,bQdr;d/cr’sv,jrfjwr;gwr,< jJwr;sqcrlJwr’El; bv’jqmr
av;s/gr;mnr’ bun;r dv,gUn’r mKc’r dcr’lo/kwrywr>x
mo/sI,jmr’ bqna r jrj x w- jry f d q ,r jrs f wJ ;r yUw’r ywr>x edlo;ew;
bQd;r agdis,I yKc;r anrwv; gUw<r hgrj x mz ’r bv;jzm’r po/,< emv’h edv’s sum,r
cum’r mKw;r jdr’nv;g/nr< edlo;jrmf nr;nimer s amr,lQngr n U ’r mKc’r kwr>
mo/hv;jmr’ bqnr mdrxdw jrfaUnr;aznr, jrfaidr’lUbKnr;ywrx>
mnr’ edlo;hgrOx mrbn K ;r amr,womx v,npQns r cu er dv,bKn;r >
mo/[gr’jmr’ bqnr db- d/cr’y/mr; d/cr’gmrsJwr;yUwr’ywrx>
mnr’ed lo;yU,pwjzm’r bKcy r wU ’r yUw’r < amr,mJcmxr wr’jzm’r pwej’jim,r kQmxr
lI El;mI’d/cr’kint r ci ’r dUwj r y
fr wr>x
mo/jqdr’jmr’ bqnr agrxegv’t anrlzdr;azgr,jrflmrnoxywrx>
mnr’ edamr,lo;mI’jrs f Y U ;r bQc’r jcr’edv,bKn;r >
mo/bQd,r jmr’ bqna r wihmi ,r s amr,kv;cQn’r bKn;r < amr,ebxgn i br nK ;r <
ew;y/cr,bQdr;sJgr’sKwr anrj/cr;kv;< dqgr’ebxginrbKnr;es hqdr’H;
d/cr’gdr’yqnrkJnr;yrf,ywrx>
mo/gwr;jmr’ bqnkr nrd,I - d/cr’yKngxr nr; woj x y
fr /wr’noy x wr>x mnr’
edlo;yKnrxk/mr,d/cr’y/br,pJdr,< bKnr;hqdr’amr,lIedv,mnr’nnrx
ywr;>
mo/sib’r jmr’ bqna r wieRv’t- amr,kdr’tqcgr /crjgfr n U ’r mKc’r ywr>x
mnr’edamr,lo;h/mr;sI’d/cr’kJn;r yr,f < po/,m/gr;mI’gUn’r mKc’r > po/,nJc;r bzc,r
wv; mnr’tug,r lo;bKc,r gzn’r cmr’w/nr;mKc’r mnr’ H;tug,r mQn;r gnrdcr’gUn’r
mKcr’>
scrwv; kungr n z ’r cmr’w/nr;mKc’r mnr’wol x l I I jzm’r nmrgx dra x nrwv;
mv’non x jo cJ r w/nr;mKc’r dgr’sKw’r sv,ywr>x anrnxo mnr’amr,jr;f gUY’r bqnr
wUna xr wr< kuner hvkmr’aesv’g mKc’r ain’r dI’yv’egv; jzm’r mo/mI;wdr;tmr’
115
jwr;kuner s gzn’r cmr’w/nr;mKc’r mnr’mv’ywr>x
lUgr;gmr,pv,edv;lqwrnox hwr’lo;yU,lUYr;d/cr’cinr’gUwr< t/cr,
tKmgr nr< kqc,r kdr’edv,gnres,es,> pU;mI’bYr,Yv,bo/’so: kUca r gz ,r mv’
m/gr,mQcr’ (anumLVwr,) anrj/cr;kv;do/gnr anrebv’amr,j/cr;wUnrx
l/mr’lo; nnrl x cU y r ,U ywr>x kf/gr;em,kKc;r j/cr;do/ anrhcQ ’r yr,f es,dv.
kqc,r edv,gnr< lzg,r cJd;r gnres amr,mI’d/cr’aUg’r ao/scres smrmx n Q r
yU,wv; pref dmI’hQc’r yv.dKw’r lo;esprn f yo ,U >
kwrbj o mz ’r d/cr’noex s edv;lqwr scrkwry/cr;dind r wK ’r tQc;r gfv,
y/cr;nJc;r no pzn’r gKd,r mnr’dgr’mUYbxr d Q ;r dcr’szcp r /o , bv’jqmd r cr’gUn’r
do/yrf,do/nmrnnrxywrx>
gUn’r hwr’gum,r lo;mo;jrgf bz ;r cwr’lo/’ anrkwregv,s/cr;mv’noex s ed
hvsqn;r d/cr’ hvlzg’r lo/’ dv,edeg;ko ew;lzd;r bnrhvanrny xo ,U > gUY’r
gv; lKwer slo/’budt xr ekv;tmr’awihmi ,r s< sqn;r d/cr’mqd;r dv,< sqn;r
d/cr’yKnrxgnr;< [.bzcr,jrfgnr< sjrjv,dcr’bYr,Yv,< aelv’p< a
edv’s jKw’r noex s amr,mI’d/cr,lo/’d/cr,d/cr’>
budrxtjwr;wv; {awredv’sedv,edv’ses mnr’amr,dznrx
yqnl r ;o esbzg;r > anrawrjl fr mI d
q ;r dv,aid’r lUgnr hqd’r edv,gnrnox
gUY’r jcr,j/cr;gdr’yqnl r ;o ywr>x anrnj xo mrx bqns r jrjv,gf/mr’jJw;r
jrf;kzcrlUgr;ywrx}> 1
{egv.nJc;r awrd/cr’jrhf gra x d i ’r lUes azc,r ebxl;o edv’s< awr
d/cr’lIesazcr,ebxgUnr’jrfmKgr;< awrd/cr’jv,gyJnr;bnresazcr,ebx
gUn’r tI,nqw<r awrd/cr’ekv;gf/mr’jJw;r jref s azc,r ebxgn U ’r l/dr;lQn}r 2
no> jUw;r gv; egv.nJc;r mI’d/cr’dzcmxr ;o < kr;f ebxbn K ;r < kr;f sim’r awrmcK ’r bKn;r
wox bv;dr;f mJw’r mnr’no mnr’amr,j/cr;mI’lo;d/cr’gdr’yqnr d/cr’egLv,sKw’r >
1tm< dznr; 1, m/o 5
2Ibid.xvii 3.
116
budt xr jwr;wv; {egv.ebxjmU ’r yr,f egv.sum’r yr,f kIcwr> egv.anrw/cr’bQd;r
d/cr’ebxd/cr’sum’r nox mnr’gdr’yqn<r egLN,jr}f wv;no>1 anracz ,r dgv.
azcr,ebx anrbnrd/cr’gdr’yqnredxnox bqnrazcr,ebxhcr’jwr;gwr,ywrx>
{gUn’r egv.nJc;r yUwj r /cr;ebxmv’lo;bz’o dJg’r a/nr,mJn,r mnr’< gUY’r gv; mnr’
amr,jrf;bqnrgUnr’azcr,ebxsucrsudr’> gUYr’bqnregv.anrebxhcr’jwr;
gwr,nogx Y U ’r jcr,lo;wv;bqner gv.azc,r ebxlcU }r noywr>x 2
jwr;gwr,ed,wv;yU, ekv;gf/mr’nox ebxmv’kQml xr bun;r dv,edjcr’bKn;r dv,edkv;bKn;r do/
ycr’bqnl r ;o amr,jr;f hv. ? < ebv’no anregv.nJc;r dcr’egv.nJc;r dv,
edjcr’gnrl<rf kv;hQmgr nrl<rf gUwgr nrlrf t/cr,tKmgr nr jKcn xr cr, dUwr
sdr’kwr yU,nr’f tKn,r nnrl x rf ycr’bqnl r ;o yU,amr,jf;r hv.?> anrl;o
yU,swr’jKcrxncr,wv;mv’nox jzcr,mnr’bnr d/cr’sv,jfr kQmxrdKwr’hv.?
jzcr,edv’s hqdr’H;edv’syqnrho/lo;hv.? jzcr,d/cr’mKgr; azcr,ebxlo;
d/cr’mKg;r hv. ?> mnr’mI’dUwy r /cr,dcr’nmr gqw,r lUY;r sun,r dUwer s lzc;r
wv; mqd;r dv,nox hqd’r H;edv’syqnhr /o lo;yU, anrwv;nnr<x d/cr’lI
hqd’r H;d/cr’ho/.mKg;r yqnhr /o nnrmx ’I yU,dcr’nmr> jwr;gwr, edwv; mnr’
gUY’r edko;mQn;r nr’f lzc;r nv;g/nrsn u ,r dUwgr Y U ’r < bun;r dv,lzc;r g/nrmcK ’r <
gU;sJc,r mKc’r nnrEx dx edamr,bqnl r ;o wv;no> gUn’r hwr’lo;k/mr,d/cr’awr
po/,bo/’mKc’r < ekv;b/wr,jKcn xr cr,wv; jKwkxr wK ’r w/nr;mKc’r < gU;sJc,r mKc’r jKw’r nox
p/cr’lQngr nry,U es awrw/cr,wKw;r [.hnrpd i ’r gfv,wv; {anrnxo jr;f edx
aKw;r mr’f } noy,U ywr>x jKwkxr wK ’r < gUn’r mKc’r anrwv;nox gUY’r bqnbr gu ;r gUw,r sun,r
dUwp r mfr nr’ mv’egv,kzn;r gnrwgox Y U ’r > kKw’r gUn’r < w/nr;mKc’r Edx amr,dUcxr
nJc<r gUY’r bqn[r wregv.bug;r gUw,r gUY’r dUcn xr cJ <r anr[wregv. prmf nr’dUcn xr cJ r
yU,nox lo;wv;bqnr jKwkxr wK ’r w/nr;mKc’r dUcn xr cJ yr wr>x anrsn u ,r dUwbr cz br n q r
1Ibid.xv 5.
2Ibid. viii 4.
117
lo;nox lo;wv; w/nr;mKc’r bzcbr n q l r ;o ywr>x scrjwK wxr v; [wregv.awrd/cr’jrl f I
jrmf dq ;r dv,es mzd,r yqnl r ;o edv’s jrl f mrjcr’gnrno hqd’r scrhwr’
edamr,j/cr;hqd’r lo; nr’f dzn;r g/nrw/nr;mKc’r < g/nrjwK kxr wK ’r > mKw;r anr
egv.nJc;r awrdcr’jrl f j I cfr /mr’es dv.kqc,r lo;edv’sjrl f mrbn K ;r nnrx
mnr’ycr’edlo;mI’d/cr’hdr’h/nr edlo;c/nr mnr;jrfnKwrhQcr’sinr
tmr’ yr,f nmrgn z ,r ywr>x bun;r dv, ededv,sU;w/nr;mKc’r gU;sJc,r mKc’r nnrx
yJc;r kQn’r edlo;mI’jrl f mI d q ;r dv, nmrdwK ’r gzn,r ywr>x {scrwv; amr,bqnr
lo;< mnr’amr,co/;no gUY’r edmQn;r dv,h/cr’dUwj r wr;gwr,gUY’r ywr>x anr
edxegv; mnr’dJn’r wv;amr,co/;nnry x wr>x jwr;gwr,edkr;f wv; anrkdr’
jrjf cK n xr n o xo gUY’r edbqnd r /cr’sum’r gUY’r ywrn x >o mQn;r yU, gUY’r gv; mnr’
edamr,lo;sumr’d/nr,bqnrsJgr’anumLV,>
ebv’mv’wUnd xr Y U ’r lzc;r jwr;kuna r esv’glUcr mKc’r ain’r dI’yv’
mKw;r [wrb/gr; B.C 3 anrjwJ ;r lJw’r lcrwn ox ’fr bJn’r < egv.mI’d/cr’hdr’h/nr<
d/cr’h/nrj x efr s smrmx ’I d/cr’hnr dv,awrekv;tmr’awihmi s r budt xr jwr;<
mqd;r dv,jwr;es bzcgr /nrw/nr;mKc’r ehvsQcmr nr’ jqmp r /o ,nzg;r po/,nr’f
nnrn x o bqna r nrlj I mU ’r lIycz ;r a/mr’nv,anrncJ ;r ywr>x gzb;r noEl;
bKn;r Ocrj x wr;pIhgrn x o dI;mnr’ywr>x
gmr’aznrd/cr’Edx mnr’jzmr’sqnr;d/cr’ebv;kunrmnr’ binr,du
sv,R dcr’ebv;twr;jwr;kunres yKcr’a/nr’dv,ed]br;simr’lo; mKcr’
ain’r dI’yv’dcr’guny r wr>x mnr’kwr;dJg’r gv,lic,r gesebxEl; sim’r awr
nnry x wr>x gUn’r sJg’r a/nr,[wrmn J ,r do/< m/dr,< dqg’r cQn’r jqmd r /cr’awr
kmrkgz ;r lry f wr>x gUY’r gv; wo/’nnrmx v’ mKw;r mnr’bqnmr v’j/wr’budn xr nrx mnr’
lQg;r lo/;gfv,dcr’bJg’r gzb;r ekv;tmr’budt xr jwr;ywr>x dI;nr’f lgr’swrhn i r
lig;r mnr’ anrncJ ;r anrjwJ ;r lJw’r lcrnnrx hwr’ycr’hnrlgi ;r cwr;gwr,
mnr’es lUdY U ’r lo;edv,tJchr /nrwx nr’mKw;r noy x ,U > dQm;r wxwo v; lzc;r mnr’
azc,r ebxkn u gr v,lic,r g jqmd r cr’bJd,r puY,r aUg’r jrmf nr’edv,gUn’r mKc’r wv;
118
mnr’lo; nQcj r mfr v’wv;no> mnr’sJb,r wv; anrmnr’lo;hqd’r mv’bz’o dJg’r awr
gUnr’do/nox mnr’pidr’jfrnv,wv;no> mnr’bJnrp/wr,edv,gUnr’mKcr’wv;
mnr’ edamr,tzd,r l/br,azg,r gbr’ bun;r dv,edazc,r ebxbn K ;r < gUY’r ed
awrdcr’awihmi s r tmr’ kind r wU tr ci ’r jr<f bzcer pnmrj x l
fr aI n U ;r azn,r es
sU’yznr’ H;dUwrmI’jrfdcr’lUcr lo;gdr’yqnr< lo;lzdr;ep’kqnr bKnr;
dqg’r dqcn r nry x wrn x >o anrnEo dx dJn’r bqnl r cz ;r d/cr’azc,r ebxlcU r mnr’
jwr;kuner dxywr>x amr,jr;f gUY’r gv’ mnr’w/cr’bQd;r sJg’r sKwr bv’jqml r /dr;
endJg’r sUn’r wv; {edamr,H;lo;lug;r l/nrmnr’jwr;kunwr n U xr lzc;r dv,
edazc,r ebx jKcn xr cr,mnr’mv’PPP> edH;kwrwn U mxr n
Q ;r dv,edawrdcr’nmrx
jrlf a I d i ’r lUes azc,r ebxbn K ;r gzn,r } noywr>x anrnxo dJn’r bqnl r cz ;r lI
bun;r dv,lUg;r nox jqmd r /cr,lUg;r ywr>x
anrnxo bqnd r wU yr /cr,anrncJ ;r nr’f bJn’r kUc’r g/crgn U ’r anrmnr’
bqner gv.azc,r ebxl;o hcr’dUwmr nr’ jqmd r cr’mI’hQc’r tic’r ebxl;o gunl r n i r
mnr’ywr>x w/cr’bQd;r anrkv;hQmbr n K ;r < ebxgn i br n K ;r esEl; wo/,nv;jU’
po/,gdr’yqn<r awihmi s r tmr’ anramr,dqg’r cQn’r bKn;r nnry x wr>x
dI;nox edlo;wv; bqnrg/nrsznr dv,lUgr;y/mr’edv;lqwrywrx>
jwr;kunl r cU r gzcl r crbd Q ;r sJg’r sKwr egv,g/nrh/o .esywrx hgrmx d Q ,r bQc’r ekv;
tmr’gdr’yqnr<lzdr;egv,g/nrkqnrnnrxywrx> nrf’bJnr’anramr,dznrx
y/mr;mI’mv’ lzc;r wv;kund r /cr,mKc’r kwr awrsn u ,r m/nr gzb;r kuna r esv’g mI’
sint r mr’nnrex s hqd’r sJg’r dJg’r edv’mnr’mv’< amr,nnr mI’mv’gUn’r
lugp xr n J xr kqc,r kdr’mnr’ nr’f sJc,r dKc’r mnr’> wv;dI;edx gUY’r mI’d/cr’gdr’
yqnr bJnj r d z ,r dUw;r nr’f gunmr cK ’r mnr’< edv;gv; kund r /cr,mKc’r kwr ycr’
yzmr’hbrxlo/’aubrxbKcr,pzcr’cmr’mnr’gznr,ywrx>
anrabu ,r gumgr nr bun;r dv,H;mI’d/cr’hQc’r pqc,r d/nr,gnr mI’hQc’r
m/gr,niw’r kRI’yv’mKngr nres dv,lo;gdr’yqnn r xo mnr’mKg;r mr;f nv,> kKc;r
mI’hQc’r jv.yv.gnrnxo j/cr;hqd’r H;mo;jrgf Y U ’r < mnr’amr,bnrgdr’yqn>r
119
gzb;r mo;jrf gUwEr l; mnr’amr,j/cr;mI’lo; d/cr’gdr’yqnmr nr;kKc,r > gUY’r
edbnrlcz ;r jcr’gnr< kr;f jv.gnr< kqngr nrgY U ’r > bQgs
xr mrmx nr’gdr’yqnr
lo;esdv. po’pid’r gnr ho/.edv,gnrnxo j/cr;dQg,r azg,r mv’lo;gU;k/wr’
yU,> d/cr’gdr’yqnr anrj/cr,jQd;r jJw;r jr;f nox gUY’r j/cr;ep;dKn’r
lo; mKw;r pzc’r mI’mqd;r dv,< hgrOx mrgnr< mKw;r amr,mI’d/cr’mo;gUw<r mKw;r amr,mI’
d/cr’t/cr,tKmgr nr< mKw;r amr,mI’ep’nnrgx Y U ’r >
budtxr sv,snv,nox yKc’r dv,bUg’r dcr; dUc,r wKc’r gUn’r dv,edlo;
bo,z w/cr’bQd;r d/cr’kdr’jrd f v,lo;amr’n/dr; anrj/cr;yv.< dv,edamr,
mI’d/cr’ebxd/cr’sum’r es H;mI’d/cr’gdr’yqner p;jzd,r wo<x dv,edgQd,r
ekeh.g/nrkv;hQmgr n U ’r amr,mI’d/cr’pid’r kwr< dv,bqnmr v’pU;anr azc,r ebx
hcr’jwr;gwr,es wv;anrnmxo nr’kQmd xr wK ’r es anracz ,r ebxb’oz dJg’r a/nr,
hqc<r dv,bo/’m/gr;mI’kJn;r yf,r < dv,edamr,H;mI’kqn<r sUY;r gnr< kf;r jv.gnr<
elv’plmr,m/gr; anrdwK kxr gK ;r [wrjgfr n U ’r < dv,mI’gTunv, d/cr’aid’r lU<
dv,yU,[mr;Omr’gnr dcr’dUwmr ’I jrd f cr’sqc;r jzm’r tmr’< dv,emvko;jref dv,
gnr< hgrxgnr< dv,pwlo;yU,gdr’yqnr< pzmrxpqcr,gnr< dv,H;mI’d/cr’
h/nrxjrf lUYr;kUwr’lqcr’bQcr;ncr,mI’< dv,y/cr;dinrbojU’tmr’mQdr;jnrx
suc<r dv,lo;[.bzc,r bRmdrt x sjrjv,nibbxr /nr,ywr>x
120
lzcr;gmrm-g/mr,
gmrm nox bzc,r wv;d/cr’hqd’r d/cr’s/cr;dUwhr wr’< sUb’r hwr’El;jrhf wr’
nnry x wr;> gUY’r gv; mnr’lUw,r lo;bv’dcr’ej,dnv, d/cr’aqn’r a/nr’
jrgf n z ,r jcr,edlo;wv;g/mr,ywr;> Cpv’bqnj r wr;wv; {ejdnvhmr pigkr ew
gmrmmrwdvmi} noywr;> hqd’r scregv;ywrx jra f n q ’r kr;f hqd’r nox mnr’dJn’r
ebv,aznd r /cr’wox jqmmr wK ;r hwr’bo,hqd’r nnry x wr;> gzb;r mI’jrkf ;fr hqd’r kr;f bqnr
nnrEx l; awrdwU hr d q ’r < sUb’r l/dr;< jrwf n U gxr vf ,ywr;> nr’f tmr,mbdmI’wox
wv; {jrn f xo bqna
r nrnmr’nv;bKn;r < bqncr wr;gwrbx n K ;r dcr’sqc;r nr’f g/nrlI
El;g/nrh/o .nnry x wr;> scrjwK wxr v; jwr;gwr,hqd’r gfv, lUY;r dcr’jrl f I jrf
ho/.ebv’no d/cr’mUn;r sKw’r El;d/cr’k/nrjfr dgr’edjzm’r jwr;gwr, mKnr
jKcn xr cr, m/gr,elv.jzm’r Oo’dinwr wU ’r dUwa r nrl/gr;elv.nnrx amr,nnr
edmKnn r cr, gzccxr wr’jbr’jzm’r jwr;gwr,dv,es,nnry x wr;>
dI;no; edlo;dzc’r [.wv; gmrm gU;anrnxo mI’hQc’r j/cr;hqd’r H;
pzn’r gKd,r bqnmr v’ywr;> ebv’awrg/f mr’ dv,lug;r azn,r bzc,r jr,f co/; wv;jJcr
{hqd’r anrleI gv; anrleI dmv’jU’jwr;gwr,< ebv’hqd’r ho/.egv; anrh/o .
edmv’jU’jwr;gwr,} ywr;> ebv’hwr’jr.f mnr’lzc;r po/,pug,r szm;r jJcr hwr’
edlo;bzcr,jrfg/mr,wv; {ebv’pugr,jKwrxpnr’anrY/mrxmnr’egv; jwr;gwr,
edlo;b/dr,awr[cr’m/gr, anrY/mr,mnr’ywr;>
gv;dUwmr ’I jrf gv;dgr’edlo;hbrj x /mr,bUY;r pzn’r g/mr,ywr;> anr
dzn’r esbKn;r jmrx bqnbr t u ju /nr,ywr;> gzb;r wv; kwrhvOmrhcQ ’r gmrmmv’ lo/
b/nrsmr,sRv,nnry x wr;> g/mr,b/nran z d r cr’bjrj x bu /nr,g/mr,jUw;r b/nr
nox dcr’szckr wrm’I hQc’r bnrpn z ’r lo; nr’f jUw;r b/nrnExo l;aig,r j/dr;b/nr
edmv’dcr’nmrnnxy r wr;> jUw;r gv; hwr’ycr’dJgmxr ’I giel,sv,yU,nox hwr’
121
dgr’edlo;b/dr,awrpznr’g/mr,kzcrhwr’ywr;>
jwr;aRhnr,kwrnxo bQgwxr v;ycr’bo,lzd;r lo;pzn’r j/gr, lIagi ,r
j kzcrg/mr,b/nraznresdv. jrfkwrjwr;Edx amr,lo;k/nrjrf< gUYr’gv;
po/,dUwEr dx ycr’lo;tUb’r anrlEI l;anrh/o .yU,> dUwy r cr,mnr’ jwr;
mhv,mzggrx l/nr,nox lo;k/mr,bKn;r kv;hQmmr nr’jwr;mv’ gzb;r g/mr,b/nran z r
mnr’jwr;jv.nnrxywr;> gUYr’gv; awrpo/,jrfwv;Edx mnr’jwr;amr,mI’
d/cr’k/nrjs fr cr jKcn xr cr,butj u /nr,hwr’< gzb;r wv;jwr;aRhnrdv, ebv’
tUY;r tznbr d Q ;r giel, sv,dcr’sqc;r anrbn q cr wr;h/gr;dv,k/nrjbfr n q r
ebv,nnrxywr;>
d/cr’hqd’r jwr;aRhnrdv,kwrnxo edwv;]iw>r jzc,r d/cr’hqd’r kwr
jwr; bqnl r ;o g/mr,yU,hv.> Cpv’bqnj r wr;wv; ej,dnv,nox bqngr /mr,no>
g/mr,nr’f j/wr’budn xr xo kwr;bv’wox jra f guswU ,r 12 bKc<r jrgf s u wU ,r lI 8 bKc<r jrf
guswU ,r TUb 5 bKcr El;jrgf s u wU ,r aTUbvb 4 bKcr dcr’sqc;r 29 bKcr jKw’r noy x wr;>
jrgf su wU ,r elv’gudd xr Rv, amr,nnr jrmf grgx 4 bKcn r xo amr,kwr;bv’ nr’f jrf
ej,dnv, gzb;r wv; kwrm’I hQc’r nmrj x fr dv,edkv;hQmgr s u wU ,r dcr’aguswU ,r
dcr’szcr anrbn q cr wr;h/gr;gmrmnnry x wr;> gzb;r nnr d/cr’hqd’r anr
lref gv;lI anrjwr;aRhnrdv,kwrkcJ br cz n r nrx amr,Ocrwx v; g/mr,< gUY’r Ocrx
wv; bqn’r d/cr’hqd’r lo/lo/ amr,nnr giRy i v,lo/lo/ywr;>
gmrm nox amr,jr;f bqnbr gu gxr wU ,r (pU;egv.lr)f < gUY’r bqnF r ci ;r bqndr n J ’r
spv,w anrmnr’kbr’kJcbr n q r jzm’r jKcn xr cr,d/cr’hqd’r hwr’mI’nnry x wr;>
mnr’gUY’r bqnbr gr’bKcr (aubed,) hcr’gUY’r mnr’es amr,mI’egv.mv’bnr bgr’
bKcmr /o mI;mnr’> mnr’amr,mI’jwr;hQc’r po/,nzg;r (pIkwr) mv’kwr;jimj r mz ,r kbrx
w/cr’bnres mnr’dJn’r bzcbr n q yr ,U jzm’r ncr,hQc’r mnr’mI’nnry x wr;> jzm’r
ncr, mnr’amr,mI’jwr;yU,po/,nzg;r anramr, j/cr;hnrl;o nnrx mv’kbrx
w/cr’bnr< jiscr,bnrd/mr,< bnrs’U nnrEx l; j/wr’budhxr wr’ amr,aicbr cJ ;r
gKw’r pv.pIkwr dv,edmv’bKc,r cmr’nKwp r nz ’r g/mr,hwr’> ebv’awrCpv’wv;Edx
122
gmrmnox 1 mnr’edlo;bqnj r mz ’r jKcn xr cr, anrkbr’kJchr /cr;hQn’r woex gv;amr,
2
jr;f < mnr’bqnwr v,d g/mr,bKcd r /o (amr,bqna r mr,jU’ jzm’r ncr,dQb’r ddr’
tv;woa x nz dr /cr’) anrpv.pIkwr kbrwx /cr’bnrhwr’ anrhwr’amr,j/cr;hqd’r
]iwer s edlo;nzb,r w/cr’bnrdwU hr wr’ H;bqnj r mz ’r jKcn
xr cr,pIkwrkbr’kJcr
nnrxegv;amr,jrf;wv;no>
j/wr’budrxyumr,wv; gUnr’hwr’edlo;b/dr,awr anrhwr’lo;pugr,
w/nr,mv’> gUn’r hwr’nox bqnp r n z ’r j/gr, kzca r nrhwr’lobn q r bUnmxr v’nnrx
es gUn’r hwr’edlo;bqnp r n z ’r sJb,r mKw’r nv;tQc;r gzb;r anrhwr’bqnwr y xo ,U
edv;lqwn r y xo wr;> tQc;r lzc;r nJc;r jmrx gUn’r hwr’nox amr,jr;f wv; bqner gv.
anredlo;sJbr,bqnryU, nrf’jUwr;b/nrnox mKnrjKcrxncr, anrhwr’bqnr
bUnmxr v’ jqmmr wK ;r mJns xr n J ’r wv’< El;gUn’r hwr’ edsJb,r bqngr vf ,tQc;r mKnr
jKcn xr cr, anrbn q wr y xo ,U edv;lqwn r exo gv;amr,jr;f > anrk;fr wv;noEx dx gmrm
nox mnr’amr,jr;f g/mr,bKcd r /o (anrdgr’edlo;bqnr jKcn xr cr, gU;g/mr,hwr’
mI’) nnr>x Cpv’bqnr jwr;jienwv; scrjwK wxr v;gU;sQns r mr, edlo;bqnr
jzm’r g/mr,bKcd r /o no hwr’edamr,mI’lo;d/cr’t/cr,h/cr;bUcj r hfr d q ’r < amr,nnr
amr,j/cr; dv,edlo;bqnrpwgJgr’tmr’sinr El;pwelv’gudrxdRv,
nnrx> po/,nJcr; scrjKwrxwv; amr,mI’hQcr’g/mr, (g/mr,anrj/cr;gKdr,bnr
pzn’r ) ebv’no dv,sint r mr’ El;nmr,jrt f mr’elv’gudd r Rv, kJn;r yr,f
nnrx hwr’amr,j/cr;bUg’r bzcl r ;o ywr;> gzb;r nnrEl; Cpv’bqnj r wr; amr,
yzm’r hbrx 3 wv,dg/mr,bKcd r /o El; 4 wv,dg/mr,h/mr’bwr,nnrd x cr’szcy r wr;>
bunr;dv,ed[.lo;lzcr;gmrm jzmr’ncr,Ficr;bqnrmnr’mI’ H;ebv’
dqmt r nU ;r nnrx mnr’amr,co/;esdv.egv; hwr’tug,r lIl;o [. lzc;r mnr’pzc;r
yU,< gzb;r wv; hwr’gU;egv.egv. mI’g/mr,wogx ;U prmf nr’El; lIkwr;jrn f wK mr nr’yU,
1presestination
2determinism
3determinism
4undetermism
123
edx> hwr’bqner gv.anregv,bqngr /mr,es hwr’smrbx n q lr ;o jwr;egv.anr
j/cr;lQg;r lo/;lo;g/mr,hwr’nnry x wr;> bQgs xr mrwx v; hwr’amr,[.wv; mKw;r lrf
g/mr,edbqnrpznr’hwr’< amr,nnr g/mr,hwr’anrlrf edbnrpznr’hwr’
esdv. anrhwr’edlo;k/mr,j/mr,pzn’r g/mr,kzchr wr’nnrx mnr’edamr,
g/dr; jUw;r gv;hwr’dJgy xr ,U nr’f smr,sRv,yU,no>x gzb;r wv; gmrm nox bqnhr cQ ’r
anramr,j/cr;hnrl;o nnrEx l; hwr’amr,j/cr;awrgdim/gr,dvhwr’dUY’r
hnrl;o anrg/mr,hqd’r g/nry,U nnr>x bun;r dv,ed[.lo; mnr’hqd’r g/nr
nnrx hwr’awrbcK d r gQ ;r jKwp xr nr’es l/mr’[.lo;yU,> pzn’r g/mr,nox azc’r
tcrwy xo ,U nr’f Ocr;jrhf wr’ mKnj r cK n
xr cr, pKwmr nr’< mzg,r m/gr,mnr’< dUn;r lmr’
mnr’ azc’r woy x ,U nr’f jKwp xr nr’m/gr,momx /gr,dzg,r nnry x wr;> mKw;r k/wr’mnr’
s/cr;d/cr’edv,mv’nnrx pzn’r g/mr,hwr’ dgr’pud’r azg,r mv’ jKcn xr cr,jKwxr
pnr’dUg’r Yv’dI;lins r wr;yJg;r El;so/lQc’r nnrex s lmr’dUn;r moEx l;
pKwmr mfr nr’ dgr’lugd xr ;I jKwp xr nr’lqgn xr .zo azn,r es pud’r azg,r mv’nnrx
ywr;>
124
jzcr,sv,snv,budrx
bqnrwv,dhnrpo/,jv.?
mKw;r anrwv; gUn’r hwr’gUY’r bqnd r wU dr gu kxr lUcn r n o nrx gUn’r j/wr’
wnr’dUg’r kwrgmr;nmrnmr hnrtcJ wr v; sv,snv,budn xr xo bqnwr v,dhnrjv.
gUY’r lUcn r y o ,U > ekv;anrwv; dugkxr nonnrx mnr’lugmxr v’dI; sjrj x v,
tUn;r nJc;r anrjcQ ;r wv; dugkxr jJw;r jr;f nr’f sjrj x v,sI,yKc;r ywr;> gzb;r no
El; gUn’r mKc’r wnr’dUg’r kwr jien’wv; sv,snv,budn xr xo bqnwr v,d hnr
anramr,lInoyU,ywr;>
pU;jien’kwr gmr;pzc;r tqcwr v; {sv,snv,budn xr xo yU,po/,mzcs r wr;<
anrgY U ’r dUY’r hnrd/cr’pid’r < jug’r po/,pwlbr’sJc,r cmr’cmr’< bqnkr n q r
kdr’po/,anrlIegLv,mUnr;sKwr’< mI’sepv’anresxen’pwlIegLv,
mUn;r anramr,mI’d/cr’pid’r scrnnry x ,U wv;no> kwrhnrtcJ s r v,snv,
budtxr jKcn xr cr,mI’wv,d anrhnrp/o ,jv.< anrgY U ’r bnrhcQ ’r po/,anr
kwr;jrwf v; pwnoa x mr,mI’d/cr’muc;r mzc’r scr< bnrhcQ ’r po/,bQd;r bwr,h/mr’lo/<
El;dUY’r hnrwv; gUY’r bqnd r /cr’k/nrj<rf anramr,lI aguswU ,r mv’[mr;
cmr’wox nKwp r wgUn’r hwr’} wv;no>
anrkwresxen’nox edbqnranrkwr aicrnKwrsjrxjv,tUnr;
nJc;r gzb;r bin,r wowx v; dugkxr k/nrjj fr wJ ;r jr;f nonnry x wr;> d/cr’egLv,mUn;r
sKwr’lrf anramr,egLv,mUnr;sKwr’lrf amr,nnr d/cr’yinr’jUmr’ El;
d/cr’yin’r kIjj fr wK ’r nox lQg;r lo/;lUcy r ,U gwrbd u ;r mr’f mr’f bud;r gwrywr;> pw
gUn’r hwr’nox amr,mnr;es,> gv;dgr’lo;gKd,r < lo;twr;< lo;bqn<r lo;do/<
lUY;r d/cr’k/nrlcU r jzm’r dcr’nmrywr;> bun;r dv,edbUnl xr dz ;r dugkxr
nnrx Cpv’bqnj r wr;sbr’lQc’r enwv; hwr’lUw,r lo;[.bzc,r jrf lzc;r dugkxr lIlI
125
esyzm’r hbrwx v; mnr’mI’edxnn o nry x wr;> dugkxr anrCpv’bqnj r wr; tug;r
azg,r mzg,r endI;nr’f tmrmjgrgbwdrdnsudd r nnrx bqnd r /cr’gKd,r <
d/cr’twr;< d/cr’bqn<r d/cr’do/< anrl;o yU,jzm’r gnr dcr’egv.jcr’gnr<
lo;yU,p/dr,y/nrgnr dcr’egv.hgrgx nr< egv.jmrjgfr nr< amr,kr;f lo; smrx
lo; jgfv,jKw’r noy x wr;> anrCpv’bqnj r wr; wodx gu kxr bqnl r cK ;r yr,f nox gzb;r wv;
mnr’bqnbr nrhv anrgn U ’r hwr’gU;egv.egv. mI’dUwt r bU ’r gU;prmf nr’es [.bzc,r
jrcf /o ;egv;bKcn
r cJ ;r < mnr’bqna r nrm’I edx jJw;r jr;f edx anrpefr bv’amr,
j/cr;dzbr,tqcrlo;noxegv;bKcrnJcr;nnrxywr;>
Cpv’bqnj r wr;bJd,r en 1 dugkxr ywrex s smrs x bJ ,r jQc;r en lzc;r
cwr;h/gr;dugkxr < gzb;r scrEl; dugkxr bqnmr v’nonnry x wr;> Cpv’bqnj r wr;wv;
{elv’p-jrkf ;fr lo;< jrj f br’jrbf n Q ’r noy
x wrx bqncr wr;h/gr; anrhd q ’r H;dugxr
bqner bv,} wv;no>
anrCpv’bqnj r wr;ko;enlzc;r dugkxr nox amr,jr;f wv;ehv’en lzc;r
bnrhvdugkxr noex sywrgx vf ,> mnr’jwr;ehv’bv’jqmr lo/’eg;lid;r < sqn’r
d/cr’eg;ko dv,dugkxr mzd,r sud’r yqngr n z ,r ywr;> sqn;r d/cr’nox Ocrwx v; 2
sqnr;d/cr’b/nrg/crnoywr;> sqnr’d/cr’b/nrg/crnox aznrOdr;tJcrdI;
dugkxr dcr’sqc;r mzd,r sud’r yqnr anrwv;nibbxr /nr,nnry x wr;> gzb;r noEl;
sv,snv,budn xr xo amr,jr;f wv,danrdY U ’r hnrp/o ,jv.>
sv,snv,budt xr nox bqnwr v,d anrdY U ’r hnrp/o ,jv. egv;amr,
jr;f < bqnwr v,danrdY U ’r hnrp/o ,lIegv;amr,jr;f > gzb;r wv; sv,snv,jwr;
nox bqnwr v,ddUY’r hnr anrmn Q ;r jJw;r jr;f jzm’r ncr,bKcbr n q gr n U ’r hwr’mI’
dcr’lUg;r elv’gmI’nnry x wr;> mnr’dJn’r dUY’r gU;smr,sQnbr cK r jKcn xr cr,
spv,wkwrm’I edxbn q er dx (ytvpUtmr) nnry x wr;> mnr’amr,b/nr’bo/’
1dugrxk bqnrdUwrjrf-Tubrn/mr,
2mnr’ew;lzdr; gvmsuknrligvnueyvg dcr’adrdgilmtvnueyvg-sqnr;d/cr’egLv,jzmr’
d/cr’krf;lo;< d/cr’dJwr’gmr anrhqdr’H;dUwrjrfdugrxk>
126
H;jwr;gwr,gUY’r lo;egLv,sKw’r nJc;r mJwn xr cJ ;r gmr’< mnr’amr,awrlcz ;r d/cr’
lIgwU Er l;kKc;r m/br,lo/bKcr anrgY U ’r wUna xr wrnnrex s lzg,r cJd;r < hqd’r H;
jwr;gwr,lo;mo;k/nrj>fr mnr’l/dr;enjwr;gwr, anredxmnr’ anrjwJ ;r
jr;f mnr’ lzc;r wv;jwr;gwr, El;lUg;r him’r Omr’jwr;gwr, bqns r crnn o exo s
enbnrsn q ;r d/cr’bUnl xr dz ;r gum,r tUn;r < d/cr’gdr’yqn<r d/cr’egLv,jr<f
d/cr’nimy r n q r bun;r dv,jwr;gwr,yU,>
anrenlzc;r wv;sv,snv,budn xr xo amr,jr;f wv,ddUY’r hnrp/o ,
ho/.nonnrx mI’tQc;r lzc;r nJc;r > anrnxo bqn]r nr,h/cr;budt xr jwr; anrm’I
nv;yumgxr ;I anrhnrl;o nr’f mKc’r j/wr’budgxr ;U mKc’r jKcn xr cr, mKc’r m/nr;< mKc’r
to’< mKc’r sI,Rilcr’gv< mKc’r gUw’r el’yv’jgfv, dcr’nmrnnry x ,U > nv;yumgxr ;I
nox mnr’bqnl r grkx nv, enlzc;r anrjgfr dr’yqnn r nryx wr;> scramr,
nnr nv;dvmnr’jwr;edmI’co/’kImcz wr y xo ,U > nogx Y U ’r amr,gv’ gUn’r kKw’r j/wr’
budkxr wregv; mI’nv;yumgxr ;I yU,> anrnxo mnr’bin;r pUngr nrdcr’anrgn U ’r
mKcr’wnr’dUgr’kwr drf’hnrlzcr;wv;kKwr’j/wr’budrxkwr edmI’nv;kI nv;cwr
nnrxywr;>
mKw;r y/mr’nJc;r kuner hvkmr’egv’sl wo;lwr;tJcCr pv’bqnj r wr;wv;
{lug;r nzcd xr eb’jwr;hwr’kwrnxo amr,mKnj r cK n
xr cr, lug;r nzcd xr eb’d/cr,
sv,snv,kwr anrm’I h/cr;nv;lug’r dvmQn’r < sv,nKwhxr dr’jv’< nv;hQc;r <
cwrmcJ er s mI’h/cr;[iwa xr nU ;r nnr>x lug;r nzcd xr eb’jwr;hwr’kwrnExo dx ebxmv’
sKw’r es mI’h/cr;lIll U dI Y U ’r < ebxmv’jJn;r sref s h/cr;kQml xr bQ ;r wx<o mUn;r jrf
pwjzmr’tmr’< nimrlI< gdr’yqnrlIes yU,swr’lUYr;jrfsKwr’< jrfbzcr,
jrflQcr’lInnrxyU,>
kuns r bJ ,r l/dr;tQc;r wv; anrjwr;kwr mI’h/cr;p/crjn J ;r b/cr,yU,
jKcn xr nrnxo mnr’kuny r mu ,r wv; anrnd xo gr’edbqngr bz ;r kwrjwr;[.bzc,r
jrn f wK tr mr’Cpv’bqnj r wr;edxnnry x wrn x >o mKw;r anrt/mrwv;gzb;r scrEl;
kwr;jwr;anry,U jzm’r pwyUw’r yUw’r es smrn x cJ ;r wnr’gUY’r ginkr wr;nJc;r
127
dv,gUY’r nox ebxmv’jJn;r b/cr,srl f n
I n o nrx Cpv’bqnj r wr;dzb,r wv; {kwrjwr;
amr,mo;jrj f mz ’r lzc;r anrbn U n xr nr<x dv,mKw’r nv;egv; kwr;jwr;amr,m/crmx ;o
jrjf mz ’r scr> gzb;r m/crmx ;o jrjf mz ’r dv,mKw’r nv; dcr’mo;nQc;r jrj f mz ’r lzc;r mKw;r
bUnmxr v’nnrEx l; pU;nUg,r dnrkwrnxo lo;mo;k/nrjfr jKcn xr cr, b/dr,yKw;r
so’kqwer s d/gr,won x ’fr so/lQd,r nnry x wr>x
ycr’mI’bbrt x mr’szcbr brx anrjwJ ;r wv; etRgvtv dcr’etRI gvtv
anrn’fr mnr’dqmd r mz wr xo ekv;gf/mr’cin’r jrs
f wK ’r El;ekv;gdr’yqnj r fr anr
jwr;aRhnrdv,n/cr’yicr’ jwr;aRhnrdv,jo/’kwr bunr’azgr,b/gr,mv’
nnry x ,U > anrnxo mnr’bqnp r wgdr’yqnr anrl;o mv’ lug;r dI;ekv;tmr’
munrkmr’Cpv’bqnrjwr;ywr;>
gzb;r noEl; sv,snv,budt xr anrebv’dqmd r mz wr txo mr’gdr’yqnr
jrn
f xo amr,j/cr;wv;lo;wv; mnr’bqnwr v,ddUY’r hnrjv.El;wv,d dUY’r
hnrld I cr’szc>r mnr’bqnwr v,d anrjwJ ;r jr;f m/nr,mQn;r edxnn o nry x ,U
ywr;>
128
acr A acrgd u d r R nigvy
a Abhisamuc apitmrmsmjrjy ascrk
dI D dIknigvy ed. nvnvwvsetR
dIa DA dIknigvyadrtgtv sumcrglwilvsinI
tm Dhp tmrmbd ed.k tmrmRdn gUw,r lmr,bUw,r 1926
tma Dhp A tmrmbdadrdgtv, (PTS)
tMs Dhs tmrmscrgnI (PTS)
lcr,gv,lcr,gv,wdv,Rsudd r Lanka. ed. Nanjio (Kyoto, 1923).
m M mjrjmi nigvy (PTS)
ma MA mjrjmi nigvyadrtgtv (PTS)
mty Madhyakari mtymigvf Rigv kzcn r v,gjun ed.L. de La
Vallee Poussin (Biv. Budd. IV).
mhsu Mh. Sutalankara mhv,yv,n sUdvlcrgvR .ascr,k
mhw Mhvg mhvwgrg (winy) ed. sdrtvdisrs
(Alutgama.1922)
mU,lt PTS mU,egvbv,lil/nr,d/nr,
bRmj Prmj bRmdrtajvdigv (PTS)
scr S scryd u d r nigvy (PTS)
svRt Sarattha svRdrtbgvsnI (PTS)
suni Sn sudnibvd (PTS)
aud Ud audvn (gUw,r lmr,bUw,r -1929)
wip Vibh wipcrg (PTS)
wistu i Vism wisdu t r mi grg (PTS)
129
ewv’h/nr
glyvnsmrbdv mI’do’egv.lIgumr,tUnr;>
gmrm g/nr< d/cr’hqd’r anrbv’ej,dnv,>
gielsv d/cr’wUY,r hcr;< lmr,m/gr;< d/cr’hgrgx v,m azg,r jfd r nr
hv>
gUnv;[inr’dvey’ lqcrxlugr;em’ebv;Em;>
gU;smr,sQnrbKcr gv;bqnrkKcr;dcr’sqcr;< sdr’dwv,dcr’sqcr;>
eg;so/,bQdr; sug;r sIbd Q ;r < bz,o bQd;r >
gqw,r as/gr;< av,yu ekas/gr;egv.jmrdo/ H;lIkJnr’>
egv.nJcr; pref samr,wv; mnr’bqna r niyd anrj.fr yU, nr’f bv,
li yM eyv yv anrb,o mgr’mnr; (dv,hqd’r egv.wUn)xr
El;bqnl r ;o gU;egv.ywrx egv.nJc;r ginkr wr;yU,<
(aniyd)> mr’f Ocrex gv.nnrmx v’El; (niyd)> gf/mr’
do’mqwr’noxegv;mI’lo;yU,>
kgr’gox kdr’jr<f mI’wiRy i >
knr,dI, yKngxr nr;< jry f nJ ’r jry
f /wr’>
kUwr’sznr’ kKc;r kUw’r < mzg,r yv;< h/cr;gUn’r anremvszn’r emvkQg’r kwr
awrm<xo hin<r linj r gfv, kzg’r hqd’r h/cr;wo>x
ekv;t/mrl/mr’lKcr’ anrgUYr’wUnrxest/mrgnr (anramr,mI’cwr;mI’h/gr;
anramr,hnrlo;sepv’bo/’so/;)>
c/nr hdr’h/nr< amr,gUwrginrbKnr;>
j/cr;ek’ j/cr;ek’ek’ mI’cwr’lo/’dv,edbqn<r hqd’r jgfv,>
jQmr,jQmr, sgr’sgr’< lQc’r lQc’r >
smvti jrfnimr< mI’woxnKwrav,yucrlqwr>
slvydn avydn (pgr’dU) [gr’yKc;r >
smv,b/dr; jvnsmrbdrd lo;s/nr,< Odr;tJcs r /nr,>
scr,kjwr; pU;mI’d/cr’gmrsinrwiniymKnrgnr< jwr;Rh/nr’dcr’
lo/>
130
scrkvRgrknrt egvbzcrbqnr< knr,tv,bzcrbqnr>
sgrgvydidrti yumr,wv;mI’wiY/nr,kfnrcwr’< mI’gwr>
scrkvRdugrk dugrxkanrgKdr,bqnryU, jzmr’Ficr;dJnr’bqnr>
sYrYgrknrt egvjrd f cz ’r < knr,tv,jrd f cz ’r >
sdrtv h/nrj x <fr yum,r ymr>
ssrsdwvd lzc;r d/cr’yum,r wiY/nr,kfncr wr’mI’es,es,b/nrb/nr>
snrd g/crjkfr ;fr < mI’jrkf ;fr < azg,r jrkf ;fr >
sukvni d/cr’gdr’yqnrdcr’lo/>
sjrjigvdbrb tugr,lo;[.bzcr,hnr< [.bzcr,jrf>
svsnv ekv;szns r v,snv,budt xr jwr; amr,nnr ekv;sznr
sv,snv,d/cr,jKw’r anrgwq ,r lUY;r pv.p/nr,pIbcU >r
sI;egx t/cr,lqgrxmwrm/crgnr>
sugr’jJnr; sug’r sr<f jJn;r b/cr,>
so/dJnr’sJbr,bqnr d/cr’bqnranrsJbr,gnrbqnryU, luyU,>
d/cr’wUnrxbUdr’bzo, t/cr,h/cr;wUnrx< wUnrxlzdr;lzdr;lQwr’lQwr’>
d/cr’yumr,lmrdnr yum,r lib’r yum,r do/< yum,r lib’r yum,r lQc<r yum,r ymramr,bv’
bYr,Yv,>
didrttmrmsukwihvR lo;d/cr’gdr’yqnr mKwr;pzcr’awrs/nr, kwr;s/nr,>
dugrkdugrk dugrxkyUwr’yUw’r < bgdidugrxk>
dugrknieRvtgvminIbdibdrdvaRisjrjv
sqnr;d/cr’anraznrOdr;nibrxb/nr, dI;anrdugrxk
mzdr,sudr’yqnredxedx>
dqmrdzmr mI’jzd;r gU;dI;< dqmn r v,< nmrnv,>
edv’s azgr,jrflmr>
tUcr,tqwr; gfv,gfv,mv’mv’< kJnr;kJnr;lUcr’lUcr’ nrf’pucr,kUcr’gUnr’
mKcr’pIEl;abvysI,yKcr;>
nisrsRn d/cr’bUnl xr d
z ;r < nmrj x t fr mr’< t/dr;jrt
f mr’< jra
f nr
mI’d/cr’sI,l smv,ti bYr,Yv,>
nigrkm jv,gep’jzn’r < bo/;azg,r < p/dr,azg,r [in’r ey’ lug;r
em’>
131
bdik edv’s< jcr’gnr< woj x kfr n
q gr nr>
bdiewtY/nr wUnrxpzgr;hnrtJcr
bRinibrbuedv’ sqcr;sudr’gfv,gumr,tUnr;>
bRiYreYy [.hnr< ddr’[.hnr>
bhvdbrb tugr,lIb/gr;bQdr;>
b/gr;bo/, eb,bQd;r < aKwbr /gr;< amr,yzm’r hbr>x
bUgr’bzcr gum,r em’< ldr’em’< hqd’r H;kJn;r yr,f >
bQcr; bQcr;bmv,n mI’kzbr,mI’lQnr< mI’dI;mgr’dI;mo/mnr’>
bzcrep pv,wnv, kdr’jrhf d q ’r >
bYrYv d/cr’[.hnr< bzc,r jr<f lQc’r jr>f
b/nr’bo/’ lwr,wzn’r < gwr’lQn<r gwr’gin>r
bJnrxbQdr; bz,o bQd;r < sr,f jrd f mr’bQd;r >
bo/’mznr’ po/,szn’r (po/,kQg’r po/,elv,) bYr,Yv,emvmJw’r hqd’r
kKcr;h/cr;lI>
bo/’wUnrxkbrx d/cr’wUnrxsznr,< bYr,Yv,po/,szgr;hvsepv’tmr’>
pvwnv bUg’r bzc<r pJg’r pzn<xr ldr’em’jr>f
pvewdbrb tugr,lIkdr’jrfawr< pv,wnv,awr>
pU;gqwr,ek egv.anrawrgUnr’dcr’lo/azgr,bUnrxlzdr;dugrxk>
pU;ddr’sinr pU;dQbr’ddr’Cdv’>
pznr’j/gr, nmry x n z <xr d/cr’dKwt xr cJ r gzb,r hqd,r (eh,du) lzc;r d/cr’>
epvgsmrbdv lzcr;d/cr’dqmrtUnr;< emvjrf.jo/,cJnr’kUwr’lqcr’>
Fv.p/nrpIbUcr pI (God) hqd’r bqnmr v’>
mnsigvR awrjs fr ,fr < woj
x jfr br’>
mdrdw jra f nU ;r azn,r jrhf grex a’lUbn K ;r >
mvn pQnrsucr< amr,yzmr’bKnr;>
m/br, aguswU ,r < ep’anrdRo/’>
m/gr,niwr’keR’yv’ m/gr,anumLVwr,< m/gr,mQcr’< anrmI’hQcr’yrf,>
awrgUnr’do/lo;hQcr’yrf,lUcresbKnr;>
mqdrdv amr,bv’dnrhveshgrxbQcr’gnr>
mzgr,go/’lwr’ mzgr,n/cr’sI< (jrf.dJwr’nrf’tucrxm/wr’ mKcr’kznr)>
132
ytvpUd jJwr;jrf;bqnrwoxmI’wox jzmr’ncr,spv,wmnr’bqnr>
yinr’g/cr aubqgrxkv,ew,dnv, d/cr’j/mr,bUYr;pqcr,gnr>
yin’r jv. (ho/.) dugrxkew,dnv, d/cr’j/mr,bUYr;anrjv.>
yinr’jrf ew,dnv, d/cr’j/mr,bUY;r po/,jrf po/,dUw>r
yinr’lI sugrxkew,dnv, d/cr’j/mr,bUYr;anrlI>
yJnr hbry
x nJ r d/cr’pid’r d/cr’tug,r l/dr;enwv;lo;hqd’r
lo;l/dr;lo;wUnrxjgfv,>
yUwrek’ j/cr;ek’< ekv;j/cr;gbr’enlzcr;mnr’bqnrlo;>
eyv’g lo/’smtpo/,hinrdU,>
lmr,m/gr; elv’pyr,f < kr;f lo;hQc’r nv,>
lmr’bQdr; lUY’r bQd;r < lJb;r bQd;r < gqnbr d
Q ;r >
Rvg sI< yzm<xr hgrRx v,g< dnrhv-jbr’bQn’r >
TUbbdidrtvn anrgmrxjzo;TUbr;h/cr;>
TUbvRmrmn h/cr;p/cr av,Rmr’TUbr;>
TUbubvyM cwr;h/gr;lzcr;d/cr’dv,bqnrTUbr;h/cr;>
wcr,wKwr; awramr,[.lIgvf ,< gfcgr vf ,< [.hnramr,jJn;r >
wdrxtu lin<r b/cr,< nv’< po/,< kKc;r < dUw<r gzn;r < bJn’r < abum,r >
wiRiy d/cr’gox< d/cr’kdr’jrf>
wibRinvmdugrk dugrxkanrlQgr;lo/;yU,>
wibRinvmtmrmv tmr’ (gU;smr,sQnbr cK )r anrj/cr;bKc;r < lu lQg;r lo/;>
wiYrYvn jrf[.>
wiYrYvngrknrt egvjrf[.>
ewdngrknrt egvyinr’jrfew,dnv,>
wUnrxpzgr;hnr awrY/nr,hnrtJcr;lo; nrf’dUwrjrf>
hgrxsv ticr’< simr’bQmr’woxlIlI>
hnrjQmr,jQcr; hnrjJnr;jJnr;lQcr’lQcr’>
]gr’ho/. h/cr;jv.< y/br,pJd,r < k/nrj>fr
annsuk lo;egLv,gzbr;amr,mI’nI;mI’kzdr,>
anwjrjsuk lo;egLv,gzbr;amr,mI’d/cr’pidr’agusUwr,>
anubsrsnv F/crxes[.jzmr’ dUYr’jzmr’>
133
anuebvtY/nr [.jzmr’lzcr;jzmr’d/cr’ bQcr;ncrdvhnr po/,nzgr;mI’>
atimzgrk ynr,jr<f woa x didt xr /nr,< mnr;gJm’r < a/nr’edhqd’r
tJcrdI;>
apitmr ‘ apitmr,mv,< bo/’wUnrxkbrx>
awieRvt amr,s/nrkdr’g/crjrfgUnr’mKcr’>
awihimrs amr,kv;cQnr’bKnr;< woxmqdr.dv,nKwrbKnr;>
awijrjv lmrdnr< amr,[.hnrtmr’jJw;r jr;f < lUcl r mJ ’r < amr,[.
dUwrdcr’jrfbqnrscrwox>
agregvt amrazgr,jrflmr>
ajrjy jry f dq ,r jrs f wJ ;r < jrsf wJ ;r jref dv,>
adrsvd d/cr’egLv,jrf>
adrtismrbdv gumr,tUnr;gzbr;mI’kUwr’lqcr’< mI’kUwr’lqcr’gumr,tUnr;>
avdInw ep’< anrdRo/’< d/cr’pid’r < abQd;r >
avRgrksmrbdv lzcr;brf.bv’< ticr’lUgumr,tUnr;>
aiRiyvbt bKcrd/cr’yU,d/cr’swr’dUwrkicr’< bKcryU,swr’>
ainrdeR kint r ci ’r < gmrtci ’r (dv [ kU;lcr linxr dUwr jr)f >
aI’sobQdr; tzc’r bQd;r < lJb;r bQd;r < b/gr;bQd;r >
aujresdwvd anrymu ,r wv; ebv’do/egv; pwk/dr,sud’r < amr,mI’pw
mrf,tQcr;>
audrtvnsmrbdv mI’d/cr’kdr’jrfgumr,tUnr;>
azcr’ tcry,U < swr’yU,< mUg’r yU,>
134
ekv;jinrf’
gblIgvbhvR 40 ekv;tmr’andrd x 70
glyvnsmrbdv 111 ekv;t/mr anrbn K ;r [.jgr’nmr sib’r
gmrmt/nr’ 90, 99 yKc;r 16,17
gvmdnrhv 38 ekv;s/nrkdr’ 49,50
gvmsuklrlgi vnueyv’g 59 ekv;tug,r lzc;r 49
gvyvnubsrsnv 64,92 ekv;kUcrwUnrx
gv,lv,m 11,13 ekv;bzcr,bv,lidugrxk 23
gvlicgr 118 ekv;bzc,r gmr,mt/nr’ 89
g/nrjfr 30
g/nrelv’gI, 103 cRo/’dv,es, 68
g/mr, (gmrm) 29,34,39,40,41,42 cwr;h/gr;gmr’[wrd/cr’bKnr; 72
gielsv 57,68,86,87,91,103
gUddnrdsudd r 110 jdudrts/nr 65
gQd,r gcr;eh.dUwr 69 jgrgwdrds i d u d
r 110
gJwr’sunr,dUwrbqnryrf, 39,57,65,68 jgrkwu Y
i vn 30
jwr;sv,di 31
knr,tv,hv;yKc;r 27,32,33,34,41,43, jvg 114
55,70,76,77,86,87 j/gr;kzm,r piw,r dKw,r 84
kunl r cU ar esv’g 5,118 j/mr;kwr;nibrxb/nr, 54
kunl r cU er gv’sl 7,37,82 jidd r vnubsrsnv 64,92,97
kuna r jvds/dr; 113 judmi Rn 45
kuna r n i ’r 108
ekmg 86,87 smtpvwnv 90
kfnrcwr’ 34,43,49,52,55,68,69,73,77, smjIwgi dv 111
78,79 slvydn 27
kJn’r gKd,r 39 smvti 63,64,91
kKw’r gv,lv,m 2 sdi 98,99
135
sdibdrtvnsI,yKc;r 91 sJg’r sKwj
r mz ’r Cdv’ 113,114
sdibdrtvnsudd r 91 esv’dwiYY r vn 31,32
set’anv,tbin,r 112 so/bJnr’budrxtsv,snv,
smudd r ysjrjv 73 so/dJn’r sJb,r bqnr 33,34
sgrgvydidt r i 30,34,39,42,49 sMeyvjnr, 35
scrkd 51,90
scr,kjwr; 2 ddiys/nr, 65
scrkvR 34,40,76,77 dnrhv 35,38,39,45,46,70,90
scrkvRdugrk 26 dnrhgrky 46,47,48,53
scrkvRgrknrt 30,41 dv,Csv,cmr 80
sjrjv 59 d/cr’[.bYr,Yv,szcryKcr; 66
sYrYv 29,30,34 d/cr’[.jJwr;jrf; 65
sYrYgrknrt 29 d/cr’ko;jrfszcryKcr; 69
sdrsdwvd 83 d/cr’hgrmx d
q .r dv,Em; 7
sdr.tv, 10 d/cr’gmrbUnrxbQnrszcryKcr; 59
s/nrsmvbdr 24 d/cr’egLv,sI,yKc;r 112
smrmvsdi 63 d/cr’yum,r lib’r yum,r lQcr 10
smrmvwvjv 61 dibbr jgrku 89
smrmvavjIw 62 dibbr esvd 90
smrmvwvyvm 60,63 dIkjvnu 111
smrsvRv 35,45 dIknigvy 91,110
smrmvgmrmnrd 62 dudy i s/nr, 64
svsnv 6,56,66,68,102 dugrknieRvtaRiysjrj 46
svRibd u dr Rv 48,57,103 dugrknieRvtgvminIbdibdvaRiy
sigvl 63,105,112 sjrjv, 59
sigr;kv,s/mryKcr; 60 edvsky 46
sIlsigkr v 60,61 dfvR 29,46
sugkr vni 23 Cdv’ 42,73,113
sqn;r d/cr’g/cr mjrjbi dibdv 59
136
tmrm 77 btms/nr, 64
tmrmbd 78,79 bRmdrtsjrjv 46,50,52,53,57,
tmrmbdadrtgtv 114 73,91
tmrmvnubsrsnv 64,92,99,100 bRmdrtbYrYv 52
tmr’sjrjv 65,70,87,90,91,100, 102 bRmwihvR sI,yKc;r 101
tmr’mQdr;m/gr;g/cr,bQdr,yKcr; 59,60 bRinbi br eu dv 53
tvduwpi crgsudd r 50 bRibvjg 48
t/cr,h/cr;lzdr;lQwr’ 72 bgrgs u vdi 9,50
t/dr;sI,yKc;r 49 bjrjdrdMewdidebvwiYrYUhi 58
t/dr;[gr’yKcr; bYrjgrknrt 27
etRgvtv 37 bYrjwgrgI 21
etRwvd 77 bnrhv d/cr’pidr’gnrdcr’sqcr;
etRIgvtv 37 nr’f lUg;r 39
bnrhv sib’r yKc;r anrbd u t
xr jwr;
nmrd
x gU ’r d/dr, 33 amr,dzb,r 83
nvetv’ 79 bv,liwv; 81
nieRv’t 47 bIdi 37,65,100
nIwRn hv;yKc;r 99 budtr ekvs 32
nignrtnvdbudd r 5 bunn r v’gvbdi 12
nigrkm 65 bzjj r crg jqd’r yKc’r 99
nisrsRn 24,25 bJnr’kUcr’g/crmKcr’gUnr’ 119
nibbr nr 74,49,53 ebv;Em;nox mKngr nrdcr’kuns r /cr 105
enwsYvnvsYv 51,90
pw 43,51,66,71
bgdidugrk 26 pwgmr’ed,j 35
bdik 36 pwdv,es, 74
bdiesvdgvmI 69 pwdnrhv 38
bdiewtY/nr 66 psrsvhvR 40
bdidjr smubbr vd 14,70,72,87 pgr’dU[gr’yKc;r 29
137
pvwnv 90,94,96 Rdrtbvl 39
Fv.p/nr,pIbUcr 35,42,68 Rvg 51
pU;gqw,r ek 2 Rvj 114
pzn’r gmr,m 87 Rvt 53
epvgsmrbdv 112 Rvggrky 48
po’pKc’r 32 TUbbdidt r vnM 32
TUbgrknrt 27
mn 28,29 TUbvRmrmvnM 32
menvsYrejdnvhvR 40 TUbbu vyM 32
mhvbRinibrbvnsudrd 2,29 lcrgvwdvRsudrd 47
mhvyvn 74,77 lmr,m/gr; 38
mjrjimbdibdv 53,58,59 lUlmz d r Y
U ’r tJcr 69
mjrjmi nigvy 8,77,91 lUcrbv,simrsbv 15
mv,lUc,r gLbudd r 16,17,18,19,20,84 lzc;r d/cr’sIycK ;r 111
mijs r vdidt
r i4 elvgtmr bQd,r yKc;r 101
mudd r i 50 lo/’hvlqcd xr cz gxr ;U lo/’lo/’ 111
mqdd r v 65.100 lo/’eg;dzb,r bnrhvsI,yKc;r 84
mKc’r pIdv,es, 68 lo/’gmr,mt/nr’ 89
mKngr nrdcr’eb’ 14 lo/’tdr’s/crknr,tv,hv;yKcr; 27
emvhgrky 48
emvbo/’so/: 98 wdrsgzdd r bRibvjg 54,82,83, 84,
85,103
ydianijj r M dM dugkr M 32,33
wdr;tmr’kunrmKcr’sibr’yKcr; 114
ytvpUdM 52
wdr;tmr’deb’El;kU’ 106
yin’r jref w,dnv, 38,51
wdr;tmr’do’egv.gnr 107
yum,r lib’r yum,r lQcr 10
wdr;tmr’ebv;lqcExr l;lug;r lqcxr 107
eyv’g 89,90
wdr;tmr’munj r wr;El;dgrv, 107
eyv’gv,szcy r cK ;r 89
wdr;tmr’em’El;pUwr 106
yMgY i j
r s i mudytMmM sbrbM dM nieRv
wdr;tmr’lug;r l/cr’El;ebv;Em; 106
ttMmM 41
138
w/cr’bQdr;g/nrelv’gI, ascrk 10,88
w/nr;eb,luw 08 ascrkd 47,48
wibRinvmdugrk 26 annsuksmrbdv 112
wibRinvmtmrmv 24 anwjrjsugrksmrbdv 112
wipwdnrhv 38 andrd 87,88
wiYvn wiY/nr, 31,32,50,68,73,74, anijj r 32,33,76,82,84,85,86
75,76,81 anubsrsnv 92
wijvR 64 anuebvtY/nr 60
wiYvn lo;jJw;r 31 apitmr’d/cr,svsnv,
wiRvg 47,48 apitmr’budrxtjwr; 26,42,72
wiYvnvhvR 40 aRiydugkr sjrjv 35
wiYvngrknrt 30 aRiytmr’sjrjv sI,yKc;r 21
wiYvnYrjvydn 5 aRiywiny 105,106
widgrg 64 algdrdbu msudd r 77
wibsrsnvpvwnv 90,91 awihmi sr 65,113,116,118,119
wiY/nr,kfncr wr’ 28,31,34,44,73,76, awijj r v 3,35
78,87 asrsvd 24
wijgi s i s
r v3 adrd 74,75,76,78,79,80,81,82
wimd u d
r i 50 adrdsRnv 79
ewdnv 54 adrddIbv 79
ewdnvnubsrsnv 64,92,97 adrdgilmtvnueyvg 59
wqc’r eg,sbudd xr 2 adrdvnM 81
wqcr’bv,Rv,nsI, 21,82 adrts i mrbdv 112
anrbinr;pUnrbdijrjsmubrbvd 72
hnrho/. 22 amr,jr;f ej,dnv, 30
hnrlI 22 amr,eb,bQd;r d/cr’egLv,sKw’r 23
hinyvn 74 avgvsvnYrjvydn 51
[gr’nv;mKc’r 105 avgiYj r Yvydn 51
avdInw 24
139
avnvbvnsdi 64,92
avnnrdv 80,83
avRgrksmrbdv 111
aveRvgL 50
avhvR sI,yKc;r 40
aisbi dnmigdv 21
aiRy i vbt 97
aind r eR 28
audvyI 57
aubvdvngrknrtv 48
aubvli 5
auTuewl
aujer sdwvd 83
audt r vnsmrbdv 111
aubgq kr v 50,51,65,100
aUmn u r 89
eaggrgdv 64
eahibsrsei gv 11
azc,r dgrgx azc,r ebx 116,117
ao/mzg,r yv; 86
140
sRd/mr ’ agr x k Rd/mr ’ gbr’dUwrpQdr’bQdr,dUwrd/mr’
a g k c edv,tJcr a < gr cr Yr dr nr br mr wr <

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141

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What

the Buddha Taught

What the Buddha Taught

wdrgx cz ’r mU’kmr’ mU,ej::

bbrxnox bqnrbbrxedv.do,ko;en lzcr;sv,snv,budrxt anrgumr,

I would like to express my sincere thank to Jao Mahanu who gives

nrf’gv;jwr;pU;bUgr’dcr;sv,snv, (Religion) (scrhwr’j/cr;Ocrx

dugrknieRvt aRiysjrjv dugrxkmzdr,sudr’yqnr

1m< bbrx 3 (mU,ld) nv; 19; scr< bbrx 3, nv; 103

1acr, (gUwr,lmr,bUwr,-1929) nv; 276

1 niwvRn anrmI'woxnfr'bbrxnox dUwredxmnr' bqnr nIwRn< binrhcr'jwr;gwr,es lUgfv,dv.>

a g k c edv,tJcr a < gr cr Yr dr nr br mr wr <

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