Skeletal system:

Skeletal system: The organ system of the body which provides support and help in the movement.

Functions of the skeletal system:

 Keeps the body in shape.

 Protects the vital organs of the body.
 Provides the site of attachment to the bones.
 Helps in the movement.
 Helps in the locomotion.

Components of the skeletal system:

 Bones
 Joints
 Cartilage
 Muscles

Joints:
Joints: Junctions between the two bones.

Types of the joints on the basis od the movement:

 Immovable joints.
 Slightly movable joints.
 Freely movable joints.
o comprises of:
o Hinge joint
 Allows movement only in one direction e.g., (elbow joint, knee joint).
o Ball and socket joint
 It allows movement in all direction e.g., (shoulder joint).
o Slightly movable joints
 Allows slight movement e.g., (vertebrae).

Cartilage:
 These are flexible connective tissues with no blood supply.
 Chondrocytes are mature cartilage cells.

Three types of the cartilages:

 Hyaline cartilage.
 Fibrous cartilage.
 Elastic cartilage.
Ligaments: They are fibrous connective tissues which join one bine to another.

Tendons: These are connective tissues which join the bones aith the muscles and vicer virsa.

Bones:

Three types of the cells:

 Osteoblasts
o Bone forming cells.
 Osteocytes
o Mature bine cells.
 Osteoclasts
o Bone dissolving cells.
o The study of the bones is called osteology.

Division of the human skeleton:

 The 206 bones in the adult human skeleton

 It comprises of the axial and appendicular skeleton.
o The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones in the head and trunk of the body.
o It is composed of five parts.

Skull contains 22 bones out of which:

I. cranial bones (enclosing the brain) 8

II. facial bones 14

III. middle ear ossicles 6 (3 in each ear).

IV. There is also a hyoid bone in neck.

V. Vertebral column 26 bones (vertebrae).

The chest is made of :

VI. chest bone called sternum 1 bone.

VII. ribs 12 pairs (last two pairs are floating bones ).

Appendicular skeleton It is composed of 126 bones:

I. Pectoral (shoulder) girdle 4 bones.

II. Arms 6 bones.

III. Both hands 54 bones.

IV. Pelvic girdle (hips) 2 bones.

V. Legs 6 bones.

VI. Both feet 54 bones.

Muscles:
Muscles: Special tissues which are involved in the movement and locomotion

Types of the muscles:

There are three types of muscles.

 Skeletal muscles
o These muscles are attached to the bones.
o They have striations.
o They are voluntary muscles.
o These muscles are neurogenic.
 Cardiac muscle
o These muscles are present only in the heart.
o They are involuntary in action.
o These muscles are myogenic.
o They are fatigue less muscles.
 Smooth muscles
o They are present in the visceral organs.
o They are involuntary in action.
o These are controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
o The muscles are also neurogenic.
o They have no striation in their appearance.