Q4-Data Analysis Methods-Wk4

DATA
Y S I S M E T H
A L O D
A N S
Research Project
Finding the Answers to the Research Questions-Qualitative
z i n g Q u a l i t a t i v e
n a l y D a t
A a
Qualitative data analysis works a little differently from quantitative
data, primarily because qualitative data is made up of words,
observations, images, and even symbols. Deriving absolute meaning
from such data is nearly impossible; hence, it is mostly used for
exploratory research.
Data
Preparation
and Basic
Data Analysis
Qualitative Data Analysis
Methods
Content analysis: This is one of the most common methods to analyze
qualitative data. It is used to analyze documented information in the
form of texts, media, or even physical items. When to use this method
depends on the research questions. Content analysis is usually used to
analyze responses from interviewees.
Methods
Narrative analysis: This method is used to analyze content from
various sources, such as interviews of respondents, observations
from the field, or surveys. It focuses on using the stories and
experiences shared by people to answer the research questions.
Methods
Framework analysis. This is a more advanced method that
consists of several stages such as familiarization, identifying a
thematic framework, coding, charting, mapping, and
interpretation.
Methods
Discourse analysis: Like narrative analysis, discourse analysis is used to
analyze interactions with people. However, it focuses on analyzing the social
context in which the communication between the researcher and the
respondent occurred. Discourse analysis also looks at the respondent’s
day-to-day environment and uses that information during analysis.
Methods
Grounded theory: This refers to using qualitative data to explain why a
certain phenomenon happened. It does this by studying a variety of similar
cases in different settings and using the data to derive causal explanations.
Researchers may alter the explanations or create new ones as they study
more cases until they arrive at an explanation that fits all cases.
Qualitative data analysis can also be
conducted through the following
three steps:
Step 1: Developing and Step 2: Identifying
Applying Codes. themes, patterns and
Coding can be explained as relationships.
he categorization of data. A ‘code’ The analytical and critical thinking skills of the
researcher plays significant role in data
can be a word or a short phrase
analysis in qualitative studies. Therefore, no
that represents a theme or an qualitative study can be repeated to generate
idea. the same results.
Qualitative data analysis can also be
conducted through the following
three steps:
Step 3: Summarizing
the data.
At this last stage, you need to link research findings
to hypotheses or research aims and objectives.
When writing the data analysis chapter, you can
use noteworthy quotations from the transcript in
order to highlight major themes within findings and
possible contradictions.
Step 1: Developing and Applying
Codes
WHAT IS CODE?
Code may be a word or short
phrase that symbolically assigns
a cumulative prominent and
sense-capturing portion of a text
or visual data.
Codes
There are three types of coding:

1. Open coding. The initial organization of raw data to try to
make sense of it.
2. Axial coding. Interconnecting and linking the categories of
codes.
3. Selective coding. Formulating the story through
connecting the categories.
Codes
There are three types of coding:

Coding can be done manually or using qualitative data
analysis software such as
NVivo, Atlas ti 6.0, Hyper RESEARCH 2.8, Max QDA and others.
Codes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_gZuEm3Op0
Step 2: Identifying themes, patterns
and relationships.
most popular and effective methods of
qualitative data interpretation
Word and phrase repetitions – scanning primary data
for words and phrases most commonly used by
respondents, as well as, words and phrases used with
unusual emotions;
and relationships.
Primary and secondary data comparisons – comparing
the findings of interview/focus group/observation/any
other qualitative data collection method with the
findings of the literature review and discussing
differences between them;
and relationships.
Search for missing information – discussions
about which aspects of the issue was not
mentioned by respondents, although you
expected them to be mentioned;
and relationships.
Metaphors and analogues – comparing primary

research findings to phenomena from a different
area and discussing similarities and differences.
Step 3: Summarizing the data
DATA
Y S I S M E T H
A L O D
A N S
Research Project
Finding the Answers to the Research Questions-Quantitative
Quantitative or Qualitative
data
Identify whether the
following statements is a
quantitative or qualitative
data
data
It is warm outside
data
The cup had a mass of

454 grams
data
The cake recipe

requires 3 cups of
flour
data
The shelf life of the
Papaya Pickle is 3
days
data
The cloth of our
table napkin feels
rough
data
One of the welding
rod measures 9 cm
long.
data
The temperature of
the oven increased
by 8°C.
data
Opening the wine
bottle makes a loud
pop sound.
data
The pastry in the
canteen smells
sweet.
data
Leonora earned 95%
on her Math quiz.
y p e s o f D a t a
T
y p e s o f D a t a
T
Types of Data
Qualitative or Categorical

Qualitative or Categorical Data is Example

These data consist of audio, images,
data that can’t be measured or symbols, or text. The gender of a person,
counted in the form of numbers. i.e., male, female, or others, is qualitative
These types of data are sorted by data.
Gender ( Male, Female)
category, not by number.
Hair color ( Black, Brown, Gray, etc)
Nationality (Indian, American, Chinese,
etc)

Types of Data

Nominal Data
Nominal values represent discrete units and Example
are used to label variables that have no
quantitative value. Just think of them as
“labels.” Note that nominal data that has no
order. Therefore, if you would change the order
of its values, the meaning would not change.
Types of Data

Ordinal Data
Ordinal data have natural ordering where Example
a number is present in some kind of order
by their position on the scale. These data
are used for observation like customer
satisfaction, happiness, etc., but we can’t
do any arithmetical tasks on them.
Types of Data
Quantitative or numerical
Quantitative data is also known as
Example
numerical data which represents the
Height or weight of a person or
numerical value (i.e., how much, how often,
how many). Numerical data gives
object
information about the quantities of a Room Temperature
specific thing. Quantitative data can be used Scores and Marks (Ex: 59, 80, 60, etc.)
for statistical manipulation. Time
Types of Data
Discrete
Discrete data can take only discrete
Example
values. Discrete information contains
only a finite number of possible values.
Those values cannot be subdivided
meaningfully. Here, things can be
counted in whole numbers.
Types of Data
Continuous
Continuous data represent Example
measurements and therefore their values
can’t be counted but they can be
measured. An example would be the
height of a person, which you can describe
by using intervals on the real number line.
Types of Data
Interval
It represents ordered data that is measured
Example
along a numerical scale with equal distances
between the adjacent units. These equal
distances are also referred to as intervals. So
a variable contains interval data if it has
ordered numeric values with the exact
differences known between them.
Types of Data
Ratio
Like Interval data, ratio data are also Example
ordered with the same difference The temperature on a Kelvin scale
between the individual units. However, (0 degrees represent the total
they also have a meaningful zero so absence of thermal energy)
they cannot take negative values. Height ( zero is the starting point)
weight, length
g Q u a n t i t a t i
z i n v e
l y Da
n a t a
A Data Preparation
The first stage of analyzing data is data
preparation, where the aim is to convert raw data
into something meaningful and readable. It
includes four steps.
Step 1: Data Validation
Step 1: Data Validation

The purpose of data validation is to find
out, as far as possible, whether the data
collection was done as per the pre-set
standards and without any bias. It is a
four-step process, which includes…
Step 2: Data Editing
Typically, large data sets include errors. For
example, respondents may fill the fields
incorrectly or skip them accidentally. To make
sure that there are no such errors, the
researcher should conduct basic data checks,
check for outliers, and edit the raw research
data to identify and clear out any data points
that may hamper the accuracy of the results
Step 3: Data Coding
This is one of the most important steps

in data preparation. It refers to
grouping and assigning values to
responses from the survey.
Step 3: Data Coding
For example, if a researcher has interviewed 1,000

people and now wants to find the average age of
the respondents, the researcher will create age
buckets and categorize the age of each of the
respondents as per these codes. (For example,
respondents between 13-15 years old would have
their age coded as 0, 16-18 as 1,
18-20 as 2, etc.)
Quantitative Data Analysis
Methods
After these steps, the data is ready for
analysis. The two most commonly used
quantitative data analysis methods are
descriptive statistics and inferential
statistics.
i p t i v e S t a t i s
s c r t i c
D e s
Typically descriptive statistics (also known as descriptive analysis)
is the first level of analysis. It helps researchers summarize the
data and find patterns. A few commonly used descriptive statistics
are:
Mean: numerical average of a set of values.
 Median: midpoint of a set of numerical values.
 Mode: most common value among a set of values.
i p t i v e S t a t i s
s c r t i c
D e s
 Percentage: used to express how a value or group of
respondents within the data relates to a larger group of
respondents.
 Frequency: the number of times a value is found.
 Range: the highest and lowest value in a set of values.
Descriptive Vs. Inferential

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DATA

There are three types of coding:

There are three types of coding:

Metaphors and analogues – comparing primary

The cup had a mass of

The cake recipe

Qualitative or Categorical Data is Example

Step 1: Data Validation

This is one of the most important steps

For example, if a researcher has interviewed 1,000

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