LEARNING TARGETS

 
In this learning module, you are expected to:
 
 Interpret the data collected
 Infer and explain patterns and themes from data
 Construct a conceptual framework from these patterns and
themes
 Relate findings with pertinent literature
 Write a report on the data collected, interpreted, and
analyzed
What is Data Analysis?
 process of understanding data or known facts or
assumptions serving as the basis of any claims or
conclusions you have about something
 Primary aim is to find out if they exist or operate to
give answers to the research questions you have
raised prior to your acts of collecting them
 In analysing data, you go through with coding and
collating.
What is Coding?
 act of using symbols like letters or words to
represent arbitrary or subjective data (emotions,
opinions, attitudes) to ensure secrecy or privacy of
the data
 It is used to organize raw data into categories or
themes.
 This is done by doing a line-by-line analysis and
identifying key words, sentences or phrases
which best describe the particular piece of data.
What is Collating?
 way of bringing together the coded data
 Giving the data an orderly appearance is putting
them in a graph, specially a table of responses
What is Data Matrix
 used to name this table of responses that consists of
table of cases and their associated variables
 Profile matrix shows measurement of variables or
factors for a set of cases or respondents
 Proximity matrix indicates measurement of
similarities (similarity matrix) and differences
(dissimilarity matrix) between items. (Denzin, 2013)
Qualitative Data Analysis
 In qualitative research, you analyze or study data
that reflect the respondents thoughts, feelings,
attitudes, or views about something.
 These are subjective data that are expressed in
words and these words serve as the unit of
analysis in qualitative type of research.
 You collect qualitative data through interviews,
observations or content analysis and then subject
them to data analysis.
Qualitative Data Analysis
 Data analysis in qualitative research is a rigorous
act of a thematic or theoretical organization of ideas
or information into a certain format that is capable of
presenting groups of responses.
Qualitative Data Analysis
In analyzing your data, you have to consider the
following process:

1. Consider the objective of your study.

 What specific information would you like to find
out?
 What actions or outcomes would you anticipate
to happen?
Qualitative Data Analysis
2. Consider your qualitative research design.
 Is it phenomenological?
 If it is, then you should consider the experience
of the participants relevant to the phenomenon
being studied.
 Or, are you after the manner by which the
participants create knowledge or meaning?
 Or is it about participant’s experiences based
on their gender, ethnicity, etc?
Qualitative Data Analysis
3. Do coding
 An important consideration is that the codes
the you will initially construct should be relevant
to the objective of the study and should fit with
the qualitative research approach/design you
have employed.
 The codes to be used may come from your
own words as a researcher, the exact words of
the participants or words from related literature
and other external sources.
Qualitative Data Analysis
4. After establishing your codes, analyze your codes
again but this time look for unifying themes. The
main theme must be one step closer to
addressing the study’s objective. It could be
insights that you have gained from the codes.
Qualitative Data Analysis
5. Analyze the codes again and see if these
individual codes/data can adequately support your
unifying/main themes.
Qualitative Data Analysis
 The process of creating categories or codes is
highly inductive in nature. It starts with discovering,
rediscovering, verifying, testing and confirming the
formulated them, category, or construct.
 The utmost concern of a qualitative research study
is to look for patterns, themes or constructs in the
data gathered.
 You can determine these by comparing and
contrasting the data you have collected.
Visual Representations
 These are very useful tools in presenting and
understanding the results of a qualitative research
study.
 Researchers may use these to present any
systems, patterns, interactions or relationships that
could be established from the data.
 Maps, graphic organizers, organization charts,
matrices and flow charts
Visual Representations
1. Sphere or Spider Diagram
Visual Representations
2. Cycle Diagram
Visual Representations
3. Network Diagram
Visual Representations
4. Venn Diagram
References
 Apodaca, D.C. 2019. Practical Research 1. 2nd Ed.
Makati City. Diwa Learning Systems Inc. pp. 105-
117
 Baraceros, E.L.2016. Practical Research 1.1st Ed.
Manila. Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 121-123