Objective:

The objective of this lab is to design and analyze the performance of inverting and
non-inverting amplifiers using an operational amplifier (op-amp). The specific gain
will be determined for each amplifier configuration, and the input and output
waveforms will be observed and compared. This lab aims to provide hands-on
experience in designing basic op-amp amplifier circuits and understanding their
characteristics.

Equipment Required:
Op-Amp (e.g., 741)
Power supply
Function generator
Oscilloscope
Breadboard
Resistors (various values)
Capacitors (optional)
Connecting wires
Grounding wire

Procedure:

1. Circuit Setup:
Connect the power supply to the breadboard and set it to the desired voltage level
(e.g., +12V and -12V).
Place the op-amp on the breadboard, ensuring the correct pin alignment.
For the Inverting Amplifier:
Connect a resistor (Rf) between the output (pin 6) of the op-amp and the inverting
input (pin 2).
Connect a resistor (R1) between the inverting input (pin 2) and the ground.
Connect the non-inverting input (pin 3) to the ground.
For the Non-Inverting Amplifier:
Connect a resistor (Rf) between the output (pin 6) of the op-amp and the
non-inverting input (pin 3).
Connect a resistor (R1) between the non-inverting input (pin 3) and the ground.
Connect a feedback resistor (R2) between the non-inverting input (pin 3) and the
output (pin 6) of the op-amp.

2. Designing the Amplifiers:

Determine the desired gain (Av) for each amplifier configuration (inverting and
non-inverting).
Calculate the required resistor values using the following formulas:
For the Inverting Amplifier: Rf = R1 * (Av - 1)
For the Non-Inverting Amplifier: Rf = (R1 + R2) / R1
Choose resistor values from the available options or use variable resistors for
flexibility.
Set the resistor values on the breadboard accordingly.
3. Input-Output Waveform Observation:
Connect the function generator to the input of each amplifier configuration.
Set the function generator to produce a sine wave with an appropriate frequency and
amplitude.
Connect channel 1 of the oscilloscope to the input of the amplifier and channel 2
to the output.
Adjust the time scale and voltage scale on the oscilloscope for clear waveform
visualization.
Observe and record the input and output waveforms for each amplifier configuration.
Compare the amplitudes and phase relationships between the input and output
waveforms.

Observation Table: Input-Output Waveforms

Amplifier Configuration Amplification Gain Input Waveform Output Waveform

Inverting Amplifier -10 Sine Wave Sine Wave
Non-Inverting Amplifier 5 Sine Wave Sine Wave

precaution:

Ensure that the power supply voltages are within the specified limits for the
op-amp.
Take necessary precautions while handling electronic components and equipment.
Double-check all connections before powering on the circuit.
Follow all safety guidelines provided by your instructor or lab supervisor.

Results and Analysis:

Record the designed resistor values for each amplifier configuration.

Describe the observed input and output waveforms for both the inverting and
non-inverting amplifiers.
Compare the amplitude and phase relationships between the input and output
waveforms.
Analyze the performance of each amplifier configuration based on the observed
results.

Conclusion:
In this lab, we successfully designed and analyzed the performance of inverting and
non-inverting amplifiers using op-amps. By determining the specific gain and
selecting appropriate resistor values, we achieved the desired amplification
characteristics. We observed the input and output waveforms for each amplifier
configuration and compared their amplitudes and phase relationships. This
experiment provided valuable insights into the behavior and performance of op-amp
amplifiers and their applications in signal processing.