01de30f8e785b17783163ec2652b1af032c8f3f5.

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1133001
« Solid wax of mass 100 g is heated by an electrical heater of constant power. The
heating curve below shows how the temperature of the wax changes with time as
it is heated from solid to liquid.

(Specific latent heat of fusion of wax = 2.1  105 J kg1,

specific heat capacity of liquid wax = 2130 J kg1 C1,
specific heat capacity of solid wax = 2500 J kg1 C1)

(a) What is the melting point of the wax? (1 mark)

(b) Describe the state of the wax between t = 3 min and t = 6 min. (1 mark)
(c) A student claims that the internal energy of the wax does not change
between t = 3 min and t = 6 min. Comment on his statement. (4 marks)
(d) Find the increase in internal energy of the wax in the first 8 minutes.
(3 marks)
(e) If the mass of the wax is larger than 100 g, sketch the new heating curve of
the wax. (3 marks)

-- ans --
Solutions Marks
(a) 55 C 1A

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(b) Between t = 3 min and t = 6 min, the wax is a mixture of its solid
and liquid states. 1A
(c) The student is wrong. 1A
Between t = 3 min and t = 6 min, the wax changes from solid to
liquid. 1A
The potential energy of the wax particles increases. 1A
Therefore, the internal energy of wax also increases. 1A
(d) Increase in internal energy of wax
1M
= mc1T1 + mlf + mc2T2
1M
= 0.1  2500  (55  20) + 0.1  2.1  105 + 0.1  2130  (85 
55) 1A

= 36 100 J
(e)

(Temperature increases at a lower rate) 1A

(Melting takes longer time) 1A
(Same melting point) 1A
-- ans end --

{{<P=11><C=03><S=core><T=LQ><M=16><L=2><X=H><id=002>}}
1133002
« Amy and Bobby use the experimental set-up shown below to find out the
specific latent heat of vaporization of water.

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(a) They find that there is a slight decrease in the mass of water in the
polystyrene cup before the water boils. Explain this briefly. (1 mark)
(b) When the water boils, they take the reading of the balance. After 5 minutes,
they take the reading of the balance again. The following data are obtained.
Power rating of the heater = 100 W
Initial reading of the balance = 727.5 g
Final reading of the balance = 715.2 g
(i) Find the energy supplied by the heater in 5 minutes. (1 mark)
(ii) Find the specific latent heat of vaporization of water according to the
above results. (3 marks)
(c) They find that the value obtained in (b)(ii) is higher than the actual specific
latent heat of vaporization of water. Suggest a reason for this and explain
briefly. (2 marks)
(d) After the experiment, Amy and Bobby make the following remarks:
Amy: The polystyrene cup should be wrapped so that the error in the
experiment can be reduced.
Bobby: A cover should be added to the cup so that energy loss to the
surroundings can be reduced.
Explain whether Amy and Bobby are correct or not. (5 marks)
(e) State and explain two precautions of the experiment. (4 marks)

-- ans --
Solutions Marks
(a) Some water in the polystyrene cup evaporates. 1A

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(b) (i) Energy supplied by the heater = 100  5  60 = 30 000 J 1A

(ii) Mass of water boiled away = 727.5 – 715.2 = 12.3 g 1M
Q
Specific latent heat of vaporization of water = 1M
m

30 000
=
12.3 10  3
= 2.44  106 J kg–1 1A
(c) As some energy is lost to the surroundings, 1A
the actual amount of energy absorbed by the water is less than the
energy supplied by the heater. 1A
(d) Wrapping the polystyrene cup can reduce the energy loss to the
surroundings, thus reducing the error in the experiment. 1A
Therefore, Amy is correct. 1A
Adding a cover to the cup makes the water vapour condense and
drip back to the cup. 1A
The energy supplied will become more than that actually required. 1A

Therefore, Bobby is wrong. 1A

(e) Completely immerse the heating part of the heater into the water 1A
to reduce the energy loss to the surroundings. 1A
Do not switch on the heater unless it is immersed in water 1A
to protect the heater from being damaged by overheating. 1A
(Or other reasonable answers)
-- ans end --

{{<P=11><C=03><S=core><T=LQ><M=15><L=2><X=H><id=003>}}
1133003
« A student wants to measure the melting point of substance X.

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substance X

He fills half of a boiling tube with substance X and heats it. After the substance
melts completely, he lets it cool down and records its temperature every minute.
The following results are obtained.

Time / min 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Temperature / C 80 70 60 58 58 58 56 49 42 38 32

(a) Plot on graph paper a graph of temperature against time, ranging from 0 to
80 C. (4 marks)
(b) (i) Find the melting point of substance X from the graph. (1 mark)
(ii) When do the liquid and solid states exist simultaneously? (2 marks)
(iii) What is the temperature difference during the time interval in (ii)?
What is the physical term for the energy released during the time
interval? (2 marks)
(iv) What are the states of substance X before and after the time interval in
(ii)? (2 marks)
(c) (i) If substance X loses energy at a rate of 30 W at its melting point, how
much energy is lost to the surroundings during the time interval?
(2 marks)
(ii) If the mass of substance X used is 0.05 kg, find its specific latent heat
of fusion. (2 marks)

-- ans --

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Solutions Marks
(a)

(Correct axes) 1A
(Correct data points) 1A
(Correct curve) 1A
(b) (i) 58 C 1A
(ii) From t = 3 min to 1A
t = 5 min 1A
(iii) The temperature difference is 0. 1A
The energy released is called latent heat. 1A
(iv) Before t = 3 min, substance X is in liquid state. 1A
After t = 5 min, substance X is in solid state. 1A
(c) (i) Energy lost to the surroundings = 30  2  60 1M
= 3600 J 1A
Q
(ii) By lf = , 1M
m

3600
specific latent heat of fusion = = 72 000 J kg–1 1A
0.05
-- ans end --

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{{<P=11><C=03><S=core><T=LQ><M=10><L=2><X=H><id=004>}}
1133004
« Besides being delicious, ice-cream makes us feel cool in the hot summer. This
question is to estimate how much it can cool us down.

Consider a boy of mass 30 kg eats 0.3 kg of ice-cream (0 C). The specific latent
heat of fusion of ice-cream is around 334 000 J kg–1.
(a) (i) The specific heat capacity of the human body is close to that of water,
i.e. 4200 J kg–1 C–1. Explain briefly. (1 mark)
(ii) Is the actual specific heat capacity of the human body lower or higher
than our estimation? Why? (2 marks)
(iii) What is the normal temperature of the human body? (1 mark)
(b) Energy gained by the liquid ice-cream is assumed negligible in later
calculations. Explain why we can make this assumption. (1 mark)
(c) (i) Based on the above assumptions, calculate the energy lost by the boy
after eating the ice-cream. (3 marks)
(ii) Assume that the boy cannot maintain his body temperature. Find his
body temperature after eating the ice-cream. (2 marks)

-- ans --
Solutions Marks
(a) (i) The majority of our body is water. 1A
(ii) Lower, 1A
because tissues such as fibres and bones have smaller
specific heat capacity than water. 1A
(iii) 37 C 1A
(b) The energy gained by the liquid ice-cream is much smaller than the
latent heat of the ice-cream. 1A
(c) (i) Energy lost by the boy
1M

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= latent heat of ice-cream + energy gained by liquid ice-cream 1M

= mlf + 0
= 0.3  334 000 1A
= 100 000 J 1M
(ii) By Q = mcT,
100 000 = 30  4200  (37  T) 1A
T = 36.2 C
 His body temperature is 36.2 C.
-- ans end --

{{<P=11><C=03><S=core><T=LQ><M=15><L=3><X=H><id=005>}}
1133005
«« The following figure shows the cooling curve of a substance changing from
liquid state to solid state.

(a) You are given a boiling tube half-filled with this substance in its solid state.
Describe, with the aid of a diagram, how you melt the substance. Also
describe how you obtain the cooling curve of the substance. (6 marks)
(b) What are the states of the substance in regions AB, BC and CD? (3 marks)
(c) What is the melting point of the substance? (1 mark)
(d) How do the potential energy and average kinetic energy of the particles of
the substance change in region BC? (2 marks)
(e) If the mass of the substance used is 0.05 kg and the rate of energy loss to the
surroundings at its melting point is 20 J per second, find the specific latent
heat of fusion of the substance. (3 marks)

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-- ans --
Solutions Marks
(a) Put the boiling tube in a hot water bath until the substance melts
completely. 1A

(correct diagram) 1A
To obtain the curving curve, first remove the boiling tube from the
beaker and 1A
suspend a thermometer in the melted substance. 1A
Then, record the temperature for every certain length of time. 1A
Using the data, plot a graph of temperature against time. 1A
This is the cooling curve of the substance.
(b) AB: liquid 1A
BC: liquid and solid 1A
CD: solid 1A
(c) 40 C 1A
(d) Their potential energy decreases 1A
while average kinetic energy remains unchanged. 1A
(e) Energy lost in region BC = 20  4  60 = 4800 J 1M
Q
Specific latent heat of fusion = 1M
m

4800
=
0.05
= 96 000 J kg1 1A
-- ans end --

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1133006
«« Jerry uses the apparatus shown in the following figure to perform an experiment
to determine the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.

(a) Draw a diagram to show how the apparatus should be arranged for the
experiment. (3 marks)
(b) How can Jerry ensure that the ice used is at 0 C? (1 mark)
(c) Jerry obtains the following data in the experiment:
Initial joulemeter reading = 35 000 J
Finial joulemeter reading = 46 400 J
Mass of water collected in beaker = 0.04 kg
Find the specific latent heat of fusion of ice. (3 marks)
(d) The result of the experiment is inaccurate because some ice was melted by
absorbing energy from the surroundings. Describe how the amount of ice
melted by the surroundings can be measured. (4 marks)
(e) Give three reasons why ice is good for cooling drinks. (3 marks)

-- ans --
Solutions Marks
(a)

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(Heater and ice placed in the funnel) 1A

(Beaker placed under the funnel) 1A
(Power supply, joulemeter and heater connected correctly) 1A
(b) He should use melting ice. 1A
(c) Energy supplied by heater = 46 400 - 35 000 = 11 400 J 1M
Q 1M
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice =
m

11 400
=
0.04
= 2.85 x 105 J kg1 1A
(d) To measure the amount ice melted at room temperature, a set of
control apparatus is needed. 1A
The control apparatus is identical to that of the experimental
apparatus except that the immersion heater is not turned on. 1A
Before putting the beakers underneath the funnels and switching on
the heater in the experimental apparatus, make sure that the drip
rates are about the same. 1A
After switching off the heater, do not remove the beakers
immediately. Wait until the drip rates are about the same again. 1A
(e) Ice can be prepared easily. 1A
Ice has a large specific latent heat of fusion. 1A
It melts at room temperature. 1A
-- ans end --

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