State of ma er

Ma er - Everything you can see and feel is called ma er.

Solid (bricks)
Sate of ma er Liquid (water)
Gas (air)

ma er proper es examples

Solid -Solids keep the same shape.

-They take up the same amount of space.
-They keep the same volume.
-They cannot be squashed (compressed)
or poured.

Liquid -Liquids take the shape of the container

they are in.
-Liquids can be poured and can move
through gaps.
-They cannot be squashed.
- Liquids take up the same amount of space.
-They keep the same volume.

Gas -Gases move to fill any closed container

they are in.
-Gases flow like liquids.
-They are very easy to squash.
-The volume of a gas can change.
-Gases weigh very li le.
-You o en cannot see or feel gases, but you
can some mes smell them, and you can
feel moving air on your face.
 Ac vity 5.1 Solid , liquid ,or gas ?

Complete the table using objects around you.

Discuss your reasons for each decision with your friends.

Substance Solid, liquid , gas? I know this because . . .

Solid par cles theory

Liquid par cles theory

Gas par cles theory

 Hea ng solids

When solids are heated they __________.

The par cles in solids are arranged in a ___________ pa ern.
The par cles are held together ___________ and are ___________ packed.
The par cles in the solid just ____________.
The heat energy is transferred to the par cles.
The more energy the par cles have, the more they ______________.
As the par cles vibrate more, they take up more ______________.
The par cles are s ll held in posi on by the __________________ between them.

Mel ng solids

When solids are heated even more strongly they melt. They become ___________.
The par cles in the solid _________ more and more as heat energy is transferred
to them. The par cles vibrate so much that the ___________________ between
them are no longer strong enough to hold them in a ___________ pa ern.
They are able to ____________ past one another.
The forces are s ll strong enough for the par cles to stay
in ____________with one another.
The more the liquid is heated, the more energy is transferred to the par cles
and the more the par cles _______________.
 Boiling liquids

When liquids are heated they ___________ and eventually ____________.

In liquids the par cles __________ each other.
The par cles are held together ___________.
The par cles __________ more as heat energy is transferred to them.
Some par cles have enough energy to break
the weak _____________ forces holding them together.
These par cles can ___________ into the air as gas ______________.

Cooling gases

The par cles in a gas are _______ to move anywhere and spread out.
There are no _________ holding them.
When a gas gets cooler it condenses to form a __________.
When gas par cles reach a ___________ surface,
some of the heat energy transfers from the par cles to the surface.
The par cles move less and get closer together. They form a _________.
 Freezing liquids

When a liquid freezes it becomes a ________.

The par cles in a liquid ________ and ________ past each other.
As heat energy is transferred from the par cles to the environment,
the par cles move more ____________ and the liquid gets ___________.
The cooler the liquid is, the less the par cles are
able to move or slide past each other.
Eventually the par cles have so li le energy they can only _________.
They become arranged in a _________ pa ern to form a __________.

Measuring Liquid Volume

When you measure the volume of a liquid you use a measuring cylinder.
The liquid forms a curve at the top. This is called the meniscus.
You measure the volume from the bo om of the meniscus.
To do this, you must put your eye level with the meniscus.
 Measuring Temperature

When you measure temperature, you use a thermometer.

The liquid inside the thermometer expands as it gets ho er.
You read the temperature from the scale.
Place your eye level with the top of the liquid in the thermometer
Before you begin the ac vity, discuss in your group what safety
measures you will take. Check these with your teacher.
1. Carefully measure 150cm3 of water into a beaker.
2. Place a thermometer in the water.
3. Take the temperature.
4. Record this in a table. (Copy and extend the one below.)
5 Heat the water.
6 Take the temperature every minute.
Complete the following sentences.

(a) A solid has a _____________________ shape.

A solid cannot be __________________ .
A liquid has a fixed _________________and cannot be __________________.

(b) Which proper es of a solid are shared with a liquid but not with a gas? [2]

(c) Which property is shared by a gas and a liquid? [1]

(d) Which property of a gas means it can be used in a car tyre? [1]

(e) Which property of a liquid is used when petrol (gasoline) is pumped [1]
from the tank to the engine of a car?
The diagrams below show the arrangement of the par cles in a solid, a liquid or
a gas.

(a) Is A a solid, a liquid or a gas? [1]

(b) Is B a solid, a liquid or a gas? [1]

(c) Explain, using the par cle theory, what happens [2]
when a liquid is heated and then evaporates.

(d) Explain, using the par cle theory, what happens when a liquid is frozen. [2]
For each of the following terms state which states of ma er are involved.
(For example: : freezing -a liquid changing to a solid.)

(a) evapora on –
(b) mel ng -
(c) condensa on –

Mercedes heated a liquid and recorded the temperature every minute.

Here are her results.

Which reading does not fit the pa ern?

Suggest a reason for this.

What happens to the temperature

between 5 and 8 minutes?

Explain why this happens.