Electric Circuits

CALENG3
Dr. Susan A. Roces

Department of Chemical Engineering

2T, AY 2022 - 2023

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 Electric Circuits
Electric circuits = is treated as a
network containing only one
closed path.
Elements of a circuit:
1. Electromotive force (EMF) or
Voltage (E or V) = acts as a
source of energy (volts).
Ex. battery, generator " RCL" series
2. Resistor (R) = uses energy such as electric
light or bulb, toaster, appliances (ohms).
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3. Inductor (L) = opposes a charge in a current
(henry).
Ex. Energy inside the ballast
4. Capacitor (C) = store energy (farad).
Ex. two plates inside water heater
5. Switch
Note:
1. Charge (Q) = quantity of electricity (coulombs).
2. Current (I) = time rate of flow of electricity
(amperes).
dQ
=I
dt 3
Kirchoff’s Law:
The algebraic sum of voltage drops around a
loop or electric circuit is zero.
Voltage supplied = sum of voltage drops
Contribution of each of the idealized elements in
the simple network:
1. The voltage drop across a resistor is
proportional to the current passing through
the resistor.
ER ∝ I
ER = R I 4
 where:
ER = voltage across the resistor (volts)
R = resistance (ohm)
I = current (ampere)
2. The voltage drop across an inductor is
proportional to the instantaneous time rate of
charge of the current.
dI
EL ∝
dt
dI
EL = L
dt 5
 where:
EL = voltage across an inductor
L = inductance
t = time
2. The voltage drop across a capacitor is
proportional to the instantaneous electric
charge on the capacitor.
EC ∝ Q
1
EC = Q
c
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where: EC = voltage across a capacitor
c = capacitance (farad)
Q= charge (coulombs)

Std. Form: E = E R + E L + EC
dI 1
E= RI + L + Q
dt c
Note:
" RC" series
" RL" series 1st degree d. e.
" LC" series
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 Examples:
1.  A 10-ohm resistor and a 5-henry inductor are
connected to a 50-volt source at time t = 0.
Express the current I as a function of time.
What happens to the value of I as time goes
on indefinitely?
Given:
= 10 ohm
= 5 henry
E = 50 volts
when : t = 0, I = 0
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Req’d: a). I = f (t )
b). I = ?, t = ∝
Sol’n.:
a ). E = ER + EL
dI
E = R I +L
dt

[ 50 = 10 I + 5 ]
dI dt
dt 5
dI + 2 I dt = 10 dt Linear in I
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Integrating Factor:
2 dt 2t
v(t ) = e ∫ =e
Gen. Sol’n:
2t = 2t u = 2t
I e ∫ e
dt + c
10 du = 2dt
1
[ I e
2t
= 5e
2t
+ c e 2t ]
− 2t
I = 5 + ce

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 when: t = 0, I = 0

0= 5 + ce 0
c = −5
Therefore:
− 2t
I =5 − 5 e
b). when: t = α , I = ?
− 2 (α )
I =5 − 5 e
5 5
I = 5 − 2α = 5 − =5 − 0=5
e α
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 − 5t
2. A decaying emf E = 200 e is connected in
series with a 20-ohm resistor and 0.01 farad
capacitor. Assuming Q = 0 at t = 0, find the
charge and current at any time. Show that
the charge reaches a maximum, calculate it
and find when it is reached
Given:
− 5t = 20 ohm
E = 200 e when : t = 0,
Q=0
= 0.01 farad
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Req’d: a). Q = f (t ) and I = f (t )
b). Qmax. = ?, tmax. = ?
Sol’n.:
a ). E = ER + EC
1 dQ
E = R I + Q but : I=
c dt
− 5t dQ 1
200 e = 20 + Q
dt 0.01
dt
[ 200 e
− 5t
= 20
dQ
dt
+ 100 Q
20 ] 13
 − 5t
10 e dt = dQ + 5 Qdt
− 5t
dQ + 5 Q dt = 10 e dt Linear in Q
Integrating Factor:
∫ 5 dt 5t
v(t ) = e =e
Gen. Sol’n:
5t
Q e 5t = ∫ 10 e
−5t
e dt + c
5t 1
[Q e = 10 t + c ] e 5t

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 − 5t − 5t
Q = 10 t e + ce
when: t = 0, Q = 0
− 5 ( 0) − 5 ( 0)
0 = 10 (0) e + ce
0 = 0 + c (1) c=0
− 5t
Therefore: Q = 10 t e
but: dQ − 5t
I= = 10 [ (−5) t e + e
− 5t ]
dt
− 5 t
I = 10 e (1 − 5t )
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 b). Qmax. = ?, tmax. = ?
dQ − 5 t
I= = 10 e (1 − 5t ) = 0
dt
− 5 t 1 − 5t = 0
e =0
− 5 t 5t = 1
ln e = ln 0 1
t =α t max. =
1 5
when: t max. = ⎛ 1⎞
5 − 5⎜ ⎟ 2
⎛1⎞ 5 −1 =
Qmax = 10 ⎜ ⎟ e ⎝ ⎠ = 2e
e
⎝5⎠
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 Assignment 11: Electric Circuit
1.  A resistor (of unknown constant resistance) and a 0.02
farad capacitor are connected in series with an emf of
E = 100 volts. The initial charge of the capacitor is 5
coulombs. If at t = 1/10 seconds the current flowing is
30/e amperes on the reverse direction, find the value of
the resistance.
Ans. 5 ohms

2.  An electric circuit contains an 8-ohm resistor in series with

an inductor of 0.5 Henry and a battery of E volts. At t = 0,
the current is zero. Find E if the maximum current flowing
in the circuit is 8 amperes.

Ans. 64 Volts
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 Assignment 11: Electric Circuit
3. A 20-ohm resistor and a capacitor are connected in
series with a battery of 60 volts. At t = 0, there is no
charge on the capacitor. Find the capacitance if the
current at t = 5 seconds is 3/es amperes.

Ans. 0.05 Farads

4.  A coil of inductance 1 Henry and a resistance of 20

ohms is connected to an emf E = 200 sin 20t. If I = 0
when t = 0, find I at t = 0.06 seconds.

Ans. 435 amp.

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