HOMEOSTATSIS

PHYSIOLOGY

• Physiology: biological sciences dealing with the normal life phenomena exhibited by all living
organisms.
• Human physiology: basic sciences dealing with normal life phenomena of the human body.
• Goal of physiology:
• explain the physical and chemical factors that are responsible for the origin, development
and progression of life.
ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY

Organisms
Organ(Human body)
Organs systems
Tissues
Cells
4 CELLS ARE THE LIVING UNITS OF THE
BODY

• The basic living unit of the body is the cell. Each tissue or organ is an aggregate of many different
cells held together by intercellular supporting structures.
• Each type of cell is specially adapted to perform one or a few particular functions. For example, the
red blood cells, numbering about 25 trillion in each person, transport oxygen from the lungs to the
tissues.
• The entire body, then, contains about 35 to 40 trillion human cells.
• The many cells of the body often differ markedly from one another but all have certain basic
characteristics that are alike.
• Almost all cells also have the ability to reproduce additional cells of their own type. Fortunately, when
cells of a particular type are destroyed, the remaining cells of this type usually generate new cells
until the supply is replenished.
5 EXTRACELLULAR FLUID—THE
"INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT"

• About 50% to 70% of the adult human body is fluid, mainly a water solution of ions and other
substances.
• Although most of this fluid is inside the cells and is called intracellular fluid, about one-third is in
the spaces outside the cells and is called extracellular fluid
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• This extracellular fluid is in constant motion throughout the body.

• It is transported rapidly in the circulating blood and then mixed between the blood and tissue
fluids by diffusion through the capillary walls.
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• In the extracellular fluid are the ions and nutrients needed by the cells to
maintain life. Thus, all cells live in essentially the same environment—the
extracellular fluid.
• For this reason, the extracellular fluid is also called the internal environment of
the body, or the milieu interieur, a term introduced by the great 19th-century
French physiologist Claude Bernard
 Internal Environment and Homeostasis
8 Total body water = 60 % BW
Extracellular fluid
Blood Plasma 1/5
1/3 Interstitial fluid 4/5

2/3
Intracellular fluid
= 40 % BW
 Internal environment
9
Intracellular
fluid
Plasma

Interstitial fluid

Extracellular fluid directly baths body cells

Internal environment = Extracellular fluid
10 Extracellular fluids
Intracellular
fluid
2. Plasma

1. Interstitial fluid
3. Fluid of special compartments: pericardial fluid,
pleural fluid, cerebrospinal fluid
• Pleural fluid is a liquid that is located between the layers of the pleura. The pleura is a two-layer
membrane that covers the lungs and lines the chest cavity. Pleural fluid keeps the pleura moist and
reduces friction between the membranes when you breathe.
• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is made by tissue that lines the ventricles (hollow spaces) in the brain. It
flows in and around the brain and spinal cord to help cushion them from injury and provide nutrients.
• Pericardial fluid is the serous fluid secreted by the serous layer of the pericardium into the pericardial
cavity. The pericardium consists of two layers, an outer fibrous layer and the inner serous layer.
• Your pericardium is a fluid-filled sac that surrounds your heart and the roots of the major blood
vessels that extend from your heart. Conditions that affect your pericardium include pericarditis,
 pericardial effusion and constrictive pericarditis
12 DIFFERENCES IN EXTRACELLULAR AND INTRACELLULAR FLUIDS

• The extracellular fluid contains large amounts of sodium, chloride, and

bicarbonate ions plus nutrients for the cells, such as oxygen, glucose, fatty acids,
and amino acids. It also contains carbon dioxide that is being transported from the
cells to the lungs to be excreted, plus other cellular waste products that are being
transported to the kidneys for excretion.
• The intracellular fluid contains large amounts of potassium, magnesium, and
phosphate ions instead of the sodium and chloride ions found in the extracellular
fluid.
• Special mechanisms for transporting ions through the cell membranes maintain
the ion concentration differences between the extracellular and intracellular fluids.
13 HOMEOSTASIS

• The concept of Homeostasis

• stable =/= rigidity, can vary within narrow limit (normal physiological range)
• The golden goal of every organ :
• to maintain homeostasis
• (concept of REGULATION)
14 Normal Physiological ranges
■In fasting blood
Arterial pH 7.35-7.45
Bicarbonate 24-28 mEq/L
O2 content 17.2-22.0 ml/100 ml
Total lipid 400-800 mg/100 ml
Glucose 75-110 mg/100 ml
 Homeostasis & Controls
15
•Successful compensation
•Homeostasis
reestablished
•Failure to compensate
•Pathophysiology
•Illness
•Death
16 REGULATION OF THE BODY FUNCTIONS
• Regulation- the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal conditions in a
constantly changing environment
• Three types:
• 1. Chemical (hormonal) Regulation
• 2. Nervous Regulation
• 3. Autoregulation
17 CHEMICAL (HORMONAL) REGULATION

• a regulatory process performed by hormone or active chemical

substance in blood or tissue.
• response slowly
• acts extensively
• lasts for a long time.
18 NERVOUS REGULATION

• a process in which body functions are controlled by nerve system

• Pathway: nerve reflex
• Types: unconditioned reflex and conditioned reflex
• Example: baroreceptor reflex of arterial blood pressure
• Characteristics:
• response fast
• acts exactly or locally
• last for a short time
• Reflexes are of two types- An unconditioned reflex is an unlearned response that occurs in
response to a stimulus. A conditioned reflex is a learned response that occurs in response to a
stimulus.
• The baroreflex or baroreceptor reflex is one of the body's homeostatic mechanisms that
helps to maintain blood pressure at nearly constant levels. The baroreflex provides a rapid
negative feedback loop in which an elevated blood pressure causes the heart rate to
decrease. It is autoimmune activity.
20 AUTOREGULATION

• a tissue or an organ can directly respond to

environmental changes
• independent of nervous and hormonal control
• (Autoregulation is a manifestation of local blood flow regulation. It is defined as the intrinsic
ability of an organ to maintain a constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure.)
22 REGULATION OF THE BODY FUNCTIONS

• The three regulations have coordinated and acts as one system, "feedback control system".
23 CONTROL SYSTEM IN THE HUMAN BODY

• Feedback Control
24 CONTROL SYSTEM IN THE HUMAN BODY

• Feedback Control
• Feedback: Output (feedback signal) from controlled organ returns to affect or
modify the action of the control system.
• Feedback control mechanism consists of two forms:
• Negative feedback control.
• Positive feedback control
 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
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• The feedback signals from controlled system produces effect opposite to the
action of the control system.
• The opposite effect is mainly "inhibitory action".
 Negative Feedback: Inhibitory.
Stimulus triggers response to counteract further change in the
26 same direction.
Negative-feedback mechanisms prevent small changes from
becoming too large.
 Importance:
27

Maintenance of the homeostasis

 Positive feedback
28
 The feedback signal or output from the
controlled system increases the action of the
control system
 Examples:
 Blood clotting
 Micturition
 Defecation
 Na+ inflow in genesis of nerve signals
 Contraction of the uterus during childbirth
(parturition)
 Positive Feedback: Stimulatory.
Stimulus trigger mechanisms that amplify the
29 response and reinforces the stimulus.
30 IMPORTANCE:

• Enhance the action of original stimulus or amplify or

reinforce change
• promote an activity to finish
• Vicious circle - can lead to instability or even death
31 FEED-FORWARD CONTROL

• Concept: Direct effect of stimulus on the control system before the action of feedback signal
occurs.
• Disturb signal or interfere signal.
• Example: Shivering before diving into the cold water
32 FEED-FORWARD CONTROL

• Significance of Feedback-forward :
• adaptive feedback control.
• makes the human body to foresee and adapt
the environment promptly and exactly
• (prepare the body for the change).
33 GAIN OF CONTROL SYSTEM

• Body's efficiency to maintain internal environment of body

• More efficient more gain of control system
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