Fungsional Organization of the

Human Body and Control of

the “Internal Environment”
by
M. Rasjad Indra
• The goal of Physiology is to explain:
– Physical and chemical factors that are responsible
for:
– The origin, development, and progression of life.
• From viral physiology => Human
physiology.
• Human being actually automation
process.
– Beyond our own control
 Cell as The Living Units of the Body

• Differ each other but have certain basic

characteristics.
– Changing nutrient into energy
– Deliver the end products into the surrounding fluid
– Almost all cells have the ability to reproduce
• Organ is an aggregate of many different
cells
• Tissue is an aggregate of many similar cells.
• Intercellular Communication (cell-cell
signaling)
 Intercellular Communication
Cell – cell signaling
By: Chemical Messenger

Via:
•Gap junction
•Secreted into ECF
•Neurotransmitter
•Endocrine
•Paracrine
•Autocrine
•Juxtacrine

Chemical Messenger + Receptor => cells response

Gap Junction
Juxtacrine
Neurotransmiter

Paracrine

Endocrine
 Homeostasis

• Homeostasis means “maintenance” of dynamic

stable conditions in the internal environment.
• All the organs and tissues perform the homeostatic
mechanism to maintain these stable condition.
• Physiology concern with the contribution of each
organ / tissue to homeostasis.
• Each organ / tissue has its own functional system
• There are control system that cause functional
system operate in harmony with one another
 Extracellular Fluid - The Internal Environment

Body fluid
60% (45-75)
water

Intracellular Extracellular
40 % 20 %
(42 liter in 70 kg (14 liter in 70 kg
young adult) young adult)

Interstitial Plasma Transcellular

15 % 5% 1-3 %
(10.5 liter in 70 kg (3.5 liter in 70 kg (Cerebrospinal)
young adult) young adult) (Aqueous humor)
 Different Between Extracellular and Intracellular
Electrolytes Plasma Interstitial Fluid Intracellular
(mEq/L) (mEq/Kg H2O) Fluid (mEq/Kg
H2O)
Cation:
Na+ 142 145 10
K+ 4 4 159
Ca2+ 5 3 1
Mg2+ 2 2 40
Total 153 154 210
Anion:
Cl- 103 117 3
HCO3- 25 28 7
Protein 17 - 45
Others 8 9 155
Total 153 154 210
Extracellular Fluid Transport System
- The Circulatory System
• Two stages:
– Blood circulation
– Fluid movement between capillary and the cells
• Continue exchange between the plasma
and interstitial fluid.
• Fluid diffuse back and forth among the
blood, tissue space and cells.
• Extracellular fluid is continually being
mixed for maintaining homogeneity.
 Control System of the Body

• There are thousand of control systems

a) Genetic control
– Operate in all cells to control intracellular function
b) Organ function control (Auto-regulation)
c) Regulation of the body function
• Nervous system
• Hormonal system
• Reproduction
• Immune system
 Regulation of Body Function

• Nervous System
– Three major part:
• Sensory input portion; central nervous system; and motor
out put portion.
– Autonomic system
• Sympathetic and parasympathetic
– Regulate mainly muscular and secretory function
• Hormonal System
– Endocrine gland and hormone
– Regulate mainly metabolic function
Characteristics of Hormonal Control System

• Negative Feedback Nature of Most Control System

Trophic hormone gland

First target hormone gland Neg

Neg Second target hormone gland

Target organ / tissue

• Positive feedback usually causes
“vicious circles” and death:
– Hypo-volume shock
– A mild degree can be overcome by
negative feedback
• Positive feedback can sometimes
be useful:
– Action potential
– Ovulation
– Delivery (Parturation)
 Causes of Extracellular Edema
1. Increased capillary pressure
2. Decreased plasma proteins
3. Increased capillary permeability
4. Blockage of lymph return
1. Increased capillary pressure
– Excessive kidney retention
• Acute glomerulonephritis
• Acute tubular necrosis
– Sodium & water retention
– High venous pressure
• Local obstruction in venous drainage
• Congestive heart failure.
– Decreased arteriole resistance
• Vasodilatation
2. Decreased plasma proteins:
– Loss of protein in urine
• Nephrotic syndrome
– Loss of protein from denuded skin
• Combustio
– Failure of produce protein
• Cirrhosis hepatis
3. Increased capillary permeability
– Immune reaction
• Hypersensitivity reaction
– Toxin
• Injury to capillary endothelium
– Bacteria infection
• Injury to capillary endothelium
• Inflammatory process (nonpitting edema)
– Vitamin deficiency (exp. Vit C)
4. Blockage of lymph return
– Cancer
– Paracyte infection (Filaria)
– Surgery
– Congenital absence or abnormal of
lymphatic vessels
Summary:
• The body as an organization of about 100 trillion cells.
• They are organized into different functional structure and
communicate each other using chemical messenger.
• Each functional structure provide its share in homeostatic
mechanism through a negative feedback control.
• In dynamic stable condition, cells continue to live and
function properly.
• Otherwise, functional structure would be dysfunction and
lead to sickness or death