LECTURE:1

TOPIC:
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BODY

DR. ALTAF HUSSAIN

Lecturer Physiology
Dow International Medical College
Dow University of Health Sciences
 OBJECTIVES

Human body and Organ system

Body water Distribution and Internal environment

Homeostasis

Homeostatic feedback control systems

Human Body and Organ system
 Role of blood and Immune system

 The blood transports substances around the body through

a large network of blood vessels.

 Transports different type of absorbed nutrients from

alimentary canal to tissues.

 Transports oxygen absorbed from lungs to tissues.

 Transports different hormones and chemical substances.

 waste materials produced by all cells to be eliminated from

the body by excretion.
 Role of blood and Immune system

BLOOD CELLS
 Red Blood cells contains pigment hemoglobin for carrying
oxygen

 Different types of White blood cells provide immunity and

defence against infections

 Platelets are important cells which produce clotting during

bleeding.
Role of Cardiovascular system
• Pumps the blood throughout the body to keep the blood
in continuous circulation.

• Maintain blood pressure and keeps blood flow to tissues

as per body needs
Role of Nervous System
• Controls and regulates all body activities.

• Provides different type of sensations in body like touch,

pain, temperature.

• Controls smooth and coordinated body movements.

Role of Endocrine System
• Endocrine glands produce different chemical
messengers called “hormones”.

• Hormones stimulate target glands or tissues,

influencing metabolic and other cellular activities
and regulating body growth and maturation.
Role of Musculoskeletal system

• Provides motility for protection against adverse

environment
Role of respiratory system in homeostasis
• Provides O2 to body cells to produce
energy.
• Removes CO2 from body as waste.

Role of Digestive system

• Ingested food digested and converted to
absorbable form.
• Provides nutrients (glucose, amino acids
,vitamins) to cells for energy.
• Undigested food and waste products of
metabolism are excreted by GIT.
Role of Renal system
• This is formed by the kidneys, which are part of the
urinary system
• Urine consists of water and waste products mainly
of protein breakdown, e.g. urea.
• Kidneys regulate water balance and electrolytes.
• Kidneys also role in maintaining pH

Role of Reproductive system

• Successful reproduction is essential in order to
ensure the continuation of a species and its genetic
characteristics from one generation to next.
SURVIVAL NEEDS AND RELATED BODY ACTIVITIES

SURIVAL NEEDS BODY ACTIVITIES

Communication Transport system: blood ,CVS, lymphatic system

Internal communication: Nervous system,
endocrine system
External communication: special senses
Ingestion of Raw Intake of oxygen
materials and Ingestion of nutrients
elimination of waste Elimination of waste like CO2 and faeces

Protection against external environment by skin

Defence against microbial infections by body
immunity.
Protection and survival Body movements
Reproduction and inheritance
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

• Physiology is the study of how the body systems

work, and the ways in which their integrated
activities maintain life and health of the individual.

• Human Physiology attempts to explain the specific

characteristics and mechanisms of the Human body
that make it a living being.
ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY
ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY
• Cell
 Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of Human body

 Human body is made up of trillions of the cells.

 There are different types of cells in human body

 Each cell type has become specialized, enabling it to carry out a

particular function that contributes to body needs.

For example:
Nerve cells or Neurons that transmit electrical signals
or impulses throughout the body for communication.
ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY
ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY

TISSUE
 cells with similar structures and functions are found together,
forming tissues.

ORGAN
 Organs are made up of a number of different types of tissue and
have evolved to carry out a specific function.

SYSTEM
 Systems consist of a number of organs and tissues that together
contribute to one or more survival needs of the body.
 The human body has several systems, which work
interdependently carrying out specific functions.
Distribution of body water and
internal environment
COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BODY
Human body

60% 40%
WATER Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Minerals
vitamins
Total body water of average 70kg man

70kg  60  42 liters

 So average adult 70kg contains 42 liters of water

MAJOR FLUID COMPARTMENTS OF BODY
1.INTRA CELLULAR FLUID COMPARTMENT

2.EXTRA CELLULAR FLUID COMPARTMENT

 INTERSTITIAL FLUID

 PLASMA
DISTRIBUTION OF BODY FLUIDS

Human Body

40%
ICF

40%
60%
Protein
water
Lipids 20%
Carbohydrates ECF
Minerals
vitamins
40% 20% 40%
Inside cells Outside cells PROTEINS
(ICF) (ECF) LIPIDS
CARBOHYDRATES
OTHER ORGANIC
SUBSTANCESi
5% Plasma 15% interstitial fluid
DISTRIBUTION OF BODY FLUIDS

Compartment %Body weight Volume(Liters)

Total Body 60% 42 liters

Water

ICF 40% (2/3rd ) 28 liters

ECF(ISF/plasma) 20% (1/3rd ) 14 liters

(15% or 3/4th ISF) (10.5 liters interstitial fluid)
(5% or 1/4th Plasma) (3.5 liters plasma)
Difference of composition of ICF and ECF
Intracellular and extracellular fluid are basically solution of
Nutrients
Gases
Salts
Ions
Regulatory chemicals
Waste products

Intracellular fluid (40%) Interstitial fluid (15%) Plasma (5%)

Proteins (large quantity) No proteins Have Proteins

Sodium (small quantity) Sodium (large quantity) Sodium (large quantity)

10 mm/l 145 mm/l 145 mm/l

Potassium (large quantity) Potassium (low quantity) potassium (low quantity)

145 mm/l 4 mm/l 4 mm/l
More phosphate ions More chloride ions More chloride ions
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF BODY
• External Environment

 The external environment surrounds the body and is the source of oxygen
and nutrients required by all body cells.

 Waste products of cellular activity are eventually excreted into the external
environment.

 Internal Environment

 The internal environment is the water-based medium in which body cells

exist.

 Cells are bathed in fluid called interstitial or tissue fluid.

 Cells absorb oxygen and nutrients from the surrounding interstitial fluid.
Homeostasis and feedback control
systems.
HOMEOSTASIS
• “The composition of the internal environment is
tightly controlled, and this fairly constant state is
called homeostasis”

OR

• Maintenance of nearly stable/constant conditions

in the internal environment is called Homeostasis.
Ranges and set points within Homeostasis

Substances Set point Ranges

O2 100 90 to 100
CO2 40 35 to 45
Temperature 98.6 f 97 f to 99
Blood pressure 120/80 130/90 to 90/60
Heart rate 72 60 to 100
Respiratory rate 12 10 to 16
pH 7.4 7.35 to 7.45
Glucose 90 90 to 180

 From nutrients like glucose amino acids,iron,vitamins to ions like

sodium,potassium ,calcium are maintained within normal ranges
HOMEOSTASIS
• Homeostasis is continually being disrupted by
– External stimuli
• heat, cold, lack of oxygen, pathogens, toxins

– Internal stimuli
• Body temperature
• Blood pressure
• Concentration of water, glucose, salts, oxygen, etc.
• Physical and psychological distresses.

• Disruptions can be mild to severe

• If homeostasis is not maintained, death may result.
HOMEOSTASIS
• Homeostasis responds to deviations from their
physiological set points.

• Set point is regulated within narrow rang of values.

• Two systems that maintain homeostasis are:

 Nervous system
 Endocrine system

• Disturbance of homeostasis is considered as disease

Control systems of Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is maintained by control systems
that detect and respond to changes in the
internal environment.
Negative feedback mechanism
– original stimulus reversed to normal
– most feedback systems in the body are negative
– used for conditions that need frequent adjustment

Positive feedback mechanism

– original stimulus intensified
– seen during normal childbirth
Control systems of Homeostasis
• In order to maintain homeostasis, control
system has 3 basic components:
Detector – Detect deviations from normal in the
internal environment that need to
be held within narrow limits.

Control centre – Integrate this information with other

relevant information

Effector
– Make appropriate adjustments in
order to restore factor to its desired
value
Example of temperature regulation through Negative
feedback mechanism
body body
Detector temperature temperature
(Special nerve (Special nerve
endings) endings)

hypothalamus hypothalamus
Control centre

• Shivering
• sweating
Effector • Dilation of blood vessels
• Constriction of blood
vessels
• Putting cold clothes
• Putting warm clothes
THANK YOU