Lecture 2: Physiology I

Course Teacher: Ms. Fizza Zia Shaikh

Email: Fizzazia@neduet.edu.pk
 Review of Previous Lecture
■ Physiology is the study of functions of human body.
■ Sub-specialities of Physiology.
■ There are 6 levels of organization in human body.
1. Chemical Level
2. Cellular Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
5. System Level
6. Organism Level
■ 11 organ systems in human body.
 Learning Objectives

■ To study important life processes in human body.

■ To study survival needs of human body.
■ To understand concept of homeostasis.
■ To study how different body systems maintain
homeostasis.
 Life Processes
• Metabolism
• Responsiveness(Responsiveness is the ability of an organism to adjust to
changes in its internal and external environments. An example of responsiveness to
external stimuli could include moving toward sources of food and water and away from
perceived dangers.

• Movement
• Growth
• Differentiation(An example of cell differentiation is the development of
a single-celled zygote into a multicellular embryo that further develops into a
more complex multisystem of distinct cell types of a fetus)

• Reproduction
What happens if any life
process does not occur
properly?
 Class Task 1
(2 minutes)

How Respiration is related

to metabolism?
 Survival Needs of human body

Water
• 60–80% of body weight Maintenance of
• Allows metabolic reaction appropriate atmospheric
pressure
Maintenance of stable
Body Temperature
 When there is a change in environment..

1. 2. 3.

Discomfort Disease / Death

Sickness
 Homeostasis
A condition in which internal environment of the
body remains relatively constant despite changes in
the external enviroment.
Importance of
Homeostasis
 Body Fluids

60%

Intracellular Fluid (ICF) – 40% Extracellular Fluid (ECF) – 20%

 Interstitial Fluid (ISF)
 Plasma
 Lymph
 Cerebrospinal fluid
 Synovial fluid
 Aqueous humor & vitreous body
 Body Fluids

60%
Intracellular Fluid (ICF) – 40%
The intracellular fluid pertains to the internal fluid
located within the cell(s)
Intracellular fluid represents around 40% of total human body weight and
is comprised of water, dissolved electrolytes, and proteins. Some of the
common electrolytes found in intracellular fluid include phosphate (PO4−
P O 4 − ), magnesium (Mg2+ M g 2 + ), and potassium (K+ ) Extracellular Fluid (ECF) – 20%
 Interstitial Fluid (ISF)
 Plasma
 Lymph
 Cerebrospinal fluid
 Synovial fluid
 Aqueous humor & vitreous body
 Internal Environment of Body

Temperature

Extracellular
Fluid

Composition
Homeostatically Regulated Factors
■ Concentration of nutrients
■ Concentration of oxygen and carbondioxide
■ Concentration of waste products
■ pH
■ Concentration of salt, water and
electrolytes
■ Volume and Pressure
■ Temperature
 Body Systems contributions to
Homeostasis

Circulatory System
• Transports oxygen, carbon
dioxide, nutrients and hormones
to and from the body cells.
• Helps regulate pH and
temperature
• Provides protection against
diseases.
Digestive System
• Breaks down dietary food into
small nutrient molecules
• Absorbs various nutrients
• Eliminates waste products.

Respiratory System
• Exchange gases between
atmospheric air and blood.
• Helps in adjusting pH of the
Body Fluids.
Urinary System
• Eliminates waste products
from the body.
• Maintains the blood pH, volume,
osmolarity, composition etc.

Skeletal System
• Provides support and protection
• Storage reservoir of calcium.
• Enables the body to move. .
Muscular System
• Provides support and
protection.
• Enables the body to move.
• Muscles produce heat by
when they contract to
maintain body temperature.
 Integumentary System
• Serves as outer protective barrier.
• Regulates temperature of body.

Immune System
• Defends against foreign invaders.
• Repairs and replace dead cells.
Nervous System
• Controls and coordinates body
activities.
• Detects changes in the
environment and initiates
response.
Endocrine System
• Regulates body activities that
require duration other than speed.
• Controls blood concentration of
nutrients.
 Reproductive
System
• Not essential for
homeostasis.
• Not considered as
homeostatic function.
• Helps maintaining
homeostasis by
generating new beings
to take the place of
species that are dying.
 Class Task 2
(2 minutes)

How nervous system is

related to endocrine
system?
 Both systems are very closely related because they exert control over all other
body systems through homeostasis.
Explanation:
Endocrine System is for releasing hormones into the bloodstream.
This production, secretion, and transport takes a long time.
The Nervous System responds much more quickly, since it uses electrochemical
impulses---signals---to communicate from neuron (nerve cell) to neuron or to its
target tissue.

Example
When you lose some blood from bleeding, the body responds immediately (by
constricting the blood vessels).
This is the Nervous System using a 'sympathetic' response.
In addition, hormones will also be 'called upon' and released, such as renin,
angiotensin, and aldosterone.
These hormones also help with blood vessel constriction.
In addition, they do much more, like water retention.
This will help 'preserve' the blood still there and also raise blood volume.
 Fight-or-Flight
Response
• Also known as acute stress response
• Some signs of this response
- Rapid heart beat and breathing
- Pale Skin
- Dilated pupils
- Trembling
 What happens
during Fight-or-
Flight response?
 Video Animation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qu
Qr6X1Q58I
 Key Takeaways..
• 6 basic life processes of living
organisms.
• Homeostasis is a dynamic
process.
• All systems in human body work
to maintain it.
• Maintenance of homeostasis is
essential for living and
functioning of cells.
 REFERENCES

1. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Tortora &

Derrickson, 13th Edition @ 2011
2. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems,
Lauralee Sherwood, 9th Edition @ 2014