Lecture 5: Physiology I

Course Teacher: Ms. Fizza Zia

Email: Fizzazia@neduet.edu.pk
Review of Previous Lecture
• History and Principles of Cell Theory
• Light and Electron Microscope
• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
• Parts and Composition of a cell
• Organic compounds and their functions
in human body
Learning Objectives
• To study cytosol and cytoskeleton
• To study organelles in cells.
• To understand structure of DNA
• To understand important functions of
DNA.
Cytosol
• Fluid portion of
cytoplasm
• Constitutes about
55% of total cell
volume
• Contains glucose,
ions, amino acids,
fatty acids, ATP,
proteins, lipids etc
• Site of many
chemical reactions
Cytoskeleton
• Network of protein filaments
• 3 types of filamentous proteins
(Microfilaments, microtubules and
intermediate filaments)
Cytoskeleton (contd..)
• Microfilaments
- Thinnest
- Composed of actin
and myosin
• Microtubules
- Largest
- Composed of
tubulin
• Intermediate
filaments
- Composed of
several proteins
Cellular Organelles
Specialized
structures
having
specific shape
and perform
specific
functions
 1. Centrosome
• Located near nucleus
• 2 components
- Centrioles
- Pericentriolar material
(PCM)
• Build microtubules in
non-dividing cells
• Forms mitotic spindle
during cell division
 2. Cilia and flagella
• Motile projections
• Contain
microtubules
• Cilia move fluids
• Flagella are longer
which move entire
cells
 3. Ribosomes
• Sites of protein synthesis
• 2 subunits
- large
- small
• Synthesize proteins
for specific organelles
• Free ribosomes are
unattached
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Network of membranes
• 2 forms of ER
- Rough ER
- Smooth ER
• Rough ER synthesizes
phospholipids and
glycoproteins.
•Smooth ER synthesizes fatty
acids and steroids.
 5.Golgi Complex
• Part of endomembrane
system
• Contains 3 to 20
cisternae
• Modifies, packages
& transports proteins
• Forms secretary vesicles,
membrane vesicles and transport
vesicles
 6. Lysosomes
• Membrane enclosed vesicles
• Contain enzymes
• Acidic pH 5.
• Digest substances
• Carry out autophagy
• Implement autolysis
• Also operate in
extracellular digestion
7. Perioxisomes
• Similar to lysosomes
• Also called microbodies
• Contain oxidases
• Abundant in liver
• Also contain catalase
• Can self replicate
8. Proteasomes
• Continuously destroy
unneeded proteins
• Contain rings of proteins
• Contain proteases
• Typical body cell contains
thousands of proteasomes.
9. Mitochondria
• Referred to as the powerhouses of cell.
• Usually located in active cells.
• Consists of 2 membranes
- Inner mitochondrial membrane
- Outer mitochondrial membrane
• Play important
role in apoptosis
• Self replicate
 Class Task 1
(2 minutes)

What are the differences

between animal and plant
cells?
Structure of DNA
• Information molecule
• Made up of nucleotides
• Nucleotides contain
- Nitrogenous base
- Phosphate group
- Pentose sugar
• Stores information as
sets of 3 nucleotides
 Important Functions of
DNA
• Serves as a genetic blueprint during
cell replication.
• Directing synthesis of protein.
 Class Task 2
(2 minutes)

What are the main

differences between DNA &
RNA?
 Video Animation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Rr0so4daNyI
Important terminologies
• Epigenetics
- Study of environmental modifications
that induce change in genetic
expression.
• Human Genome
- Complete set of genetic information.
• Human Proteome
- Complete set of proteins.
Important terminologies
(contd..)
• Base Triplet
- Sequence of three nucleotides.
• Codon
- Complementary sequence of three
nucleotides.
• Genetic Code
- Set of rules that relate base triplet to
codons.
Key Takeaways..
• Cytosol and cytoskeleton
• Different cellular organelles
• Structure & Function of DNA
• Some important terminologies
 References
1. Principles of Anatomy and
Physiology, Tortora & Derrickson,
13th Edition @ 2011
2. Human Physiology: From Cells to
Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th
Edition @ 2014