IPA18-368-G

PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Forty-Second Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2018

MESOZOIC PETROLEUM SYSTEM IN LENGGURU BASIN, WEST PAPUA: AN INTEGRATED

APPROACH FROM FACIES, DIAGENESIS AND GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES

Rahmat Yantono Saragih*

Akhmad Khahil Gibran**
Dimas A. R. Prawiranegara***
Fauzan E. Saputra***
Amir Hamzah*
Dani Irawan*

ABSTRACT
The frontier Lengguru Basin is located in West
Papua adjacent with the prolific Bintuni Basin.
Previous studies agreed that petroleum plays may
occur in mesozoic sequence in this area. However,
poor understanding of the petroleum system in this
basin has caused the exploration activity to be still
considered as frontier. Hence, integrated data in
mesozoic sequence is necessary to give better
understanding of the petroleum system in this area.
This study uses measuring section data in five
traverses that were followed by laboratory analysis
including 53 thin sections analysis to understand
facies, depositional environment and diagenesis of
each sequence. These interpretations were
integrated with structural and geochemical data
including paleostress, Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
and Rock-Eval Pyrolisis.
The primary source rocks are Kopai, Piniya, Ekmai,
and Imskin Formation with the highest organic
content is Ekmai Formation which the TOC’s
content is up to 17.65%. Quartz sandstone,
sandstone and limestone facies from Woniwogi,
Ekmai and Imskin Formation respectively may
serve as reservoir candidates with the sand-
limestone shale ratio up to 100%. These formations
have good porosity up to 13% that are
predominance by secondary porosity comprising
dissolution and fractures. The seal candidates are
intraformational shale, mudstone and crystalline
limestone of Piniya, Ekmai and Imskin Formation
respectively. The traps are possible associated with
giant anticline and thrust faults complex in this area.
Keywords: Lengguru Basin, Petroleum System,
Stratigraphy, Structural Geology

Mesozoic sequences from the oldest to youngest are INTRODUCTION

Kopai, Woniwogi, Piniya, Ekmai and Imskin
Formations. Overall, the Lengguru area experienced
transgression sequence, although there were
regression phases that are characterized by beach-
shallow marine sandstone of Woniwogi and Ekmai
Formations. Diagenetic events in these sequences
are comprising compaction, cementation by calcite,
quartz, clay minerals and iron oxides, dissolution
and alteration of unstable grains into kaolinite and
tectonic fracturing. Six paleostress directions were
identified, comprising of WNW-ESE, NNW-SSE,
N-S, NNE-SSW, NEE-SWW and E-W that were
formed in pure strike-slip regime from Miocene to
Pliocene.
The Lengguru Basin is a frontier basin in West
Papua (Figure 1and 2) despite numerous exploration
activities have been conducted by Mobil Oil, BP,
Kris Energy and BHP Biliton since the 1980s.
Previous study by Sulaeman et al (1990), Brash et al
(1991), Sutriyono and Hill (2001), Kendrick et al
(2003), (Bailly et al, 2009), and Saragih et al (
2017) have suggested major petroleum elements in
the Lengguru Basin may be formed during
Mesozoic. Furthermore, hydrocarbon seepages were
found in Naikere sub-district and Wasior area
indicated that an active petroleum system is
working in this basin and has encouraged central

* Geological Survey Institute, Geological Agency

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
** Institute of Technology Bandung
*** Dr. Bumi Research Group (DBRG)
government to conduct more detailed study on the
petroleum potential in Lengguru Basin.
On the other hand, its understanding has been very
difficult due to its remarkably dense tropical
location and complex structural setting that has
made research and studies in this area to be very
limited. Hence, research and study through data
integration of each mesozoic sequence is necessary
to give a better understanding of the petroleum
system in the Lengguru Basin.
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
Tectonic and Structural Framework
The Lengguru Basin (Figure 3) is a foreland basin
in Bird’s Neck Papua. It was the northern edge of
the Australian Continental Plate which was a
passive margin between Mesozoic and Paleogene.
During Mesozoic, its structures consisted of faulted
basement blocks related to weak extensional stress
of the passive margin. In Miocene, compression
inverted the Early Mesozoic extensional faults to
form thick skinned deformation such as the
Lengguru Fold Thrust Belt that has strongly
influenced deformation in the Lengguru Basin. It is
an extensive surface fold and thrust belt extending
some 1,500 km from the Gulf of Papua in the east to
the Bintuni Bay in the west (Sulaeman et al, 1990).
This Fold Belt was cut by the Tarera Aiduna Fault
in the south resulting in subsidence that made
sedimentation in the basin (Anonymous, 2006).
Mesozoic Stratigraphy
Overall, Mesozoic stratigraphy in Lengguru consists
of Tipuma Formation, Kembelangan and lowest
part of Imskin Formation (New Guinea Limestone)
Group that were deposited as a passive margin
conformity sequences. However, stratigraphic
history of the Lengguru Basin has been recorded
since Paleozoic until recent (Figure 3) that is
underlain by the passive margin of the Australian
continent Paleozoic rocks as the Basement (Darman
and Sidi, 2000).
During the Jurassic-Cretaceous, the Kembelangan
Group was deposited on the eastern boundary of the
the Australian continent above the Triassic fault of
Tipuma Formation. This unit consists of alternation
of calcareous siltstone and mudstone at the bottom,
glauconitic quartz sandstone and thin shale beds at
the top with the total thickness is approximately
1200 meters. Pigram and Panggabean (1989)
divided the Kembelangan unit into four formations
from oldest to youngest which are Kopai Formation,
Woniwogi Sandstone, Piniya Mudstone and Ekmai
Sandstone.
In the Late Cretaceous, there was a discontinuing
supply of clastic detritus to the north of Australia as
the boundary of compression phase between
Australian and Pacific Plates that formed the
accumulation of thick carbonates bed known as
New Guinea Limestone Group. It is a carbonate bed
that consists of calcarenite, biocalcarenite,
calcilutite, sandy calcarenite, sandstone, limestone
and minor chalk. This carbonate bed extends along
the Lengguru Basin with a deposition environment
of shallow-shelf and had been deposited until
Miocene. This group is divided into three
formations from oldest to youngest which are
Imskin, Lengguru and Klasafet Formations.
The Imskin Formation is mainly composed by
pelagic limestone with well bedded carbonate
mudstone, intercalations of chalk, marl, pyritic and
microcrystalline limestone. This formation
represents deep-marine environment and grades
upward into shallow-water carbonate that was
deposited conformably above the Ekmai Sandstone
between Cretaceous and Miocene (Darman and
Sidi, 2000).
METHODS
The study area is focused on the Wasior District,
Kaimana Regency West Papua Province that
represents major Mesozoic sequences of the
Lengguru Basin. Detailed measuring section that
covers 133.5 km in five traverses were conducted
from September to November 2014 to collect
sedimentology, stratigraphy and structural geology
data. Selected samples were analysed in a
laboratory comprising of 53 thin sections, 10
microfossil, 26 palynology analyses to interpret
facies, depositional environment and diagenesis of
each sequence.
Moreover, fault, compressional and extensional
fractures data were collected and processed by
using Optimization Rotation Method Stress
Inversion Win Tensor 5.0.7 program. Those
structural data generated four stress parameters
including σ1, σ2, σ3 and stress ratio R. Moreover,
the inversion of shear fracture data can be used to
determine the stress regime value R’, maximum
horizontal stress (SHmax) and a minimum
horizontal stress (SHmin). Then, it was selected and
grouped based on stress tensor types, local and
regional geological setting to interpret the
paleostress. These analyses were integrated with
geochemical analysis to identify possible
petroleum system models in the study area.
SEDIMENTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY
Facies
Detailed measuring section in 2014 has resulted
sedimentology and stratigraphy interpretation of
Mesozoic sequence in the study area that is
consisted of four clastic and a carbonate units from
Kembelangan and New Guinea Limestone Group
respectively. The main lithofacies and depositional
interpretations of these measured sections are
summarized in stratigraphic sequence below.
Kopai Formation
This unit widely spread in the center of the study
area extends to the north-south direction that was
observed in the Ambumi-Wasimo-Sararti, Sararti-
Naikere - Tandia, and Tandia-Wasior-Rado–Dotir
traverses. The Kopai Formation is composed of
predominantly calcareous mudstone with
interbedded of sandstone and shale and scattered
pyrite nodules that partially metamorphosed. This
unit is divided into three lithofacies which are
graded bedding sandstone in the lower section,
coarsening upward sandstone and massive shale in
the upper section with the total thickness is
approximately 300 meters (Figure 5).
Macrofossils including Belemnopsis sp. and
Macrocephalites sp. were identified in this unit
indicate that Kopai Formation was deposited in
Middle Jurassic. Besides, a number of palynomorph
(Table 1) suggest that it was deposited in the
proximal to basin transition (30-150 meters) during
Rhaetian-Tithonian (Late Triassic-Late Jurassic).
Graded bedding sandstone facies is characterized by
sandstone beds that are brownish to light grey,
massive, non-calcareous with scouring and rip up
clast in the lower part and parallel lamination. It
was deposited in delta channels. The distinct
horizons of conglomerate clasts, non-calcareous
cement and the absence of marine faunal are
evidence that there was no marine influx during
sedimentation.
Massive shale lithofacies association is dark grey,
rich organic carbon, non-calcareous, brittle, pyrite
nodules in part, some macrofossils were identified
comprising Belemnopsis sp., Amonit sp. and
bivalve. The presences of those marine macrofossil
strongly prove that the shale was deposited in
marine shelf environment.
Woniwogi Sandstone
The Woniwogi Sandstone is exposed from 2.3 to
4.1 kilometers in the Ambumi-Wasimo-Sararti and
the Tandia-Wasior-Rado-Dotir traverses and is
comprised of predominantly quartz sandstone and
minor siltstone and mudstone interbedded, with the
thickness just over 200 meters (Figure 6). The
quartz sandstone facies is light gray, non-
calcareous, medium to coarse grain, angular grain
shape, well sorted, good porosity, loose, mica
present due to compression and partially oxidized.
Based on nanofossil analysis, the Woniwogi
sandstone was deposited in a transitional
environment such as sand beach or ridge during
Early Cretaceous.
Piniya Mudstone
Piniya Mudstone is exposed for 0.7-1.3 kilometers
in Windesi traverse that is characterized by well
laminated mudstone and interbedded sandstone with
the thickness is just over 200 meters (Figure 7).
Fine sandstone is light grey – brown, fine to very
fine grained, sub angular – sub rounded, poorly
sorted, calcareous cement and graded bedding
structures. Dark shale facies is identified as thick
layer of grey – dark grey shale, mudstone, non and
calcareous cement and britle, interbedded by thin
layered of non calcareous sandstone. Several
palynomorph were found in this section including
Araucariates sp., Dictyophyliidites harrisii,
Liliacidites sp., Trilobosporites bernissartensis that
indicate this unit was deposited in marginal dyoxic -
anoxic basin during Albian (Late Cretaceous), while
lithofacies results show this unit was deposited in an
offshore-upper bathyal environment.
Ekmai Sandstone
Ekmai Sandstone composed by quartz and
glauconitic sandstone and siltstone, carbonaceous
sandstone and siltstone and shale that is exposed for
3 kilometers in the Ambumi-Wasimo- Sararti,
Sararti-Log Kayu, and Sararti-Naikere-Tandia
traverses with the thickness just over 370 meters.
Four lithofacies from the oldest to the youngest
were interpreted in this unit which are thickening
upward sandstone, carbon rich shale, fine and
massive sandstone (Figure 8).
Thickening upward sandstone facies is
characterized by sandstone beds that are red, non-
carbonate, rounded grain shape, good sorting,
closed packing, good porosity, lithic composition,
mica minerals, less compact, and graded bedding,
parallel and cross lamination sedimentary
structures.
Carbon rich facies is characterized by light grey
color on the bottom that gradually becomes darker,
non calacareous locally quartz grains presence at
the bottom. Fine sandstone facies is characterized
by interbedded of fine grain sandstone with minor
coaly shale lenses, black, easy to squeeze. In the
upper part of this unit is massive sandstone that is
thick fine grain sandstone interbedded with minor
mudstone and scouring base in the bottom bed.
Microfossils were also found in this section
comprising Globotruncanella peteloidea,
Rugoglobigerina rugosa, Rosita fornicata,
Globigerinelloides subcarinata, Whitelnella baltica,
Archeoglobigerina blowi, with marker
Globotruncanella havenensis. Based on lithofacies
and microfossil characteristic indicate the
deposition was in shoreface environment during
Late Cretaceous.
Imskin Formation
Imskin Formation is exposed for eight kilometers in
Ambumi-Wasimo-Sararti, Sararti-Log Kayu,
Sararti-Naikere-Tandia traverses that is composed
and dominated by pelagic limestone with the
thickness is just over 600 meters (Figure 9). A
lithofacies is interpreted as bioclast wackestone that
is characterized by clastic mudstone-wackestone,
light grey, just under 10% granules partially filled
with calcite. Bioclast fragments are dominated by
planktonic foraminifers and minor Mililoid, algae,
gastropods and benthic forams. Some bioclast
fragments and matrix which is lime mud are
recrystallised into calcite that has made this
formation is dominated by calcite.
Micropaleontology analysis found some
microfossils were deposited in Late Cretaceous
while others suggests that Imskin Limestone was
deposited in Paleogene. Based on lithofacies and
micropaleontology results, this formation may be
deposited from lagoon to shallow marine carbonate
platform during Late Cretaceous-Paleocene.
Petrography and Diagenesis
Petrographic analysis was used to determine
diagenetic process and provenance of each
Mesozoic sequence that influence its reservoir
quality and flow behaviour. Kopai sandstone is
described as an immature sandstone that is
dominated by quartz, lithic metamorphic, feldspar,
and heavy minerals with poor sorted, varying and
angular grain size and shape respectively.
Diagenetic process in this bed comprising
compaction, dissolution, recrystallization and
cementation (Figure 10). Compaction results are
shown by long contact grain relationships to suture
contacts, broken grains and fractures while
recrystallization and cementation is indicated by the
occurence of quartz overgrowth. Dissolution is
characterized by secondary porosity as a result of
pressure and surface exposure. Those characteristics
make diagenesis in Kopai Formation is classified
into telogenesis stage in deep burial zone that
causes primary porosity is not to be well developed.
Woniwogi sandstone is dominated by quartz
fragments and considered to have mature grain
maturity that is classified into quartz arenite It also
shows the manifestation of a compaction process, as
indicated by the appearance of fractures, concave-
convex and sutures while recrystallization and
cementation is characterized by the appearence of
quartz overgrowth and oxides minerals cement
(Figure 10). Based on the characteristics, this
formation is classified into deep burial zone
diagenesis with porosity is dominantly primary and
secondary porosity such as intergranular porosity
and fracture as well as dissolution respectively.
Ekmai sandstone is composed of different varieties
of quartz, feldspars and rock fragments and
classified as mudstone, quartz arenites to
feldspaticwacke with dominantly fine to medium
grain locally coarse, poor to well sorted, subangular
to subrounded quartz grains. The compaction
process has generated the appearance of fractures,
long contacts, concave – convex and point contacts
while dissolution indicates the effect of an exposure
process. Those characteristics make diagenesis of
Ekmai Sandstone is classified into telogenesis stage
in deep burial zone that make porosity type
dominantly of secondary porosity including fracture
and dissolution.
Imskin Limestone classified as mudstone,
wackestone to packstone. Bioclasts are mainly
planktonic foraminifers fragments with minor large
benthic forams, gastropods, red algae, and Mililoid
(Figure 10) that indicate a shallow marine-lagoon
environment. Bioclasts partially micritized into
fine-grained sediment or lime mud while other
bioclasts as well as matrix appear to be
neomorphosed to microspar calcite. In some parts,
secondary porosity such as vuggy and stylolite
appear as a result of dissolution because of surface
exposure in vadose zone and compaction that
increase reservoir quality while intense cementation
by calcite and iron oxide may reduce the porosity.
The composition of the sandstone samples show in
Table 2, classified as Quartz Arenite with QFL
provenance analysis shows that all Mesozoic
sedimentary rocks were derived from continental
block.
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
Paleostress Analysis
Delvaux and Sperner (2003) developed seven stress
regimes that are determined by the vertical stress
axis: (1) Radial extension when s1 is vertical and 0
< R < 0.25; (2) Pure extension when s1 is vertical
and 0.25 < R < 0.75; (3) Transtension when s1 is
vertical and 0.75 < R < 1 and s2 is vertical 1 > R >
0.75; (4) Pure strike slip when s2 is vertical and
0.75 > R > 0,25. (5) Transpression when s2 vertical
and 0.25 > R > 0 or s3 is vertical and 0 < R < 0.25;
(6) Pure compression when s3; (7) Radial
compression when s1 is vertical and 0.75 < R < 1.
The R’ is divided into three types within the range
0.0–3: (1) Extensive when R’ = R and s1 is vertical;
(2) Strike slip when R’ = 2 – R and s2 is vertical;
and (3) Compressive when R’= 2 + R and s3 is
vertical (Figure 11).
Six Stress Horizontal Maximum (Shmax) were
interpreted in the study area based on paleostress
analysis that are summarized in Table 3 while the
Shmax sequence is presented in Table 4.
1. Stress Horizontal Maximum (Shmax) WNW-
ESE
Based on the analysis of all the data stress
NWW-SEE found stress horizontal maximum is
120 (Figure 12) with direction (σ1) averages is
7º/ N 300º E, stress intermediate (σ2) 82º/ N 156º
E, and minimum stress (σ3) 5º/ N 31º E. The
ratio of R stress is 0.37 and R’ stress regime is
1.63. Therefore, stress regime of NWW-SEE
stress is pure strike-slip (R' 1.63).
2. Stress Horizontal Maximum (Shmax) NNW-
SSE
Based on the analysis of all the data stress
NNW-SSE found stress horizontal maximum is
146 (Figure 12) with direction (σ1) averages is
6º/ N 146º E, stress intermediate (σ2) 84º/ N 337º
E, and minimum stress (σ3) 1º/ N 236º E. The
ratio of R stress is 0.38 and R’ stress regime is
1.62. Therefore, stress regime of NNW-SSE
stress is pure strike-slip (R' 1.62).
3. Stress Horizontal Maximum (Shmax) N-S
Based on the analysis of all the data stress N-S
found stress horizontal maximum is 162 (Figure
13) with direction (σ1) averages is 31º/ N 157º E,
stress intermediate (σ2) 52º/ N 16º E, and
minimum stress (σ3) 20º/ N 259º E. The ratio of
R stress is 0.33 and R’ stress regime is 1.67.
Therefore, stress regime of N-S stress is pure
strike-slip (R' 1.67).
4. Stress Horizontal Maximum (Shmax) NNE-
SSW
Based on the analysis of all the data stress NNE-
SSW found stress horizontal maximum is 27
(Figure 13) with direction (σ1) averages is 6º/ N
207º E, stress intermediate (σ2) 83º/ N 352º E,
and minimum stress (σ3) 4º/ N 116º E. The ratio
of R stress is 0.51 and R’ stress regime is 1.49.
Therefore, stress regime of NNE-SSW stress is
pure strike-slip (R' 1.49).
5. Stress Horizontal Maximum (Shmax) NEE-
SWW
Based on the analysis of all the data stress NNE-
SSW found stress horizontal maximum is 65
(Figure 14) with direction (σ1) averages is 27º/
N 62º E, stress intermediate (σ2) 63º/ N 257º E,
and minimum stress (σ3) 6º/ N 155º E. The ratio
of R stress is 0.47 and R’ stress regime is 1.53.
Therefore, stress regime of NEE-SWW stress is
pure strike-slip (R' 1.53).
6. Stress Horizontal Maximum (Shmax) E-W
Based on the analysis of all the data stress E-W
found stress horizontal maximum is 81 (Figure
14) with direction (σ1) averages is 13º/ N 260º E,
stress intermediate (σ2) 76º/ N 107º E, and
minimum stress (σ3) 6º/ N 352º E. The ratio of R
stress is 0.55 and R’ stress regime is 1.45.
Therefore, stress regime of E-W stress is pure
strike-slip (R' 1.45).

Structural Evolution
Phase 1 Compression Fold Thrust Belt, Shmax
120–162 (Miocene – Pliocene)
In Oligocene, there was an indentation of the
northern Australian plate towards the Asia-Pacific
plate that caused displacement in the Sorong Fault
Zone. It resulted in a clockwise change of stress
direction from 120 to 162 in Early Miocene.
Between Early and Middle Miocene, the Australian
Plate continously moved to the north as clockwise
rotation (Charlton, 2016) and caused Maramuni
subduction system was connected to the left-lateral
Sorong Fault Zone that is dominated by the pure
strike-slip regime. Furthermore, during Miocene ,
the New Guinea trench was subducted to the south
that caused the deposition of thick clastic above
Kais Limestone known as Klasafet Formation. This
tectonic event formed the New Guinea Mobile and
Lengguru Fold Thrust Belt, active faults (Sorong
and Tarera-Aiduna Faults) as well as foreland
basins including Salawati, Bintuni, and Lengguru
Basins in Bird’s Head and Neck region (Perkins and
Livesey, 1993). In the Late Miocene, Australian
plate had continously moved to the Asia-Pacific
Plate that caused Lengguru Fold Thrust Belt was
continously compressed due to collision of Weyland
Arc and Bird’s Head microcontinents.
Phase 2 Compression-Extension, Shmax 27–81
(Pliocene – Pleistocene)
In Pliocene, Shmax of the study area was changing
clockwise from 27 to 81. During this event,
exhumation of Plio-Pleistocene metamorphic core
in the Wandamen Peninsula generated tensional
force that formed extensional process and then
caused Lengguru Fold Thrust Belt was collapsed.
PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Source Rock
Mesozoic source rock potential in Lengguru area
has been discussed by Sulaeman et al (1990) and
Saragih et al (2017). Potential source rock in this
area are Kopai, Piniya, Ekmai and Imskin
Formations with the Total Organic Carbon value of
each formation are 19%-1.61%, 1.35%, 0.45-
17.65%, and 0.12-1.93% respectively (Table 5).
Most samples have good-excellent organic content
(Figure 15) with kerogen type III (Figure 16) which
is gas prone that have generated hydrocarbon.
On the other hand, all samples show Hydrogen
Index (HI) values less than 50 (Figure 17) and low
S1 and S2 values that indicate those samples may
have been overmature. It is possible because the
samples were collected in Wondama metamorphic
zone or Lengguru Internal Zone (Figure 18).
Saragih et al (2017) suggested further study and
exploration should go to the western area (Lengguru
External Zone) to avoid overmature source rock,
alhtough Sulaeman et al (1990) suggested that
source richness of Kembelangan Group may
increase to the north or northeast of Lengguru Fold
Belt.
Reservoir
Three reservoir candidates in this area are proposed
which are Ekmai, Woniwogi and Imskin
Formations. The determination is based on lithology
texture and structure, geometry and value of sand or
carbonate-shale ratio and porosity. Ekmai and
Woniwogi sand-shale ratio value is ranging from
66.7% to 90.9% and 100% respectively while
Imskin Formation carbonate shale ratio average is
100% (Figure 19). However, Ekmai sandstone has
higher porosity than Woniwogi sandstone with the
value are 13.25% and 6.33% that are fair and poor
porosity respectively.
Seal
Intraformational shale of Ekmai Sandstone and
crystalline limestone of Imskin Formation may act
as primary seal in Lengguru Basin. Furthermore,
older immpermable beds such as Kopai Formation
and Piniya Mudstone are able to role as regional or
other effective seal as a result of repeated beds due
to thrusting process.
Trap
Mesozoic traps in the study area are dominated by
stratigraphic traps that are formed by lithological
variations imparted to a sediment at deposition and
generated subsequently by alteration of the
sediment or fluid through diagenesis. Depositional
process such as facies change may developed in the
study area as stratigraphic trap that its forming is
still dominated by diagenetic process comprising
mineral precipitation by calcite and iron oxide both
carbonate and clastic units.
Besides, structural traps including faults and
anticlines also occur that are formed from thrusting
process as a result of continous compression of the
Lengguru Fold Thrust Belt due to collision between
Bird’s Head and Weyland Arc microcontinent from
Late Miocene to Pliocene. However, extensional
phase from Pliocene to Pleistocene may have
breached existing traps that increases the risk of
hydrocarbon exploration.
CONCLUSIONS
1. During Mesozoic, Lengguru Basin was a passive
margin of Australian continent that experienced
transgression although there were several
regression phases.
2. Most geochemical samples of the Wasior area are
classified as good-excellent organic content that
were collected from Kopai, Piniya, Ekmai, and
Imskin Formation, although HI values are low
due to intense deformation.
3. Three proposed reservoir candidates in this area
are Ekmai, Woniwogi, and Imskin Formations
based on texture, geometry and porosity
characteristics.
4. Intraformational shale and crystalline limestone
of Ekmai and Imskin Formation may act as
primary seal. However, older formations such as
Kopai and Piniya Mudstone may also play as
regional seal due to thrusting process.
5. Mesozoic traps in the study area are dominated
by stratigraphic traps as the result of depositional
and diagenetic process, while structural traps
including faults and folds may have developed
during Cenozoic. However, extensional phase
from Pliocene to Pleistocene may have breached
existing traps that increases the risk of
hydrocarbon exploration.
6. Geochemical analysis suggests that further study
and exploration should go to the western area
while reservoir and shale candidates distribution
propose that further exploration should go to the
southwest of the Lengguru Basin.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors acknowledge TPC of IPA for accepting
this paper to be presented in the 42nd Convention.
We also would like to appreciate Geological Survey
Agency and Dr. Bumi Research Group for intense
discussion during this study.
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 TABLE 1 – PALYNOMORPH THAT WERE IDENTIFIED IN LENGGURU BASIN

TABLE 2 – QFL PERCENTAGE AND POROSITY RESULT OF MESOZOIC SEQUENCES

TABLE 3 – STRESS HORIZONTAL MAXIMUM DIRECTION SUMMARY

 TABLE 4 – STRESS HORIZONTAL MAXIMUM DIRECTION SEQUENCES

TABLE 5 - TOC ANALYSIS AND ROCK-EVAL PYROLISIS RESULT (SARAGIH ET AL, 2017)
Figure 1 – Lengguru Basin (112) and surrounding basins such as Bintuni (110), Salawati (113) and
Akimeugah (122) Basin map (Geological Agency, 2009)

Figure 2 – Index Map of the Study Area.

Figure 3 - Regional geological map of Lengguru Area and exploration wells location (Bailly et al, 2009).
Figure 4 - Regional Stratigraphy of Lengguru Basin (Darman and Sidi, 2000).
Figure 5 - (a) Kopai Mudstone outcrop from Geltoli village; (b) Belemnopsis fossil from Wosimo Village, the presence of these macrofossils indicate the
mudstone Kopai Formation was deposited in Middle Jurassic; (c) Dark shale of Kopai Formation from Wasimo Village; (d) Kopai sandstone outcrop
from Sarati village; (e) detailed photo of Kopai sandstone; and Composite log of Kopai Formation.
Figure 6 - (a) Quartz sandstone of Woniwogi Fm. from Tandia village, the outcrop is higly fractured due to Miocene-Pliocene tectonic activity; (b) Loose quartz
sandstone of Woniwogi Fm. from Tandia village; (c) composite log of Woniwogi formation from field observation.
Figure 7 - (a) Highly fractured outcrop of 5 meter thick dark shale lithofacies in the Windesi Village; (b) finning upward sandstone outcrop of Piniya Formation
in the Windesi Village; (c) Detailed photograph fig. 3.(a); (d) Composite log of Piniya formation from field observation.
Figure 8 - (a) Thrust fault in Ekmai formation; (b) Ekmai formation sandstone outcrop in Ambumi Village; (c) Fine sandstone interbedded by coaly shale; (d)
Composite log of Ekmai formation.
Figure 9 - (a) Chevron fold thrust related in Imskin Fm. in Windesi village; (b) folded bioclast wackestone facies; (c) highly fractured imskin Formation in
Ambumi village; (d) Composite log of Imskin formation.
Figure 10 - (a) Quartz overgrowth in Kopai sandstone; (b) Suture contact dominated of Woniwogi quartz
sandstone; (c) Vuggy porosity in Ekmai sandtone; (d) highly fractured Imskin mudstone; (e)
Mililoid fossil in Imskin limestone; (f) good porosity Imskin limestone due to vuggy porosity.
Figure 11 – Stress regime R’, stress ratio, and orientation principle axes of stress (Delvaux et al., 1997).

Figure 12 – Stress Horizontal Maximum 120 (left) and 146 (right) Trajectory Maps
Figure 13 – Stress Horizontal Maximum 162 (left) and 27 (right) Trajectory Maps.

Figure 14 – Stress Horizontal Maximum 65 (left) and 81 (right) Trajectory Maps.

Figure 15 – Hydrocarbon yield of TOC versus S1+S2 cross plot shows rock samples from Kopai and
Imskin Formation have good organic richness. However, samples from Ekmai Formation show
the organic content are good-excellent. (After Saragih et al, 2017).
Figure 16 – HI vs OI diagram shows that most of organic matter are kerogen type III.
Figure 17 – HI vs TOC diagram shows low HI value from most samples (Saragih et al, 2017).
Figure 18 - Cross section of Lengguru Fold-Thrust Belt which is divided into three sections (Bailly et al, 2009).
 WONIWOGI IMSKIN FORMATION
FORMATION
100%

100% 50%

0% 0%
KS 220 KS 244 KS 245 KS 214 KS 202 KS 237 KS 247

Sand Shale Carbonate Shale

EKMAI FORMATION
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS KS
202 203 205 206 B 207 209 210 211 212 213 223

Sand/Carbonate Shale

Figure 19 – Sand-shale and Carbonate-shale ratio of each mesozoic sequence.