Air Refrigeration Systems __ 89 Gas tri ‘Wain compressor Wl a Ram 1 surrounsing ar 7" —o—t «4 air athigh veloity 2 Coolant ai Heat exchanger Combustor 4 Airext i trom eabin Heat exchanger s+ aa eer | avon |@ [S28 Air oxt Cold aie S Figure 3.26 Bootstrap air retrigeraion cycle for caf. Process 1-2: It represents the isentropic ramming of ambient air from pressure p, and temperature 7, to pressure py and temperature 7. The process 1-2" represents the actual ramming process. Process 2'-3: It represents the isentropic compression of air in the main compressor and the process 2-3" represents the actual compression of air Process 3’-4: The compressed air from the main compressor is cooled in heat exchanger I using ram air. The pressure drop in the heat exchanger is neglected. Process 4-5: The isentropic compression of cooled air is from the first heat exchanger, in the second compressor. The actual compression is represented by the process 4-5’, Process 5-6: The compressed air from the secondary compressor is cooled in heat exchanger IL using ram air. The pressure drop in the heat exchanger is neglected. Process 6~7: It is isentropic expansion of cooled air in the cooling turbine up to the cabin pressure, The process 6-7 represents the actual expansion of the cooled air in the cooling turbine. Process 7’- Wt represents the heating of air up to the cabin temperature Tp. “The quantity of air requited for the refrigeration purpose to meet the Q TR of refrigeration load in the cabin is 210 te heimin oy -T) Power needed for the refrigerating system, tinge (Ty 090 _ Refrigeration and air Conditioning 1-2 Ideal ramming 2-8 deal compression C, 2-9" Actual compression 3-4 Intercooting in HE 1 4-5 Ideal compression in, 4-5" Ideal compression in C, 5-6 Coalingin HE 2 6-7 Ideal expansion Figure 3.27 T-s diagram fr bootstrap air cyle cooing system. and COP of the refrigerating system 210 au mc ,Ty Ty) PX EXAMPLE 3.10 A boot-strap cooling system is used in an aeroplane for 15 TR capacity. The ambient air temperature and pressure are 20°C and 0.85 bar respectively. The pressure of air rises from 0.85 bar to 1 bar due to ramming action. The pressure of air at the outlet of the main compressor is 3 bar. The discharge pressure of air from the secondary compressor is 4.5 bar. ‘The efficiency of each of the compressors is 85% and that of the turbine is 90%. 75% of the heat content of the air discharged from the main compressor is removed in the heat exchanger [ and 30% of the heat of air discharged from the auxiliary compressor is removed in the heat exchanger II using rammed air. Assuming ramming action to be isentropic, the required cabii pressure to be 0.9 bar and the temperature of the air leaving the cabin to be not more than 20°C, find the following: (a) The mass of air bled off the main compressor. (b) The power required to operate the system, (©) The COP of the system Take y= 1.4 and cy = 1 ki/kg-K Solution: Given: 15 TR: T, = 20°C = 20 + 273 = 293 K a= 1 bar Ps ps = pe= 45 bar r= 90% Tz = 20°C = 20 + 273KAir Refrigeration Systems __ 94 1-2 Idea! ramming 2-8 Ideal compression in C, 2.3" Actual compression 3-4 Imereooling in HE 1 4-5 Ideal compression nC, 4-8" Ideal compression in C, 5-8 Coolingin HE 2 6-7 Ideal expansion P,=09 Figure 3.28 T-s diagram for bootstrap air cycle cooling system—Example 3.10. ‘The temperature entropy (T-s) diagram with the given conditions is shown in Figure 3.28. ‘We know that for isentropic ramming process 1-2, (aig) «anor = 00 T; x 1.047 = 293 x 1.03 = 306.8 K compression process 2-3, r= pgyaa-nne qh (2) (3) oa| 2 =[= = (3) = 137 T, \pr 1 ey Ty = Ty x 1.37 = 306.8 x 1.37 = 4203 K Isentropic efficiency of the compressor, Isentropic increase in temperature _T, ~T; ‘et = “Actual increase in temperature T, ~T, 4203-3068 _ 113.5 or 08 = = T-3068 7, -3068 Ty = 306.8 + 113.5/0.8 = 448.7 K = 175.7°C For perfect intercooling, the temperature of air at the outlet of heat exchanger I is equal to the temperature of air entering the main compressor, But in intercooling only 75% of the92 _ Refrigeration and Air Conditioning ‘compression heat is removed and so the temperature of air at point 4 is Ty = Tz + 0.25(Ts = T;) = 306.8 + 0.25 (420.3 - 306.8) = 335 K ‘The isentropic process 4-5, r= 4-pia (2) ry (J on eee Ts = Ty x 1.122 = 335 x 1.122 = 376 K = 118.5°C Isentropic efficiency of the auxiliary (secondary) compressor, Bot Is—Ty Nea 376-335.85 41 Ty —335 Ty ~335 Ty = 383.2 K = 110°C or 0.85 = For perfect after-cooling, the temperature of air at the outlet of heat exchanger II is equal to the temperature of air entering the auxiliary (secondary) compressor. But in after-cooling, only 30% of the compression heat is removed. Therefore, the temperature of air at point 6 is To = Ty + 0.1(Ty ~ Te) = 335 + 0.7(383.2 - 335) = 368.7 K For the isentropic process 6-7, (pp (ogy 2-(2) (33) = (0.2) = 0.631 (0.225) = 0.653 368.7 x 0.631 * Ty = Ts x 0.631 ‘The turbine efficiency, Actual decrease in temperature __ T, isentropic decrease in temperature Ty or 09 = 3887=Ty__368.7-Ty © 368.7 - 232.6 136.1 Ty = 2462 K =~ 268°C @) Flow rate of air; ‘The mass of air bled off the main compressor 2g 21S 673 kefenin Ans. ry) 1x (293-2462) TyAir Refrigeration Systems _ 93 (b) Power required to operate the system: Img ¢p (Ty ~Ty) _ 61.3% 1(448.7 306.8) eee Ans. Gy 0 (©) COP of the system: We know the COP of the system to be _ 2110 2U1x15 ‘Ans. mG Ty ~Ty) 61.31 (448.7 - 3068) EXAMPLE 3.11 An aeroplane uses the boot-strap air cooling system. It requires 16 TR of refrigeration. Ambient temperature and pressure are ~13°C and 0.6 bar respectively. The speed. of the plane is 800 kmph, The ram air is compressed in the main compressor up to 3.6 bar pressure and this is further compressed in the secondary compressor up to 44 bar. The isentropic efficiency for each compressor is 85%. The air in the heat exchanger I is cooled up to 113°C by ram air while the air from the secondary compressor is cooled by ram air up t0 87°C. This cooled air is then expanded in cooling turbine up to the cabin pressure of | bar with an isentropic efficiency of 90%. The cabin temperature is required to be maintained at 20°C. Find the following: (a) Mass flow rate of air in kg/min, (b) Power required to operate the system. (©) COP of the system, Assume, 7= 1.4 and c,= 101 ki/kg-K. Solution: Given: Q=16 TR C= 800 kmph, Pi = 06 bar T, =-13°C = ~ 13 +273 = 260 K Ps = Py = py = 3.6 bar 44 bar No= Nea = 85% T,= 87°C = 87 + 273 = 360 K = 1 bar T,= 20°C = 20 + 273 = 293K ‘The T-s diagram is shown in Figure 3.29 and system diagram in Figure 3.26. Ram compression (1-2): Velocity of air, C = 800 kmph = 80%1000 _ 999.9 mys 3600 222.2) eae 2 (01x 1000) 28445 260 Lata) ) 0.822 bar94 _ Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 4-2 Ideal ramming 2-3 Ideal compression ¢, 2-8" Actual compression 3-4 Inter cooling in HE 1 5-6 Cooling in HE 2 6-7 Ideal expansion Figure 3.29 T-s diagram for bootstrap air evaporative cooing system—Example 3.11, Process (2-3) in main compressor: by (uaa Pe (2) mee (25) a 822 (433.7 - 284.5) 0.85 Secondary compression process (4-5): n(ay" m 1; But Mer = 136 + (4130-386) 0.85 or Ty = = 452.5 K