ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

(Department of Distance, Non-Formal & Continuing Education)

Faculty of Education

Course: Non-Broadcast Media in Distance Education (853) Semester: Autumn, 2022

Level: MA/M. Ed. RollNo# 000266961 IRFAN SHABBIR

Q1. Offer some suggestions regarding improving the photocopying process?

Answer:

Photocopying seems like an extremely simple task when you think about what you are
doing; taking one thing and make one or more copies of it. It can, in fact, be difficult to
know how to operate one properly, choosing the right paper and preparing the machine
to the right settings. Providing you know what the right buttons are to use, the process
can be made much simpler!
So, how do you make great photocopies?
1. Prepare the Originals
Once you have made the decision to copy something, you should do everything in your
power to make sure the original copy is in good condition. Originals that are well looked
after always make the best copies, so it’s a good idea to keep your original in tip top
shape.
Where possible, you should try and print the originals on heavyweight paper from an
inkjet or laser printer, to help maintain a fresh, high quality appearance.
If the original is folded or creased, try and remove these straight away. The copies won’t
be as clear if you try and copy a folded or creased original. Any stapes or tape should
also be removed as smooth paper feeds through the copy machine much better.

2. Clean the Machine

Before you start copying, take the time to wipe down the glass, removing any foreign
objects or dirt that may have an impact on your copies. Glass cleaner should be used to
clean the glass, before being dried with a lint free cloth.
 To help keep the machine clean for the future, try and avoid touching the glass with
your finger tips. You should also take care when using sticky notes as the sticky residue
can attract dirt that may damage the machine or harm the original you are trying to
copy.
3. Use Quality Copy Paper
You should firstly determine what weight of paper you would like to use. Standard
weight is economical and works well with high-speed copiers. Mid weight paper can be
used in copiers and inkjet or laser printers, is slightly heavier and is good for double-
sided copies. Heavy weight paper has a smooth finish, but can cause copy machines to
run slower. By printing the original on heavy weight paper, you can go a long way to
improving the copy clarity.
4. Prepare the Copier
Here is a list of the steps you should take to prepare the machine:
1. Press the start button to turn the machine on
2. Stack your copy sheets on top of each other. Align them using two hands and check
that there are no folded edges or sheets out of line.
3. Place the blank sheets in the paper tray ready for copying.
4. Choose the copy feature on the machine
5. Adjust the contrast if you want to make text and images stand out from the background.
This will make the copies clearer and easier to read.
6. Select the lightness or darkness. Colour to black and white or photos will need to be
lightened. Light text, colours or pencil drawings will need to be darkened to show up
better.
7. Run a test copy first. Where it asks you to select quantity select ‘1’ first. This way you
can examine the result to check if you are happy with the quality.
If you aren’t happy with your test copy, you should take the time to adjust the settings in
the machine to get the copy how you like it. One you are happy with the copy, you can
input the quantity that you need. If something goes wrong with your copying, press the
big red stop button to stop the copying and preserve your paper.
If you are having problems with your copy machine, you would like to have it serviced or
you are thinking about getting a new photocopy machine, Nationwide Copiers is one of
the leading choices for photocopier sales and servicing. Take the time to contact them if
you need copy advice or assistance.

Q2. Explain the principle of programmed learning?

Answer: Programmed instruction rests on the principle of self-pacing. It recognizes the

individual differences of the learners. This principle is based on the assumption that
each learner can work each step as slowly or as quickly, depending upon his/her pace .

Principles of program - Learning:

The principles of programming imply the rules and systems by which a programme is
constructed.

The following principles are considered to be the basic ones for programmed
learning:
1. Objective specification:
Which means identifying the terminal behaviours that the learner will be able to perform
when he has completed the programme.

2. Small Step Size:

Which involves dividing the information to be communicated into small units.

3. Overt Responding:
It means that pupils must act on each unit of information by means of exercises
provided to assimilate it.
4. Success or Minimal Error:
This means that error and failure must be avoided at all costs because they are
construed as obstacles to learning.

5. Immediate feedback:
In order to ensure success and satisfaction, the pupil must know that his action is
correct.

6. Logical, graded progress:

It implies two things-relevance of content and its graded presentation.

7. Self Pacing:
It is used for programme development and validation.

Types of Programmed – Learning:

Various forms of programmed learning modules have been reported. This includes
software which is mainly represented by linear, branching and mathetics. The other
form is hardware which is represented by Learner Controlled Instruction (LCI) Computer
Assisted Instruction (CAI) and teaching machines.

Linear programme is one in which every learner follows the identical sequence, that is,
the frames or didules are encountered in a single, pre-arranged order. The proponent of
this type of programme style is B.E Skinner (1958).

Branching programme is one where the particular response emitted on a frame or

didule determines the alternative frame/ frames, the learner proceeds to next. The
proponent of this programme type is Norman Crowder (1960)

Mathetics is one in which there is the systematic application of reinforcement theory to

the analysis and construction of complex repertoires. This also represents mastery of
subject matter.
In it, the behaviour is generally classified as in involving discrimination, generalisation,
and chaining. This style is considered to be an extension of the linear model of
programming. The exponent of this style is Thomas E Gilbert (1962).

Computer-assisted Instruction is one where use of the Computer as a highly adaptive

teaching machine weakens the distinction between software and hardware. This type of
instructional module was developed by Stolurow and Davis (1965).

Steps in Programming:
1. Topic Selection:
The programmes should select the most familiar topic; otherwise he has to take the help
of a subject expert.

2. Content Outline:
After topic selection, its outline may be prepared which cover all the materials, one
plans, to teach. For this programme one has to refer to examine relevant books and
materials.

3. Instructional Objectives:
Instructional Objectives must be formulated which involve both task description and task
analysis. The former is the description of terminal behaviours which the learner is
expected to achieve and the latter is the series of component behaviours that he is
required to acquire in the process of achieving terminal behaviour.

4. Entry Skill:
The learner should have some pre-reqisite ability and skill to understand properly the
new programme. This background experience is called the entry skill and a suitable
programme cannot ne prepared without proper assessment of the entry skill.

5. Presentation of the Material:

Suitable format is to be decided for presenting the material from the educational point of
view. Then the programmed material should be presented in a sequence of frames
arranged as steps towards terminal behaviour.
6. Student Participation:
On analysis of the terminal behaviour one will find the critical responses of the students.

7. Terminal Behaviour Test:

The effect of programme can be ascertained by administering the terminal behaviour
test. It is also known as performance assessment. This provides feedback to the
programme and shows the effectiveness of the instructional materials.

8. Revision:
Lastly the programme may be revised on the basis of feedback. The instructional
materials may be edited and modified according to the needs and requirements of the
target audience.

Programmed Learning is a self-instructional device. A rapid learner can cover the

material quickly and slow learner may proceed on his own pace. It helps the learner to
teach himself at any place and pace according to his convenience. The analytical
thinking and self-direction of learners are also promoted through the use of programmed
learning materials.

Q3. Write down the steps involved in motion film production?

Answer:

The film production process can be divided into countless steps to take a film from
concept to a finished piece. However, there are three key stages that take place in the
production of any film: pre-production (planning), production (filming), and post-
production (editing, color-grading, and visual effects).

A film is a living, breathing thing, and like all living things, from plants to humans, they
start from something small before growing into its final form. If you’re struggling to figure
out where to begin when making your movie, or what to do after that, or what to do
after that, take a breath and look over this basic map of the 7 Stages of Film Production:

Development

The development period belongs to the project producer, who starts gathering the ideas
of the film–rights from books, plays etc., if needed–until the final draft of the screenplay
is completed. During this time, a first synopsis is done which will help the lead producer
sell the idea and raise funds. Often storyboards other visual aids will be drafted to
accompany the script and help the producer communicate the essence of the film.

Financing

Networking and making meetings, often in Los Angeles and to a lesser extent New
York, is how many producers will meet with possible financiers. Additionally, a lot of
producers travel to festivals, both domestic and international to show the project
materials to possible investors.

Pre-production

With enough funding in hand, pre-production can begin, starting with the selection of the
cast, crew, locations of the shoot, building of sets and props etc. Shot lists and put
together and the producer starts working on a schedule for the entire shoot, starting
broad and getting more specific as production begins to ramp up.
Production

The assistant director (AD) shines during production as the actual footage is filmed by
coordinating all the different teams at once. Actors, possibly after days or weeks of
rehearsing, finally shoot their scenes as the production crew–grips, lighting, sound,
camera, etc. work hard to make every second count and shot look as great as
possible. Writers and producers may be on set but it’s the director who is calling all the
shots creatively–with their AD making sure they’re sticking to the schedule and getting
the footage they need before it’s time to move on.

Post-production

This where the editor comes into play, and if the budget is big enough, visual effects
teams.
In collaboration with the director, editors begin to assemble takes and shots and create
a linear film based out hours of footage. For bigger productions, teasers can be done
during this time in order to start marketing. A music composer comes in to orchestrate
the score of the movie as final cut begins to loom. Sound design and color direction are
important elements during this time as well, and culminate in picture lock–the final edit
of the film.

Marketing

In the case of a major production company, teasers are already out to promote the
release date of the film. In other scenarios, promotional posters, festivals screenings,
and social media are best to help generate buzz for the film. If the production is small,
the creatives involved with the film may have to wear this hat whether they like it or not,
though it’s possible for producers to outsource to small marketing companies that do
this for a living.

Distribution

Theatrical distribution is typically divided between domestic and international and

involves agreements with production companies to pay for the film to screen at physical
theatres. Previously, producers would also concentrate their efforts on how the films
would be made into physical copies of VHS, DVD or Blu-Ray and make deals with video
rental chains, but nowadays streaming is king. While smaller filmmakers may try to get
on as many platforms as possible–Amazon Video, Hulu, Netflix, etc.–getting an
exclusive deal with a single platform may be more lucrative, especially if it comes with
promotion on the platform’s end. Hand in hand with marketing, promotion for the film
during its release is also key, including press interviews, red carpet premieres, and
other launch parties.
Q4. Explain how you can assessing the operations is a crucial stage of non-
broadcast media?
Answer:

Non-broadcast media is a term used to describe audio and visual media that can be
accessed at any time. It is information that can be turned on and off, paused, rewound,
and fast-forwarded at any time. All of which includes recorded television, radio,
podcasts, the internet, and streaming services.

1. PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF NON-BROADCAST MEDIA After studying

the material, it is hoped that the student will be able to: 1. Explain the planning
and management of non-broadcast media; 2. Discuss the procedure for
establishing goals for non-broadcast media; 3. Analyse the developing and
administrating the programme plan of non-broadcast media;
2. 4. What is Media Planning Media planning is the process of identifying and
selecting media outlets – mainly newspapers, magazines, websites, TV and radio
stations, and outdoor placement – in which to place paid advertisements. The
person responsible for evaluating the many media options and strategizing
campaigns to support a particular product, service, or brand is called a media
planner.
3. 5. Counti---- Media planners typically are employed by advertising agencies.
Media planning is one of the four key divisions of most advertising agencies,
which also include: 1- Brand planning 2-Account management 3- Creative
4. 6. Count---- Creating a Media Plan: The goal when creating a media plan is to
reach target customers - those who are most likely to buy from you, at the exact
moment that they have decided to buy. Using advertising, you can educate and
inform those likely customers, to make them aware of your business and to
persuade them to buy a particular product from you rather than another business.
To make that happen as efficiently and cost-effectively as possible, it is important
to weigh the following when developing your media plan:
5. 7. Counti--- 1-Reach. One of the two most important factors to consider, reach is
the number of people you want to get in front of during a particular timeframe,
 such as a week or a month. 2- Frequency. The second most important factor is
frequency, which is the number of times your target customers will see your ad.
Obviously, the higher the number, the better, but cost is also a factor. For
example, you may want to run an ad daily in your local newspaper, but the cost
for such a purchase may exceed your annual budget.
6. 8. Counti--- 3- Cost-per-thousand. One way to measure the cost of advertising is
to divide the total cost of advertising in a particular outlet by the media’s
thousands of customers, to get the cost-per-thousand value. For newspapers
and magazines, you’d divide the cost by total subscribers. For blogs, you’d divide
by subscribers. 4-Selectivity. Depending on how targeted your product is, you
may want a measure of how well the media outlet reaches your particular
prospect. For example, advertising Rolls Royces through the local newspaper will
attract attention, but what percent of the newspaper’s subscribers fall into the
target market of prospects likely to buy? It might be too low a number to make
sense.
7. 9. Counti--- 5- Impact. How many senses can the media outlet being considered
reach? Magazines can appeal to sight, and perhaps smell (with those perfume
inserts), while websites can appeal to sight and sound. The same is true with TV.
You should consider what senses will make the biggest impact on a customer’s
purchase decision.
8. 10. Establishing Goals for Non-Broadcast Media In broadcasting, a programme is
seen as a broadcast material created to meet certain specific needs or attain
some set objectives and transmitted to some pre-determined target audience 1.
Spoken Words Broadcasting: They are; talks, discussions, educational
broadcasting, programmes for special audience (women, children, rural
listeners), drama, documentary, magazines, news and current affairs
programmes and religious broadcasting. 2. Music includes programmes of
cassette recording, live musical performance of all kinds and variety of
entertainment. He further went to break down the different types of Broadcast
Programmes which fits into the above classifications:
9. 11. Counti--- a) Talk Programmes: This is termed straightforward talk, the
interview and discussion. A talk programme ranges from a one minute
contribution, to a magazine programme, to one hour interview programme which
are audience participatory in nature. The purpose of the talk programme may be
to inform, to educate or simply to entertain. The best talk programme is a chat
built on one subject.
10. 12. Counti--- b) Educational Programme of all the uses to which television and
radio have been put, educational programmes have commanded more
enthusiasm. No other means of transmitting knowledge broadly whether by text,
the classroom lecture or discussion or magazine article would seem nearly
effective as television and radio, which allow a single teacher to address
thousands of people. c) Entertainment Programmes: Not all broadcast
programming is serious or of vital social concern. A great number of hours are
set aside simply for entertainment and these are the hours, which build the
popularity of broadcast media and win as well as hold the audience.
11. 13. Count--- d) Children Programme: No area of television programming is more
susceptible to public criticism than that of children programmes e) News
Programmes: News programmers are essential part of programming for any
radio or television station. The broadcast of news in an activity, in which
practically every broadcasting organization engages. News operations range
from large scale undertakings involving news editors, film crews and special
reporters.
12. 14. Financing for Non-Broadcast Media The system of funding and allocation of
finance relates to other administrative structures, and the library cannot operate
in isolation. Budgets have, to relate to the wider and long term educational
planning both within the school and the authority. Current changes in the
legislation which affect the financing and financial control of schools will affect
internal financial organization.
13. 15. To inform the Faculty of education community and IRC elienta of the scope
of the centre’s collection and organizing collection development objectives.To
provide guidance to the staff responsible for the development and resources of
 the Instructional Resource Centre Ideneoy collections. Objectives of the
collection Development Policy
14. 16. To arriod daphecation of perchases made for the James A Gidssam Library
Education collection with the exprices of the Hamsiltors campus locations. To
ensure that the curricles collection relates to and supports the faculty of
education’s programs.  To provide information which will serve in a planning
tool for the centre is administration and unsure to the budgetary allocations
process. Counti---
15. 17. Assessing the Operations Assessing the operation is very crucial stage. In
order to check whether the objectives have been achieved, assessing the
operation is essential. The exploitation of materials becomes increasingly
important as all resources have to be fully utilized as finance becomes tighter.
Any programmes which improve the pupils' understanding of information skills
must be based within the curriculum and be cooperative in approach. A library
skills programme produced in isolation is of little value. Details, levels, tactics and
materials used will vary from school to school, but the basic principles of the full
use of resources remains the same, so that they are fully maximized intellectually
and personally for the institution, the subject and the individual pupil, as well as
economically.
Q5. Define the term planning. What steps required in planning of resource
center?
Answer:

Definition: Planning is the fundamental management function, which involves deciding

beforehand, what is to be done, when is it to be done, how it is to be done and who is
going to do it. It is an intellectual process which lays down an organisation’s
objectives and develops various courses of action, by which the organisation can
achieve those objectives. It chalks out exactly, how to attain a specific goal.

Planning is nothing but thinking before the action takes place. It helps us to take
a peep into the future and decide in advance the way to deal with the situations, which
 we are going to encounter in future. It involves logical thinking and rational decision
making.

 Step 1: Gather Your Content. Without content there can be no resource center, so make
sure you have enough content to warrant creating a resource center. ...
 Step 2: Decide on the Layout. ...
 Step 3: Enable Social Sharing. ...
 Step 4: Promote the Resource Center


1. Planning a Resource Centre. When setting-up a basic resource centre, it is crucial to

plan well from the beginning. ...
2. Management and Finance. 2.1 Staffing. ...
3. Location and Equipment. 3.1 Location. ...
4. Developing the Collection. ...
5. Organization of Information. ...
6. Information Technology and Database. ...
7. Information Services
Step 1: Gather Your Content

Without content there can be no resource center, so make sure you have enough
content to warrant creating a resource center. Having three or more pieces of content
people can download usually warrants creating one. Blog articles can also be used as
part of the resource center, but they aren’t something people can download and won’t
directly help your business generate leads.

Step 2: Decide on the Layout

Your resource center should definitely have a dedicated homepage. The homepage
should highlight new or updated content, popular content and link directly to content
people can download. If you have a lot of content you could create specific homepages
that group each type of content together. For example, you could have a homepage that
 outlines all of your whitepapers, one for all of your videos and one that lists all of your
presentations.

Step 3: Enable Social Sharing

Your resource center has to allow people to share its content. People are going to find
the content valuable and important, and will want to share it with their networks of
followers and friends. Here is where you can find the social media icons I recommend
you include in your resource center and thank you pages (the page the follows a landing
page).
 Facebook Like and Send button
 Google+ button
 LinkedIn share button
 Twitter Tweet button
Step 4: Promote the Resource Center

The final thing you need to do is make sure as many visitors find and take advantage of
your awesome resource center. You need to create calls to action that you add to your
blog, website and thank you pages directing visitors to the resource center. I would also
place the resource center in your website’s menu and promote it in your email
marketing communications and lead nurturing campaigns.