UNIT 4: SOCIETY
4.1 VOCABULARY
Vocabulary: Society
- appointment: cita
- authorities: autoritats
- bravery: valentia
- capitalism: capitalisme
- citizen : ciutadà
- citizenship: ciutadania
- civil servant: funcionari
- colony: colònia de persones
- community: comunitat
- custom: custom
- employment: ocupació
- freedom: llibertat
- healthcare: assistència sanitària
- household: llar
- law: llei
Vocabulary: Crime & Justice
- accuse somebody of: acusar algú de..
- admit: admetre
- arrest somebody (for): arrestar algú..
- arson: cremar voluntàriament
- burglary: robatori
- charge somebody (with): multar algú
- commit (a crime): cometre un crim
- community service: servei comunitar
- corporal punishment: càstig corporal
- court: jutjats (lloc on es fa judici)
- criminal record: antecedents penals
- curfew: toc de queda
- defendant: acusat
- dismiss a case: abandonar un cas judicial - suspect: sospitós
- jury: jurat
- find somebody guilty: trobar culpable
- house arrest: arrest domiciliari
- joyriding: conduir il·legalment
- judge: jutge
- disorderly conduct: comportament inapropiat
- majority: majoria
- membership: ser membre (d’un gimnàs)
- monarchy: monarquia
- neighbourhood: barri
- ownership: propietat
- population: població
- poverty: pobresa extrema
- slavery: esclavitud
- socialism: socialisme
- society: societat
- taxation: fiscalitat
- tolerance: tolerància
- wealth: riquesa
- welfare state: estat de benestar
- wisdom: saviesa
- jury service: servei de jurat
- lawyer: advocat
- life sentence: condemna perpètua
- mugging: atracar
- murder: assassinat
- pay a fine: pagar una multa
- police offer: policia
- reach a verdict: arribar a un veredicte
- release somebody (from): alliberar
- repeat offence: repetir
- send somebody to prison: enviar presó
- sentence somebody to: condemnar algú
- shoplifting: robar botigues
- theft: robatori
- underage drinking: beure (menor edat)
- vandalism: vandalisme
- witness: testimoni
- young offender: jove delinqüent
Vocabulary: Phrasal verbs
- come up against: enfrontar-se a - set off: activar (alarma)
- hand over: entregar - set up: crear
- move out: marxar / desallotjar - spring up: aparèixer de sobte
- put up: construir o aguantar - share out: compartir

Vocabulary: Irregular verbs

- build / built / built: construir
- buy / bought / bought: comprar
- eat / ate / eaten: menjar
- grow / grew / grown: créixer
- lead / led / led: dirigir
- leave / left / left: marxar
- put up / put up / put up:
- seek / sought / sought: buscar
- set off / set off / set off: activar (alarma)
- sing / sang / sung: cantar
- teach / taught / taught: ensenyar

Vocabulary: Extra (alguns no surten al llibre)

- mature - maturity: maduresa
- commune - community: comunitat
- slave - slavery: esclavitud
- victor - victory: victòria
- neighbour - neighbourhood: barri
- child - childhood; infantesa
- free - freedom: llibertat
- king - kingdom: regne
- social - socialism: socialisme
- capital - capitalism: capitalisme
- owner - ownership: propietari
- friend - friendship: amistat
- tax - taxation: fiscalitat
- educate - education: educació
- employ - employment: ocupació
- govern - government: govern
- tolerate - tolerance: tolerància
- innocent - innocence: innocència
- elect - election: eleccions

Vocabulary: Extra Extra

- flock: ramat (n) / acudir (v) - mainstream: corrent principal
- charismatic: carismàtic - struggles: problemes
- shelters: refugis
4.2 AS LONG AS, EVEN IF, PROVIDING THAT, UNLESS

Conditional clauses usually start with if. In some situations we can replace the if with unless,
providing that or as long as.

- We can use unless to mean if…not in negative.

We’ll be late if we don’t leave now
We’ll be late unless we leave now.

- We can use even if instead of if to show that the result won’t be affected (el resultat
no canivarà) by the condition.
The workers won’t strike if their wage are increased
The workers will strike even if their wages are increased

- We can use providing that or as long as to mean but only if.

Crime levels will continue to fall but only if we keep the same number of police officers.
Crime levels will continue to fall providing that we keep the same number of police officers.
Crime levels will continue to fall as long as we keep the same number of police officers.

4.3 CONDITIONALS

The first conditional

lf + simple present, simple future If you do the race, I’ll sponsor you.
Simple future + if + simple present I’ll sponsor you if you do the race.

We use the first conditional to discuss possible future events or to make promises and give
warnings.

The second conditional

lf + simple past , conditional simple If I had a lot of money, I would set up a commune
Conditional simple + if + simple past I would set up a commune if I had a lot of money

We use the second conditional to discuss imaginary situations in the present and improbable
events in the future.

* We can use were instead of was with I, he, she and it to give advice.
lf I were the Prime Minister, I would change a lot of laws
lf I was the Prime Minister, …. is more informal

The third conditional

lf + past perfect, conditional perfect If you had applied, you would have got an interview
Conditional perfect + if + past perfect You would have got an interview if you had applied

We use the third conditional to talk about hypothetical past events which didn't happen
or about a different past situation
4.4 CONDITIONALS WITH MODALS

First conditional
We can use modals instead of will in the result clause of a first conditional sentence:
- possibility (may / might) - If you vote for him, he may/might win the election
- permission (can) - If you’ve filled out the form, you can leave now.
- obligation (must) - If you agree with his policies, you must vote for him
- suggestion (should) - If you’re interested in politics, you should vote.

Second conditional
We can use modals instead of would in the result clause of a second conditional sentence.
The modal could can also be used in the conditional clause (after if).
- ability (could) - If he had time, he could help
- possibility (could) - If you could have any job, what would you do?
- permission (could) - If we could wear our own clothes, we would come.
- possibility (might) - If he won €1 million, he might give it all to charity.

Third conditional
We can use modals in the result clause of a third conditional sentence
- ability (could + perfect) - If I had posted my form in time, I could have voted.
- possibility (might + perfect) - If they had known, they might have voted.

4.5 WISHES & REGRETS

We use wish in a number of ways

- to express regrets about the past (wish + past perfect)

I wish I hadn’t voted for him

- to express a desire for the present (wish + could / past tense)

I wish I could stand for election
I wish I knew the answer

- to express dissatisfaction with what somebody is doing in the present. We don’t use
this for ourselves. (wish + would)
I wish he would stop making that noise.

4.6 CRIME VERB PREPOSITIONS / OBJECTS

- go to prison
- find someone guilty of a crime
- commit a crime
- reach a verdict
- under arrest
ACTIVITATS REPÀS

pàg 44 ex 3
pàg 46 ex 6, 7
pàg 48 ex A, B, C, D
pàg 48 ex 1, 2, 4
pàg 49 ex 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
pàg 50 ex 1, 2
pàg 95 ex 1, 2
pàg 96 ex 3, 4, 5
pàg 97 ex 7, 9
pàg 108 ex 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8