END OF TERM I EXAMINATIONS 2023

S.1 BIOLOGY
Marking Scheme
Question Answer Marks
1 (a) Botany 2
Botanists develop better crop varieties increasing garden produce;
They promote conservation of plant populations;
They identify edible plant species for human or animal utility
They identify medicinal plant species
(b) Entomology 2
Entomologists develop ways of controlling arthropod vectors/pests;
They promote conservation of arthropod populations;
They contribute to development of medicines against arthropod toxins
They identify and utilise benefits of arthropods such as production of honey, pollination
(c) Pathology 2
Pathologists diagnose diseases so that they can be treated;
They monitor disease progress to prevent outbreaks;
They participate in the development of medicines to treat diseases
They monitor effects of treatments to eliminate side effects
They design SOPs to contain outbreaks
 (d) Zoology 2
Zoologists promote conservation of animal species so that they don’t extinct;
They improve quality of animal husbandry to increase farm produce;
They identify animal benefits such as meat, hides, eggs
They keep wild animals away from human being for protection of both
(e) Genetics 2
Geneticists are important for forensic identification of corpses;
They identify genetic relationships to solve family conflicts;
They solve criminal cases through fingerprint matching, saliva/hair/semen analysis
They develop GMOs to improve food security
They carry out premarital screening to detect hereditary issues among couples

2 (a)(i) Reproduction 1
Female buffalos become pregnant;
Female buffalos give birth to a calf
(a)(ii) Excretion 1
Buffalos sweat in the tropical heat;
(a)(iii) Movement 1
Buffalos have hooves;
They roam around their habitat
 (a)(iv) Sensitivity 1
Buffalos avoid the tropical heat by lying under trees;
They are aggressive and protective
They take care of sick and old buffalos
(a)(v) Respiration 1
They have funnel-shaped nostrils;
(a)(vi) Nutrition 1
Buffalos are herbivorous;
They graze at night
(a)(vii) Growth 1
Male buffalos grow horns;
(b) Benefits 3
Their horns can be used for ornamental work;
Their hooves can be used for ornamental work;
They can be eaten as food;
(These are the only benefits directly spotted from the excerpt. Reject any inferred
responses.)
3 (a) (i) Oval/round nucleus, more central than peripheral 4
(ii) Clear cytoplasm, not shaded
(iv) More than one granule labelled
 (Deny marks for wrong spellings since the correct spellings were already provided in the
question)

(b)(i) Nucleus 1
Control all cell activities;
Contains cell genetic material
(b)(ii) Cytoplasm 1
Provides medium for internal cell processes;
It where organelles are embedded
 (b)(iii) Mitochondrion 1
For energy production in the cell;
(b)(iv) Glycogen granules 1
For storage of carbohydrates;
(c)(i) Organism K is an animal; 1
(c)(ii) Its cells have no cell wall; 1
Carbohydrates are stored in form of glycogen
4 (a) Specialized cells are cells that have their structure modified; to perform particular 2
functions;
(b) A Root hair cell; Absorption of water and mineral salts; 8
B Sperm cell; Fertilises the egg cell/ovum;
C White blood cell; Resists pathogens and their effects in the body;
D Mesophyll cell; For photosynthesis;
(c) Similarities 3
Both have cell membrane;
Both have nucleus;
Both have cytoplasm;
 Differences
Cell C
Has no cell wall
Has a lobed nucleus
Nucleus is centrally located
Has an irregular shape
3
Cell D
Has cell wall;
Has a(n) round/oval nucleus;
Nucleus at the periphery;
Has a regular shape

(d) Two specialized plant cells 2

Guard cell;
Parenchyma cell;
Sieve tube cell

Two specialized animal cells 2

Ovum;
Red blood cell;
Nerve cell
Muscle cell
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