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Introductory of
digital concept
INTRODUCTION 2
FUTURE WORLD 3
 DIGITAL & ANALOGUE SYSTEMS
4

o Electronic circuit can be divided into two

categories – digital & analog.
o Analog – involves quantities with continuous
range of values.
o Example: air temperature
- it changes over a continuous values and it
takes on all the infinite values between them.
Digital – involves quantities with discrete values. 5

Sampled values in continuous basis representing the

temperature at discrete points in time over 24-hours.

Sampled-value representation (quantization) of the analog

quantity in Figure 1-1.
THE DIGITAL ADVANTAGES
6
 LIMITATIONS OF DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
7

 The real world is analog.

 Processing digitized signals takes time.
 So that, three (3) steps must be followed:
i. Convert the real-world analog inputs to digital form.
ii. Process the digital information.
iii. Convert the digital outputs back to real-world analog
form.
 A basic audio public address system - analog 8

Basic principle of a CD player - digital

 BINARY DIGITS
9
Two possible states that involves in digital electronics circuits
and systems are – HIGH and LOW.
- represented by voltage level or current level, bits etc.

In binary system, there are two binary digits 1 and 0.

This binary digits are called bit.
Generally, 1 is represented by the higher voltage level ; 1 =
HIGH.
While a 0 is represented by the lower voltage level ; 0 = LOW.
Positive logic: HIGH = 1 ; LOW = 0.
Negative logic: HIGH = 0 ; LOW = 1.
Group of bits (combination 0 & 1), called codes – represent
numbers, letters, symbols etc.
 REPRESENTING BINARY QUANTITIES
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(a) Open and closed switches representing 0 and 1, respectively;

(b) absence or presence of holes in paper tape representing 0 and
1, respectively;
(c) connected or not connected junctions in a wiring matrix.
 LOGIC LEVELS
11

is the voltages used to represent a 1 and a 0.

 VH(max)
= max. HIGH voltage value.
 VH(min)
= min. HIGH voltage value.

 VL(max)
= max. LOW voltage value.
 VL(min)
= min. LOW voltage value.
Exp: Range for TTL : HIGH = 2 V to 5 V
LOW = 0 V to 0.8V
DIGITAL SIGNALS AND TIMING DIAGRAMS 12

(a) Typical voltage assignments in digital system;

(b) Typical digital signal timing diagram.
 DIGITAL WAVEFORMS
13
Consists of voltage levels that are changing back and forth between
the HIGH and LOW levels.

A digital waveform is made up of a series of pulses.

- Ideal pulse and non ideal pulse

The pulse has 2 edges: Leading & trailing edges.

Leading edge that occurs first at time t0.
Trailing edge that occurs last at time t1.
Ideal pulse – rising and falling edges are assumed to change in zero time
 DIGITAL WAVEFORMS
In practice, these transition never occur instantaneously, called nonideal
14

pulse.

Rise time, tr is the time required for the pulse to go from LOW level to its
HIGH level
- measure tr is from 10% to 90% of pulse amplitude.
Fall time, tf is the time required for the pulse to go from HIGH level to its LOW
level.
-measure tf is from 90% to 10% of pulse amplitude.

The pulse width is a measure of the duration of the pulse

- define as time interval between 50% points on the rising and falling edges
DIGITAL CIRCUITS/LOGIC CIRCUITS
15

A digital circuit responds to an input’s binary level

(0 or 1) and not to its actual voltage.
 WAVEFORM CHARACTERISTICS
16

Most waveforms are composed of series of pulse, called

pulse trains and can classified as either periodic or
nonperiodic.
A periodic pulse waveform is one that repeats itself at a
fixed interval, called period (T).
A nonperiodic pulse waveform is does not repeats itself at
a fixed intervals.
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End Of Slide

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