Chapter 1: Introduction to Digital System

1. Digital and analogue quantities

2. Binary digit, Logic level & digital waveform
3. Advantages and disadvantages of Digital and analogue systems.

(STB24403 Digital Electronics)

Digital And Analog Quantities
Analog Quantities
Continuous values
Eg: continuously measuring temperature

(STB24403 Digital Electronics)

Digital And Analog Quantities
Digital Quantities
Discrete set of value which can be represented in digital code
Eg: Measuring temperature for every hour

(STB24403 Digital Electronics)

 Binary Digit, Logic Level & Digital Waveform
Binary digits are the codes/states used to in digital system operations
There are only two possible states in digital systems, 1(HIGH @ higher voltage) and
0 (LOW @ lower voltage)
Positive logic system = HIGH (1) LOW(0)
Negative logic system = HIGH (0) LOW (1)

(STB24403 Digital Electronics)

 Binary Digit, Logic Level & Digital Waveform
In digital circuits, the voltage values representing a 1 and a 0 are called logic levels
which can be:
Ideally : Fixed value (A=HIGH B= LOW)
@
Practically : Range of value (A to B = HIGH D to E = LOW)

(STB24403 Digital Electronics)

 Binary Digit, Logic Level & Digital Waveform
Digital waveform consist of logic levels that changing back and forth between 1 and 0.

Positive pulse : From LOW to HIGH and then back to LOW

Negative pulse : From HIGH to LOW and the back to HIGH
Pulse has leading edge (t0) and trailing edge (t1)

(STB24403 Digital Electronics)

 Binary Digit, Logic Level & Digital Waveform
Ideally pulse changes is assume to be instant without rising and falling delay@time
Non ideal pulse usually have its rise and fall time when it changes state

(STB24403 Digital Electronics)

Binary Digit, Logic Level & Digital Waveform
Periodic pulse waveform is one that repeats at a fixed interval called period (T).
Frequency (f) is the rate of the pulse repeating itself.
Duty cycle is the ratio of pulse width to the period in a periodic waveform

Non periodic pulse waveform does not repeat itself and composed of random pulse
widths/time interval.

(STB24403 Digital Electronics)

Binary Digit, Logic Level & Digital Waveform
Digital waveform carries binary information that are synchronized with basic timing
waveform called clock.
Each bit in a sequence occupied a defined time interval called bit time
Clock is a periodic waveform with T equal to time for one bit.

(STB24403 Digital Electronics)

 Binary Digit, Logic Level & Digital Waveform
Timing diagram is a graph of digital waveforms showing the actual time relationship of
multiple waveforms.

(STB24403 Digital Electronics)

 Advantages And Disadvantages Of Digital &
Analog Systems
Digital data can be processed and transmitted more efficiently
Digital data has advantage when storage is necessary, digital data is more compact
and can be reproduced with greater accuracy and clarity than in analog form.
Digital system does not affected by noise or unwanted voltage fluctuation

(STB24403 Digital Electronics)