Engineering Lecture1:

Logic Circuits &

Concepts about basic
Electrical Engineering Devices

by Christin Sander
 Overview
1) Logic Circuits 2) Electrical Engineering
 Analogue vs Digital  Overview of Transistors
 Binary Numbers  Amplifiers
 Logic Gates  Operational Amplifiers
 Boolean Algebra
 Flip-Flops & Clocks
 Counters
 Data Storage
 Analogue versus Digital
Analogue: Digital:

ANALOGUE signals DIGITAL signals

vary in a continuous way, represent information as a
can take any values sequence of discrete
varying physical quantities,
encode values into binary
numbers (0 or 1)
Analogue to Digital Conversion
 In nature, signals normally occur in an
analogue way
 To convert them into a digital signal, a
threshold value is selected.
 For values below the threshold: 0
 For values above the threshold: 1
 Binary Numbers
 Decimal Number System
 The decimal number system is the base 10 number system
 Uses 10 different symbols (0,1,2,…..9)

 In General, any number system can be used

 Binary Number System

 The binary number system is the base 2 number system
 Uses 2 different symbols (0 and 1)
 A BInary digiT("BIT") in each position

 Binary logic circuits are useful for making controllers

 A binary system can also represent numbers of any magnitude
 Logic circuits can be realised which will perform arithmetical
operations on these binary numbers
 This is the principle behind almost all digital calculators and computers
 Logic Gates
 Electronic circuits with one
or more input wires and one
output wire

 The voltage on the output Circuit

depends on the voltages on (made up of
the inputs transistors
used as
switches)
 The relationship between
inputs and output is a
logical function, determined
by the circuit arrangement
inside the gate.
Logical Functions
Boolean Algebra
 Flip-flops
 D Flip-flop  Divide-by-2-circuit

 Ripple-Down Counter
 J-K Flip-flop

Q+ indicates the value of Q after the next clock pulse

If J and K are different, Q takes on the value of J
If J and K are both 0, Q remains unchanged
If J and K are both 1, Q changes to its inverse (it "toggles")
Information from J and K is read in on the rising edge of the clock, and is
translated into action at the Q outputs on the FALLING edge of the clock
Synchronous Counter
 Synchronous Counter
(8-bits)
 Data Register
 A circuit which can store temporarily all bits of a
binary number

A 3-bit register
(a typical personal computer will have
several 16-bit and 32-bit data registers
in its arithmetic unit)
Storage Devices: ROM

 A ROM cell

 Typical m-ROM device

 Transistors

Small input current controls a large

output current
Can act as a switch if in saturation
or cut-off region
 Amplifiers
 An amplifier is a device that accepts a small
signal and outputs a larger signal that generally
matches the waveform characteristics of the
input
It amplifies the input signal
 Factors affecting amplification
 Gain: Relationship of input and output signal
 Efficiency
 Bandwidth
 Settling time
 Noise
 Operational Amplifiers
 An opamp is a device that
takes an analogue signal
and amplifies it
 Output voltage depends on
difference of input voltage
 Applications:
 Analogue to digital converters
 Filters
 Comparators