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SEISMOLOGY: NATURE OF EARTHQUAKES
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Buildings cannot withstand the shaking of the ground during To preserve the well-being of the environment.
earthquakes. To analyse the structure of the Earth.
To understand seismology.
Buildings are demolished after earthquakes. To study the factors and effects of an earthquake.
Air pollution and sound pollution occur after earthquakes due To develop an earthquake-resistant building.
to the reconstruction of the destroyed buildings. To create an earthquake-resistant building with energy-efficient
High budget is required to repair and reconstruct the concepts.
To investigate higher-quality materials with suitable functions to
damaged buildings after the earthquake.
build an earthquake-resistant building.

what causes earthquake?

The tectonic plates that make up the earth's crust are moving
constantly.
As the edges of these plates slide against each other in fault zones,
friction can slow them down, leading to the buildup of pressure over
long periods of time.
When the force of movement finally overcomes the friction, sections
of the crust suddenly break or become displaced, releasing pent-up
pressure in the form of seismic waves.
This is a naturally occurring earthquake, sometimes referred to as a
tectonic earthquake

When an earthquake occurs, different types of energy waves are generated

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1. P Waves (Primary Waves)
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first waves to be detected. EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE
compressional waves that push and pull as they move through rock and fluids.
2. S Waves (Secondary Waves)
2. Ground shaking
next waves to be detected.
Liquefaction
only through rock.
move up and down or side to side, perpendicular to the direction in which the wave is moving. Ground displacement
3. Surface Waves
3. Flooding
follow P and S waves. Pollution
travel along the surface of the earth
Fire
cause the most damage.
can be characterized as Love waves (faster and move the ground from side to side).
Tsunami landslides tsunami
Rayleigh waves (roll like waves on the surface of oceans and lakes). Landslide/Avalanche

Pendulum
Spring
Structural steel
Reinforced concrete
Concrete joints
Laminated glass
Diaphragm
Shear walls
Cross braces
Moment-resisting frame

1. Prepare all the

materials
2. Cut the boards into
respectively sizes.
3. Shape the mounting
board into an open box.
4. Stick the springs at
the bottom of the plastic
board with hot glue.
5. Screw the washers
with the hooker and
nuts.
6. Soldering the wires.
(Connect the fan, switch
and the USB wire)