9

Music
Quarter 2- Module 1:
Music of the Classical Period

1
Music – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 1 : Music of the Classical Period
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploration of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e. songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
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to locate and seek permission to us these materials from their respective copyright owners.
The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by Department of Education

Division of Lapu-Lapu City

Development Team of the Module

Writer’s Name:K annie Marie Sayon, Remelyn Sungcad
Editor’s Name: Remelyn I. Sungcad
Reviewer’s Name: Imelda G. Naveo, Jacqueline B. Osawa
Illustrator’s Name: Celestino A. Aparece, Mar Onell Booc
Layout: K annie Marie Sayon, Remelyn Sungcad
Plagiarism Detector Software: PlagiarismDetector.com
Grammar Software: CitationMachine.com
Management Team:
Schools Division Superintendent : Wilfreda D. Bongalos, PhD, CESO V
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent : Marcelita S. Dignos, EdD, CESE
Curriculum Implementation Division Chief : Oliver M. Tuburan, EdD
EPSVR-MAPEH : Imelda G. Naveo
EPSVR - LRMDS : Teresita A. Bandolon
ADM Coordinator : Marigold J. Cardente

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education

Department of Education – Region VII Central Visayas
Division of Lapu-Lapu City
Office Address: B.M. Dimataga St., Poblacion, Lapu-Lapu City
Telephone Nos.: (032) 410-4525
Email Address: oliver.tuburan@deped.gov.ph
 9

Music
Quarter 2- Module 1:
Music of the Classical Period
Message of Introduction
This MAPEH 9 Music learning module is made to be a practical and significant
instructional material to guide the learners who are unable to attend classes in school
in times of crisis or for other reasons. It contains an attainable process of learning with
the aim of maintaining the quality of education that meets the K to 12 Curriculum
standards. This also serves as a basic guide to the facilitators containing the learning
objectives or goals, pre-tests, review exercises, short discussion of the lesson,
examples, activities, and varied exercises to assess the learners.
We would like to think with a positive spirit that this module will inspire and ignite
the interest of the learners and apply what they have learned as they go through the
whole package. This self-learning module is desired to be an important part of the
learning process and educational growth of the students.
We present to you the product of the teamwork of educators, writers, and
illustrators. Do bear in mind that the best instructional material is the one that works
for teachers and students! We look forward to hearing from you.

For the Facilitator/Parent

Your role as a teacher-facilitator is to orient the learners on how to use this
module, keep track of the learners’ progress as they manage their own learning and
be available to answer questions and provide explanations about the activities and
exercises in this module. The parents’ role is to help guide and monitor their child’s
performance in accomplishing the activities required for this module and to submit to
the teacher/school the required outputs.
For the Students
This module provides activities with actual exercises and activities for you to
perform. Do enjoy this wonderful opportunity given to you to continue the process of
learning despite the present situation. Accomplish all the activities required for this
module and submit to your teacher at the end of the week.

One of our main purpose is for you to learn from this module, but before you
begin please remember the following:

1. Take good care of this material, do not put any unnecessary marks/writings in any
part of the module.
2. Read carefully and follow instructions given before starting any activity.
3. Follow this module in sequential order, do not skip some parts.
4. You may request your parents or any adult members in your family for help but bear
in mind to always observe honesty and integrity while performing and checking the
assessments and exercises.
5. Use a separate answer sheet for the exercises, assessments and activities.
6. Return this module together with your answers and the expected outputs to your
teacher or facilitator.
Please don’t hesitate to communicate with your teacher or facilitator for questions
and clarifications regarding this module.
 Introduction

In this module, you will learn the historical and cultural background of the Classical
era. In music history, there is a transition from baroque style to the full flourishing of
the classical. New music forms emerged such as concerto, symphony, and sonata.
The Classical period saw the development of the solo concerto as well as the
symphony. In this module, you will learn how the music of the different composers
gave life during this period. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig Van Beethoven and
Franz Josef Haydn are the three greatest and most famous composers of Classical
Era, their life and music will be discussed in the following pages.

After going through this module, student/s will:

1. Describe musical elements of given Classical Period pieces.
2. Explain the performance practice (setting, composition, role of
composers/performers and audience) during Classical Period.
3. Improvise appropriate accompaniment to selected music from Classical
Period.

Let’s Find What You Know

Pre-Assessment
To assess what you know about the music of the Classical Period answer the
following activities.
Part I. GUESS WHO?
Name the following composers (pictures shown below)

1.

IMAGE SOURCE:
https://www.google.com/search?q=wolfgang+amadeus+mozart&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwitrN_y1PnsAhVL5pQKHfaxCpoQ2- 1
cCegQIABAA&oq=WOLFGAN&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgcIABCxAxBDMgQIAB BDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMg

QIABBDMgQIABBDMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADoFCAAQsQNQsvz3Aljgg_gCYIqM-
2. 3.

IMAGE SOURCE:
https://www.google.com/search?q=franz+joseph+haydn&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ve
d=2ahUKEwjsiOj_z_nsAhUvCqYKHeGqBDoQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1366&bih=625#i
mgrc=yIkSSBrMhcpExM&imgdii=KwWa3dib06-77M
IMAGE SOURCE:
https://www.google.com/search?q=ludwig+van+beethoven&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=vE9nd89CwUvUMM%252C-
caz3QNstbn9zM%252C%252Fm%252F04k15&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kRwFesqxpboYL9qxT7pTvuam7OEAg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi79vHw1PnsAhUcwYsBHeqfCk8Q_B16BAgpEAM#imgrc=v
E9nd89CwUvUMM

Part II: GUESS WHAT?

Identify the term being described in the following:
1. A musical work with different movements for an instrumental soloist and orchestra.
A. Symphony B. Sonata C. Concerto D. Rondo
2. A section of the sonata allegro form where the themes are introduced.
A. Exposition B. Development C. Recapitulation D. Theme and Variation
3. The general texture of Classical music.
A. Monophonic B. Homophonic C. Heterophonic D. Polyphonic
4. The term for serious opera.
A. Opera B. Comic Opera C. Opera Buffa D. Opera Seria
5. The most important form that was developed during the classical era and was usually the
form of the first movement of a sonata or symphony was called___________?
A. Minuet B. Sonata C. Rondo D. Symphony
6. It repeats the themes as they first emerged in the opening exposition.
A. Exposition B. Development C. Recapitulation D. Sonata
7. A musical composition designed to be played by the full orchestra.
A. Symphony B. Sonata C. Concerto D. Cantata
8. The term for Italian opera.
A. Opera B. Comic Opera C. Opera Buffa D. Opera Seria
9. It is a multi-movement work for solo instruments.
A. Symphony B. Sonata C. Concerto D. Cantata
10. It is called “The Age of Reason”.
A. Medieval B. Renaissance C. Baroque D. Classical

“I compose music because I must express my feelings, just as I talk so

that I can express my thoughts”- Sergei Rachmaninov

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 Lesson Historical and Cultural Background
1 of Classical Period

In your previous module, can you name one composer and

give a very short description.
Note:
For ODL class it can be asked before the start of the new
lesson
Review
For MDL class teacher may require answering it in a piece of
paper.

Let’s Learn and Experience

Activity 1- Nowadays, we are much attached to listening to Korean music or more

“Hugot” songs and unaware of the music of the past. Let us listen to some selected
music of the Classical Period
Note: This is intended only for the ODL class
• W.A. Mozart Serenade in G minor (Eine Kleine Nachtmusik)
Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1FSN8_pp_o
• W. A. Mozart Rock version of Eine Kleine Nachtmusik
Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OL0T-q50s9A
• W. A. Mozart Jazz version Eine Kleine Nachtmusik
Link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wY9P5z3CQ10
For MDL Class- In a separate sheet of paper, share your thoughts relating to the
question.
1. List down all the musical terms you are familiar with.
2. What do you know about Classical era?
3. Write down what you want to know at the end of this module:

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 Mini-Lesson

Music of the Classical Period (1750-1820)

The Classical Era, also referred to as the “Age of Reason”, is the period from
1750-1820. The cultural life has been dominated by the nobility, who, as patrons of
musicians and artists, largely influenced the arts. Substantial changes in musical forms
and styles have been produced.
In the middle of the 18th century. Europe began to move toward a new style in
architecture, literature, and the arts, known as “Classicism”. It was also pushed
forward by changes in the economic order and in social structure. Classical music was
patronized primarily by nobility.
The term “classical” implies compliance with the principles and characteristics
of Ancient Greece and Roman literature and arts that were formal, elegant, simple,
and dignified. The same characteristics may also describe the melodies of classical
music. Texture is generally homophonic. The use of crescendo and decrescendo
augmented the forte and piano dynamics. A style of broken chord accompaniment
called, Alberti Bass was practiced.
The great composers of the period were: Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang
Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig Van Beethoven.
Sonata, Concerto and Symphony are the instrumental forms developed during this era
while vocal forms included Opera Seria and Opera Buffa.

Composers of the Classical Period:

1. FRANZ JOSEPH HAYDN (1732-1809)

Franz Joseph Haydn is considered to be one of the

most notable composers of the classical period.
His life has been described as a “rags-to-riches” story.
He came from a poor family and his music led to his rise
in social status. He was hired by rich patrons and
ultimately turned into a musical director for the Esterhazy
family for 30 years. IMAGE SOURCE:
https://www.google.com/search?q=franz+joseph+haydn&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ve
d=2ahUKEwjsiOj_z_nsAhUvCqYKHeGqBDoQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1366&bih=625#i
mgrc=yIkSSBrMhcpExM&imgdii=KwWa3dib06-77M

His music echoes his character and personality: largely

calm, balanced, serious but with touches of humor. He was able to compose over
100 symphonies and developed them into long forms of a large orchestra. He was
named, “Father of Symphony”. Most of his symphonies have nicknames such as the
“Surprise Symphony”, “The Clock”, “The Military”. He also wrote chamber piano
music and choral works.

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2. WOLFGANG AMDEUS MOZART (1758-1791)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a child genius and the extremely

amazing genius in musical history. At age five, he had already
been playing violin and the harpsichord, at six, he was
acknowledged as an exceptional pianist and at seven,
he was already composing excellent music. At age 13, he had
written sonatas, concertos, symphonies, religious works, and
operas and operettas. He composed over 700 works.
“The Marriage of Figaro (1786)”, “Don Giovanni (1789)”, and
the “Magic Flute” became popular. Other well known works:
Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Symphony No. 40 in G Major and c
IMAGE SOURCE:
https://www.google.com/search?q=wolfgang+amadeus+mozart&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwitrN_y1PnsAhVL5pQKHfaxCpoQ2-
CegQIABAA&oq=WOLFGAN&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgcIABCxAxBDMgQIAB BDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMg

Sonata No. 11 in A Major K311. QIABBDMgQIABBDMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADoFCAAQsQNQsvz3Aljgg_gCYIqM-

Unfortunately, due to mismanaged finances he lived his life

In poverty, died young and was buried in an unknown grave.

3. LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770-1827)

Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in Boon, Germany to a

family of musicians and studied music at an early age. He
was the composer who bridged the late Classical era and
early Romantic era. He was a talented pianist and
composer. His famous compositions include 32 piano
sonatas, 21 set of variations, 9 symphonies, 5 concertos
for piano, 16 string quartets and choral music.

His works include the “Missa Solemnis” (1818-1823) and

Opera “Fidelio” (1805). His known symphonies are:
Symphony No. 3 (Eroica), No. 5, No. 6 (Pastoral), No. 9
(Choral), which adds voices to the orchestra. He began to
go deaf in 1796 but this did not become a hindrance. He IMAGE SOURCE:
https://www.google.com/search?q=ludwig+van+beethoven&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=vE9nd89CwUvUMM%252C-
caz3QNstbn9zM%252C%252Fm%252F04k15&vet=1&usg=AI4_-

continued composing through the help of an assistant kRwFesqxpboYL9qxT7pTvuam7OEAg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi79vHw1PnsAhUcwYsBHeqfCk8Q_B16BAgpEAM#imgrc=v

E9nd89CwUvUMM

and hearing gadget. Some of his famous compositions

were made when he was deaf.

Characteristics of Beethoven’s works:

• His music veered toward larger orchestras
• Sound was centered on the violas and lower registers of the violins and
cellos to give his music a darker mood.
• All themes in a piece are tied together by one motif.
• He developed musical themes and motifs extensively by means of
modulation.
• He used more brass instruments and dynamics.

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 VOCAL AND INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
SONATA
Sonata came from the word “Sonare” which means to make a sound. A multi-
movement work for solo instrument. This applied to a variety of works for a solo instrument
such as keyboard and violin.

Movements of Sonata
1st movement: Allegro-Fast Movement
2nd movement: Slow Tempo: (Andante, Largo, etc.) mostly lyrical and emotional
3rd movement: Minuet- it is in three-four time and in a moderate or fast tempo

CONCERTO
A multi-movement work designed for an instrumental soloist and orchestra. It is a
classical form of music intended primarily to emphasize the individuality of the solo instrument
and to exhibit the virtuosity and interpretative abilities of the performer. A concerto has three
movements: fast, slow, and fast.

SYMPHONY
A multi-movement work for orchestra, the symphony is from the word “Sinfonia” which
literally means “a harmonious sounding together”. It is a classical music for the whole
orchestra, generally in four movements: fast, slow, medium/fast, and fast.
CLASSICAL OPERA
Opera is a drama set to music where singers and musicians perform in a theatrical
setting. The two distinct styles of opera., Opera Seria and Opera Buffa, were developed
during the Classical Period.

• Opera Seria – (seious opera) usually implies heroic or tragic drama that
employs mythological characters, which was inherited from the Baroque
period. “Idomeneo” by Mozart is an example of Opera Seria
• Opera Buffa – (comic opera) made use of everyday characters and
situations, and typically employed spoken dialogues, lengthy arias and
was spiced with sight gags, naughty humor and social satire. “The
Marriage Figaro”, “Don Giovanni”, and “The Magic Flute” are
examples of popular Opera Buffa by Mozart.

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 Let’s Think Deep

The following listening activity will help and guide you to experience the
different musical compositions. You will also be guided with the URL of the selected
music.
NAME THAT TUNE!
For ODL Class-
Song #1 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rgq3OTSRVBc
Song # 2 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lLjwkamp3lI
Song # 3- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFfUcQQbwsE

1. Listen to the selected musical pieces of the famous composers from the Classical
Period.
2. Identify whether it is a Sonata, a Concerto, or a Symphony
3. Recognize the composer.

For MDL Class

If you can access the URL of the selected music, you will be able to listen to and experience
the wonderful piece of music from the well-known composers in the Classical era.
NAME THE COMPOSER!
Identify the composers of the selected musical pieces.
1. Piano Sonata No 11 in A major K 331 (Rondo) Third movement
Composer: __________________________________________

2. Symphony No.94 in G Major "Surprise” 2nd movement

Composer: __________________________________________

3. Piano Concerto no. 1 in C major op. 15

Composer: __________________________________________

4. Piano Sonata No. 16 in C major, K. 545

Composer: __________________________________________

5. Piano concerto n. No. 21 in C major, K.467

Composer: __________________________________________

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 Let’s Remember

COMPLETE ME!
Directions: Complete the chart by filling in an accurate word/phrase related to
classical music.

Characteristics of Instrumental Vocal Music Famous

Classical Music Music Composers

1. 1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.

Music of the Classical Era is usually associated with the nobility. During that time
most of the members of the nobility would financially support the musicians. Music
was played in the courts which make the music of the Classical Era more familiar to
the nobility than the lower classes.
This association of the rich and Classical Music is still being experienced in some
parts of the world.
However, with the dawn of radio and TV, Classical music may now be experienced by
the masses.

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 Let Me Apply It

LET’S PERFORM!
This activity will deepen your understanding of the importance of Classical
music. The following activities will also give you a chance to show and enhance your
talents through composition and performance.

For ODL Class

“Commercial Break”

Procedure:
1. Advertise a product of your own choice wherein classical music will be used as
background music.
2. Perform it during the conduct of virtual classes.

CRITERIA

1. Choice of music
(must be a Classical Period piece and appropriate for the product) ------ 30%
2. Originality (use of own concept) --------- 40%
3. Creativity (use of props, costumes) --------- 30%
TOTAL 100%

For MDL Class

“From scrap to craft”
In this activity the students will create and improvise an instrument that could be used
to accompany the Classical Music.
Procedure:
1. At home, look for a material that could be used in making an improvised
instrument.
2. Transform the scrap material into a craft (improvised musical instrument).
3. Document the entire process (During, Before, After) of building the craft and paste
the picture in a short bond paper.
(Note: if no gadgets that can be used in documenting the process, submit
your finished output to your teacher.)
4. Be creative in making your craft.

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 RUBRICS

(2 points) Basic: Inappropriate; Messy and incomplete materials

(3 points) Developing: Most materials appropriate; Decorated but messy Neat but
fragile

(4 points) Approaching Proficiency: Appropriate materials; decorated, neat

(5 pints) Proficient: Appropriate and creatively modified materials; Decorated within

the context of the instrument; Neat and Durable

Let’s Ponder

Describe in detail how Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven all made a living
throughout their lives in music.
______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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 Let’s Check It

INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT
Instructions: Read each item carefully and write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

I. Identification: Determine the composer of each composition by writing on

the blank the letter which corresponds to the name of the chosen composer.
________________ 1. The Marriage of Figaro
________________ 2. Missa Solemnis
________________ 3. Surprise Symphony
________________ 4. Fidelio
________________ 5. Moonlight Sonata
________________ 6. The Clock
________________ 7. Eine Kleine Nachtmusic
________________ 8. The Military
________________ 9. The Magic Flute
________________ 10. Eroica

II. Sentence Completion: Fill in the blanks with the correct word that will
complete each statement.

1. A multi-movement work for an instrumental soloist and orchestra is called

__________________.
2. A section of the sonata allegro form where the theme is introduced is
__________________.
3. __________________ is the general texture of the Classical music.
4. __________________ is another term for serious opera.
5. The form of the first movement of a sonata or symphony is the _________.
6. The _______________ repeats the theme as they emerged in the exposition.
7. The _______________ is a multi-movement work for orchestra.
8. The term which refers to an Italian opera is the __________________.
9. A __________________ is a multi-movement work for solo instrument.
10. The Classical era is also known as the ___________________.

III. Essay: Answer each question briefly. (5 pts each)

1. How is opera seria different from opera buffa?

2. What music of the Classical Period do you like the most? Why?

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Glossary
Allegro -quickly , in a brisk lively manner

Classical Era -the period from 1750-1820 called as the “Age of Reason”

Cantata - a choral composition with instrumental accompaniment,

typically in several movements

Concerto - is a sonata for one or more soloists and orchestra. Sonata

usually has three movements.

Development -middle part of the sonata-allegro form wherein themes are

being developed

Exposition -the first part of a composition that introduces the themes that
will be developed through the piece.

Opera - a drama set to music.

Opera Buffa -opera in Italy that is full of fun and frivolity.

Opera seria - an opera based on a serious plot that usually revolves around
mythological beings such as gods and goddesses.

Sonata- -any instrumental composition that has several movements with

variation in key ,mood, or tempo.;came from the word Sonare
which means “to make a sound”

Symphony - a musical composition for the whole orchestra generally in four

movements; also a sonata for orchestra

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 13
Let’s Check It Let’s Learn and Let’s Find Out What You
I. Identification Experience Know
1. Beethoven
(Answers may vary) PART I: GUESS WHO
2. Mozart
3. Haydn 1. Wolfgang
4. Beethoven Amadeus
5. Beethoven Mozart
6. Haydn 2. Franz Joseph
7. Mozart
Haydn
8. Haydn
9. Mozart 3. Ludwig Van
10. Beethoven Beethoven
II. Sentence PART II: GUESS WHAT?
Completion
1. CONCERTO 1. C.
2. EXPOSITION 2. A.
3. HOMOPHONIC 3. B.
4. OPERA SERIA 4. D.
5. SONATA ALLEGRO 5. B.
6. RECAPITULATION 6. C.
7. SYMPHONY 7. A.
8. OPERA BUFFA
8. C.
9. SONATA
9. B.
10. CLASSICAL
III. Essay (Answers 10. D.
may vary)
Answer Key
References
n.d. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zthrcdm/revision/1.

n.d.
https://www.google.com/search?q=franz+joseph+haydn&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ve
d=2ahUKEwjsiOj_z_nsAhUvCqYKHeGqBDoQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=
yIkSSBrMhcpExM&imgdii=KwWa3dib06-77M.

n.d.
https://www.google.com/search?q=ludwig+van+beethoven&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fi
r=vE9nd89CwUvUMM%252C-
caz3QNstbn9zM%252C%252Fm%252F04k15&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kRwFesqxpboYL9qxT7pTvuam7OEAg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi79vHw1PnsAhUcwYsBHeqfCk8Q
_B16BAgpEAM#imgrc=vE9nd89CwUvU.

n.d.
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rN_y1PnsAhVL5pQKHfaxCpoQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=WOLFGAN&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgcIABCxAxBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBD
MgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADoFCAAQsQNQsvz3Aljgg_gCYIq
M-AJoAHAAeA.

n.d. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/musicappreciation_with_theory/chapter/overview-of-the-
classical-era/.

n.d. http://library.thinkquest.org/27927/Classical_concerto.htm .

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n.d. http://www.free-scores.com/download-sheet-music.php?pdf=23862 .

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n.d. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Wolfgang-amadeus.

n.d. http://www.free-scores.com/download-sheet-music.php?pdf=23862 .

n.d. file:///C:/Users/mean/Desktop/Mozart_Piano_Sonata_K_545.pdf .

n.d. http://whoswhopakistan.com/eligibility-criteria.jpg.

n.d. https://quizlet.com/137109843/music-appreciation-final-exam-essay-questions-flash-cards/.

n.d. https://www.studymode.com/essays/Mozart-1783365.html.

n.d.
https://archive.org/stream/AmigaFormatIssue048199307FuturePublishingGB/Amiga_Forma
t_Issue_048_(1993-07)(Future_Publishing)(GB)_djvu.txt.

n.d. https://brainly.ph/question/6648929.

n.d. https://www.edx.org/course/computer-forensics.

n.d. https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-opera-buffa.htm.

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n.d. https://brainly.ph/question/2341373.

n.d.
https://depednegornet2019.weebly.com/uploads/1/7/7/4/17742683/dm_no_838_s_2019_.
pdf.

n.d. https://brainly.ph/question/130896.

n.d. https://www.foi.gov.ph/help.

n.d. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Philippines_copyright_law.

n.d. https://www.slideshare.net/daniholic/math-grade-10-learners-module.

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