Constitutional Journal Volume 3 (17!2!2018)

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pOf aqmif;yg;trnf pmrsufESm
1/ uGefAif;&Sif;ESifhtnD Conventionality 1
OD;rsdK;jrifh
2/ EdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;tm;
tumtuG,fay;jcif;ESihf oufqdkifonhfodrSwfzG,f&mrsm; 7
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3/ tem*wfzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk\ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk; 61
OD;atmifvGifOD;
4/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'udkavhvmjcif; 65
OD;aqGwifhvGif
5/ Ombudsman taMumif;odaumif;p&m 87
OD;0if;jrifhOD;
6/ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;wdkY\
tcef;u@ 103
OD;atmifausmfpdk;
7/ tm&SzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;rsm;ESihftqihfwl
w&m;½Hk;rsm; tzGJYtpnf;taMumif;odaumif;p&m 119
a'gufwmarqkvIdif
8/ vufwifa0g[m&rsm; 131
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9/ *syefppftkyfcsKyfa&;acwf jrefrmEdkifiHzGJUpnf;ykHOya' 153
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10/ yxrtBudrf w&m;olBuD;rsm;nDvmcH rdefYcGef;rsm; 175

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11/ jrefrmhordkif;0ifpmcsKyfrsm; 219
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English Section
12. Comparative Perspective studies on the Constitutional
Justice of the Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic

of the Union of Myanmar with other members of
the AACC. 273
U Kyaw San
ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေရေးရာဂျာနယ် အမှတ်(၃) 1
uGefAif;&Sif;ESifhtnD Conventionality
OD;rsKd;jrifh*
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Oya'onf EdkifiHwGif jy|mef;xm;aom tjcm;aom Oya'rsm;\ txG#ftxdyf
jzpf\/ tajccHjzpf\/ yifrjzpf\/ xdaYk Mumihf tqdyk g tjcm;Oya'jy|mef;csuftm;vk;H
onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihftnDjzpf&efvdkonf/ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'yg
jy|mef;csufrsm;udk vdkufem&efvdkonf/
'Drdkua&pDpepf usihfokH;onhf EdkifiHwdkif;vdkvdkyif Oya'jyKtzGJYu jy|mef;
aom Oya'rsm;udk zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf udkufnDjcif; &Sd? r&Sd pdppf&eftwGuf
w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&m tzGJYtpnf;udk tcGihftmPmtyfESif;onf/ Oya'jyKtzGJYu
jy|mef;vdkufonhf Oya'tm; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf udkufnDrI &Sd r&Sd w&m;
pD & if a &;tzG J Y u jyef v nf p d p pf o k H ; oyf j cif ; ud k Judicial review od k Y r [k w f
constitutional review [kac:a0:onf/ jy|mef;Oya'tm; zGp YJ nf;ykt
H ajccHOya'ESifh
nDñGwf&ef xdef;ausmif;jcif;udk control of constitutionality [k ac:a0:onf/
jy|mef;Oya'udk zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nD? rnD pdppfqkH;jzwf&eftwGuf
tcsKdUEdkifiHrsm;ü ½dk;½dk;&Sd&if;pGJ w&m;½Hk;rsm;ü tmPmtyfESif;xm;onf/ xdkw&m;½Hk;
rsm;onf tjcm;aom &mZ0wfrI? w&m;rrI ponfwdkYudk ppfaq;pD&ifonhf vkyf½dk;?
vkyfpOf wm0eftjyif zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'yg jy|mef;csufudk teuft"dyÜm,f
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Oya'qdkif&m tjiif;yGm;rIudk qkH;jzwfjcif;ponhf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m
udpö&yfrsm;udkyg pD&ifqkH;jzwf&onf/ xdkodkY tjcm;vkyfief;wm0efESihf a&maxG;um
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;pD&ifonhf pepfudk diffuse system of Judicial
review [k ac:qdkonf/
EdkifiHaygif; 102 EdkifiHceYfwGifrl txufwGif azmfjycJhaom zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'qdkif&mudpö&yfrsm;udk pD&ifqkH;jzwf&eftwGuf oD;jcm;w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&m
tzGJYtpnf;wnfaxmifMuonf/ xdktzGJYtpnf;rsm;udk Constitutional Council,
* OD;rsdK;jrifhonf EdkifiHawmfzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;wGif ckH½kH;tzGJU0if tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifaeol

jzpfygonf/
2 ကွန်ဗင်းရှင်းနှင့်အညီ Conventionality
Constitutional Chamber, Constitutional Court, Constitutional Tribunal ponhf

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ac:a0:onf/
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udv k nf; pD&ifq;Hk jzwf&ef w&m;½H;k rsm;tm; tcGit fh mPm ay;tyfxm;onf/ w&m;½H;k
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vTwfawmfcsKyfu Ekmekdjian V. Sofovich trIü tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwl
pmcsKyfyg jy|mef;csufu jynfwGif;Oya'yg jy|mef;csufudk vTrf;rdk;aMumif; pD&if
qkH;jzwfcJhonf/
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owfrw S x f m;aom tcGit fh a&;wpfpw Hk pf&mudk cHpm;&eftwGuf tjynfjynf qdik &f m
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xdkYaMumihf AifeDZGJvm;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk; Constitutional

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Oya'tm; vTrf;rdk;jcif;udk jiif;qdkcJhonf/ xdkYjyif vlYtcGihfta&;qdkif&m tifwm-
tar&duefw&m;½Hk;udk AifeDZGJvm;EdkifiHtwGif;ü cGihfrjyKEdkif[kyif 2008 ckESpf wGif
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conventionality rsm; wd;k wufxe G ;f um;cJo
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(txl;ojzihfvlYtcGihfta&;qdkif&m Oa&myoabmwlpmcsKyf)u xdkEdkifiH rsm;\
jynfwGif;Oya'rsm;tay: vGrf;rdk;aeonf/
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zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfrI &Sd r&Sd udk w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&m pdppfokH;oyfcGihf
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xdef;ausmif;rI control of conventionality udkrl xm;&Sdavonf/
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tufOya'rsm;ESihf tjynfjynfqdkif&moabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;tay: zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
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jy|mef;aom Oya'rsm;udk zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfjcif; &Sd r&Sd w&m;
pD&ifa&;qdkif&m pdppfokH;oyfrI Judiciai review rjyKvkyf&ef wm;jrpfxm;onhftjyif
jy|mef;Oya'rsm;onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihfrnD[kvnf;aumif;? kingdom

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pmcsKyf rsm;ESihf nDñGwfrI &Sd? r&Sd w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&m pdppfonhfpepf the system
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jyK taetxm; supralegislative status &SdaMumif; qkH;jzwfxm;onf/ xdkodkY
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oabmwl p mcsKyf r sm;ESi hf pyfvsOf;í control of conventionality usih f o k H ;&ef
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pnf;aESmiftm;&Sdonhf EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m udk,fusihfw&m;jzpfonf/ 4if;udk t*Fvdyf
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½d;k &m zGpYJ nf;ykt
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constitutional review &Sdayonf/
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ta&;ygaom zGHYNzdK;wdk;wufrlrSm NAdwdoQEdkifiH\ Oya'ESihf Oa&myor*¾Oya'wdkY
udkufnDrI &Sd r&Sd pdppfjcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;rSm tjynfjynfqdkif&mOya' oabm
wlnDcsufrsm;ESihf nDñGwfrI&Sdap&ef xdef;ausmif;jcif; control of convenationality
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wpf½Hk;u ¤if;wdkY\jy|mef;Oya'rSm ig;zrf;cGihftueYftowfESihf pyfvsOf;aom
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jAdwdefEdkifiHonf vlYtcGihfta&;qdkif&m Oa&myuGefAif;&Sif;udk taumif
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onhf jAdwdoQOya'udk y,fzsufjcif; annulling udkrl vkyfydkifcGihfr&Sday/ ,cktcg
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or*¾Oya'udk vdkufem&ef rvdkawmh[k ,lq&ayonf/
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tajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwf&ef vdktyfayonf/ Oya'jyKolwdkYonf rSm;,Gif;í
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a&;qd k i f & m pd p pf o k H ; oyf j cif ; Judicial review ud k jy|mef ; xm;onf / xd k Y j yif
'Drdkua&pDpepfudk usihfokH;aom taemufEdkifiHrsm;onf tjynfjynfqdkif&m
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rsm;udk xdktjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufESihf rqeYfusif ruGJvGJap&ef
Muyfrwfonhf taejzihf xdef;ausmif;jcif; control of conventionality udk usihfokH;
MuygaMumif; wifjyygonf/
* * * * *
EdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;tm;

tumtuG,fay;jcif;ESihf oufqdkifonhfodrSwfzG,f&mrsm;
a':vSrsKd;EG,f *

ed'gef;
EdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;onf EdkifiH
wpfEdkifiHu zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'tm; tyfESif;xm;onhf tcGihftmPmt&
ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfNyD; rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufurQ csdK;azmufjcif;? xdyg;jcif;
rjyKEdik af om rlvtcGit fh a&;rsm; (Inviolable and Inalienable Fundamental Rights)
jzpfonf/ þtcGihfta&;rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;a&;wm0efrSm EdkifiH tay:
usa&muf y gonf / zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'onf Ed k i f i H w pf E d k i f i H \ txG w f
txdyfOya'jzpfNyD; Oya'pHcsdefpHEIef;rsm;? rlrsm;udk xif[yfazmfjyxm;aom ]pH}
trS w f t om; (Benchmark) [kqdkE dkif ygonf / zG J Y pnf ;yk H tajccH Oya'qd k if &m
tcGihfta&;rsm;udk csKd;azmufjcif;r&Sdap&efESihf tumtuG,fay;&eftwGuf
EdkifiHrsm;u BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufMu&ef jzpfygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf qdk&vQif
EdkifiHom;rsm;\tcGihfta&;rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;jcif;onf 'Drdkua&pDpepf tm;
pOfqufrjywfwnfjrJap&eftwGuf r&Sdrjzpfxm;&rnhf pHEIef;jzpfygonf/ zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccH O ya'qd k i f & mw&m;½H k ; rsm;\ tcef ; u@ud k avh v mvQif zG J Y p nf ; yk H
tajccHOya'pepft& 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiH xlaxmif&mwGif ta&;tBuD;qkH; tzGJY
tpnf;rsm;teuf tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf[k qdk&ygrnf/ EdkifiH\ tcGifhtmPmudk cGJa0
usihfokH;aeMuaom u@BuD; okH;&yftMum; rSefuefrQwpGm csihfcsdefaqmif&GufrI &Sd?
r&Sd Muyfrwfppfaq;&efwm0eftm; Edik if t H csKdUwdw
Yk iG f zGpYJ nf;ykt
H ajccHOya' qdik &f m
w&m;½Hk;? ckH½Hk;rsm;odkY tyfESif;rIrsm;&Sdygonf/
tcsKdUaom zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;rsm;udkrl Oya'jyKtmPm
ydkif tzGJYtpnf;rsm;\ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;tm; MuyfrwfpdppfEdkifrnhftcGihftvrf;
udkoD;jcm;ay;tyfrI&Sdygonf/ txl;ojzihf EdkifiHa&;aqmif&Gufcsuf vkyfief;pOf
* a':vSrsdK;EG,fonf EdkifiHawmfzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;wGif ckH½kH;tzGJU0if tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmif
aeoljzpfygonf/
8 နိုင်ငံသားများ၏ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေဆိုင်ရာအခွင့်အရေးများ
rsm;\ &v'ftjzpfay:xGuv f maom Oya'rsm;udk pdppf&efvyk yf ikd cf iG Efh iS fh pyfvsOf;í

zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;? ckH½Hk; odkYr[kwf tvm;wl w&m;½Hk;rsm;odkY
tyfESif;xm;aMumif; avhvmawGU&SdEdkifygonf/ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH Oya'qdkif&m
w&m;½H k ; \ wm0ef o nf rnf o nh f O ya'jzpf a p? zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH Oya'wG i f
jy|mef;xm;onhf rlvtcGihfta&;rsm;? tajccHtcGihfta&;rsm;ESihf qeYfusifrI
rjzpfap&ef Muyfrwfaqmif&GufMu&ygonf/ þenf;vrf;jzihf zGJYpnf;ykH tajccH
Oya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;rsm;onf w&m;a&;qdkif&m aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;tay: pdppf
EdkifcGihf tcGihftmPmudkyg &&Sdonhf tajctaeonfvnf; tcgtm;avsmfpGm
ay:aygufwwfygonf/
þvkyfydkifcGihf tcGihftmPm&&Sdaom zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;
rsm;tay: EdkifiHom;rsm;\ tcGihfta&;rsm;udk Oya't& cdkifrm aocsmrI&Sdap&ef
tumtuG,fay;&onhf wm0efyg usa&mufygonf/ taMumif;&if;rSm zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'ESihf qeYfusifaom Oya'wpf&yfwGif Oya'tajccH (Legal Basis)
r&SdaomaMumihf zsufodrf;jcif; odkYr[kwf jyifqifjcif;rsm; aqmif&GufydkifcGihf tcGihf
tmPmudk zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;rsm;odkY tyfESif;jcif;jzpfonf/
odkYjzpfaomaMumihf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;\ &yfwnfrIonf
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'u tyfESif;xm;onhf vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef
twGuf trnfrwoabmrjzpfapoihfbJ vufawGUb0wGif xda&mufaom
tmPmouf0ifrI&Sdap&efESihf pnf;aESmifrIpGrf;tm;&Sdaom Oya'pHcsdefpHEIef;rsm;tm;
w&m;pD&ifa&;vkyfief;pOfuwpfqihf azmfaqmifcGihf tcGifhtvrf;rsm;vnf; &Sdvm
Edkifygonf/ ,Ofaus;rI"avhxkH;pH? &Snfvsm;pGmjzwfoef;cJhaom ordkif;aMumif;
tawGUtBuHKrsm;t& tm&SEdkifiHrsm;tMum; wpfEdkifiHcsif;usihfokH;onhf Oya'pepf
rsm;? vufawGUazmfaqmifaeonhf EdkifiHtzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESihf tyfESif;aom tcGihf
tmPmrsm;onf uGJjym;jcm;em;ygonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap EdkifiHom;rsm;\rlv
tcGihfta&;rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;jcif;qdkif&m tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;rSmrl
wlnDMuygonf/ þ&nf&G,fcsufudk atmifjrifap&ef tm&SEdkifiHrsm;onf zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;? ckH½Hk;rsm;udk rwluGJjym;aomtrnfrsm;jzihf oD;jcm;
zGJYpnf; xlaxmifMuygonf/
urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;wGif zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;? ckH½Hk;? aumifpD?
csdefbmponfjzihf trnfemrtrsKd;rsKd; ac:a0:Muaomfvnf; w&m;½Hk;[k ac:aom
EdkifiHta&twGufrSm trsm;qkH;jzpfonf/ w&m;½Hk;[kac:aom EdkifiHta&twGuf
rSm (70)EdkifiH? aumifpD? csdefbm tac:ta0: tygt0if a'obmompum;jzihf

ac:a0:onhf EdkifiH (20)EdkifiH&SdNyD; ckH½Hk;[kac:qdkaom EdkifiHta&twGufrSm
jrefrmEdik if H tygt0if pkpak ygif;(3)Edik if o H m&Sad Mumif; avhvmawGU&S&d rnfjzpfonf/
ck½H ;kH jzpfap? w&m;½H;k jzpfap tac:ta0:uGv J aJG pumrl zGpYJ nf;ykt
H ajccHOya'qdik &f m
tjiif ; yG m ;rI r sm; ajz&S i f ; jcif ; ? zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'\ jy|mef ; csuf r sm;ud k
t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdk jcif;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m ta&;BuD;udpö&yfrsm;udk
aqmif&Gufjcif; jyKvkyf Mu&onhf w&m;a&;qdkif&m tzGJYtpnf;rsm; (Judicial
Organs) jzpfaMumif; tjiif;yGm;zG,& f rdS nf r[kwaf y/ odaYk omf w&m;pD&ifa&; u@
odkYr[kwf w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&m tcGihftmPm (Jurisdiction) tyfESif; cH&onhf
½IaxmihftjrifrS avhvmoHk;oyfvQifrl uGmjcm;rIrsm; &SdEdkifygonf/ w&m;½Hk;?
ck H ½ H k ; rsm;\ qk H ; jzwf c suf r sm;onf Ed k i f i H t wG u f tvG e f xd a &muf o nh f
tusKd;oufa&mufrI? ñTefjyrIudk jzpfapjcif;aMumihf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk
taumif t xnf a zmf & mwG i f vuf a wG U &if q d k i f & onh f pd e f a c:rI r sm;? tusyf
twnf;rsm;udk rSefuefonhf Oya'a&;&mawG;ac:,lqrI? rQwonhfw&m;pD&if
a&;pepfuwpfqihf ÓPfynmjrihfrm;pGmjzihf udkifwG,f qkH;jzwfMu&ygonf/
w&m;½Hk;jzpfap? ckH½Hk;jzpfap t"duta&;BuD;qkH;tcsufrSm ,if;w&m;a&;
tzGJYtpnf;tm; tyfESif;xm;onhf tcGihftmPm (Mandate) odkYr[kwf pD&ifydkif
cGihftmPm (Jurisdiction)\ twdkif;twmwGif uGmjcm;rI&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ EdkifiHawmf
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;u 2015 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif xkwfa0onhf
*sme,ftrSwf(2)ü þtydkif;rsm;udk pma&;oltaejzihf tus,fw0ihf a&;cJhNyD;
jzpfonf/ þae&mwGif oufqdkiforQ tcsuftvuf tenf;i,fudk jyefvnf
udk;um; a&;om;&ygvQif urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;&Sd zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;?
ckH½Hk;rsm;tay: tyfESif;onhf pD&ifydkifcGihftmPm t0ef;t0dkif;onf vlYtcGihf
ta&;rsm; odkYr[kwf vlxk\ EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm; odkYr[kwf tzGJY
tpnf;rsm;ESihf wdkuf½dkufjzpfap? oG,f0dkufíjzpfap tusKH;0ifaom jyóemrsm;
tay: rl w nf í rnf r Qyif uG J j ym;jcm;em;apumrl zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'ES i h f
ouf q d k i f a om udp ör sm;udk w&m;pD& if a&;enf ;vrf ;t& qk H ;jzwf aqmif &G u f
Mu&onhf &nfrSef;csuftajccHwGifrl wlnDygonf/ aemufydkif; umvrsm;wGif
vlrIa&;aygif;pnf;rI &nfrSef;csuf (Social Integration) txd tcGihftmPm wdk;csJU
usihfokH;vmaom w&m;½Hk;? ckH½Hk;rsm;&Sdvmygonf/ EdkifiHtcsKdU \ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH

Oya'rsm;onf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; zsufodrf;jcif;tygt0if EdkifiHa&; ygwDrsm;\
vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tay: BuD;Muyf&ef tcGihftmPmudkyg w&m;½Hk; rsm;odkY wdk;csJU
tyfESif;rIrsm;&Sdygonf/ tusKd;pD;yGm;oufqdkifolrsm;tMum; jzpfay:vmonhf
Oya'y#dyu©rsm;udk ajz&Sif;&efjzpfap? tusKd;pD;yGm;oufqdkifolrsm;\ tum
tuG,f&,laom aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;aMumihf jzpfay:vmonhf y#dyu©rsm;udk
ajz&Sif;&efjzpfap? Oya'rsm;tmPmrouf0ifrD Oya'Murf;tqihfü zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccH O ya'ES i h f nD ? rnD pd p pf & ef j zpf a p vd k t yf v mvQif zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH
Oya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;rsm;taejzihf vlrla&;jyóemrsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í rvGJraoG
qufEG,f aqmif&Guf&onhf tcgrsm;vnf; &Sdwwfygonf/ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'ESihf rnDaom Oya'rsm; tmPmouf0ifrIr&Sdap&ef xdef;csKyfjcif;? tcg
tm;avsmfpGm ay:aygufaom vlrIa&; y#dyu©rsm;udk w&m;½Hk;? ckH½Hk;rsm;u vlrIa&;
aygif;pnf;rI enf;vrf;jzihf BuKd wif[eYw f m; umuG,of nhof abm jzpfygonf/ Edik if H
tcsKUd &Sd zGpYJ nf;ykt
H ajccHOya'qdik &f mw&m;½H;k rsm;udk Oya' tmPm ouf0ifjcif;rjyKrD
Oya'Murf ; tqih f ü yif pd p pf c G i h f t mPm (Preview Power) ay;xm;jcif ; jzih f
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf rnDonhf jyóem ray:aygufap&ef BudKwif tum
tuG,fay;avh&SdMuygonf/
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;ESihf vlYtcGihfta&;rsm;onf
wlnDaMumif;? odkYr[kwf uGJvGJaMumif; odkYr[kwf us,fjyeYfrI twdkif;twm
uGmjcm;aMumif;ponfjzihf ynm&Sifrsm;tMum; tawG;tac:? t,ltqrsm;?
cH,lcsufrsm;? oabmw&m;rsm; trsKd;rsKd;&SdMuygonf/
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mpepf (Constitutional System) onf a&;qGJ
onhf 'DZdkif;ykHpH? erlemrsm; (Model)? &nfrSef;csufrsm;? EdkifiHzGJYpnf;wnfaqmufrI
ykHpHrsm;? EdkifiHa&;pepfrsm;tay: rlwnfí tvGefus,fjyeYfygonf/ odkYygí ,ck
aqmif;yg;wGif EdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;
(Constitutional Rights) ESip fh yfvsO;f í pma&;ol wufa&mufco hJ nhf zGpYJ nf;ykH qdik &f m
tcG i h f t a&;rsm; umuG,fj r§i hfwifjcif; tESpf o m&jzih f OD ;wnf usif ;ycJ h aom
nDvmcHaqG;aEG;csufrsm;tay:om t"duxm; a&;om;&ef &nf&G,fygonf/ EdkifiH
rsm;\ aemufco H rdik ;f ? ausmjf zwfc&hJ onhf tawGUtBuKH ? oifcef;pm? acwftqufquf
usihfokH;cJhonhf EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&; pepfrsm;? acwfumvtavsmuf

BuHKcJhMu&onhf EdkifiHa&;y#dyu©rsm;? twm;tqD;rsm;? jynfwGif;ppfrsm;? jynfyESihf
jzpfyGm;cJhaom ppftawGUtBuHKrsm;? oifcef;pmrsm;tay:tajccHí rdrdwdkYEdkifiH?
vlrItzGJYtpnf;ESihf vdkufavsmnDaxGrnhf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rsm;udk a&;qGJavh
&SdMuygonf/ EdkifiHom;rsm;\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk us,fjyeYfpGm azmfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf
vufawGUaqmif&GufEdkifpGrf; tcGihftmPmudk tyfESif;&efvdkygonf/ xdkYtjyif
pum;vkH;? azmfjycsuf (Language) oufouftaejzihf a&;qGJjcif; r[kwfbJ
EdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mtcGihfta&;rsm;udk vufawGUusihfokH;
cHpm;Edkifap&efESihf tumtuG,fay;Edkif&eftwGuf &nf&G,fMuygonf/ EdkifiHwdkif;
onf rd r d w d k Y E S i h f oih f a vsmf tqif a jyrnh f ? zG J Y p nf ; yk H q d k i f & m wd k i f w ef ; rI p epf
(Constitutional Complaint System)udk zGUH NzdK;wd;k wufap&ef vkya f qmifMuygonf/
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH csif;\ EdkifiHa&;? vlrIa&;? zGJYpnf;wnfaqmufrIykHpHtay: tajcjyKí
vlyk*¾dKvf wpfOD;csif;\ zGJYpnf;ykHqdkif&m wdkifwef;csufrsm;udk cGihfjyKykH? pD&ifydkifcGihf?
tcGihftmPmtyfESif;ykH? tyfESif;onhf twdkif;twmESihf ykHpHwdkYrSm rsm;pGmjcm;em;
Muygonf/ xdkYtwl EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;tm; wdkifwef;rIcGihfjyKjcif;ESihf pyfvsOf;í
wpfEdkifiHcsif;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m jy|mef;csufrsm;? wnfqJOya'rsm;?
t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkjcif; enf;vrf;ESihf oabmw&m;rsm;tay: wnfrDívnf; uGJjym;
jcm;em;Muygonf/ vlwpfOD;csif;\ tcGihfta&; csdK;azmufcH&rItwGuf zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;? ckH½Hk;odkY wdkifwef;cGihfjyKjcif;udk vufcHusihfokH;onhf
Edik if rH sm;&So h Ykd w&m;vTwaf wmfcsKyf (Supreme Court) odrYk [kwf tjcm;tqihw
d uJo f l
w&m;½Hk;rsm;odkY tcGihftmPmtyfESif;rIrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/ a,bk,stm;jzihf
EdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;onf ukvor*¾
vlYtcGihfta&; aMunmpmwrf; tygt0if tjcm;t"duusonhf vlYtcGihfta&;
pmcsKyfrsm;? uGefAif;&Sif;rsm;yg tcGihfta&;rsm;ESihf tajccHtm;jzihf wlnDavh
&Sdygonf/ w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;? ckH½Hk;rsm;\
vlYtcGihfta&;qdkif&m ta&;ygaom t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkcsufrsm;udk zGJYpnf;ykHqdkif&m
tcGihfta&; epfemqkH;½IH;rIESihf tjiif;yGm;rIrsm; qkH;jzwfonhf w&m;pD&ifa&;
vkyif ef;pOfrS wpfqihf jyeYyf mG ;od&EdS ikd yf gonf/ xdt Yk wl zGpYJ nf;ykH tajccHOya'qdik &f m
tcGihfta&;rsm;udk em;vnf;od&Sdap&ef OD;wnfaqmif&Gufonhf ynmay;a&;
vkyfief; rsm;rSwpfqihf jynfolvlxktm; A[kokw jzeYfjzL;ay;&efvnf; ta&;BuD;

ygonf/ þenf;vrf;rsm;jzihf zGJYpnf;ykHqdkif&mtcGihfta&;rsm;udk wef;wlnDrQpGm ESihf
w&m;rQwpGmjzpfay:ap&ef w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m
w&m;½Hk;? ckH½Hk;rsm;u ydkrdkus,fjyeYfaom twdkif;twmjzihf tumtuG,fay;Edkif
Murnfjzpfonf/ xdkrSwpfqihf w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESihf 'Drdkua&pDpepf zGHUNzdK;
wdk;wufa&;twGuf BuD;rm;onhftaxmuftyHh jzpfapygrnf/
txl;ojzihf acwfopf'Drdkua&pDpepf usihfokH;Muonhf EdkifiHrsm;&Sd zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;? ckH½Hk; (oD;jcm; w&m;½Hk;? ckH½Hk; zGJYpnf;jcif;rjyKbJ
zGpYJ nf;ykt
H ajccHOya'qdik &f m pD&ifyikd cf iG t fh m; w&m;vTwaf wmfcsKyf (Supreme Court)
odkY tyfESif;xm;onhf EdkifiHrsm;&Sd w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfrsm;yg0ifonf/) rsm;odkY
tyfESif;aom zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qdkif&m t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkrIrsm;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m udpö&yfrsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;
í wifoGif;&ef 0ifaygufueYfowfxm;onhftcsufrsm;vnf; avsmhenf;vmrnf
jzpfygonf/ EdkifiHom; wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif; (Individual Citizen)\ zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;? vlYtcGihfta&;rsm; csdK;azmufjcif; cH&ygu
csdK;azmufonhf tkyfcsKyfa&;? w&m;a&;tmPmydkiftzGJY tpnf;wpf&yf&yftay:
ta&;,lay;&ef odkYr[kwf ,if;wdkY\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH Oya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;
epfemqkH;½IH;rItm; ukpm;rIay;&ef zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;? ckH½Hk;rsm;odkY
wdkuf½dkufavQmufxm;jcif;udk cGihfjyKjcif;rsm;vnf; wpfpwpfpwdk;yGm;vmaMumif;
awGU&S&d ygonf/ rdrw d Ykd Edik if aH wmfzpYJG nf;yktH ajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;odkY wdkifwef;csuf
wifoGif;Edkifolrsm;rSm zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m yk'fr 325 t& EdkifiHawmf
or®w? jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf em,u? jynfolYvTwfawmf Ouú|? trsKd;om;
vTwfawmf Ouú|? jynfaxmifpkw&m;olBuD;csKyf? a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif Ouú|
wdjYk zpfMuNy;D Edik if o
H m;wpfO;D wpfa,mufcsif;taejzihf trIwifoiG ;f cGirfh &Syd g/ ck½H ;kH \
pD&ifydkifcGihfwGifvnf; tusKH;r0ifyg/
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'\ tcef;(8)? yk'fr 345 rS yk'fr 390 txd jy|mef;
xm;aom EdkifiHom;rsm;\ rlvtcGihfta&;rsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í rdrdwdkY tcGihfta&;
tm; csdK;azmufjcif;cH&NyD; Oya'aMumif;t& ajz&Sif;&ef enf;vrf;rsm; ukefqkH;
oGm;NyD;jzpfvQif epfemqkH;½IH;ol EdkifiHom;onf tcef;(8)yg tcGihfta&; wpf&yf&yf
udk &,lvdkygu zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'\ yk'fr 377 t& jynfaxmifpk w&m;

vTwfawmfcsKyfodkY pmcRefvTmrsm; avQmufxm;Edkifygonf/ pmcRefvTmESihf pyfvsOf;í
yk'fr 378 wGif azmfjyxm;csufudk avhvmvQif tcef;(8)ü ay;tyfxm;aom
tcGihfta&;wpf&yf&yftwGuf avQmufxm;vmygu atmufazmfjyyg pmcRefawmf
trdeYfwpf&yf&yfudkoihfavsmfonhftwdkif; xkwfqihfay;cGihftmPmudkjynfaxmifpk
w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfodkY tyfESif;xm;aMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf-
(1) a&SUawmfoGif;pmcRefawmftrdeYf?
(2) tmPmay;pmcRefawmftrdeYf?
(3) wm;jrpfappmcRefawmftrdeYf?
(4) tmPmydkifar;pmcRefawmftrdeYf?
(5) trIac:pmcRefawmftrdeYf/
EdkifiHom;wdkif;onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyKxm;aom
rlvtcGifhta&; wpf&yf&yfudk csdK;azmufcH&onhf odkYr[kwf epfemqkH;½IH;onfh
odkYr[kwf rw&m;jyKrljcif;cH&onhf tajctaeESihf trSefwu,fBuHKawGUygu
pmcRef v T m xk w f a y;cG i h f t mPm vT J t yf j cif ; cH & aom w&m;vT w f a wmf c sKyf o d k Y
avQmufxm;Edkifonf/
pmcRefawmftrdeYf xkwfqihfcGihf tcGihftmPmtm; jynfaxmifpkw&m;
vTwfawmfcsKyfodkY tyfESif;xm;aomfvnf; tjcm;w&m;½Hk;rsm;\ pmcRefawmftrdeYf
oabm oufa&mufonhftrdeYf xkwfqihfydkifcGihf tcGihftmPmudk rxdcdkuf ap&ef
yk'fr 378(c) jzihf ueYfowfxm;onf/ pmcRefawmftrdeYfrsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í
avh v mvQif w&m;½H k ; wpf ½ H k ; ½H k ; od k Y r [k w f tcG i h f t mPm&S d a om tzG J Y t pnf ;
wpfckckujzpfap? xdef;odrf;csKyfaESmifxm;oludk pmcRefawmf½Hk;odkY ac:aqmifapNyD;
Oya'ESihftnD csKyfaESmifxm;jcif; &Sd? r&Sd pdppfMum;emí Oya'ESihfnDñGwfjcif; &Sd?
r&Sd a&;om; xkwfjyefonhf trdeYfrsm;udk a&SUawmfoGif; pmcRefawmftrdeYf[k
qdkygonf/
tmPmay; pmcRefawmftrdeYfrSm w&m;0iftcGihftmPm&Sdol wpfOD;OD;
odkYr[kwf tzGJYtpnf; wpfckckujzpfap? tpdk;&Xmewpfckckujzpfap? tyfESif;
xm;aom vkyfydkifcGihfESihftnD vdkufemaqmif&Guf&ef ysufuGufrItm; Oya'ESihf
tnD vdkufemaqmif&Gufap&ef a&;om;xkwf jyefonhf trdeYftmPmudkqdkonf/
wm;jrpfap pmcRefawmftrdeYfrSm w&m;½Hk;wpf½Hk;½Hk; odkYr[kwf w&m;pD&ifrI

oabmouf0ifonhf udpö&yfwpfckck\ pD&ifaqmif&GufrIwGif pD&ifcGihftmPm
ausmfvGefíjzpfap? w&m;rQwrIudk qeYfusifíjzpfap aqmif&Gufjcif;rjyK&ef
a&;om;xkwfjyefonhf trdeYftmPmudkqdkonf/
tmPmyd k i f a r; pmcRef a wmf t rd e Y f r S m tpd k ; &Xmewpf & yf od k Y r [k w f
tcGihftmPm tyfESif;xm;onhf tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfonf wpfOD;wpfa,muf
odkYr[kwf trsm;tay:wGif xkwfjyefxm;onhf Oya'? enf;Oya'? pnf;rsOf;
pnf;urf;? vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;? trdeYf? trdeYfaMumfjimpm? ñTefMum;csufrsm;ESihf tnD
aqmif&Gufxm;jcif; &Sd? r&Sd pdppfMum;emí Oya'ESihfnDñGwfjcif; &Sd? r&Sd a&;om;
xkwfjyefonhf trdeYftmPmudkqdkonf/
trIac: pmcRefawmftrdeYfrSm w&m;½Hk;wpf½Hk;½Hk; odkYr[kwf w&m;pD&ifrI
oabmouf0ifonhf udpö&yfwpf&yftay: qkH;jzwfaqmif&Gufcsufonf Oya'
ESifh nDñw G rf QwrI r&Sad Mumif; pdppfawGU&S&d ygu xdq k ;Hk jzwfaqmif&u
G cf suu
f kd Oya'
ESihf nDñGwfap&ef a&;om;xkwfjyefonhf trdeYfrsm;udkqdkonf/
epfemqkH;½IH;ol EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;twGuf zGJYpnf;ykHqdkif&m ukpm;cGihfrsm;
(Constitutional Remedies) azmf a qmif a y;&mwG i f w&m;vT w f a wmf c sKyf o nf
tcsuftcsmusaom tcef;u@rS yg0ifygonf/ tpdk;&Xmersm;? w&m;½Hk;rsm;ESihf
tjcm;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;u csrSwfxm;aom trdeYfwpfpkHwpf&m rSm;,Gif;aeaMumif;
od k Y r [k w f rd r d w d k Y t m; cG i h f j yKxm;onh f tcG i h f t mPmabmif x uf ausmf v G e f
aqmif&u G af Mumif; wifjycsurf sm;&Syd gu w&m;vTwaf wmfcsKyfu qk;H jzwf aqmif&u G f
ay;&ygonf/
EdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;udk tum
tuG,af y;jcif;onf zGpYJ nf;ykt H ajccHOya'\ t"duausm½d;k r@dKifEiS fh rlv oGijf yif
vu©Pmrsm;jzpfaomaMumihf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&; rsm;udk
xda&mufpGmESihf t&nftaoG;jynhfrDpGm tumtuG,fay;a&; tmrcHcsuf onf
ta&;BuD;ygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;ESihf
pyfvsOf;í zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'\ jy|mef;csufrsm;teuf tcsKdUudkaumufEkwf
azmfjy&ygvQif-
- EdkifiHawmfonf rnfolYudkrqdk Oya't&mwGif wef;wlnDrQrI

tcGihfta&;ay;&ef? Oya'tumtuG,fudk wef;wlnDrQpGm
&cGihf&Sd&ef?
- vlrsKd;? Zmwd? udk;uG,f&mbmom? &mxl;XmeEÅ&? tqihftwef;?
,Ofaus;rI? trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;? qif;&Jcsrf;omwdkYudk taMumif;
jyKí cGJjcm;rIr&Sdap&ef?
- EdkifiHom;rsm;onf vkyfief;rsm; vkyfudkifaqmif&Guf&mwGif wlnD
aom tcGihftvrf;rsm;&&Sdap&ef? trsKd;orD;? trsKd;om;rcGJjcm;bJ
wlnDaom tvkyftwGuf tcGihfta&;ESihftmPmudkwef;wl cHpm;
cGihf &Sd&ef?
- rdcifrsm;? uav;oli,frsm;ESihf udk,f0efaqmiftrsKd;orD;rsm;onf
tcGihfta&;rsm;udk Oya't& wef;wlnDrQcHpm;cGihf&Sdap&ef?
- tvkyftudkifceYfxm;&mwGif odkYr[kwf EdkifiHh0efxrf;
a&G;cs,f&mwGif rnfonhfEdkifiHom;udkrQ vlrsKd;? Zmwd? udk;uG,f&m
bmomomoem? trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;udk taMumif;jyKvsuf
&mxl; a&G;cs,fceYfxm; jcif;udk cGJjcm;rIrjyK&ef?
- rnfolYudkrQ wnfqJOya'ESihftnDrSwpfyg; toufudkjzpfap?
yk*¾dKvf qdkif&mvGwfvyfrIudkjzpfap epfemqkH;½IH;rIr&Sdap&ef?
- vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfajymqdkcGihf? a&;om;jzeYfa0cGihf? Nidrf;csrf;pGm
pka0;cGihf? pDwef;vSnhfvnfcGihf? toif;tzGJY odkYr[kwf tpnf;t½Hk;
rsm; zGJYpnf; aqmif&GufcGihf&Sdap&ef?
- rdrdcspfcifjrwfEdk;onhf pum;? pmay? ,Ofaus;rI? udk;uG,fonhf
bmomomoem?ESihf"avhxkH;wrf;rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGmaqmif&Guf
ydkifcGihf&Sdap&ef?
- EdkifiHawmftwGif; rnfonhft&yfa'oürqdk Oya'ESihftnD
tajccsaexdkifcGihf&Sd&ef?
- EdkifiHom;rsm;\ a&TUajymif;Edkifaomypönf;? ra&TUajymif;Edkifaom
ypönf;rsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;í Oya't& umuG,fay;&ef?
- jypf'Pfay;jcif;cH&olrsm;udk t"r®apcdkif;jcif;rjyK&ef?
- todtrSwfjyKxm;aom bmomomoemrsm;udk EdkifiHawmfu

wwfEdkiforQ ulnDapmihfa&Smuf&ef?
- EdkifiHa&;udpötvdkYiSmbmomomoemudk tvGJokH;pm;rjyKvkyf&ef?
- EdkifiHom;wdkif;onf Oya'ESihftnD rdrdwdkYtjrwfwEdk;xm;&Sdaom
pmay? ,Ofaus;rI? tEkynmESihf "avhxkH;wrf;wdkYudkvGwfvyfpGm
jyKpkysKd;axmif aqmif&GufydkifcGihf&Sdap&ef ?
- ynmoifMum;ydkifcGihf&Sdap&ef?
- roifrae& tajccHynmrsm;udk oifMum;&ef?
- vGwfvyfpGm okawoejyK azmfxkwfaqmif&GufcGihf&Sdap&ef?
- EdkifiHawmfu csrSwfxm;aom usef;rma&;qdkif&mrl0g'rsm;ESihftnD
usef;rma&;apmihfa&SmufrIudkcH,lcGihf&Sdap&ef?
- EdkifiHom;wdkif;onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihfjzpfap? wnfqJ
Oya'rsm;ESihfjzpfap rqeYfusifvQif vTwfawmfwpf&yf&yfwGif
a&G;aumufwifajr§mufcGihfESihf a&G;aumuf wifajr§mufcHydkifcGihf
&Sdap&ef?
- pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk Oya'ESihftnD vGwfvyfpGm aqmif&GufcGihf
&Sdap&ef?
- jypfrIusL;vGefoludk jypfrIxif&Sm;pD&if&mwGif Oya't& csrSwfEdkif
aom jypf'Pfxufydkí csrSwfjcif;rjyK&ef?
- jypfrIxif&Sm;pD&ifjcif;cH&NyD;vQif odkYr[kwf trIrS tNyD;tjywf
vTwfjcif;cH&vQif ,if;jypfrItwGuf xyfrHppfaq;jcif;rcH&ap&ef?
- jypfrIusL;vGefaMumif; pGyfpGJcH&olwpfOD;OD;onf Oya'ESihftnD
ckcHacsycGihf &Sdap&ef?
- w&m;olBuD;\ csKyfrdeYfr&bJ rnfoludkrQ 24 em&Dxufydkí
csKyfaESmifcH&jcif;r&Sdap&ef jzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/
vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;csif;\ rlvtcGihfta&;epfemqkH;½IH;rItwGuf pD&ifydkifcGihf
tm; EdkifiHawmfzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;odkY tyfESif;xm;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf;
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& þtcGihfta&;rsm;tumtuG,fay;jcif;udk ta&;BuD;
aMumif; vuffcHtodtrSwfjyK&rnfjzpfonf/
ckH½Hk;odkYwifoGif;aomtjiif;yGm;rIrsm;ESihf wifoGif;csufrsm;wGif EdkifiHom;

rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;udpörsm; qufEG,fywfouf
vmygu tumtuG,fay;jr§ihfwifrIudk tav;xm;okH;oyfMuygonf/ zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;udk jr§ihfwif&mwGif ukvor*¾vlYtcGihfta&;
aMunmpmwrf;ESihf tjcm;vlYtcGihfta&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum pmcsKyfpmwrf;yg
trsm;vufcH usiho f ;Hk aomrlrsm;udk xnho
f iG ;f pOf;pm;jcif;rsm;vnf; jyKMu&ygonf/
Ed k i f i H o m;rsm;\ zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'qd k i f & mtcG i h f t a&;rsm;ud k tum
tuG,fay;jcif;ESihf jr§ihfwifjcif;
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH? bmvDNrdKUwGif (8-8-2016)&ufaeYrS (13-8-2016)
&ufaeYtxd usif;ycJhonhf tm&SzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;rsm;ESihf
tqihfwlw&m;½Hk;rsm;tzGJY (Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and
Equivalent Institutions – AACC) \ wwd,tBudrfnDvmcHodkYwufa&muf&ef
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;? w&m;olBuD;csKyf\
zdwfMum;csuft& pma&;ol? ckH½Hk;tzGJY0if a':cifaX;<u,fESihf t&mxrf;wpfOD;wdkY
wufa&mufcJhMuygonf/
tqdyk g wwd,tBurd n f v
D mcH zGiyfh t
JG crf;tem;odYk tif'ekd ;D &Sm;or®wEdik if H
or®w Mr. Joko Widodo? tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;?
w&m;olBuD;csKyf Mr. Arief Hidayat ESihf bmvDjynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; Mr.Imade
Mangku Pastika wdkYu wufa&mufí trSmpum;rsm;ajymMum;cJhygonf/
nDvmcHtm; ynm&yfacgif;pOf (3)rsKd;jzihf usif;ycJhygonf/ Mechanisms
for Protection and Protection of Citizens’ Constitutional Rights: Perspectives
from Different Countries bmom&yftm;aqG;aEG;&mwGif wl&uDEdkifiH? w&m;
olBuD;csKyfu obmywdtjzpfaqmif&GufNyD; udk&D;,m;EdkifiH? rav;&Sm;EdkifiHESihf
½k&Sm;EdkifiHrsm;\ w&m;olBuD;csKyf?w&m;olBuD;rsm;u Speaker tjzpf? umZufpwef
EdkifiHESihf xdkif;EdkifiHwdkYu Respondent tjzpf aqmif&GufMuygonf/
The Role of Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions in
Protection and Protection Citizens’ Constitutional Rights through its Landmark
Decisions
acgif;pOfjzihf aqG;aEG;&mwG if ud k &D ;,m;Ed k if iH w&m;ol BuD ;csKyf u
obmywd t jzpf ? tif ' d k e D ; &S m ;Ed k i f i H ? zd v pf y d k i f E d k i f i H r sm;\ w&m;ol B uD ; csKyf ?
w&m;olBuD;rsm;u Speaker tjzpf? AD,uferf? wm*spfupöwefESihf Kyrgystan

EdkifiHwdkYu Respondent tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhMuyg onf/
EdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;tm; tum
tuG,fay;jcif;ESihf jr§ihfwifjcif; vkyfief;pOfwGif vuf&SdBuHKawGUae&onhf pdefac:
rIrsm;ESihf tem*wfvrf;ñTefcsufrsm;qdkif&m aqG;aEG;yGJudk qufvufusif;y
cJhygonf/ tqdkyg aqG;aEG;yGJwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH w&m;olBuD;csKyfu obmywd
tjzpf? rGef*dkvD,m;? wl&uDESihf tmz*efepöwef EdkifiHrsm;\ w&m;olBuD;csKyf?
w&m;olBu;D rsm;u Speaker tjzpf? jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,t f zGYJ acgif;aqmif jzpfonhf
pma&;ol u Respondent tjzpf yg0ifa qmif &G u f cJ h ygonf / Ed k if iH o m; rsm;\
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;tm; tumtuG,fay;jcif;ESihf
jr§ihfwifjcif;vkyfief;pOfwGif vuf&SdBuHKawGUae&onhf pdefac:rIrsm;ESihf tem*wf
vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;qdkif&m aqG;aEG;yGJwGif jrefrmEdkifiH? udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJY\ &Sif;vif;
wifjycsufacgif;pOfyg aqG;aEG;yGJwGif rGef*dkvD;,m;? wl&uDESihf tmz*efepöwefEdkifiH
wd k Y u Presenter tjzpf wif j yNyD ; pma&;ol u Respondent tjzpf &S i f ; vif ;
aqG;aEG;&ygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzihf tcsKdUaom vlYtcGihfta&;qdkif&m pmcsKyfpmwrf;
rsm;wGif yg0ifvufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif; rjyK&ao;onhfwdkif ,if;tcGihfta&;rsm;tm;
vufcHpOf;pm;rIr&Sd[k ,lqEdkifrnf r[kwfaMumif;? taMumif;rSm zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'yg EdkifiHom;rsm;\ rlvtcGihfta&;rsm;qdkif&m jy|mef;csufudkavhvmvQif
tcGihfta&; tm;vkH;eD;yg;onf ukvor*¾vlYtcGihfta&; aMunmpmwrf;yg
tajccH r l r sm;rS w pf q ih f ayguf z G m ;vmonf [ k qd k E d k i f y gaMumif ; pma&;ol u
ajymMum;ygonf/
tcsKdUaom Edik if aH &;okawoDrsm;? Edik if aH &; a0zeforl sm;u zGpYJ nf;ykt
H ajccH
Oya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;teuf tcGihfta&;tcsKdUudk tjynhft0cHpm;cGihf
&Sdaomfvnf; tcsKdUaom tcGihfta&;rsm;rSmrl ueYfowfcsufrsm;&SdaMumif; a0zef
ajymqdkrIrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í pma&;olu aqG;aEG;&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiHü EdkifiHa&;?
tkyfcsKyfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyif ajymif;vJrIrsm;ESihftwl EdkifiHom;rsm; taejzihf
rlvtcGihfta&;rsm;udk ydkrdkí&&Sdvmonfudk awGUjrif&rnf jzpfygaMumif;? om"u
tm;jzihf Nidrf;csrf;pGmpka0;cGihf? Nidrf;csrf;pGmpDwef;vSnhfvnfcGihfqdkif&m Oya'rsm;
ay:xGuv f maMumif;? owif;rD', D mrsm; vGwv f yfciG tfh wGuf owif;rD', D mOya'
rsm; jy|mef;vmonfudk awGU&SdEdkifaMumif;? xdkYtwl vlwpfOD;wpfa,muftm;
tusOf;enf;jzihf zrf;qD;ppfaq;jcif;? a0;vHacgif;yg; a'orsm;&Sd tusOf;axmif
rsm;odkY ajymif;a&TUapjcif;? vkHavmufonhf usef;rma&; apmihfa&SmufrI r&&Sdjcif;
ponhf twdwfuBuHKcJh&onhf tajctaeqdk;rsm;rSmvnf; wdk;wufajymif;vJ
vmcJhNyDjzpfaMumif; ajymMum;ygonf/
uav;ppfom; pkaqmif;tok;H jyKrIrsm;ESiyfh wfoufí ,leq D uf tzGt YJ pnf;
ESihf jrefrmwyfrawmfwdkYtMum; yl;wGJpDrHcsufcsrSwfí yl;aygif; aqmif&GufrI
rsm;aMumihf uav;ppfom;jyóemudk &yfqdkif;EdkifcJhNyDjzpfaMumif;? uav;ppfom;
ESihftwl jrefrmEdkifiHtay: a0zefjypfwifrI trsm;qkH;cHcJh&onhf t"r®apcdkif;rI
udpw ö iG v f nf; vH;k 0yaysmufreI ;D yg; ajymif;vJw;kd wufr&I v dS mNyjD zpfaMumif;? uav;
oli,ftcGihfta&;ESihfywfoufí xda&mufpGm tumtuG,fay;Edkif&ef rlv&SdNyD;
Oya'rsm;tjyif a&S;OD;t&G,fuav;oli,f jyKpkysKd;axmifa&;ESihfzGHUNzdK;a&;qdkif&m
Oya'opfrsm;udk jy|mef;EdkifcJhNyDjzpfaMumif; ajymMum;ygonf/
tvk y f o rm;rsm;ES i h f p yf v sOf ; í tvk y f t ud k i f E S i h f uRrf ; usif r I zG H U Nzd K ;
wdk;wufa&;Oya'? tvkyform;tzGJYtpnf;Oya'? vlrIzlvkHa&;Oya'? tvkyf
orm;a&;&m tjiif;yGm;rIajz&Sif;a&;Oya'? jynfolYtvkyform;rsm;\ tajccH
&ydkifcGihfESihf wm0efrsm; jy|mef;onhfOya'udk ½kyfodrf;onhfOya'rsm;udk jy|mef;
EdkifcJhNyDjzpfaMumif;? Oya'udkvdkufemaqmif&Gufjcif; tavhtusihfonf EdkifiH &Sd
tzGJYtpnf;rsm;\ vGwfvyfrI? bufrvdkufrI? t&nftaoG;jynhf0rIESihf pGrf;aqmif
&nfjrihfrm;rIqdkif&m *kPfowif;ausmfMum;rI tay:wGifvnf; rsm;pGmwnfrSDae
ygaMumif;? txl;ojzihf tpdk;&onf yGihfvif;jrifomNyD; wm0efcHonhf w&m;a&;
pepfjrihrf m;vmap&ef BuKd ;yrf;aeygaMumif; pma&;olu &Si;f vif;aqG;aEG;cJyh gonf/
w&m;pD&ifa&;u@ESihfpyfvsOf;í vlxktaejzihf ,if;wdkY\ epfemqkH;½IH;
rIrsm;twGuf w&m;rQwrI&&Sdap&ef w&m;½Hk;\ tultnDrsm;udk vG,fulpGmjzihf
&,lciG ?fh wdik wf ef;cGirfh sm;onf ta&;Bu;D aMumif;? rdrw d \ Ykd epfemqk;H ½I;H rIrsm; twGuf
w&m;Oya'\ tumtuG,fudk awmif;qdk&ef w&m;½Hk;rsm;odkY wifjy &onhfh
vk y f i ef ; pOf w G i f tcuf t cJ r sm;&S d a eqJ [ k vl x k u jrif a eMuao;aMumif ; ?
txl;ojzihf w&m;a&;u@\ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;tay: tkyfcsKyfa&;u@u
rvdkvm;tyfonhf 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;uJhodkYaom twdwfjzpf&yftcsKdUESihf

pyfvsOf;í vlxk\ a0zefrIrsm;&SdaecJhaMumif;? odkYjzpfí EdkifiHawmf\ tmPmBuD;
okH;&yfudk ydkif;jcm;usihfokH;&mwGif vGwfvyfrI&Sd&ef? 0ifa&mufpGufzufrI r&Sdap&ef
OD;pm;ay;aqmif&GufaeygaMumif;? w&m;a&;u@twGuf jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;
jyKvky&f mwGif w&m;½H;k rsm;\ ulnaD xmufyrhH u I kd vG,u f pl mG wifjyawmif;qdEk ikd af &;
udpörSm t"duyg0ifaMumif;? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;rIuif;rJhjcif;? xifomjrifom r&Sdjcif;?
owif;&&SdEdkifrI t&if;tjrpfenf;yg;jcif;ponhf csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;&Sdygu zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;udk xdyg;aESmihf,SufrI jzpfvmEdkif aMumif;?
vlxktMum; todtjrifrsm; wdk;yGm;vmap&ef txl;tav;ay; vkyfaqmif&ef
vdktyfrnf[k xifjrifaMumif;? tvm;wl jrefrmEdkifiHwGif; a0;vHonhf ae&mrsm;?
aus;&G m rsm;? qif a jczk H ; a'orsm;ü aexd k i f M uol trsm;pk w d k Y t m; zG J Y p nf ; yk H
tajccH O ya'qd k i f & m &yd k i f c G i h f r sm;ES i h f pyf v sOf ; onh f A[k o k w ? od j rif r I r sm;
wdk;jrihfvmap&ef owif;jzeYfjzL;a&;onf ta&;BuD;ygaMumif;? EdkifiHom;rsm;
taejzihf Oya't& ,if;wdkY\ tcGihfta&;? wm0efrsm;udk em;vnfod&Sdxm;rS
omvQif tcGihfta&;rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;&ef awmif;qdkrIrsm; jyKvkyfEdkif
rnfjzpfaMumif;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;tm; Oya'tmPm
oufa&mufrI &Sdap&ef? xda&mufpGm taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&ef? w&m;rQwrI
jzpfap&ef w&m;½Hk;?ckH½Hk;rsm;\ qkH;jzwfcsuftay: vufawGUvdkufem aqmif&GufrI
rSm rvGJraoGvdktyfaMumif;?
vGwfvyfNyD;rQw aumif;rGefpGm &yfwnfvnfywfEdkifaom w&m;pD&ifa&;
u@omvQif w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;twGuf BudKwifvdktyfcsufjzpfjcif;aMumihf
zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'qd k i f & m tcG i h f t a&;rsm;ud k yd k r d k j r§ i h f w if E d k i f & ef t wG u f
tem*wftvm;tvmaumif;rsm;udk ñTefjy&ef ta&;BuD;aMumif;? w&m;a&;
u@\ vGwfvyfrIudk tmrcHcsufjzpfap&ef? yGihfvif;jrifomrI&Sdap&ef tcGihf
tmPmrsm; wd k ; jr§i hft yfE Si f;&efvdka Mumif;? us,f jyeY f o nh f tcG ih f tmPmrsm;
tyfESif;jcif;rjyKygu wpfbufwGif zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;
rsm;udk vufawGUtumtuG,fay; jr§ihfwif&mwGif tm;enf;csufudk OD;wnfoGm;
aprnfjzpfaMumif;? xdt Yk wl tjcm;wpfbufwiG f tmPmtvGo J ;kH pm;rI rjzpf apa&;
xde;f csKyf&efjzpfaMumif;? Edik if oH m;rsm;\ zGpYJ nf;ykt

H ajccHOya'qdik &f m &ydik cf iG rfh sm;udk
vufawGUb0wGif tumtuG,fay;a&;ESihf tmPmouf0ifrI &Sdapa&;twGuf
&nf&G,faqmif&Guf&ef ta&;BuD;aMumif;?
tjcm;a0zefajymMum;cH&onhfudpörSm zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihf
ta&;tcsKdUESihfpyfvsOf;í usihfokH;&ef ueYfowfcsuf? wm;jrpfcsufrsm;&Sdaeonf
[laom ,lqcsufjzpfaMumif;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;udk
&Sif;vif;wduspGm a&;om;xm;vQif ydkrdkxda&mufpGm tumtuG,fay;Edkifrnf
jzpfouJhodkY ,if;tcGihfta&;rsm;udk oufqdkif&mXme? tzGJYtpnf;rsm;u ydkrdk
av;pm;vdkufemrI &SdvmrnfjzpfaMumif; pma&;olu &Sif;vif;aqG;aEG;ygonf/
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;? ckH½Hk;rsm;onf ,if;tm;vTJtyf
xm;onhf pD&ifydkifcGihftmPmtwGif;u ajz&Sif;aqmif&Gufonhf udpörsm;wGif
EdkifiHwumqdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;ESihf wpfEdkifiHcsif;\ wefzdk; (values) xm;rI
rsm;tay: tajcjyKa&;qGx J m;onhf zGpYJ nf;ykt
H ajccHOya'qdik &f mtcGit fh a&;rsm;t
Mum; y#dyu©jzpfyGm;rIrsKd; BuHKawGU&jcif; &Sd? r&Sd aqG;aEG;yGJESihf pyfvsOf;í pma&;ol\
tjrifaqG;aEG;csufwGif t"dutm;jzihf atmufazmfjyygtcsufrsm; yg0ifonf-
- a,bk,stm;jzihf vlrIa&;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m pepft&
rwluGJjym;aom Oya'pepfrsm;tm; pkpnf;jcif;ESihf zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm; tumtuG,fay;jcif;wdkY
aygif;pnf;rIudk zGJYpnf;ykH tajccHOya'u xif[yfjyoaeonf[k
rdrdzwf½Iem;vnfygaMumif;?
- zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;ESihfpyfvsOf;í wpfEdkifiH
csif;\ ,lqcsufrsm;onf uGJjym;jcm;em;rI &SdEdkifaMumif;? odkYaomf
EdkifiHwumqdkif&m vlYtcGihfta&;wefzdk;rsm;? pHcsdefpHEIef;rsm;
tm;vkH;udk NcHKikHaygif;pnf;vufcHxm;onhf EdkifiHwum Oya'udkrl
tav;xm;&efvdkaMumif;? w&m;½Hk;? ckH½Hk;rsm;u zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'qdkif&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;tay: ppfaq;qkH;jzwf&mwGif
qufpyfrI&SdvmvQif xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;&efvdkygaMumif;?
- rdrdwdkY zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif jy|mef;xm;aom zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'qdkif&m &ydkifcGihfrsm;onf rdrdwdkYEdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&;tpDtpOf?
jzwfoef;cJh&onhf tawGUtBuHK? ,Ofaus;rI? tpOftvm? jrefrmh

vlYtzGJYtpnf;\ wefzdk;xm;csufrsm;ESihftwl ukvor*¾ vlYtcGihf
ta&; aMunmpmwrf;yg oabmw&m;rsm;ESifh xif[yfrI&Sd
ygaMumif;?
- zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í
a,bk,stm;jzihf udk;um;ajymMum;&ygvQif w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;rI?
'Drdkua&pDpepfESihf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;
tMum; tjyeftvSefqufpyfrI (interlinkages) tm; tav;xm;
&rnfjzpfouJhodkY zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;udk
av;pm;&ef? EdkifiHom;rsm;tm;vkH; rQwpGmcHpm;cGihf&&Sdap&ef?
cdkifrmaom tmrcHcsuf&SdrItwGuf EdkifiHawmfu tav;*½kjyK
&rnfjzpfaMumif;?
- EdkifiHwGif; wnfqJOya'rsm; odkYr[kwf Oya'opfrsm;ESihf
EdkifiHwum wm0ef&SdrIrsm; (international obligations) tMum;
tjyeftvSef nDñGwfrQwrIonf y#dyu©jzpfyGm;rIudk a&SmifvTJ
EdkifrnfjzpfaMumif;? ukvor*¾ vlYtcGihfta&;aMunmpmwrf;
tygt0if trsm;vufcHxm;onhf EdkifiHwumqdkif&m vlYtcGihf
ta&;pmcsKyf? uGefAif;&Sif;rsm;ESihf y#dyu©jzpfyGm;rIudk a&Smif&Sm;
Edkif&ef zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;udk trsKd;om;
oGifjyifvu©PmESihf rl0g'tjzpf tav;xm;&efvdkaMumif;?
xdkYtwl rlvtcGihfta&;rsm; csdK;azmufcH&rItwGuf ukpm;rIay;
onhf enf;vrf;rsm;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;
awmif;qdkEdkifonhf Oya',EÅ&m;? rdrdwdkYEdkifiHu twnfjyKyg0if
csKyfqdkxm;onhf vlYtcGihfta&;qdkif&m pmcsKyf pmwrf;rsm;ESihf
qufEG,frIponhf tcsuftvufrsm;udkyg xnhfoGif; okH;oyf&ef
vdkrnf[k ,lqygaMumif;/
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;\wifjycsuf
zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'qd k i f & m wd k i f w ef ; rI t m; pwif r d w f q uf & mwG i f
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;u awGUBuHKcJh&onhf tcuf
tcJrsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;í tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;

w&m;olBuD;\ wifjycsuf (,ciftpnf;ta0; wifjycsufrsm;tygt0if)udk
þtydkif;wGif tusOf;csKyfa&;om;vdkygonf/
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;onf tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'udk BuD;Muyfjcif;ESihf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m udpörsm;tay:
tNyD;owfqkH;jzwfjcif; tcef;u@rS OD;aqmifaeaMumif;? w&m;½Hk;\ qkH;jzwfcsuf
onf Ed k i f i H \ vl a erI b 0twG u f xl ; jcm;aom tusKd ; ouf a &muf r I r sm;ud k
jzpfapaMumif;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk taumiftxnfazmfrIESihf pyfvsOf; onhf
rwdk;om rqkwfom jzpfaerIrsm;tm; rSefuefaom Oya'pOf;pm;okH;oyfrIrsm;
rSwpfqihf atmifjrifpGmudkifwG,f aqmif&GufEdkifcJhaMumif;? tufOya'wpf&yftm;
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nD? rnD pdppf&mwGif zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m
jy|mef;csufrsm;\ tESpfom&udk obm0w&m;ESihf t"dyÜm,fqef;ppf&SmazGjcif;?
'óeduaA' ½Iaxmihfu avhvmjcif;? vlrIa&; ½Iaxmihfu avhvmjcif;ESihftwl
rlvtajccHrsm;udk w&m;a&;enf;vrf;jzihf jy|mef;xm;onhf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
(1945 ck E S p f ) tm; tajccH a vh v mjcif ; aMumih f w&m;½H k ; \ tcef ; u@onf
ta&;BuD;aMumif;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tjyeftvSefMuyfrwfppfaq;rI
rsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;onhf pD&ifydkifcGihftmPmudk usihfokH;&mwGif zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;onf vlYtcGihfta&;rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;oltjzpf wm0ef,l
aqmif&GufcJhaMumif;? EdkifiHom;rsm;\ tcGihfta&;rsm;udk cGJjcm;qufqHcH&rIESihf
vspfvsL½IcH&rIrsm; r&Sdap&eftwGuf tumtuG,fay;xm;aMumif;?
EdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;í
1945 ck E S p f ? Oya't& aqmif & G u f & aMumif ; ? ,if ; tcG i h f t a&;rsm;teuf
tcG i h f t a&;wpf c sKd U tm; aumuf E k w f a zmf j y&vQif bmoma&;qd k i f & mrl r sm;
taumiftxnfazmfydkifcGihf? Oya't&mwGif wef;wlnDrQ&SdcGihf? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh
EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m &ydkifcGihfrsm;ESihf 'Drdkua&pDtm; taumiftxnfazmfydkifcGihf?
Oya't& aqmif&u G yf ikd cf iG ?fh use;f rma&;? ynma&;? tvkyt f udik Ef iS fh *kPo f u d m© &Spd mG
aexd k i f y d k i f c G i h f ? rd r d w d k Y E d k i f i H t m; ck c H a jymMum;yd k i f c G i h f w d k Y jzpf a Mumif ; ?
þtcG i h f t a&;rsm;ud k usih f o k H ; &mwG i f ueY f o wf c suf t jzpf tjcm;ol r sm;\
tcG i h f t a&;rsm;udk av;pm;&ef? w&m;rQwrI q d k if &mrl rsm;ES ih f nD ñ G w f ap&ef ?
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH\ bmoma&;ESihf Oya'rsm;udk av;pm;&efvdkaMumif;? w&m;½Hk;u
csrSwfonhf pHcsdefwifEdkifaom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;í toGifvu©Pm

owf r S w f c suf r sm;&S d y gaMumif ; ? yxrtcsuf t jzpf vl x k \ tusKd ; pD ; yG m ;ES i h f
qufEG,fvmvQifjzpfap? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mpepfESihf pyfvsOf;íjzpfap?
xl;jcm;aom ajymif;vJrItm; jzpfay:apjcif;? 'kwd,tcsuftjzpf w&m;½Hk;\
xl;jcm;rSwfwrf;0ifaom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m
tcGihfta&;rsm;twGuf tumtuG,fay;rI½Iaxmihfudk OD;pm;ay;tqihfxm;&Sd
jcif;ESihf 1945 ckESpf? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& tmrcHcsufrsm;udk jznhfqnf; jcif;?
wwd , tcsuf t jzpf Oya't& w&m;rQwrI &v'f a y:xG u f a p&ef t wG u f
zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya't& aqmif & G u f & ef tusKH ; r0if v Qif Oya'qd k i f & m
tajctaeopfwpf&yftm; azmfxkwfay;jcif;jzpfaMumif;? pwkw¬tcsuftjzpf
w&m;½Hk;\ rSwfwdkifpdkufxl&rnhf qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;onf Oya'jyKjcif;qdkif&m
ajymif;vJrIrsm;twGuf tudk;tum;jzpfapjcif;ponhf oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;
jzpfaMumif;? w&m;½Hk;\ rSwfwdkifpdkufxl&rnhf qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif EdkifiHa&;?
vlrIa&;qdkif&m ,Ofaus;rIESihf pD;yGm;a&; tcef;u@rS ½Ijrifcsufrsm; tm;vkH;
tusKH;0ifaMumif;? obm0o,HZmwypönf;rsm;ESihf ywfoufonhf EdkifiHom;rsm;\
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;udk atmifjrifpGm tumtuG,f
ay;onhf qkH;jzwfcsuftygt0if vQyfppfqdkif&mtufOya'? a&eHESihf obm0
"mwfaiGUqdkif&m tufOya'ESihf a&t&if;tjrpfqdkif&m Oya'rsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;í
vnf; qkH;jzwfEdkifcJhaMumif;? 1945 ckESpf? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'\ yk'fr 33 wGif
jy|mef;xm;onhf tpdk;&\ xdef;csKyfrIESihf jynfolvlxk\ vlrIzlvkHa&; tusKd;pD;yGm;
pum;&yfrsm;onf obm0o,HZmwrsm;tm; okH;pGJydkifcGihf tcGihfta&;tygt0if
EdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;udk tumtuG,f
ay;&eftwGuf ta&;Bu;D aomtcsuf jzpfvmcJah Mumif;? Edik if \ H uke;f ajr? a&xk ESifh
,if;wGif yg0ifonhf obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf tif'dkeD;&Sm;jynfolvlxk\
tcsKyftjcm tmPmydkifqdkifrI oabmw&m;rS qif;oufvmjcif;jzpfaMumif;?
odkYjzpfí EdkifiH\xdef;csKyfydkifcGihfpum;&yftm; t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkvQif tESpfom&udk
us,fjyeYfpGm t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdk&efvdkaMumif;?
opfawmxGufukefrsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í opfawmvkyfudkifolrsm;\ tokH;jyK
cGit fh ay: ydwyf ifwm;jrpfcsuf csrw S jf cif;udv
k nf;aumif;? a'oqdik &f m tBu;D tuJ
&mxl;twGuf jypfrIusL;vGefcJhzl;olrsm;udk ,SOfNydKifcGihfrjyKonhfudpötwGufvnf;a
umif;? xif&Sm;onhf qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfcJhzl;aMumif;? xdYt k wl a'o qdki&f m a&

G ; cs,f w if a jr§ m uf y G J r sm;ES i h f p yf v sOf ; ívnf ; xif & S m ;onh f q k H ; jzwf c suf r sm;
csrSwfcJhzl;aMumif;? vlYtcGihfta&;tumtuG,fay;jcif;ESihf pyfvsOf;onhf zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m Muyfrwfpdppfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&mwGif EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;?
vlrIa&;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m ½Iaxmihfrsm;tm;vkH;u jynhfpkHpGm pOf;pm;qkH;jzwf
aMumif; ajymMum;ygonf/
pma&;ol\tjrifukd wifjy&ygvQif zGpYJ nf;ykt H ajccHOya'udt k aumiftxnf
azmf&mwGif Oya'jyKtmPmydkiftzGJYrsm;u jy|mef;onhfOya'rsm;onf wpfcgwpf&H
wGif a&wdkEdkifiHa&; tusKd;pD;yGm;tm; arQmfudk;OD;pm;ay;jcif;aMumihf EdkifiH\ tajccH
rlrsm;? EdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;udk xdcdkuf
ysufjy,frI jzpfapwwfonhf udpörsm;udk w&m;½Hk;? ckH½Hk;rsm;u aocsmpGmpdppf
tuJjzwf&efvdkrnf[k ,lqygonf/ zGJYpnf;ykHqdkif&mw&m;pD&ifa&;? 'Drdkua&pD\
pHcsdefpHEIef;rsm;? EdkifiHom;rsm;\zGJYpnf;ykHqdkif&m&ydkifcGihfrsm;udk jyefvnf&&Sdap&ef
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;? ckH½Hk;rsm;u usKd;aMumif;rQwpGm csihfcsdef
okH;oyf&efvnf; ta&;BuD;onf[k ,lqygonf/
Oya'jyKa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? w&m;pD&ifa&; u@BuD;okH;&yf\ vkyfaqmif
csufrsm;tm; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfrI &Sd? r&Sd tjyeftvSefxdef;ausmif;
jcif;ESihf ydkif;jcm;pdppfonhf pD&ifydkifcGihftmPmudk usihfokH;&mwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHw
&m;½Hk;rsm;onf vlYtcGihfta&;tm; umuG,fapmihfa&Smufolrsm;tjzpf &yfwnf
MuaMumif;ESihf w&m;½Hk;tm; w&m;pD&ifa&;enf;vrf;t& vlYtcGihfta&; xdcdkuf
epfemol EdkifiHom;rsm;tay: ukpm;ay;&ef tcGihftmPm tyfESif;xm;aMumif;
avhvmoHk;oyfrdygonf/
udk&D;,m;or®wEdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;\wifjycsuf
ud&k ;D ,m;or®wEdik if H zGpYJ nf;ykt
H ajccHOya'qdik &f m w&m;½H;k \ w&m;olBu;D csKyf
u wifjy&mwGif (,ciftpnf;ta0;wifjycsufrsm; tygt0if) EdkifiHom;rsm;\
zGJYpnf;ykHqdkif&m tcGihfta&; qkH;½IH;rIrsm;tay: ukpm;ay;&ef zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qdkif&m wdkifwef;csufrsm; jyKvkyf&mü ueYfowfcsufrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; w&m;½Hk;\
t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkjcif;rSwpfqihf tajz&SmazGonhf vkyfief;wm0efudk zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk; ray:aygufrDuyif udk&D;,m;&Sd omrefw&m;½Hk;rsm;tay:
tcGihftmPm tyfESif;xm;aMumif;? jy|mef;Oya'rsm;udk zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf

nDñGwfjcif; &Sd? r&Sd pdppfonhf tcGihf tmPmudk tyfESif;xm;aMumif;? xdkuJhodkY
tyfEiS ;f xm;aomfvnf; w&m;½H;k rsm;onf tcGit fh mPmudk usio fh ;Hk jcif; r&Sad Mumif;?
omrefw&m;½H;k rsm;\ pD&ifq;Hk jzwfcsut f ay: jyefvnfppd pfo;Hk oyf Edik o f nhf
tcGihftmPmudk udk&D;,m;or®wEdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;
tuf O ya'u tod t rS w f j yKxm;jcif ; r&S d a Mumif ; ? omref w &m;½H k ; wG i f
qdkif;iHhxm;aomtrIü tusKH;0ifonhf Oya'wpf&yf&yftay: zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'ESihf nDñGwfjcif; &Sd? r&Sd pdppfay;&ef awmif;qdkrIrsm;omvQif zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;odkY wdkuf½dkuf wifoGif;EdkifcGihf&Sdonhf oabm
jzpfaMumif;? jy|mef;Oya'wpf&yftm; zGpYJ nf;ykt H ajccHOya'ESifh nD? rnD pdppfay;&ef
awmif ; qd k r I u d k o m zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya' qd k i f & m wd k i f w ef ; csuf t jzpf
tokH;jyKEdkifaMumif;? odkYjzpfí trIwGif yg0ifoufqdkifaeol rnfolrqdkonf
,if;wdkY\ awmif;qdkrItm; rnfonhftqihf&Sd omrefw&m;½Hk;wpf½Hk;ujzpfap
vufcHpOf;pm;ay;&ef jiif;qdkonhftcgwGifrQ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;
odkY wdkuf½dkufwifoGif;EdkifcGihftm; cGihfjyKjcif;jzpfaMumif;? þodkYcGihfjyKjcif;rSmvnf;
jy|mef;Oya' wpf&yftm; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nD? rnD pdppfonhf vkyfief;udk
vk y f a qmif & mwG i f omref w &m;½H k ; rsm;\ tjyKoabmaqmif o nh f csOf ; uyf
avhvmrItay: zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;u jyefvnfcsdefq okH;oyf
Edkif&ef &nf&G,fjcif;jzpfaMumif;?
odkYjzpfí jy|mef;Oya'wpf&yftm; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nD? rnD
pdppfay;&ef zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;odkY trIwifoGif;vdkolrsm;onf
tqihfjrihfw&m;½Hk;\ qkH;jzwfcsuftm; apmihfqdkif;&efvdktyfaMumif;? þ½Iaxmihf
uavh v mMunh f v Qif zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'qd k i f & m wd k i f w ef ; csuf r sm;ES i h f
pyfvsOf;onhf vkyfxkH;vkyfenf; (procedure) rsm;onf jy|mef;Oya'rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'ESifh nD? rnD pdppfEikd o f nhf tcGit fh mPmudk pdeaf c:aejcif;jzpfaMumif;?
þpd e f a c:rI u zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'qd k i f & mw&m;½H k ; rsm;\ tcG i h f t mPmud k
ueYfowfrnhftpm; pHcsdefpHEIef;ESihfnDaom xdef;csKyfrI? tjyeftvSef trSDo[JjyKrI
ykHpHjzihf aqmif&GufcGihfjyKjcif;onfom rlvpD&ifydkifcGihftay: tjrifus,fpGm okH;oyf
aqmif&Gufjcif;tjzpf us,fjyeYfpGmvufcHvmMuaMumif;?
þenf;vrf;jzihf jy|mef;Oya'rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfrI &Sd?

r&S d pd p pf o nh f yk H p H u d k jyif o pf E d k i f i H u 2008 ck E S p f ü usih f o k H ; cJ h a om
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m pdppfrIrsm;ESihf EIdif;,SOfMunhfEdkifrnfjzpfaMumif;?
jyifopfykHpHt&avhvmvQif Oya'wpf&yfyg jy|mef;csufonf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'ESihf nD? rnD pdppfokH;oyfay;&ef awmif;qdkrIjyKvkyfEdkifa&;twGuf OD;pGm
tjrihfqkH;w&m;½Hk;u trIvTJtyf&efvdkaMumif;? xdkodkYvTJtyfrSomvQif zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&maumifpDu qkH;jzwfaqmif&GufcGihf&SdaMumif;? odkYaomf þodkY
usihfokH;&mwGif vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;csif;\ trIwifoGif;csuftay: tjrihfqkH;w&m;½Hk;
rsm;u vufcHpOf;pm;&ef jiif;y,fvQif t,lcHwifoGif;Edkifrnhf enf;vrf;r&Sdonhf
tm;enf;csufjzpfay:cJhaMumif;?
jyifopf\ usihfokH;rIonf udk&D;,m;or®wEdkifiHuusihfokH;onhf pepfESihf
jcm;em;aMumif;? udk&D;,m;wGifrl jy|mef;Oya'wpf&yf&yfudk zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
ESihf nD? rnD awmif;qdkrItm; vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;csif;u zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m
w&m;½Hk;odkY wdkuf½dkufwifoGif;EdkifaMumif;?
vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;u ,if;wdkY\tcGihfta&; csdK;azmufcH&rI
aMumihf jzpfay:vmaom epfemqkH;½IH;rItwGuf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m
w&m;½Hk;odkY wdkifwef;csuf jyKvkyfEdkifonhf vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;ESihf pyfvsOf;í tcuf
tcJrsm; ay:xGufvmaMumif;? yxrtwm;tqD;rSm epfemrItwGuf tjcm;Oya'
rsm;t& ukpm;rItm; &SmazGNyD;jzpfvQif ,if;Oya' t&aqmif&Guf&rnhf vkyfief;
pOfrsm;tm;vkH; rukefqkH;rD zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m wdkifwef;csuftm; jyKvkyf
cGihfrjyKjcif;jzpfaMumif;? om"utm;jzihfajym&vQif vufatmufcH odkYr[kwf
vkyfief;wm0efcGJa0rIqdkif&m rl0g't&tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m w&m;pGJqdkjcif; vkyfxkH;
vkyfenf;rsm;jzihf aqmif&Guf&rnhf tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmydkifrsm;\ aqmif&Gufcsuf
rsm;udk omrefw&m;½Hk;rsm;uom pwifta&;,l aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfaMumif;?
þudpörsKd;wGif omrefw&m;½Hk;\ pD&ifqkH;jzwfcsuftay: zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qdkif&m wdkifwef;csuf vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;t& t,lcH wifoGif;EdkifcGihfr&SdaMumif;?
xdktcg rlvtkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;twGufyifvQif zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m wdkifwef;rIudk t,lcHwifoGif;EdkifcGihf r&SdygaMumif;?
þodaYk om taMumif;t&mtcsuftvufrsm; &Sv d ihu f pm; zGpYJ nf;ykt H ajccH
Oya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;odkY zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mwdkifwef;csuftrIwifoGif;

jcif;onf w&m;½H;k \ t"dymÜ ,fziG q fh rkd rI w
S pfqihf ,if;\vkyyf ikd cf iG t
fh wdik ;f twmukd
wdk;csJUEdkifjcif;aMumihfjzpfaMumif;? þenf;jzihf EdkifiHom;wpfOD;wpfa,mufonf Oy
a't&tjcm;vdkufemaqmif&Guf&efusef&Sdonhf vkyfief;pOfrsm;rNyD;qkH;vihfupm;
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m wdkifwef;csuftm; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m
w&m;½H k ; od k Y wif o G i f ; jcif ; ud k pwif E d k i f a Mumif ; ? þod k Y w if o G i f ; &mwG i f (u)
wdkifwef;ol\ epfemrItwGuf tjcm;Oya' vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;t& ukpm;cGihf
&&Sd&ef cufcJjcif;? (c) þvkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;onf tjyKoabmaqmifonhf
oabmw&m;wpf&yf ay:xGuv f ma&;twGuf tok;H 0ifrI &S?d r&Sd raocsmjcif;? (*)
tqdkyg vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;aMumihf Oya't& ukpm;cGihfudk &&SdEdkifaomfvnf;
vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmfEdkifrI tvm;tvmr&Sdjcif; tp&Sdonhfudpörsm;udk
pOf;pm;&ef&SdrnfjzpfaMumif;? &v'ftaejzihf trsm;jynfolqdkif&m tmPmydkiftzGJY
rsm;\ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;tay: tajcjyKay:xGufvmonhf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qdkif&m wdkifwef;csuftm; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;u vufcHpOf;pm;
Edkifrnhf vdktyfcsufESihf jynhfpkHNyD; pdppftuJjzwfEdkifrnfjzpfaMumif;?
trsm;jynfolqdkif&m tmPmydkiftzGJY\ aqmif&Gufcsufqdk&mwGif jy|mef;
Oya'qdkif&m vkyfydkifcGihfusihfokH;jcif;ESihf tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m tcGihftmPm usihfokH;
jcif;wdkY yg0ifonf[k udk&D;,m;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;u
vufcHxm;aMumif;? qdkvdkonfrSm trsKd;om;vTwfawmf (National Assembly) u
jy|mef;onhfOya' odkYr[kwf tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmydkiftzGJYu vufcHusihfokH;onhf
Oya'? trdeYfESihf ñTefMum;csufrsm;onf vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;\ tajccH
tcGihfta&;tm; wdkuf½dkufcsdK;azmufrnfqdkvQif þcsdK;azmufrItwGuf zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m wdkifwef;csufudk wifoGif;cGihfjyKjcif;jzpfaMumif;? þodkY
wdkifwef;cGihfjyKjcif;onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' odkYr[kwf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;u arQmfrSef;xm;onhf orm;½dk;usawmif;qdkrIykHpHtwdkif;rjzpfap
umrl w&m;½Hk;\ t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkcsufuwpfqihf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m
wdkifwef;csufrsm;udk jyKvkyfcGihfay;onhf t"duykHpHtjzpf azmfñTef;aMumif;? omref
w&m;½H;k wpf½;kH \ qk;H jzwfcsuo f nf zGpYJ nf;ykt H ajccHOya'ESifh rnDonhf Oya'rsm;udk
tokH;jyKrIaMumihf EdkifiHom;rsm;\ rlvtcGihfta&;rsm;udkcsdK;azmuf jcif;jzpfvQifcsdK;
azmufjcif;cH&olonf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m wdkifwef; csufudk t,lcH

wif o G i f ; cG i h f & S d o nf [ k zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'qd k i f & m w&m;½H k ; u
xkwfjyefaMunmcJhaMumif;? þenf;vrf;jzihf omrefw&m;½Hk;\ qkH;jzwfcsuf
rsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;í ueYfowfcsuftcsKdU xm;&SdrItay: rlwnfvsuf zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m wdkifwef;csufudk zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;odkY
t,lcHwifoGif;EdkifcGihf &&SdvmaMumif;? t"dutESpfom&tm;jzihf NcHKíMunhfvQif
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf jy|mef;Oya'rsm; (Statutes)udk tjyKoabmaqmifonhf
t"dymÜ ,fziG q fh rkd rI sm;rSwpfqihf zGpYJ nf;ykt
H ajccHOya'qdik &f m wdik w f ef;csufpepf tm;
ouf0ifvyI &f mS ;ap&ef zGpYJ nf;ykt H ajccHOya'qdik &f mw&m;½H;k rsm;onf wefz;kd &So d nhf
tcef;u@rS rQa0wm0ef,ljcif;[k qdkEdkifaMumif; &Sif;vif;ajymMum; ygonf/
*smreDEdkifiH\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;Oya' yk'fr 93(u)(2)
ud k avh v mvQif vl y k * ¾ d K vf w pf O D ; u tajccH O ya't& cG i h f j yKxm;onh f rl v
tcGihfta&;rsm;udk csdK;azmufjcif;cH&aMumif; awmif;qdkNyD; þawmif;qdkcsufwGif
a,bk,stm;jzihf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m oGifjyifvu©Pm yg0ifygu
vlwpfOD;csif;jzpfapumrl zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m wdkifwef;csufjyKvkyfcGihf
&So d nf[k jy|mef;xm;aMumif;? xdt Yk jyif wdik w
f ef;csuftay: w&m;½H;k uqk;H jzwf&ef
jiif;y,fNy;D wdik w f ef;oltwGuf Bu;D rm;aom tcGit fh a&;qk;H ½I;H rI jzpfay:vQif vnf;
zGpYJ nf;ykt H ajccHOya'qdik &f mw&m;½H;k odYk wdik w f ef;csufwifoiG ;f Edik rf nf jzpfaMumif;?
od k Y a omf trI t m; vuf c H j cif ; &S d ? r&S d qk H ; jzwf y d k i f c G i h f u d k tmPmyd k i f tzG J Y o d k Y
ay;tyf x m;jcif ; aMumih f wpf O D ; csif ; wd k i f w ef ; csuf r sm;ES i h f BuH K awG U ygu
vufcH&eftwGuf twdkif;twmwpfcktxd avsmhusEdkifrnfjzpfaMumif;? udk&D;,m;
Ed k i f i H z G J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'qd k i f & mw&m;½H k ; tuf O ya'wG i f r l þod k Y q k H ; jzwf
aqmif&GufydkifcGihftmPmudk zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;odkY ay;tyf
xm;jcif ; r&S d a Mumif ; ? ud k & D ; ,m;Ed k i f i H zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'qd k i f & m w&m;½H k ;
tufOya't& trItm; vufcH&efowfrSwfcsufrsm;ESihf jynhfpkHonhf zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m wdkifwef;csuftm;vkH;ay: pdppfEdkifcGihftmPmudk pkHnDw&m;
olBuD;tzGJYodkY ay;tyfxm;aMumif;? qdkvdkonfrSm yPmrpdppfjcif;ESihfpyfvsOf;í
udk,fydkifqkH;jzwfcGihfudk ay;tyfxm;jcif;r&SdaMumif; ajymMum;yg onf/
udk&D;,m;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk; w&m;olBuD;csKyfu
ed*kH;csKyftaejzihf ajymMum;&mwGif vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;u jyKvkyfcGihf&Sdaom

zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m wdkifwef;csufpepfonf udk&D;,m;EdkifiHwGif touf
0ifpGm tajcwnfrdaeNyDjzpfNyD;? udk&D;,m;vlxkuvnf; tokH;jyKaeaMumif;?
þodkYjzpf&jcif;rSm udk&D;,m;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;onf
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m wdkifwef;csufrsm;\ pwifaqmif&GufykHudk t"dyÜm,f
zGihfqdkrIrsm;rSwpfqihf aqmif&GufEdkifcJhíjzpfaMumif;? odkYjzpfí udk&D;,m;ESihf EIdif;,SOf
vQif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'qdkif&m wdkifwef;csufrsm;udk tpysKd;vkyfudkif&mwGif Oya'qdkif&m tcuftcJ
rsm;ESihf ydkrdk BuHKawGUae&onf[k okH;oyfvdkygaMumif;?
jy|mef;Oya'wpf&yfonf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf rnDaMumif; awGU&Sd
csuft& jyKvkyfonhf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mwdkifwef;csufESihf pyfvsOf;í
MopBwD;,m;EdkifiHu usihfokH;onhfpepfonf udk&D;,m;or®wEdkifiHu usihfokH;
onhfpepfESihfwlnDaMumif;? jcm;em;onhftcsufrSm omrefw&m;½Hk;odkY wifjyaom
trIwGif yg0ifaom tjiif;yGm;olonf w&m;½Hk;\ pD&ifqkH;jzwfcsuftwGuf
t,lcHwifoGif;&rnhf vkyfief;pOftm; ausmfvGefEdkifaMumif;? tjiif;yGm; Oya'
wpf&yftay: zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nD? rnD qkH;jzwfay;&eftwGuf zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;odkY vTJajymif;ay;&ef awmif;qdkcGihf&Sdonfh tcsuf
jzpf a Mumif ; ? þodkY vTJa jymif;ay;&ef awmif ;qd k rI tm; jiif ;y,f jcif ; cH &ygu
trIonftm; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;odkY wdkuf½dkuf trIwifoGif;cGihf
udk cGihfjyKxm;onhftcsufwGifvnf; jcm;em;rI&SdaMumif;? MopBwD;,m; ( Austria )
EdkifiH\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' odkYr[kwf 2015 ckESpfwGif xkwfjyefonhf 'Du&D
trdeYfrsm;t& wdkifwef;csufwifoGif;jcif;udk avhvmvQif zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf
rnDaom Oya'rsm;udk tokH;jyKjcif;aMumihf ,if;\tcGihfta&;rsm;udk csdK;azmuf
jcif;cH&aMumif; wpfOD;wpfa,mufu awmif;qdkNyD; ,if;trIudk rlvpD&ifydkifcGihf
&Sdaom w&m;rQwrIqdkif&mw&m;½Hk; (Court of Justice) uqkH;jzwfcJhvQif trIESihf
oufqdkifaom tjcm;olwpfOD;u ,if;qkH;jzwfcsuftay: zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;odkY t,lcHwifoGif;EdkifcGihf jyKonfudk awGU&aMumif; udk;um;í
ajymMum;ygonf/
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH *smumwmNrdKUü 2015 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvu usif;ycJhonhf
tpnf;ta0;wGif tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if w

H &m;½H;k w&m;olBu;D u ,if;wdYk BuKH awGU &onhf
tcuf t cJ r sm;ud k ajymMum;cJ h a Mumif ; ? þud p ö E S i h f pyf v sOf ; í zG J Y p nf ; yk H
tajccHOya'qdkif&m wdkifwef;csuftay: rdrd\ awGU&Sdcsufrsm;udk aqG;aEG;vdk
ygaMumif;? udk&D;,m;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;? w&m;olBuD;csKyf
u &Sif;vif; tBuHjyKcJhygonf-
(u) zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m wdkifwef;csufudk pwifrdwfquf&ef
twGuf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'tm; jyifqifjcif;onf jyóem
tm; vufawGUusonhf ajz&Sif;csuf r[kwfaMumif;ESihf tjcm;
a&G;cs,f&ef enf;vrf;rsm;&SdaMumif;? yxra&G;cs,f&ef enf;vrf;
tjzpf jy|mef;Oya'rsm;tay: t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkjcif;jzpfaMumif;?
qdkvdkonfrSm zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk; Oya'ESihf
pyfvsOf;onhf w&m;0if t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkjcif;udk Oya'jyK
tmPmydkifrsm;u jyKvkyf&efjzpfaMumif;? 'kwd, a&G;cs,frI
enf;vrf;tjzpf w&m;a&;qdkif&m t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkjcif;jzpfaMumif;
ajymMum;cJhaMumif;?
(c) pdefac:rIrsm;udk BuHKawGU&vihfupm; tajccHtcGihfta&;rsm;tm;
tumtuG,fay;jcif;udk tmPmouf0ifaprnhf enf;vrf;
wpf&yftjzpf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m wdkifwef;csufpepfudk
tif'dkeD;&Sm; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;u cufcJpGm
pOf;pm;okH;oyfonf[k wifjycJhaMumif;? þwifjycsufrsm;tay:
udk&D;,m;w&m;½Hk;\ oabmxm;udk aqG;aEG;vdkaMumif;?
(*) tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qdkif&m wdkifwef;csufESihfpyfvsOf;onhf jy|mef;csufrawGU&SdEdkif
aMumif;? þodkY ryg0ifonhftwGuf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m
wdkifwef;csufpepfudk pwifrdwfquf&mwGif zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
jyifqif&efenf;vrf;rSty tjcm;enf;vrf;jzihf aqmif&GufvQif
twdkif;twmwpfcktxd ueYfowfcsufrsm;&Sdrnf[k udk&D;,m;u
,lqaMumif;? tif'dkeD;&Sm; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;
\ Oya'wGif tpdk;& odkYr[kwf trsm;jynfolqdkif&mt&m&Sdrsm;\
aqmif&GufrI odkYr[kwf aqmif&Guf&ef ysufuGufrIrsm;ESihf

pyfvsOf;í vlyk*¾dKvfwpfa,mufcsif;taejzihf w&m;pGJqdkEdkifcGihf
tvm;tvm&SdrIudk jy|mef;xm;onf[k tif'dkeD;&Sm;uqdkaMumif;?
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'tm; jyifqifjcif;rjyKbJ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'qdkif&m wdkifwef;csufudk taxGaxGykHpHjzihf tpysKd;
vkyfudkifjcif;rSm vkH;0jzpfEdkifajcr&Sd[k rqdkEdkifaMumif;? zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkrIESihf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qdkif&mw&m;½Hk; tufOya'tm; jyifqifjcif;rSwpfqihfaqmif&Guf
Edkifrnf[k ,lqaMumif;? þudpöonf tajccHtm;jzihfqdkvQif
Oya'jyKolrsm;\ qEóabmxm;ay:ü rlwnfrnfjzpfaMumif;?
odkYaomf tif'dkeD;&Sm; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;wGif
þodkYaom Oya'jyKvkyfief;pOftm; yg0ifulnDyHhydk;EdkifcGihf &Sdonf
[k ,lqygaMumif;? odkYaomf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH Oya'ygqdkif&m
jy|mef;csuftm; jyifqifjcif;rjyKbJ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m
wdkifwef;csufudk tpysKd; aqmif&Gufjcif;twGuf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'ESihf nDñGwfjcif; &Sd? r&Sd tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;rSm vufawGUwGif
qufvuf&SdaeOD;rnf[k ,lqaMumif;?
(C) zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nD? rnD pdppfydkifcGihf tcGihftmPmudk
tif'dkeD;&Sm; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;tm; vTJtyf
xm;í twdkif;twmwpfcktxd tcuftcJ&SdEdkifaMumif;?
odkYaomf Oya'rsm;udk zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nD? rnD
pdppfcGihftmPmwGif tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&mOya'rsm; tusKH;r0if[k
t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdk&ef rjzpfEdkifaMumif;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'u
rnfodkYyifqdkapumrl zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf qeYfusifonhf
aqmif&GufrI wpf&yftwGuf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m
w&m;½Hk;u zsufodrf;EdkifcGihf r&SdaomaMumihf tajccHtcGihfta&;
rsm;udktumtuG,fay;onhf½IaxmihfrSMunhfvQifOya' vpf[mrI
wpf&yf jzpfay:aeonf[k qdkEdkifaMumif;/
udk&D;,m;or®wEdkifiH\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;udk avhvm
vQif Oya'wpf&yftm; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nD? rnD pdppfokH;oyfay;&ef

wifoGif;cGihfjyKonfhpepf pwifusihfokH;pOfu udk&D;,m;or®wEdkifiH\ w&m;a&;
pepfonf wpfrlxl;jcm;cJhygonf/ xdktcsdefumvu EdkifiHtrsm;tjym;\ pepfrsm;
t&tqdkyg usihfokH;rIenf;yg;ao;aomaMumihf jzpfygonf/ tpdk;&tzGJYtpnf;\
aqmif&GufrI odkYr[kwf aqmif&Guf&ef ysufuGufrIaMumihf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qdkif&m rlvtcGihfta&; csdK;azmufjcif;cH&olrnfolrqdk ,if;wdkY\ &ydkifcGihf
qkH;½IH;rItm; ukpm;ay;&ef udk&D;,m; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;odkY
wifjyEdkifcGihf&Sdonf/ ,if;w&m;½Hk;u vufcHpOf;pm;onhf xl;jcm;csufudk avhvm
vQif jy|mef;Oya'wpf&yftm; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nD? rnD zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;u okH;oyfqkH;jzwfay;&ef vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufu omref
w&m;½Hk; (Ordinary Court) rSwpfqihf wdkifwef;vTm wifoGif;cJhNyD; þwifoGif;csuf
tm; jiif;y,fjcif;cH&vQif tqdkyg yk*¾dKvfonf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m
w&m;½Hk;odkY wdkuf½dkufwifoGif;EdkifcGihftm; cGihfjyKxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
KYRGYSTAN EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mcsdefbm\ wifjycsuf
KYRGYSTAN EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mcsdefbmonf zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya't& ay;tyfxm;aom vlYtcGihfta&;ESihf vGwfvyfcGihftm; rsm;pGm
wefzdk;xm;aMumif;? odkYjzpfí ,if;EdkifiH\e,fajrESihf pD&ifydkifcGihftmPm twGif;&Sd
olrsm; tm;vkH;\ vlYtcGihfta&;ESihf vGwfvyfcGihfudk av;pm;ygaMumif;? EdkifiHom;
rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;&mwGif
tBuD;rm;qkH; vkyfydkifcGihf&&Sdonhf tzGJYtpnf;rSm zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'
qdkif&mcsdefbmjzpfNyD; tumtuG,fay;&mwGif normative control pepfudk usihfokH;
ygaMumif;? normative tufOya'rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfjcif; &Sd?
r&Sd jyóemudk csdefbm\ aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;&Sdonhf rlabmifwGif;u pOf;pm;í
ajz&Sif;ay;aMumif;? Oya'wpf&yf odkYr[kwf Oya'ozG,f tmPmwnfaom
trdeYfñTefMum;csufwpf&yfu zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyKxm;aom
tcGihfta&;ESihf vGwfvyfcGihfudk csdK;azmufonf[k ,kHMunfvQif tqdkyg Oya'
odrYk [kwf trdeñ fY eT Mf um;csuf\ zGpYJ nf;ykt
H ajccHOya'ESifh nD? rnD awmif;qdrk t
I m;
epfemol vlyk*¾dKvf wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;u csdefbmodkY wifoGif; EdkifcGihf&SdaMumif;?
t,lcHwifoGif;EdkifcGihf tcGihfta&;tm; ay;tyf&mwGif rlvtcGihfta&;ESihf
vGwfvyfcGihftm; wdkuf½dkufcsdK;azmufrItwGuf ta&;,l aqmif&Gufay;&ef

t,lcHwifoGif;jcif;ESihf aygif;pnf;jcif;r[kwfaMumif;? þenf;vrf;jzihf zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m tjyeftvSef ppfaq;Muyfrwfjcif; tESpfom&udk &,ljcif;
jzpfaMumif;? t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm Oya'jyKtmPmydkiftzGJYu jyKvkyfonhf Oya'
rsm;udk zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfap&efvnf;aumif;? tmPmydkiftzGJY\
aqmif&Gufcsuf? vufcHusihfokH;csufudk vlYtcGihfta&;ESihf vGwfvyfcGihfqdkif&m
Oya'jzihf xdef;csKyfrIESihf nDñGwfap&efjzpfaMumif;?
þodkY tESpfom&ydkif;udk xdef;csKyfrIonf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m
w&m;rQwrIrSwpfqihf EdkifiHom;rsm;\ tcGihfta&;tm; tumtuG,fay;Edkifrnhf
tcGihftvrf;rsm; ydkrdkwdk;wufaprnfjzpfaMumif;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m
csdefbmwGif vufcH&&Sdaom wdkifwef;rIrsm;udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvm&mü qeYfusif
jy|mef;xm;onhf enf;Oya'rsm;rSwpfqihf EdkifiHom;rsm;\ tcGihfta&;rsm;udk
wdkuf½dkuf csdK;azmufjcif;r[kwfaom wdkifwef;csuf ta&twGufonf zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&mcsdefbmodkY wifoGif;onhf wdkifwef;csufrsm;tm;vkH;\ okH;ykH
wpfykHceYf&SdaMumif;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'csdefbmu bmoma&;vGwfvyfcGihfESihf
tcGihfta&;tm; tumtuG,fay;jcif;ESihf pyfvsOf;onhf qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf
aMumif;? ,if;qkH;jzwfcsufwGif bmoma&;qdkif&mtzGJYtpnf;rsm;tm;vkH;wdkYonf
Oya't&mwGif nDrQaMumif;? tjcm;bmoma&;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESihf EIdif;,SOfvQif
bmomwpf c k t m; ,k H M unf u d k ; uG , f o nh f vl w pf O D ; wpf a ,muf od k Y r [k w f
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yftaejzihf tcGihfta&;,lonhf taetxm;rjzpfoihfaMumif;?
xdkYtwl vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGihf? vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:ydkifcGihf tcGihfta&;rsm;udk
tumtuG,fay;jcif;ESihf pyfvsOf;í zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m csdefbmu
tmrcHcsufay;&mwGif vlwdkif;onf vGwfvyfpGmajymMum;cGihf&SdaMumif;? rdrd
xifjrifcsufudk vGwfvyfpGmazmfxkwfcGihf? vGwfvyfpGmowif;xkwfa0cGihf? owif;
xdef;odrf;cGihfESihf jzeYfcsdcGihf tcGihfta&;rsm;&SdaMumif;? vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf\
*kPfodu©mESihf *kPfowif;udk jyuf&,fjyKonhf odkYr[kwf ESdrhfcsonhf owif;
tcsuftvufrsm;tm; jyeYyf mG ;atmif jyKvkyjf cif;twGuf rnfow l pfO;D wpfa,muf
udkrQ jypfrIqdkif&mw&m;pGJqdkjcif; rjyKvkyfEdkifaMumif;?
EdkifiHom;rsm;\ yk*¾dKvfqdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk tumtuG,fay;&ef
&nf&G,fcsrSwfaom zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mcsdefbm\ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;onf

vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,mufESihf yk*¾dKvfqdkif&m vlaerIb0tm; xdyg;jcif; rjyK
EdkifaMumif;? vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,muf\ *kPfodu©mudk tumtuG,fay;&ef
vdkaMumif;? pmay;pm,lqufoG,frIrsm;? w,fvDzkef;? pmwdkuf? aMu;eef;tygt0if
qufoG,frIrsm; tm;vkH;twGuf vkHNcHKrI&ydkifcGihf&SdaMumif; todtrSwfjyKxm;
ygonf/ þtcGihfta&;rsm;udk usihfokH;&mwGif ueYfowfcsuftjzpf trsKd;om;
vkHNcHKa&;? Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;ESihf w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;? usef;rma&;? pdwfydkif;qdkif&m
tumtuG,fay;a&;twGuf jy|mef;xm;aom Oya'rsm;ESihftnD aqmif&Guf&ef
jzpfaMumif;?
xdkYtwl tjcm;olrsm;\ vGwfvyfcGihfESihf tcGihfta&;rsm;udk rxdcdkuf
ap&efvdkaMumif;? EdkifiHom;rsm;\ ypönf;ydkifqdkifcGihf tcGihfta&;? vlrIa&;ESihf
w&m;a&;qdkif&m tumtuG,f&&Sda&; trIrsm;udk qkH;jzwf&mwGif zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'qd k i f & mcsd e f b monf vl Y t cG i h f t a&;ES i h f pyf v sOf ; í tjcm;u@rsm;\
aqmif&Gufcsufudk xif[yfazmfjyavh&SdaMumif;?
vlrIvkHNcHKa&; odkYr[kwf vlrIzlvkHa&; &ydkifcGihfrsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;í zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m csdefbm\ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif Oya'jyKcGihf tcGihftmPm
vTJtyfjcif;cH&olwpfOD;onf Oya'jy|mef;csuf topfwpf&yftm; pwifrdwfquf
Edkifonhf tcGihfta&;&Sdonfudk owdjyKrdaMumif;? odkYaomf þOya' jy|mef;csuf
topfonf vlrIzlvkHa&;qdkif&m tcaMu;aiGvufcH&&Sdrnhf yk*¾dKvfrsm;\ tajc
taetm; qdk;&Gm;rIrjzpfap&efvnf;aumif;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ü aMunm
xm;onhf vlrIa&;t& xdcdkufvG,folrsm;tjzpf tqihftwef;owfrSwfjcif;cH&ol
EdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf axmufyHhulnD&ef &nf&G,fcsufESihf qeYfusifuGJvGJrI r&Sd&ef
vdkaMumif;?
w&m;a&;qdkif&m tumtuG,f&,lydkifcGihf tcGihfta&;ESihfpyfvsOf;ívnf;
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mcsdefbmonf ,if;\ &yfwnfcsuftm; qkH;jzwfcsuf
tcsKdUwGif azmfjyavh&SdaMumif;? qdkvdkonfrSm &mZ0wfaMumif;qdkif&m w&m;pGJrI
wpf&yfwiG f tusK;H 0ifaom pkpH rf;ppfaq;ol\ qk;H jzwfcsut f ay: w&m;a&; qdik &f m
pdppfo;Hk oyfrrI sm; jyefvnfjyKvkyaf y;&ef xdt k rIukd pwifta&;,l aqmif&u G o
f t
l m;
awmif;qdkydkifcGihf&SdaMumif;?
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif vlwdkif;\ tcGihfta&;ESihf vGwfvyfcGihfrsm;

twGuf w&m;a&;qdkif&m tumtuG,f&,lydkifcGihfudk tmrcHxm;aomfvnf;
jypfrIwpf&yftm; pwifta&;,l aqmif&Gufonhf w&m;½Hk;\ qkH;jzwfcsufonf
Oya't&w&m;0ifrI &S?d r&Sd twnfjyK&ef ta&;Bu;D aMumif;? w&m;½H;k u csrw S af om
qk H ; jzwf c suf t rd e Y f o nf jypf r I q d k i f & m w&m;pG J q d k r I jyKvk y f E d k i f & ef t wG u f
tajccHtcsuftvufrsm; &Sd? r&Sd &SmazG&efvdkaMumif; &Sif;vif;ajymMum;ygonf/
rGef*dkvD,m;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;\wifjycsuf
rGef*dkvD,m;EdkifiH? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk; Ouú|u Presenter
tjzpf EdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;tm; tum
tuG,fay;jcif;ESihf jr§ihfwifjcif; vkyfief;pOfwGif vuf&SdBuHKawGUae&onhf pdefac:
rIrsm;ESihf tem*wfvrf;ñTefcsuf aqG;aEG;yGJwGif aqG;aEG;cJhygonf/
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'onf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'pepf
usihfokH;jcif;? EdkifiH\tcGihftmPmudk cGJjcm;í rQwpGmcsihfcsdefokH;pGJjcif;? vlwpfOD;csif;
ESihf EdkifiHom;rsm;\ tajccHtcGihfta&;rsm;ESihf vGwfvyfcGihf? EdkifiH\tcsKyftjcm
tmPm? vGwfvyfa&;wdkYudk tmrcHay;onhf tjrihfqkH;aom Oya'ESihf EdkifiHa&;
qdkif&m pmwrf;wpf&yfjzpfaMumif;? rGef*dkvD,m;EdkifiH\ 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;
a&; umvwGif a&;qGJco hJ nhf zGYpJ nf;ykt
H ajccHOya'opf wGif vltY cGift
h a&;rsm;udk
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rSm tpdk;&tzGJYtpnf; odkYr[kwf ,if;tzGJYtpnf;udk ay;tyfxm;onhf tpdwf
tydkif;wpf&yf&yf\ vkyfydkifcGihftm; tvGJokH;pm;jyKvkyfí pD&ifydkifcGifhtmPmudk
ausmfvGefvkyfaqmifjcif; &Sd? r&Sd tcGihftmPmudk usifhokH;&ef ysufuGufjcif;?
aqmif&Gufjcif; [kwf r[kwf qkH;jzwfEdkif&ef w&m;pD&ifa&;tm; tcGihftmPm
ay;tyfxm;aMumif;? ,if;ay;tyfxm;onhf tcGihftmPmudk usihfokH;í w&m;
vTwfawmfcsKyfonf ,if;\ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;rSwpfqihf EdkifiHom;wdkY\tajccH
&ydkifcGihfrsm;udk umuG,fapmihfa&SmufaMumif;?
w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfonf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' yk'fr 3 wGif azmfjyxm;
aom EdkifiHom;tcGihfta&;rsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í ,if;tajccH&ydkifcGihf usihfokH;jcif;udk
wm;jrpfonhf odkYr[kwf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'yg tjcm;tcGihfta&;rsm; usihfokH;
ydkifcGihf tcGihfta&;udk csdK;azmufonhf odkYr[kwf wm;jrpfonhfOya'rsm;udk
y,fzsufcJhaMumif;? xdkYtwl EdkifiHawmfu EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;tay: csdK;azmuf
jcif;rjyKap&ef tumtuG,fay;rIudk jr§ihfwifxm;aMumif;?
1987 ckESpf? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' yk'fr 3 wGif EdkifiHom;rsm;\ tcGihf
ta&;rsm;ud k jy|mef ; xm;NyD ; wpf O D ; csif ; tm; ,if ; tcG i h f t a&;rsm;twG u f
EdkifiHawmfudk awmif;qdkydkifcGihfay;xm;onhftjyif EdkifiHom;rsm;\tcGihfta&;rsm;
tay: tpd;k &u ravsmfruefcsdK;azmufjcif;? rvdv k m;tyfbJ pGuzf ufjcif;? rw&m;

wvGJ tokH;csjcif;wdkYudk zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'u tumtuG,f ay;xm;aMumif;?
w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfu EdkifiHawmf\tcGihftmPmudk ueYfowfrIjzpfaprnhf
tcGihfta&;rsm;udk twdtvif; owfrSwfxm;aMumif;? People of the Philippines
v. Marti 1991 trIwGif w&m;½Hk;u EdkifiHom;rsm;\tcGihfta&; owfrSwfcsuf
rsm;onf wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;\ aqmif&Gufcsufudk y,fzsuf&efr[kwfbJ
EdkifiHawmfESihf EdkifiHom;wdkYtMum; qufEG,frIudk pDrHtkyfcsKyfjcif;jzpfonf[k
qkH;jzwfcJhaMumif;? w&m;½Hk;u pdk;&drfonhftcsufrSm EdkifiHom;tcsif;csif;tMum;?
EdkifiHom;wpfOD;ESihf tjcm;EdkifiHom;rsm;tMum; qufEG,frIr[kwfbJ EdkifiHom;rsm;
\ tcGihfta&;tay: rnfonhftmPmydkifurQ 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rjyKEdkif
atmif wm;jrpfxm;aom e,fy,fZkeftjzpf owfrSwfaMunmjcif;jzpfaMumif;
ajymMum;ygonf/
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' yk'fr 3 wGif ay;tyfxm;onhf tcGihfta&;ESihf
vGwfvyfcGihfrsm; (22)csufteuf w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfu umuG,fapmihfa&Smuf
vsuf&Sdaom tcGihfta&;rsm;rSm atmufazmfjyygwdkYjzpfonf-
(u) avsmfuefoihfjrwfaom w&m;pD&ifa&; vkyfief;pOfESihf omwlnDrQ
rI jzpfap&ef umuG,fapmihfa&Smufjcif;?
(c) odrf;qnf;jcif;? &SmazGjcif;? zrf;qD;jcif;wdkYESihf oufqdkifonhf
oD;jcm; pnf;rsOf;rsm; xm;&Sdjcif;?
(*) vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGihfjyKjcif;?
(C) zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;pOf jyKvkyfaom pkHprf;ppfaq;rItwGuf
a&SUaexm;&SdcGihf?
(i) w&m;cGifü pGyfpGJcH&ol\ tcGihfta&;&&SdapcGihf?
(p) ao'Pfxdkufaom odkYr[kwf ao'Pfrxdkufaom tjcm;jypfrI
rsm;twGuf tmrcH&&SdydkifcGihf?
(q) trsm;jynfoEl iS fh oufqikd af om owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&,lciG /fh
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' yk'fr 3 yg tcGihfta&;rsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í zdvpfydkif
EdkifiH w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfonf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;ESihf
vGwfvyfcGihfrsm;twGuf pD&ifxkH;tajrmuftjrm; csrSwfqkH;jzwfcJhaMumif;?
People of the Philippines v. Marti 1991 trIü zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;pOf

twGif; jyKvkyfonhf pkHprf;ppfaq;rIwGif a&SUaeiSm;&rf;ydkifcGihfudk qkH;jzwfay;
cJhaMumif;? ,if;uJhodkY qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk pkpnf;í 1987 ckESpf? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya' yk'fr 3 yk'frcGJ (12)tjzpf xnhfoGif;jy|mef;cJhjcif;jzpfaMumif;?
Philippine Blooming Mills v. Philippine Blooming Mills Employees
Organization 1981 trI t ygt0if trI r sm;pG m ü w&m;vT w f a wmf c sKyf o nf
zGpYJ nf;ykt
H ajccHOya'yk'rf 3 yk'rf cGJ (1) yg ay;tyfxm;onhf vlwpfO;D csif; twGuf
avsmfuefoihfjrwfaom w&m;a&;vkyfief;pOfrsm; tqihfvdkuf tjynhft0 &&Sdydkif
cGihfESihf rQwaom tumtuG,f &&SdydkifcGihfwdkYESihf pyfvsOf;í qkH;jzwf cJhaMumif; ?
zdvpfydkifEdkifiHw&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfonf Oya'rJh&SmazGjcif;? zrf;qD;jcif;udk
EdkifiHh0efxrf;rsm;u rjyKvkyfEdkif&eftwGuf vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;\tcGihf
ta&;udk umuG,fapmihfa&SmufaMumif;? jypfrIaMumif;t& oHo,&SdolwpfOD;\
aetdrftm; 0&rf;rygbJ &SmazGzrf;qD;jcif; rjyKEdkifaMumif;? xdkol\ tcGihfta&;udk
w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfu pGJudkifxm;aMumif;? xdkYtwl txuft&m&SdwpfOD;\
Oya'ESihf rnDonhf trdeYfjzihf rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,muf\ aetdrfudkrQ twif;
tusyf &SmazGzrf;qD;jcif; rjyKEdkif[k qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;&SdaMumif;?
tcsKyftm;jzihfqdkaomf zdvpfydkifEdkifiH w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfonf ESpfaygif;
(115)ESpf oufwrf;&Sdonhf tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfjzpfonfESihftnD ,if;\ w&m;
pD&ifa&;vkyfief; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;uwpfqihf w&m;rQwNyD; nDrQaom vlYtzGJY
tpnf;jzpfap&ef aqmif&Gufay;vsuf&SdaMumif;? ESpfaygif; (115)ESpfumvtwGif;
w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf\ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rsm;\ tajccH
rsm; jzpfvmonhfenf;wl vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;u tm;xm;Edkifrnhf Oya'rlrsm;
jzpfvmaMumif; &Sif;vif;ajymMum;ygonf/
½k&Sm;EdkifiHzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;\wifjycsuf
EdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;udk umuG,f
jr§ihfwifonhf ,EÅ&m;ESihfpyfvsOf;í EdkifiHrsm;\ rwluGJjym;aom tjrifrsm;udk
xkwfazmfaqG;aEG;yGJwGif ½k&Sm;EdkifiH\ aqG;aEG;csufudk tusOf;csKyftm;jzihf azmfjy
&vQif-
(u) vlYtcGihfta&;tm; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif azmfjyxm;jcif;

r&Sdonhfwdkif vlYtcGihfta&;rSm &SdaernfomjzpfaMumif;? vlYtcGihf
ta&;ESihfpyfvsOf;í rlvOya'rsm;wGif vufawGUyg0ifrI r&Sdjcif;
aMumifh NyD;jynhfpkHaom zGJYpnf;ykHqdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;tjzpf
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ü trsKd;tpm;tvdkuf azmfjycsufu
ueYfowf&ma&mufaMumif;? odkYaomf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk
ordkif;aMumif; tajccHenf;vrf;jzihf t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkvQif rlv
t&if;tjrpfqdkif&m0g' (Originalism)ESihf rl&if;jy|mef;csufqdkif&m
0g' (Textualism) [kac:qdkaom tcGihfta&; jr§ihfwifjcif;qdkif&m
enf;vrf;rsm; &SdrnfjzpfaMumif;?
(c) ½k&Sm;EdkifiH\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif tajccHtcGihfta&;rsm;udk
jr§ifhwifonhf taejzihf tjyKoabmaqmifaom csOf;uyfrI
enf;vrf;tm; tokH;jyKaMumif;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif Oya'
t,ltqrsm;yg0ifaMumif;? yxr,lqcsuftjzpf vlYtcGihfta&;
rsm;onf vlwdkif;twGuf arG;&mygtcGihfta&;tjzpf ydkifqdkifcGihf
&SdaMumif;? 'kwd,,lqcsuftjzpf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif &&Sd
cHpm;Edkifrnhf tajccHtcGihfta&;rsm;udk trsKd;trnftvdkufazmfjy
xm;onhftwGuf pm&if;wGifryg0ifaom tjcm;tcGihfta&;rsm;
tm; awmif;cHydkifcGihfr&Sd[k t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkjcif; rjyKoihfaMumif;?
½k&Sm;EdkifiH\ w&m;½Hk;rsm;onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif azmfjy
xm;aomtcGihfta&;rsm;udk tumtuG,fay;½HkrQru zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'wGif azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sdaom tjcm;tcGihfta&;rsm;
ESihf vGwfvyfcGihfrsm;udkyg vdktyfvQif todtrSwfjyKaMumif;
ajymMum;ygonf/
½k & S m ;Ed k i f i H \ zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'qd k i f & mw&m;½H k ; w&m;ol B uD ; u
qufvufwifjy&mwGif rlvtcGihfta&;rsm;onf vufawGUrnfodkYrnfykH&yfwnf
aeonfqdkaom tar;ykpämonf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif tajccHtusqkH;ESihf
t½IyfaxG;qkH; jyóemjzpfaMumif;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mtcGihfta&;rsm;
onf wpfurÇmvkH;ESihfoufqdkifaom tjynfjynfqdkif&mOya'jzpfjcif;aMumihf
urÇmvkH;qdkif&m (Universal) tcGihfta&;jzpfonf odkYr[kwf rwljcm;em;aom

,Ofaus;rIrsm;tay: tajccHonhf uGJjym;aom tcGihfta&;jzpfonfqdkaom
tjiif;yGm;rIrsm; &SdvmaMumif;? Oa&myw&m;olBuD;tcsKdUu rwlnDaomEdkifiH
rsm;tMum; uGJjym;aom Oya'qdkif&m ,Ofaus;rItjzpf qufpyft"dyÜm,f azmf
aqmifrIudk xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;oihfonf[k ,kHMunfaomfvnf; vltm;vkH; twGuf
a,bk,susonhf w&m;Oya'ESihf wnfNidrfa&;tm; csdK;azmufaom t,ltq
tjzpf todtrSwfrjyKaMumif;? odkYaomf EdkifiHrsm;tMum; uGJjym;jcm;em;aom
Oya'qdkif&m,Ofaus;rI (Legal Cultures) udk xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdktyfonf[k
,lqaMumif; &Sif;vif;ajymMum;ygonf/
½k&Sm;w&m;olBuD;u qufvufí Oya'wGif azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sdaom
vlYtcGihfta&;rsm; vufawGUb0wGif &SdEdkifaMumif;? w&m;rQwrIESihfvlYusihf0wfrsm;
wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;vmrIrsm;onf tcGihfta&;rsm;udk w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyK&ef Oya'
t& awmif;qdkcsuftay: pdefac:rItjzpf wGef;tm;ay;vmaMumif;? trsKd;trnf
jzihf wduspGmowfrSwfaom vlYtcGihfta&;wGif ryg0ifaom tcGihfta&;rsm;
vufawGUwGif ay:aygufvmaMumif;? trSew f u,fwnf&o dS nhf tcGit fh a&; qdik &f m
jyóemESihf jy|mef;Oya't&wnf&Sdaom tcGihfta&;jyóemtMum; uGJjym;
jcm;em;rIrsm;&SdaMumif; ajymMum;ygonf/
ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;tzGJY (tmqD,H)\ EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifrsm;onf
tm&SvlYtcGihfta&;qdkif&m aMunmcsufudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhaMumif;? tm&yf
vlYtcGihfta&;qdkif&m csmwmESihf tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;\ vlYtcGihfta&;qdkif&m
udkif½dkaMunmcsuf\ tESpfom&udk avhvmvQif vlYtcGihfta&;onf trsKd;om;
rlabmif odkYr[kwf a'oqdkif&mrlabmiftwGif; pOf;pm;onf[k ,lq&rnf
jzpfaMumif;? tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH\ txdrf;trSwfwHqdyfjzpfaom Garuda wGif azmfjy
xm;onhf ]rwlujJG ym;rIrsm;tm; aygif;pnf;jcif;} aqmify'k o f nf tjynfjynf qdik &f m
vlYtcGihfta&; wnf&SdrItm; urÇmESihfwpf0ef; tusKH;0if&rnhf 0g'wpf&yf tjzpf
(Universalism) rS m ;,G i f ; pG m ES i h f csJ U xG i f p G m jyKvk y f E d k i f o nh f tEÅ & m,f u d k rd r d w d k Y
w&m;olBuD;rsm;tm; owday;jcif;[k rdrd,lqaMumif;? EdkifiHwum vlom;csif;
pmemaxmufxm;rIqdkif&mOya'onf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHcsif;\ udk,fydkif EdkifiHa&;
tawG;tac:rsm;t& aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;tay: tpm;xdk;jcif; r[kwf aMumif;
urÇmESihfwpf0ef; tusKH;0ifaom vlYtcGihfta&;rl0g'wpf&yftjzpf vlom;rsm;\

tawG;tac:ydkif;qdkif&m ordkif;wGif vufcHcJhaom vGJrSm;onhf t,ltqonf
umvMumjrihfpGmuyif &SdaecJhjcif;jzpfaMumif;? tajccHtcGihfta&; udk xdef;odrf;
umuG , f o l r sm;u þt,l t qud k vk H ; 0NyD ; jynh f p k H o nh f t,l t q tjzpf
tjrJwapvufcHMuaMumif;? uGJjym;aom,Ofaus;rI? uGJjym;aom ordkif; aemufcH
tcsuftvufrsm;tm; xdkufoihfouJhodkY awG;ac:pOf;pm;ay;&rnhf tcsufudk
arhavsmhaeMuaMumif;? vlYtcGihfta&;rsm;u csKyfudkifvTrf;rdk;&rnf qdkonhf
t,ltq oabmw&m;wGif taemufOa&myEdkifiHrsm;\ tjrif½Iaxmihf rsm;
vT r f ; rd k ; yg0if a eaMumif ; ? od k Y a omf vl Y t cG i h f t a&;rsm;uomvQif vT r f ; rd k ;
csKyfudkifaeonf[laom t,ltqonf toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvudk jzwfoef;
cJh&onhf EdkifiHrsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m t,l0g'twGuf t&m&mwdkif;
wGif avsmfuef oihfjrwfrI&Sdonf[k rqdkEdkifaMumif;?
þtcsufudk ½k&Sm;EdkifiH\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf
vkyfaqmifcJhonhf (25)ESpf jzwfoef;cJhaom tawGUtBuHKrsm;u jyoaeaMumif;?
vlYtcGihfta&;rsm;u vTrf;rdk;csKyfudkifae&rnf[laom t,ltqonf tavsmh
twif; jyKvkyfEdkifpGrf;tay: rlwnfí MoZmoufa&mufrI&SdrnfjzpfNyD; wif;usyfpGm
csKyfudkifrItay: rlwnfjcif;r[kwfaMumif;? odkYjzpfí toGiful;ajymif;umv
rSwpfqihf ay:aygufvmonhf EdkifiHrsm;ESihf vlYtcGihfta&;qdkif&m oabmw&m;wdkY
tMum; wif;rmrIrsm; rMumcPjzpfay:avh&SdaMumif;? þtaMumif;tcsufrsm;udk
vufawGUaqmif&Gufcsuftjzpf todtrSwfjyKjcif;tm;jzihf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qdkif&m zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf usKd;aMumif;qifjcifjynhfpkHonhfenf;vrf;wpf&yft
jzpf rdrdwdkY,kHMunfaMumif;? qdkvdkonfrSm r[mAsL[mqdkif&m &nfrSef;csuftjzpf
vlYtcGihfta&;rsm;u vTrf;rdk;csKyfudkif&rnf[laom t,ltqrSm wpfqufwnf;
wnf&SdaernfjzpfaMumif;? odkYaomf enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m vrf;aMumif;ajymif;vJ
rIrsm;u Oya't& qufcHcGihfjyKaMumif;? Oya't& pOfqufrjywf &Sdap&ef
jzpfaMumif;?
þae&mwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfw&m;olBuD;
Oliver Homes \ “ The Path of Law” qdkonhfpmtkyftm; udk;um;vdkygaMumif;?
vlYtcGihfta&;rsm;u vTrf;rdk;csKyfudkifrI taetxm;odkY a&muf&Sdap&ef wpfEdkifiH
csif; avQmufvSrf;&rnhfvrf;onf auGUaumufaomvrf;jzpfNyD; tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;\

tawGUtBuHKESihf rwlnDaMumif;? Oya't& wpfqufwnf;wnf&SdrIudk &nfrSef;
csufqikd &f m vufawGUwnf&rdS tI jzpf ,lqaMumif;? qdv k &kd if; t"dymÜ ,frmS vlrsm;\
rwluGJjym;aom ,Ofaus;rIrsm;aMumihf vlYtcGihfta&;wdk;wufrIt&Sdef t[kefwGif
ueYfowfcsufwpfcsKdU &SdaeOD;rnfjzpfaMumif;? ½k&Sm;EdkifiH\ zGJYpnf;ykH tajccH
Oya'qd k i f & mw&m;½H k ; w&m;ol B uD ; tjzpf (25)ES p f vk y f a qmif c J h o nh f
tawGUtBuHKtay:tajcjyKí tBuHjyK&vQif awmfvSefa&;oabmaqmifonhf
ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk wpf[kefxdk;aqmif&Gufjcif;onf Oya'vrf;aMumif;ay:odkY
a&muf&Sdap&ef cufcJrnfjzpfaMumif;? wjznf;jznf;csif; jyKjyifajymif;vJrI ykHpHjzihf
acsmarGUaom zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIjzpfaprnhf enf;vrf;udkom ydkrdkESpfoufygaMumif;?
þenf;vrf;onf 'Drdkua&pD0g'udktajccHaom zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'topfrsm;
ay:ayguf &mwGif BuHKawGU&onhf twm;tqD;rsm;udk vG,fulpGmjzihf vufcHEdkif
rnf jzpfaMumif;? odkYaomf þenf; vrf;usihfokH;&mwGifvnf; EdkifiHwGif;ppfrSefonhf
vlYtcGihfta&;qdkif&m vTrf;rdk;csKyfudkifrItm; azmfaqmifonhf tpdk;&wpf&yf tae
jzihf BuHKawGU&rnhf y"meusaom twm;tqD;rsm;u ydkrdk½IyfaxG;apEdkifaMumif;
ajymMum;ygonf/
xdkif;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;\wifjycsuf
xdkif;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk; w&m;olBuD;csKyfonf
&Sif;vif;wifjyol (Presenter)tjzpf aqmif&Guf&mü zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m
tcGihfta&;udk tumtuG,fay;jcif;ESihf jr§ihfwifjcif;? bmom&yfqdkif&maqG;aEG;
csufESihfpyfvsOf;í tydkif;ESpfydkif;cGJjcm; wifjycJhygonf/
yxrydkif;tjzpf EdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;
ESihf vGwfvyfcGihfrsm;udk tumtuG,fay;jcif;? jr§ihfwifjcif;rsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;\ vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk &Sif;vif;
ajymMum;ygonf/ xdkif;EdkifiH\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'onf EdkifiHom;rsm;\ tcGihf
ta&;ESihf vGwfvyfcGihfrsm;udk tumtuG,fay;&mwGif ukvor*¾vlYtcGihfta&;
aMunmpmwrf;ESihf tjcm;EdkifiHwumtzGJYtpnf;rsm;\ pHcsdefpHEIef;rsm;ESihftnD
aqmif&GufaMumif;? xdkif;EdkifiHom;rsm;\ *kPfodu©mydkif;qdkif&m tcGihfta&;?
vGwfvyfcGihfESihf wef;wlnDrQrI tcGihfta&;rsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u
"avhxkH;wrf;qdkif&m tavhtusihfrsm;ESihftnD tumtuG,fay;xm;aMumif;

&Sif;vif;ajymMum;ygonf/
'kwd,ydkif;tjzpf EdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;
rsm;udk umuG,fjr§ihfwif&mwGif Oya'Murf;rsm;? enf;Oya'Murf;rsm;? zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;\ xif&Sm;aom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í
&Sif;vif;ajymMum;ygonf/
xd k i f ; Ed k i f i H zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'qd k i f & mw&m;½H k ; w&m;ol B uD ; csKyf u
ed*kH;csKyftjzpf wifjy&mü EdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mtcGihfta&;
rsm;ESihf vGwfvyfcGihfrsm; umuG,fjr§ihfwif&mwGif xdkif;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qd k i f & mw&m;½H k ; onf ta&;BuD ; aom tcef ; u@rS y g0if taxmuf t ul j yK
aeygaMumif;?
þtcsufESihf pyfvsOf;í xdkif;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif azmfjycsuf
rsm;udk xkwfEkwfwifjyvdkygaMumif;? (u) EdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qdkif&m tcGihfta&;ESihf vGwfvyfcGihfrsm;udk umuG,fjr§ihfwif&mwGif EdkifiHwum
pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;? EdkifiHa&;tpOftvmrsm;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;
\ ,cifqkH;jzwfcsuf pD&ifxkH;rsm;tay: rSDjirf;í xda&mufonhf tcef;u@rS
yg0ifaxmufulrIjyKaeygaMumif;? (c) EdkifiHom;rsm;\ t&yfbufqdkif&m tcGihf
ta&;rsm; vkHNcHKrIudk tmrcHay;&mwGif zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;onf
xda&mufonhf tcef;u@rS taxmuftyHhjyKygaMumif;? (*) EdkifiHom;rsm;\
vlrIzlvkHa&;? ypönf;ydkifqdkifcGihf tp&Sdonhf t&yfbufvlrIqdkif&m vkHNcHKrIb0\
t&nftaoG;udk jri§ w fh if&mwGif xda&mufonhf tcef;u@rSyg0ifaeaMumif;? (C)
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nD? rnD pdppfjcif;? w&m;Oy'pdk;rdk;jcif;udk tajccH onhf
t&yf b uf q d k i f & m vl a erI b 0tajctaersm; zG H U Nzd K ;wd k ; wuf a pa&;twG u f
xda&mufonhf yHhydk;rIrsm; jyKvkyfygaMumif;? (i) EdkifiHESihf EdkifiHom;rsm;tMum;wGif
vnf ; aumif ; ? Ed k i f i H o m;rsm;tcsif ; csif ; tMum;wG i f v nf ; aumif ; ? at;csrf ;
wnfNidrfonhf qufqHa&;tay: tajccHtkwfjrpfcsrSwf&mwGif xda&mufonhf
tcef;u@ rS yg0ifaMumif; ajymMum;ygonf/
bmvDaMunmcsuf
txufazmfjyyg ynm&yfqdkif&m aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif AACC \tzGJY0if
EdkifiHrsm;jzpfMuaom tmz*efepöwef? tZmbdkif*sef (Azerbaijan)? umZufpwef

(Kazakhstan)? rav;&Sm;? wm*spfupöwef (Tajikistan)? wl&uD ponhf zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;rsm;\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u aqG;aEG;ajymMum;cJhMu
ygonf/
tm&SzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;rsm;ESihf tqihfwlw&m;½Hk;rsm;
tzGJY (Asociation of Asian Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions-
AACC) \ wwd , tBud r f n D v mcH u bmvD a Munmcsuf t m; 12-8-2016
&ufaeYwiG f xkwjf yefcyhJ gonf/ tqdyk g aMunmcsufwiG f t"dutm;jzihyf g0if aom
tcsufrsm;teuf atmufazmfjyyg tcsufrsm;udk xkwfEkwfazmfjyygonf-
(u) zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;rsm;ESihf tqihfwlw&m;½Hk;rsm;
(AACC) onf xda&mufonhf qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwfjcif;rS
wpfqihf EdkifiHom;rsm;\ tcGihfta&; csdK;azmufrIudpörsm;udk tum
tuG,fay;&mwGif ta&;BuD;aom tcef;u@rS yg0ifaMumif;?
tpdk;&rsm;\ 'Drdkua&pDpepftm; xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smufa&;
taxmuftyHhjzpfap&ef zGJYpnf;ykHqdkif&mw&m;½Hk;rsm;onf vlY
tcGifhta&;ESihf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m rlrsm;udk jr§ihfwif
jcif;enf;jzihf vlxk\ tcsKyftjcmtmPm ydkifqdkifrIudk tmrcHcsuf
ay;&mwGif ta&;BuD;aom tcef;u@rS yg0ifaMumif;?
(c) tjyKoabmaqmifonhf yl;aygif;qufoG,fvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
rSwpfqihf azmfaqmif&onhf a'owGif;yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIt
ay: AACC tzGJY0ifEdkifiH rsm;u,kHMunfrI&SdaMumif;? odkYtavsmuf
tm&Sa'owGif;&Sd tjcm; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;
rsm;ESihf tqihfwlw&m;½Hk;rsm; taejzihf rdrdwdkY\ vGwfvyfrItm;
xdef;odrf; apmihfa&Smufjcif;jzihf vlYtcGihfta&;? 'Drdkua&pDESihfw&m;
Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udktumtuG,fay;&mwGif AACC tzGJYESihftwl
vufcsif;wGJí &yfwnfMuyg&efzdwfac:ygaMumif;?
(*) zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;rsm;ESihf tqihfwlw&m;½Hk;
rsm;onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m 'Drdkua&pD (Constitutional
Democracy) tm; xdef;odrf;Muyfrwf&onhfrltm;pGJudkifxm;onhf

tzGJYtpnf;rsm; jzpfonfESihftnD EdkifiH\tcGihftmPmudk usihfokH;
aeaom tjcm;r@dKifrsm;\ pGufzufrI? csKyfudkifvTrf;rdk;rIrsm;rS
uif;vGwf&efvdkaMumif;? xdkYjyif rnfonhfEdkifiHwGifjzpfap 'Drdk
ua&pDESihf w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;tm; ysufjym;ap&ef&nf&G,fonhf
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' ESihfvnf;aumif;? 'Drdkua&pDusihfpOfESihf
vnf;aumif;qeYfusifonhfrnfonhfBudK;yrf;rIrsKd;udkrqdk 0rf;enf;
pdwfraumif;jzpf&ygaMumif;?
(C) AACC \ vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk jr§ihfwifEdkif&ef
&nf&G,fonhf tjrJwrf;twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf½Hk; xlaxmifa&;ESihf
pyfvsOf;í tzGJY0ifEdkifiHrsm;tMum; pkpnf;yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIjzihf
ajz&Sif;EdkifcJhaMumif;? topfzGJYpnf;onhf twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfonf
vlYtcGihfta&;rsm;tm; tumtuG,fay;jcif;? 'Drdkua&pDtm;
xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smufjcif;? w&m;ya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk xda&mufpGm
taumiftxnfazmfjcif;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;rsm;
ESihftqihfwl w&m;½Hk;rsm;\ vGwfvyfcGihfudkav;pm;jcif;? tzGJY0if
EdkifiHrsm;tMum; tawGUtBuHKrsm;ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
jr§ihfwifjcif;tp&Sdonhf AACC \ &nfrSef;csufrsm;tm;atmifjrif
ap&ef BudK;yrf;aeonhf vkyfief;pOftay: tjrJwrf;twGif;a&;
rSL;csKyf½Hk; taejzihf ydkrdkí tm;ay;jr§ihfwifEdkif&eftwGuf &nfrSef;
xm;ygaMumif;/
ed*kH;
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmftjzpf ay:xGef;vmap&ef? rnfol
rQ yk*¾dKvfqdkif&m vGwfvyfrIESihf vkHNcHKrIwdkYudk epfemqkH;½IH;rIr&Sdap&ef? EdkifiHawmfonf
EdkifiHom;rsm;\ aetdrfOypmvkHNcHKrI? ypönf;vkHNcHKrI? pmay;pm,lESihf tjcm; quf
oG,fa&;qdkif&m vkHNcHKrIrsm;udk Oya'ESihftnD tumtuG,fay;jcif;jzihf w&m;
Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESihf b0vkHNcHKrIrsm; &&Sdap&efqdkonhf &nf&G,fcsufaumif; wdkYjzihf
a&;qGJxm;onhf EdkifiHom;rsm;\ yk*¾dKvfqdkif&m vGwfvyfrIESihf vkHNcHKrIudk umuG,f

ay;a&; Oya'Murf;udk (8-9-2016)&ufaeY usif;yonhf jynfolY vTwfawmf\
'kwd,ykHrSeftpnf;ta0;? (29)&ufajrmufaeYwGif vTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f
wpfOD;u wifoGif;cJhonf/
Oya'Murf;wGif EdkifiHawmfonf ygwDpkH'Drdkua&pDpepfudk usihfokH;NyD;
'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmfudk xlaxmif&mwGif EdkifiHom;rsm;\ yk*¾dKvfqdkif&mvGwfvyfrI
ESihf b0vkHNcHKrIwdkYudk vkHavmufaom tumtuG,frsm; wm0efcHay;tyfEdkifrSom
atmifjrifrnfjzpfaomaMumihf EdkifiHawmf\ vdktyfcsufrsm;ESihftnD þOya'
Murf;udk vTwfawmfodkY wifoGif;&jcif;jzpfaMumif; Oya'Murf;\ usKd;aMumif;
azmfjycsufwGifyg&Sdonf/
EdkifiHom;rsm;\ yk*¾dKvfqdkif&m vGwfvyfrIESihf vkHNcHKrIudk umuG,fay;a&;
Oya'Murf ; ud k jynf o l r sm;od & S d a vh v mEd k i f & ef (10-9-2016) &uf a eY x k w f
owif;pmrsm;wGif azmfjycJhygonf/ Oya'Murf;wGif EdkifiHom;wdkif;onf zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'yg EdkifiHom;rsm;\ yk*¾dKvfqdkif&m vGwfvyfrIESihf yk*¾dKvfqdkif&mvkHNcHKrI
tjynhft0&&SdcHpm;cGihf&SdaMumif;? oufqdkif&mtpdk;&Xme? tpdk;&tzGJYtpnf;ESihf
wm0ef&Sdolrsm;onf EdkifiHom;rsm;\ yk*¾dKvfqdkif&m vGwfvyfrIESihf yk*¾dKvfqdkif&m
vkHNcHKrI epfemqkH;½IH;jcif;r&Sdap&ef umuG,fay;&rnfjzpfaMumif; jy|mef;xm;onf/
tqdkyg Oya'Murf;wGif wm0ef,l&aom 0efBuD;Xme\ wm0efrsm;udk
azmfjy&mwGif wnfqJOya'ESihftnDrSwpfyg; rnfolYudkrQ yk*¾dKvfqdkif&mvGwfvyfrI
ud k jzpf a p? yk * ¾ d K vf q dki f& m vkHN cHK rIudkjzpfa p epf emqk H ;½I H ;rI r&S d ap&ef wm0ef , l
aqmif & G u f & rnf / yk * ¾ d K vf w pf O D ; OD ; \ aetd r f t jzpf tok H ; jyKaom tcef ; ?
taqmuf t tk H od k Y r [k w f y&0Pf t wG i f ; od k Y wnf q J O ya' wpf & yf & yf t &
0ifa&muf&SmazGjcif;? odrf;qnf;jcif; odkYr[kwf olwpfOD;OD;tm; zrf;qD;jcif;
jyKvkyv f v kd Qif oufqikd &f m &yfuu G f odrYk [kwf aus;&Gmtkypf k tkycf sKyfa&;rSL;jzpfap?
&mtdrfrSL; odkYr[kwf q,ftdrfrSL;jzpfap tenf;qkH; oufaoESpfOD;ESihftwl
aqmif&Guf&rnf/ oufqdkif&m 0efBuD;XmeESihf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;onf þOya't&
ta&;,l a qmif & G u f a y;&ef wd k i f M um;csuf u d k vuf c H & &S d y gu Oya'ES i h f t nD
ta&;,laqmif&u G &f rnf/ rdrXd meu ta&;,laqmif&u G &f rnhf udprö [kwf aMumif;
ay:ayguf y gu tusKd ; taMumif ; azmf j yí wd k i f M um;ol x H &uf a ygif ; (30)
twGif;jyefMum;&rnhftjyif ,if;jyefMum;pmwGif rnfonhfXmetzGJYtpnf;wGif
wdkifMum;oihfaMumif; tBuHjyKcsufyg&Sd&ef jy|mef;xm;aMumif; zwf½I&onf/

tjcm;jy|mef;csuftcsKdUudk xkwfEkwfwifjy&vQif rnfolrQ wnfqJOya'
wpf&yf&yft& cGihfjyKonhfudpörSwpfyg; pD&ifydkifcGihf&Sdaom w&m;½Hk;\ cGihfjyKcsuf
r&S d b J rnf o l Y u d k r Q (24)em&D xuf a usmf v G e f í csKyf a ES m if x m;jcif ; rjyK&ef ?
EdkifiHom;wpfOD;\ aetdrf? aetdrftjzpftokH;jyKaomtcef;? taqmufttkH
od k Y r [k w f y&0Pf t wG i f ; 0if a &muf & S m azG j cif ; ? od r f ; qnf ; jcif ; od k Y r [k w f
olwpfOD;OD;tm; zrf;qD;jcif;rjyK&ef? EdkifiHom;wpfOD;\ yk*¾dKvfqdkif&mvGwfvyfrIESihf
yk*¾dKvfqdkif&mvkHNcHKrIudk taESmihft,Sufjzpfapaom odkYr[kwf vlY*kPfodu©mudk
xdcdkufapEdkifaom aemufa,mifcHapmihfMunhfjcif;? pkHaxmufjcif;ESihf pkHprf;jcif;
rjyK&ef? yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;ESihf wpfOD;tMum; qufoG,fa&;ypönf;ud&d,m wpfrsKd;rsKd;jzihf
qufoG,fajymMum;jcif;udkMum;jzwfzrf;,lem;axmifjcif; odkYr[kwf wpfenf;enf;
jzihf taESmihft,Sufay;jcif;rjyK&ef? qufoG,fa&;atmfya&wmrsm;xHrS yk*¾dKvf
qdkif&m w,fvDzkef;ESihf tDvufx&GefepfqufoG,fa&; owif; tcsuftvufrsm;
tm; awmif;,ljcif;? xkwfay;jcif;rjyK&ef? tjcm;ol\ yk*¾dKvfqdkif&mudpötvdkYiSm
qufoG,fay;ydkYonhf pmay;pm,l? pmtdwf? acsmxkyf? ygq,fxkyf wpfckckudk
zGihfazmufjcif;? &SmazGjcif;? odrf;qnf;jcif;? azsmufzsufjcif; odkYr[kwf zsufqD;jcif;
rjyK&ef ? Ed k i f i H o m;wpf O D ; \ yk * ¾ d K vf q d k i f & m? rd o m;pk a &;&mud p ö r sm;wG i f t"r®
0ifa&mufpu G zf ufjcif; odrYk [kwf vlwpfO;D \ *kPo f ud m© ESifh xifay:ausmfMum;rIukd
ykwfcwfjcif; odkYr[kwf xdcdkufap&ef wpfenf;enf;jzihf aqmif&Gufjcif; rjyK&ef?
EdkifiHom;wpfOD;\w&m;0if&&Sdydkifqdkifxm;aom a&TUajymif;Edkifaomypönf;udkaomf
vnf;aumif;? ra&TUrajymif;Edkifaom ypönf;udkaomfvnf;aumif; rw&m;odrf;,l
jcif; rjyK&ef jy|mef;csufrsm;udkvnf; awGU&Sd&ygonf/
xdkYaMumihf wnfqJOya'wpf&yf&yfü twdtvif;cGihfjyKxm;jcif; r&SdvQif
rnfolrQ EdkifiHawmfor®w\ BudKwifcGihfjyKrdeYf odkYr[kwf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJY\
BuKd wifciG jfh yKrdefY r&&Sb d ?J Edik if o
H m;wpfO;D OD;tm; vl*Y P k o f u
d m© udk xdcu
kd af p Edik af om
aemuf a ,mif c H a pmih f M unh f j cif ; ? pk H a xmuf j cif ; ? pk H p rf ; jcif ; ? 0if a &muf & S m azG
odrf;qnf;jcif; odkYr[kwf zrf;qD;jcif;rjyK&ef jy|mef;csufudkvnf; owdxm;zwf½I
rdygonf/
tqdkyg Oya'Murf;onf EdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf ta&;BuD;aom tajccH
vlt Y cGit fh a&;rsm;? zGpYJ nf;ykt H ajccHOya'qdik &f m tcGit fh a&;rsm;udk vufawGU cHpm;?
taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&eftwGuf jy|mef;jcif;jzpfí jynfoltrsm;tjym; wdkYu

0rf;yef;wom BudKqdkMurnf[k rSef;qEdkifygonf/ odkYaomf wpfcsdefwnf;yif
jy|mef;csufrMl urf;tcsKdUESifh pyfvsOf;í vufawGUb0e,fy,fü trsKd;om; vkNH cKH a&;?
umuG,af &;? trsm;jynfov l NHk cKH a&;? at;csr;f om,ma&;ESifh oufqikd f aom u@
rsm;wGif pdefac:rIrsm;&SdvmEdkifí owdjyK&efvdktyfaMumif; tusKd; taMumif;
cdkifrmpGmjzihf tBuHjyKcsufrsm;udkvnf; pmapmif? *sme,frsm;ü zwf½Ird ygonf/
Oya'rsm;jy|mef;&mwGif vlwpfOD;csif;\ vGwfvyfcGihfESihf þvGwfvyfcGihf
tcGihfta&;rsm;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;? [eYfwm;aESmihf,Sufjcif;rjzpfapbJ Oya'
ESihftnD usihfokH;rIjzpfapa&; xdef;n§d&ef tBuHjyKcsufrsm;udkvnf; owdxm;zwf½I
rdygonf/ xdkYtwl yk*¾dKvfa&;qdkif&m vkHNcHKrI? aetdrfvkHNcHKrI? pmay;pm,lESihf tjcm;
qufoG,fa&;qdkif&m vkHNcHKrItcGihfta&;rsm; ay;tyf&mwGif trsKd;om;vkHNcHKa&;?
trsm;jynfolvkHNcHKa&;? jynfolvlxkab;tEÅ&m,f uif;&Sif;a&;udk xdyg;jcif;?
xdcdkufapjcif;? tm;avsmhjcif;jzpfaprnhf rvdkvm;tyfaom tokH;csrI? tcGihf
aumif;,lrIrsm; rjzpfay:ap&ef Oya'qdkif&mtumtuG,frsm; xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;
oihfaMumif; a0zeftBuHjyKcsufrsm;tay: tav;ay;pOf;pm;oihfonf[k ,lq
ygonf/
vlYtcGihfta&;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;í
urÇmESiw fh pf0ef; us,fjyeYpf mG awmif;qdrk rI sm; ,cifuxuf ydrk &kd v
dS mcsdejf zpfygonf/
vlYtcGihfta&; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIESihf ukvor*¾\ axmifpkESpfa&&SnfzGHUNzdK;a&;
&nfrSef;csufrsm;tay: csdwfqufawmif;qdkrIrsm;? vlxku us,fjyeYfpGmem;vnf
od&Sdap&eftwGuf aumif;rGefaom &nf&G,fcsufjzihf t&yfbuftzGJYtpnf;rsm;\
vlYtcGihfta&;qdkif&m ynmay;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;? pnf;½Hk;rIrsm; trsm;tjym; ay:xGef;
aeNyDjzpfygonf/ vlYtcGihfta&;qdkif&m oifwef;tpDtpOfrsm; zGihfvSpfoifMum;rI
rsm;vnf; ydkrdkzGHUNzdK;vmygonf/
rdrdwdkYEdkifiHtwGif; vlYtcGihfta&;wdk;wufjzpfxGef;rIrsm;? ukvor*¾\
vlYtcGihfta&; aMunmpmwrf;? vlYtcGihfta&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwumpmcsKyfrsm;?
uGefAif;&Sif;yg ]pH} EIef;rsm;? ]rl}rsm;tay: tajccHaygufzGm;vmonhf zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm;twGuf tumtuG,fay;rIrsm; jrihfwufvm
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62 အနာဂတ်ဖက်ဒရယ်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေဆိုင်ရာခုံရုံး
jynfaxmifpkeSihf jynfe,ftMum; taMumif;jcif;&m trsKd;rsKd;aMumihf tjiif;yGm;rI

rsm; ay:aygufvmygu vufeufudkifvrf;pOfudk raqmif&GufbJ taustvnf
n§dEIdif; Mu&rnfjzpfovdk n§dEdIif;ír&onhftcg vGwfvyfí w&m;rQwNyD; orm
orwf&Sdonhf w&m;½Hk;wGif ajz&Sif;EdkifrSom xm0&Nidrf;csrf;a&; &&Sdrnf jzpfonf/
,cif twdwfumvrsm;ü wdkif;&if;om;rsm;\ rausvnfrIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;rnhf
tzGUJ tpnf; r&Scd o hJ jzihf txifvrJG mS ;rI oHo,rsm;rSwpfqihf vufeufuikd af jz&Si;f
onhfenf;vrf;udk tokH;jyKcJhonhftwGuf ,aeYtcsdeftxd wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfaecJh
&ygonf/ odjYk zpfí tem*wf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpt k wGuf zGUJ pnf;ykH tajccHOya'
qdkif&mckH½Hk;\ tcef;u@onf Nidrf;csrf;a&;\ ESvkH;onf;yGwf wrQ ta&;BuD;
vmygonf/ txufwGifazmfjycJhonhf tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk orm orwfuspGm
bufrvdkufbJ ajz&Sif;Edkifaom? trsm;jynfolu w&m;rQwonf[k ,kHMunf
vufcaH om? w&m;pD&ifrrI sm;udk trsm;jynfov l ufcv H u kd ef mEdik af tmif pD&ifEikd of nhf
MoZmBu;D rm;aom tzGUJ tpnf;jzpfonhf Edik if aH wmfzUJG pnf;ykt H ajccH Oya'qdik &f mck½H ;kH
jzpf&efvnf; vdt k yfvmygonf/ odrYk o S m jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f wdik ;f &if;om; pnf;vk;H
nDñw G af &;udk a&&Snw f nfaqmufEikd rf nfjzpfNy;D xm0& Nird ;f csrf;a&;\ tESpo f m&
udkvnf; apmihfxdef;Edkifrnf jzpfonf/
vuf&Sdoufwrf;tm;jzihf (7)ESpfausmfom&Sdao;aom jynfaxmifpkor®w
jrefrmEdkifiHawmf? EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mcHk½Hk;onf pwifzGJUpnf;csdef
rSpí ,cktxd wifoGif;vTmudpö (14)ckudkom aqmif&GufcJh&NyD; 2015? 2016?
2017 ckEpS rf sm;wGif wifoiG ;f vTmudpö (1)ckpD ESifh 2014 ckEpS w f iG f wifoiG ;f vTmudpö
trsm;qkH;(5)ckudk aqmif&GufcJhygonf/ tcsKdUaom ynm&Sifrsm;u EdkifiHawmf
zGUJ pnf;ykH tajccHOya'qdik &f mck½H ;kH \ aqmif&uG Ef ikd pf rG ;f onf zGUJ pnf;ykt H ajccH Oya'
tay:wGif rlwnfaeonf? zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif ckH½Hk;\vkyfydkifcGihfrsm;udk
xnhfoGif; jy|mef;rIenf;yg;íomjzpfonf[k okH;oyfcsufrsm;vnf;&Sdae ygonf/
xdkYtjyif EdkifiHa&;a&csdeft&vnf; tcsKdUudpö&yfrsm;onf ckH½Hk;odkY a&muf&Sdrvm
onfuvnf; jzpfEdkifacs &Sdaeygonf/ EdkifiHom;rsm;\ wpfOD;csif; tcGihfta&;rsm;
twGuf ckH½Hk;odkY wdkuf½dkufavQmufxm; wifjyEdkifcGihfr&Sdovdk ckH½Hk; taejzihfvnf;
udk,fydkifaqmif&GufEdkifcGihfudk 2008 ckeSpf? zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'wGif xnhfoGif;

jy|mef;ray;xm;ojzihf aqmif&GufEdkif&ef tcGihfromcJhyg/
odaYk omf arQmfvihcf sufrsm;&Sad eygonf/ jynfaxmifpNk idr;f csrf;a&;oabmwl
pmcsKyf (NCA) t& 21 &mpk y if v k H n D v mcH r sm;ES i h f Ed k i f i H a &;aqG ; aEG ; yG J r sm;rS
&&S d v maom jynf a xmif p k oabmwl p mcsKyf o nf zG J U pnf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'ud k
jyifqifjcif;? jznhfpGufjcif;? y,fzsufjcif; wdkYjzihf 'Drdkua&pDeSihf zuf'&,fpepfudk
xlaxmif&efjzpfonf/ xdkoabmwlpmcsKyf\ tydkif;(1)wGif oabmwlnD cJhonhf
Edik if aH &;qdik &f mrl0g'(12)csuw f iG f trSwpf Of(10)ü jynfaxmifpEk iS w fh ikd ;f a'oBu;D ^
jynfe,frsm;tMum;wGifaomfvnf;aumif;? wdkif;a'oBuD;^ jynfe,f tcsif;csif;
tMum;wGif aomfvnf;aumif;? zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk
ajz&Sif;&ef oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;udk
wnfaxmifxm;&S&d rnf[k oabmwlncD suf &&SNd y;D oabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f xnho f iG ;f
csKyfqEkd ikd cf NhJ y;D jzpfonf/ odjYk zpfí tem*wf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpt k wGuf zGUJ pnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk; wpf½Hk;udk ykHazmf &ef wm0efonf vuf&SdzGJUpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;ESihf oufqdkifolrsm;u BudKwifjyifqifxm;oihfonf[k ,lqrd
ygonf/ xdktcGihfta&;udk vufrvGwfwrf; qkyfudkifEdkif&ef vGwfvyfí w&m;
rQwrI&SdNyD; wdkif;&if;om;jynfolvlxk wpf&yfvkH;u tm;ay;axmufcHonhf ckH½Hk;
wpfck\ vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'jyifqifonhftcg xnhfoGif;
Edkif&eftwGuf ,ckuwnf;u BudKwif avhvmrIrsm;jzihf jyifqifxm;oihfonf[k
,lqygonf/
tem*wftwGuf w&m;rQwNy;D vGwv f yfaom ck½H ;kH wpfcjk zpf&eftpOftvm
aumif;rsm;udk ,ckuwnf;u wnfaqmufMu&rnfjzpfonf/ w&m;pD&ifolrsm;
twG u f tajccH a qmif y k ' f j zpf o nh f oD v ? orm"d ? ynm ud k vuf u d k i f x m;
wnfaqmuf&efvo kd nf/ oDvtm;aumif;ygrS orm"dtm;aumif;rnf/ ynm&Sd ygu
&J&ifhwnfMunfonfhtjyif orm"dtm;udk taxmuftyHhjyKonf/ oDvtm;
vnf;aumif;? ynmvnf;&Sdaom w&m;pD&ifolrsm;onf raoGrzD jynfolYrsufESm
udkom Munhfayvdrhfrnf/ twåpGJ? rmepGJ? yk*¾dKvfpGJ? tzGJUtpnf;pGJ? ygwDpGJ uif;&Sif;
64 အနာဂတ်ဖက်ဒရယ်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေဆိုင်ရာခုံရုံး
NyD; jynfolYtusKd;twGuf pdwfaumif;apwemtrSefjzihf aqmif&GufEdkifayvdrhfrnf/

xdktcgrSom trsm;jynfol,kHMunfvufcHaom (Institution) wpfcktjzpf xm0&
Nidrf;csrf;a&; wnfwHhcdkifjrJatmif aqmif&GufEdkifayrnf/
tem*wfzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwGif jynfaxmifpkrNydKuGJatmif? wdkif;&if;
om; pnf;vkH;nDñGwfrI rNydKuGJatmif? tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnfwHhcdkifjrJatmif?
jynforl sm;\ tcGit fh a&;rsm; rqk;H ½H;I &avatmif? Edik if aH wmf<u,f0csrf;omatmif
zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'jzihf umuG,fapmihfa&SmufEdkifygapaMumif; qkrGefaumif;
awmif;&if; tem*wf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk\ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;
udk BudKqdkvdkuf&ygonf/
* * * * *
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'udkavhvmjcif;
OD;aqGwifhvGif *

1/ ay:aygufvmykHordkif;
ouú&mZf 1756 ckESpfrSpí t*FvdyfESihfjyifopfwdkYonf tar&duwdkufESihf
tdE´d,jynfwdkYwGif udkvdkeDe,fajrvkaom ppfyGJrsm;udk qifETJcJhMuonf/ 1763
ckESpfwGif tar&duwdkufü t*FvdyfwdkYu jyifopfwdkYudk tEdkif&&SdcJhjcif;aMumihf
tar&duwdkufwGif&Sdaom EdkifiH 13 EdkifiHrSm t*FvdyfwdkY\ vufatmufcHudkvdkeD
EdkifiHrsm;tjzpf a&muf&SdcJhMuonf/ 1775 ckESpfwGif a*smh0g&Sifwef acgif;aqmifí
t*FvdyfwdkY\ vufatmufcH udkvdkeDb0rS vGwfajrmuf&ef tar&duefvGwfvyf
a&;ppfyGJudk qifETJcJhMuonf/ 1776 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 4 &ufaeYwGif tar&duef
jynfaxmifpk0if jynfe,f 13 ckwdkYu vGwfvyfa&; aMunmcsufudk wnDwñGwf
wnf; xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk0if jynfe,f 13 ckrS EdkifiHom;rsm;onf vGwfvyf
a&;&&Sdonhftcsdeftxd rdrdwdkY\ oD;jcm;tpdk;&? oD;jcm;"avhxkH;pHrsm;jzihf &yfwnf
vmcJhMuonf/ odkY&mwGif vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcJhNyD;aemuf vGwfvyfpGm oD;jcm;&yfwnf
aejcif;jzihf t*FvdyfwdkY\ vufatmufcH udkvdkeDEdkifiHtjzpfodkY jyefvnfa&muf&Sd
oGm;rnfudk pdk;&drfMuonhftwGuf tcsif;csif;yl;aygif;vdkMuonf/ t*FvdyfwdkY\
tEÅ&m,fudk pdk;&drfouJhodkY tjcm;wzufwGifvnf; tcsif;csif;yl;aygif;vdkufygu
rdrdwdkYrlv&&Sdxm;onhf vGwfvyfrIrsm;ESihf "avhxkH;pHrsm; qkH;½IH;aysmufuG,foGm;
rnfudkvnf; rvdkvm;Muacs/
xdkYaMumihf trsKd;om;tiftm;wdk;wufawmihfwif;rI&&SdNyD; rdrdwdkY\ &Sd&if;pGJ
rlvoD;jcm;vGwfvyfrIESihf "avhxkH;pHrsm;udk rqkH;½IH;&ap&ef 1777 ckESpf? Edk0ifbm
v 15 &ufaeYwGif rdwfo[m& y#dOmOfpmcsKyfwpf&yfudk a&;om;csKyfqdkcJhMuonf/
tqdkyg pmcsKyftydk'f(1)wGif þrdwfo[m&tzGJUtm; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk[k
ac:wGifap&rnfjzpfaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ odkY&mwGif xdktcsdefxd tar&duef
* OD;aqGwifhvGifonf EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;wGif ñTefMum;a&;rSL; wm0efxrf;aqmif
aeoljzpfygonf/
66 အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေကိုလေ့လာခြင်း
jynf a xmif p k r S m jynf a xmif p k (Federation) r[k w f a o;bJ rd w f o [mtzG J U

(Confederation) omjzpfonf/ pmcsKyftydk'f(2)wGif jynfe,ftoD;oD;onf rdrd
wd\ Yk tcsKyftjcmtmPmESifh vGwv f yfa&;udk rdrw d \ Ykd vuf0,fwiG xf m;&Sad Mumif;?
xdkYtjyif jynfaxmifpkuGef*&ufodkY twdusvTJtyfxm;aom tmPmESihf tcGihf
ta&;rsm;udk odrf;ydkufxm;aMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ wenf;qdkaomf jynfe,f
toD;oD;onf tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHrsm;tjzpf qufvuf
wnf&SdNyD; jynfe,ftm;vkH;ESihf oufqdkifonhfudpörsm;twGufom uGef*&ufodkY
vTJtyfxm;Muonf/ rnfonhfudpörsm;tm; vTJtyfonfudk azmfjyxm;jcif;r&SdbJ
uGef*&ufwGif tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfonhftcgwGifrS rnfonhfudpörsm;tm; twl
wuG yl;aygif;aqmif&GufMurnf[k oabmwlnDxm;cJhMuonf/ pmcsKyftydk'f(3)
wGif tusK;d wly;l aygif;umuG,af &;? vGwv f yfa&;wnfwchH ikd jf raJ &;ESifh tjyef tvSef
od k Y r [k w f trsm;tusKd ; pD ; yG m ;wd k Y t wG u f cd k i f r maomr[mrd w f t zG J U tjzpf
zGJUpnf;aMumif;? usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufrItEÅ&m,frsm; ay:aygufvmygu jynfe,f
wpfckESihfwpfck yl;aygif;ulnD&ef oabmwlnDaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/
1781 ckESpf rwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif rdwfo[mzGJUpnf;ykH pnf;rsOf; (Articles
of Confederation) udk twnfjyKcJhMu&m ,if;onf uGef*&uf\ Oya'jyKa&;
tmPmudk uefYowfxm;jcif;aMumihf b@ma&;Oya'ESihf tcGeftaumufrsm;
wdk;jr§ihfaumufcHa&;twGuf Oya'jy|mef;&ef tcuftcJjzpfay:cJhonf/ xdkYaMumihf
,if;udpöudk jyifqif&ef 1787 ckESpf arvwGif zDvm'JzD;,m;NrdKU (Philadelphia)
wGif zGJUpnf;ykHa&;qGJa&;qdkif&m nDvmcHwpf&yfudk ac:,lusif;ycJhMuonf/ 1787
ckESpf aEG&moDwGif zDvm'JzD;,m;NrdKUü jyKvkyfcJhonhf nDvmcHwGif jynfe,f 12 ckrS
udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU 50 wdkY n§dEdIif;cJhMuNyD; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'udk twnfjyKjy|mef;cJhMuonf/ tqdkyg nDvmcHwGif atmufazmfjyyg
pmwrf; okH;rsKd;udk wifoGif;cJhMuonf/ ,if;pmwrf;rsm;rSm-
(1) Am*sDeD;,m;pDrHudef; (Virginia Plan) pmwrf;?
(2) e,l;*smpD pDrHudef; (New Jersey Plan) pmwrf;?
(3) awmifum½dkvdkif;em; (South Carolina) jynfe,frS csm;(pf)yihfcae;
(Charles Pinckney) wifoGif;aompmwrf; wdkYjzpfonf/
Am*sDeD;,m;pDrHudef; pmwrf;onf trsKd;om;Oya'jyKvTwfawmf ESpf&yf
xm;&So d nhpf epfukd wifjyxm;Ny;D vTwaf wmfwpf&yfukd tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f

wdkuf½dkuf a&G;aumufwifajr§mufMurnf/ usefvTwfawmfwpf&yfudkrl jynfe,f
Oya'jyKtzGJUrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzihf zGJUpnf;rnfjzpfonf/ trsKd;om; tkyfcsKyf
a&;tzGJUudkvnf; wifjyxm;NyD; Oya'rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&eftjyif ,cif
jynfaxmifpu k eG *f &uf tkycf sKyfa&;tmPmudv
k nf; ay;xm;&ef tqdjk yK xm;onf/
xdkYjyif trsKd;om;w&m;pD&ifa&;tzGJU wpfckudkvnf; A[dkw&m;½Hk;csKyf wpfck
odkYr[kwf xdkxufydkíxm;&SdNyD; vufatmufcHw&m;½Hk;rsm;udk trsKd;om; Oya'jyK
vTwfawmfu cefYxm;ay;&ef pdppfa&;aumifpD (Council of Revision) wpf&yfudk
zGJUpnf;&efvnf; tqdkjyKxm;onf/
,if;uJhodkY tqdkjyKwifjyxm;aom Am*sDeD;,m;pDrHudef;pmwrf;udk 1787
ck E S p f ? arv 30 &uf a eY r S ZG e f v 13 &uf a eY t xd tBud w f t e,f aqG ; aEG ;
cJhMuonf/ ,if;odkY tBudwfte,f aqG;aEG;csuft& pdppfa&;aumifpDudk vufrcH
bJ ,if;tpm; rufqmcsL;quf (Massachuset) jynfe,frS tJb&pfcsf*,f&D
(Elbridge Gerry) wifjycJhaom trsKd;om;Oya'jyKvTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,ftrwf
OD;a&\ okH;ykHESpfykHu oabmwlvufcHrSom Oya'twnfjzpfonf[laom tqdk
udk vufcHcJhMuonf/
1787 ckESpf? ZGefv 15 &ufaeYwGif ,if;nDvmcHü e,l;*smpD pDrHudef;
pmwrf;udk wifoGif;cJhonf/ ,if;pmwrf;onf rdwfo[m zGJUpnf;ykHpnf;rsOf;udk
jyifqifcsufrsm; jyKvkyf&mwGif abmifuefYowfxm;onf/
xdkYaemuf ESpf&ufMumaomtcg txufazmfjyyg pDrHudef;ESpf&yfpvkH;onf
cdkifrmawmihfwif;aom tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;tjzpf &yfwnf&ef? xda&mufatmif
tusKd ; rjyKEd k i f [ k q d k í tvuf Z if ; 'g;a[rif w ef (Alexander Hamilton)u
wdkufcdkufajymqdkcJhonf/ ,if;yk*¾dKvfuyif qufvuf tqdkjyKwifjyvmaom
pDrHudef;wpf&yfrSm qD;edwf (Senate) ESihf or®wyg0ifaom tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf;
wpf&yfudk wnfaxmifNyD; yg0ifaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf tusihfpm&dwÅ aumif;ae
oa&GUumvywfvkH; tpdk;&tzGJUwGif yg0iftkyfcsKyfoGm;&efjzpfonf/ jynfe,fwdkif;
rS tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;wdkif;udkvnf; A[dktpdk;&u cefYxm;ay;&rnf/ ,if;wdkYonf
jynfe,fOya'rsm;udk ADwdktmPmokH;í y,fcsEdkifcGihf&Sdap&rnfjzpfonf/
1787 ckESpf? ZGefv 19 &ufaeYwGif Am*sDeD;,m;pDrHudef;pmwrf;udk jyefvnf
í taMutvnf aqG;aEG;cJhMujyefonf/ xdkYaemuf (10)&ufMumaomtcg

qD;edwfwGif jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifa&;udpöudk trsKd;om;a&; nDñGwfrI
tm; t"duxm;í aqmif&Guf&ef aqG;aEG;cJhMujyefonf/ þodkYjzihf Zlvdkifv
(5)&ufaeYwGif aumfrwDwpf&yfu ,if;udpöudk ajz&Sif;Edkifrnhf tqdkwpf&yfudk
tMuHjyKwifjyvmcJhonf/ ,if;t& qD;edwfwGif jynfe,fwdkif;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
yg0ifapNy;D jynfe,fwpfcv k Qif wef;wlrwJ pfraJ y;Edik cf iG fh &Sad p&rnf/ odaYk omf b@
ma&;Oya'Murf ; ud k r l atmuf v T w f a wmf u om pwif w if o G i f ; ap&rnf /
atmufvTwfawmfwGif vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;t& udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifap&rnf
jzpfonf/
txufygtwdkif; wifjyvmaom tqdkjyKcsufrsm;ESihf rdwfo[mzGJUpnf;ykH
pnf ; rsOf ; yg jy|mef ; csuf r sm;ud k taMutvnf aqG ; aEG ; cJ h M uNyD ; tar&d u ef
jynfaxmifpk\ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rlMurf;udk a&;qGJcJhMuonf/
,if;nDvmcHuyif 1787 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 31 &ufaeYwGif tar&duef
jynfaxmifpk\ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya' rlMurf;udk aqG;aEG;n§dEdIif;cJhMuonf/
pufwifbmv 17 &ufaeYwGif nDvmcHNyD;qkH;cJhNyD; wufa&mufvmaom jynfe,f
rsm;u wnDwñGwfwnf; twnfjyKvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhMuonf/
1789 ckESpf? {NyDvwGif a*smh0g&Sifwefudk tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ yxr
OD ; qk H ; aom or® w tjzpf wif a jr§ m uf c J h M uonf / tar&d u ef j ynf a xmif p k \
zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'onf wduspGma&;qGJjy|mef;xm;onhf EdkifiHhzGJUpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'jzpfonf/ pwiftwnfjzpfvmcJhaom 1789 ckESpfrSpí ,aeYwdkif ESpfaygif;
ESpf&mausmfatmif wnfwHhvsuf&Sdonf/ urÇmay:wGif oufwrf;tMum&SnfqkH;
aom EdkifiHhzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'vnf;jzpfonf/ pwiftwnfjzpfonhfaeYrS
,aeYtxd (27)Budrfom jyifqifjznhfpGufcJh&NyD; jyifqif&efrvG,fulaom EdkifiHh
zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'vnf;jzpfonf/ tar&duef jynfaxmifpkpwifzGJUpnf;pOfu
jynfe,f 13 ckom yg0ifcJhaomfvnf; ,ckrl jynfe,f (50)ck yg0ifvsuf&Sdonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& jy|mef;xm;aom
tmPmrsm; (Specific Powers)udk jynfaxmifpAk [dt k pd;k &\ vuf0,fwiG x f m;&SNd yD;
zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ü owfrSwfazmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sdonhf t<uif;tuseftmPm
rsm; (Reserve of Powers)udkrl jynfe,frsm;\vuf0,fwGifxm;&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumihf
jynfe,frsm;rSmrsm;pGm vGwfvyfrI&SdMuonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ zGJUpnf;ykH

tajccHOya'yg tcsdKUjy|mef;csufrsm;onf tpdk;&tzGJUudk uefYowfcsKyfcs,f
xm;onf/ ,if;\ tcsdKUtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf A[dktpdk;&udk uefYowfxm;NyD;
tcsdKUtpdwftydkif;rsm;onf jynfe,ftpdk;&udk uefYowfxm;onf/
2/ Oya'jyKa&;
(u) jynfaxmifpkuGef*&uf (Congress of the United States)

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ uGef*&ufwGif txufvTwfawmf (Senate)ESihf
atmuf v T w f a wmf (House of Representatives) wd k Y yg0if z G J U pnf ; xm;onf /
xdkYaMumihf vTwfawmfESpf&yfpepf (Bicameral System) jzpfonf/ uGef*&uftm;
zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif jy|mef;xm;aom Oya'jyKtmPmtm;vkH;udk tyfESif;
xm;onf/ uGe*f &ufonf ESppf Of tenf;qk;H tpnf;ta0;wpfBudrjf yKvky&f onf/
vdktyfvQif uGef*&uf txl;tpnf;ta0;ac:&ef or®wwGif tmPm&Sdonf/
tar&duef jynfaxmifpktwGif; yg0ifonhf jynfe,frsm;twGif;ü oufqdkif&m
jynfe,f&Sd vlOD;a&pm&if;t& udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&ESihf wdkuf½dkuftcGefrsm;udk cGJa0
uscH&onf/ jynfaxmifpkuGef*&uf\ yxrtpnf;ta0;NyD;qkH;NyD;aemuf okH;ESpf
twGif; jynfe,fvlOD;a& tcsdK;tpm;t& udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a&udk Oya'ESihftnD
owf r S w f a y;&rnf / atmuf v T w f a wmf t wG u f vl O D ; a& ok H ; aomif ; &S d w d k i f ;
udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;us owfrSwf&onf/ odkY&mwGif jynfe,fwpfckpDwGif tenf;
qk;H ud,
k pf m;vS,wf pfO;D &S&d ayrnf/ txufvw T af wmftwGurf l jynfe,fvOl ;D a&
tcsdK;tpm;udkMunhfí udk,fpm;vS,fowfrSwfjcif;r[kwfbJ jynfe,fwpfckvQif
udk,fpm;vS,f (2)OD;uspD tnDtrQ owfrSwfxm;onf/
vlOD;a&trsm;qkH;&Sdaom jynfe,fonf atmufvTwfawmfwGif udk,fpm;
vS,fae&m trsm;qkH;&&Sdaomfvnf; txufvTwfawmfwGifrl jynfe,fwpfck
twGuf udk,fpm;vS,f(2)OD;uspDom yg0ifcGihf&onhftwGuf atmufvTwfawmf
wGif udk,fpm;vS,ftrsm;pk\ axmufcHcsufjzihf txufvTwfawmfodkY wifjyvm
onhf Oya'Murf;rsm;udk txufvTwfawmfu y,fcsEdkifonhf tcGihfta&;&Sdonf/
txuf v T w f a wmf E S i h f atmuf v T w f a wmf ES p f & yf p vk H ; u twnf r jyKcJ h v Qif
rnfonhfOya'Murf;rQ Oya'tjzpfjy|mef;Edkifrnfr[kwfacs/ uGef*&ufvTwfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfrsm;tm;-
(1) vpmrsm;? p&dwfrsm;ESihf tjcm;avsmfaMu;rsm;?
(2) ,if;wdkY\ tvkyfwm0efudk xrf;aqmifaepOftwGif; omref
taMumif;rsm;twGuf zrf;qD;cH&jcif;rS uif;vGwfcGihf?
(3) uGef*&ufwGif wpfpkHwpf&m ajymrSm;qdkrSm;jzpfjcif;twGuf zrf;qD;
cH&jcif;rS uif;vGwfcGihf ponfwdkYudk ay;tyfxm;onf/
uGef*&ufvTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfwpfOD;onf ¤if;tm; a&G;cs,f
wifajr§mufcH&aom oufwrf;twGif;ü vuf&Sdvpmxufydk&aom tpdk;&tvkyf
Xme\ rnfonhf&mxl;udkrQ vufcHcGihfr&Sday/
txufvTwfawmfESihf atmufvTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfrsm;twGuf
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;y&eftcsdefESihf vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;udk jynfe,fwpfckcsif;pD
\ Oya'jyKtzGJUu jy|mef;ay;&onf/ odkY&mwGif txufvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f
trwfrsm;tm; a&G;aumuf&mwGif a'oESihfpyfvsOf;onhf udpörSwpfyg; pnf;rsOf;
rsm;udk uGef*&ufu tcsdefra&G;Oya'jzihf jy|mef;jcif; odkYr[kwf jyifqifajymif;vJ
jcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfEdkifonf/
vTwfawmfwpf&yfpDonf rdrd\ aqmif&GufrIrsm;twGuf pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
uefYowfEdkifonf/ pnf;urf;rvdkufemaom vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk
jypf'Pfay;Edkifonf/ oufqdkif&m vTwfawmf\ udk,fpm;vS,f okH;ykHESpfykHu
oabmwlvQif xdkudk,fpm;vS,fudk vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfrS xkwfy,f
EdkifcGihf&Sdonf/
uGef*&uftpnf;ta0; jyKvkyfaecsdeftwGif; tjcm;vTwfawmfwpfck\
oabmwlnDcsuf r&&SdbJ okH;&ufxufydkí tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfjcif;udk vTwfawmf
ES p f & yf t euf rnf o nh f v T w f a wmf u rQ a&G U qd k i f ; ír&ay/ vT w f a wmf E S p f & yf
tpnf;ta0; jyKvkyf&rnhfae&mudkvnf; tjcm;ae&modkY a&GUajymif;cGihfr&Sdacs/
uGef*&uf \ aeYpOfaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk aeYpOfrSwfwrf; odkYr[kwf *sme,f
wpfckwGif azmfjy&onf/ txufvTwfawmfwGif qD;edwf*sme,f (Senate Journal)
&SdNyD;? atmufvTwfawmfwGif a[mufpf*sme,f (House Journal) &Sdonf/ uGef*&uf
tpnf;ta0; wpfckNyD;qkH;aomtcgwdkif; rSwfwrf;ESpfrsKd;vkH;udk xkwfa0&onf/
uG e f * &uf o nf wpf v k H ; wpf p nf ; wnf ; taejzih f uG e f * &uf & S i f ; e,f & D a umh
(Congressional Record) &Sdonf/

txufvTwfawmfESihf atmufvTwfawmfESpf&yfvkH;wGif Oya'jyKtmPm
onf tnDtrQeD;yg;&SdMuonf/ txufvTwfawmfESihf atmufvTwfawmfrsm;rS
twnfjyKvdkufonhf Oya'Murf;wdkif;udk or®wodkYwifjy&onf/ ,if;Oya'Murf;
udk or®wu oabmwlnDcJhvQif vufrSwfa&;xdk;twnfjyK&onf/ tu,fí
or®wu oabmrwlvQif ,if;Oya'Murf;udk pwifwifoGif;onhf vTwfawmf odkY
or®w\ oabmxm;uefYuGufcsufrsm;ESihftwl jyefvnfay;ydkYEdkifonf/ xdkYodkY
jyefvnfay;ydkYvmygu Oya'Murf; pwifwifoGif;onhf vTwfawmfu jyefvnf
pOf;pm;í qufvufaqmif&Guf&onf/ ,if;aemuf jyefvnfpOf;pm;jcif; jyKvkyf
NyD;aemuf tqdkygvTwfawmf&Sd udk,fpm;vS,ftrwf okH;ykHESpfykHu ,if;Oya'Murf;
udk twnfjyK&ef oabmwlnDcJhvQif oabmxm;uefYuGufcsufrsm;ESihftwl yl;wGJ
í usefvTwfawmfodkY qufvufay;ydkY&onf/ usefvTwfawmfuvnf; tvm;wl
jyefvnfpOf;pm;NyD;aemuf ,if;vTwfawmf&Sd udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfOD;a&\ okH;ykH
ESpfykHu oabmwlnDcJhvQif xdkOya'Murf;onf Oya'wpfcktjzpf twnfjzpf
vmonf/ þuJhodkYaomudpörsKd;udk vTwfawmfESpf&yfpvkH;\ qE´rJrsm;jzihf qkH;jzwf
&onf/ Oya'Murf;twGuf qefYusifrJay;onhf vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f trwf
rsm;\ trnfrsm;udk oufqdkif&mvTwfawmfwpfckpD\ aeYpOfrSwfwrf;wGif a&;rSwf
xm;&onf/ Oya'Murf;wpfckonf q,f&uftwGif; or®w\ wm;jrpfuefYuGuf
jcif; rcHcJh&ygu Oya'tjzpf twnfjzpfvmonf/
uGef*&ufonf atmufazmfjyyg udpö&yfrsm;tm; aqmif&Guf&ef tmPm
tjynhft0&Sdonf-
(1) w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf atmufedrhfaom pkaygif;zGJUpnf;xm;onhf
w&m;½Hk;rsm;udk wnfaxmif&ef?
(2) jynfaxmifpk\ a&ydkifeuf e,fedrdwfjyify yifv,fjyifrsm;wGif
"m;jywdkufrIrsm;? jynfolYb@mtjzpf ypönf;rsm;tm; odrf;qnf;
Edkifaom &mZ0wfrIrsm;? EdkifiH\ Oya'udkqefYusifaom jypfrIrsm;
usL;vGefygu jypf'Pfay;&ef?
(3) ppfaMunm&ef? &efolYoabFmudk odrf;qnf;&efESihf jyefvnf
wdkufcdkufa&; trdefYxkwfay;&ef? ukef;vrf;a&vrf;wGif zrf;rd
aomolrsm;ESihf ywfoufí pnf;rsOf;xkwfjyef&ef? ppfjzpfaom

tajctaeudk aMunm&ef? ppfom;pkaqmif;&ef? ta&;ay:udpö
rsm;twGuf trsKd;om;tapmihfwyfudk oifwef;ay;í jyifqif
xm;&ef? ppfOya'rsm; jy|mef;&ef?
(4) jynfaxmifpkudk opömazmufrItwGuf jypf'Pfudk uGef*&ufu
aMunm&ef?
(5) jynfaxmifpk ydkifqdkifaom e,fajr odkYr[kwf b@mypönf;wdkYESihf
pyfvsOf;í pDrHcefYcGJ&efESihf vdktyfaom pnf;rsOf;rsm;ESihf jy|mef;csuf
rsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef?
(6) aiG'*Fg;? aiGpuúL xkwfvkyf&efESihf xdkaiGonf rnfrQwefonfudk
qkH;jzwf&ef?
(7) tav;csdef? twdkif;twmrsm;twGuf wpfckwnf;aom pepfudk
wnfaqmuf&ef?
(8) aiGtwktvdrf odkYr[kwf tpdk;&aiGacs;pmcsKyf twktvdrf jyKvkyf
ol odkYr[kwf okH;pGJolrsm;udk jypf'Pfay;&ef?
(9) pmydkYpepfwpfckwnfaqmuf&efESihf pmrsm;udk o,f,lydkYaqmifonhf
Munf;? a&? av vrf;aMumif;rsm;udk wdk;wufatmifjyKvkyf&ef?
(10) pma&;q&mrsm;ESihf wDxGifolrsm;tm; uefYowfxm;aomtcsdef
txd ¤if;wdkY\ a&;om;jcif;ESihf &SmazGawGU&Sdjcif;rsm;twGuf
oD;oefYtcGihfta&;udk tmrcHjcif;jzihf odyÜHESihftokH;cs 0dZÆmynm
rsm; wdk;wufa&;udk tm;ay;csD;jr§ihf&ef?
(11) jynfaxmifpk\ ta<u;rsm;ay;qyf&ef? jynfaxmifpkwpfckvkH;ESihf
qdkifaomumuG,fa&;udk BudKwifjyifqifpDrHxm;&efESihf trsm;
jynfolzGHUNzdK;a&;twGuf tcGeftaumufrsm;? 0ifukef
taumufrsm;? ,pfrsKd;cGefrsm;udk zefwD;aumufcH&ef? tpdk;&\
aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; qufvufaqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf vdktyf
aomaiGudk acs;&ef/
jynfaxmifpkESihf EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;tMum; ukefoG,fa&;twGuf
uGe*f &uftm; tmPmtjynhaf y;xm;onf/ jynfe,ftcsi;f csi;f ukeo f , G af &; tm;
pepfwuspDpOfay;&ef tmPmudk uGef*&uftm; ay;tyfxm;onf/ EdkifiHjcm;

om;rsm;tm; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ EdkifiHom;tjzpf rnfodkYrnfykH todtrSwf
jyK&rnfudk qkH;jzwf&ef uGef*&ufwGif tmPm&Sdonf/ ay;qyfEdkifonfxuf
ydkrdkta<u;wifaeaom yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;ESihf a<u;&SifwdkY ESpfOD;ESpfzufpvkH;udkumuG,f
aom Oya'rsm;tm; twnfjyK&ef uGef*&ufwGif tmPm&Sdonf/ EdkifiHom;wpfOD;
\ vG w f v yf p G m ud k ; uG , f c G i h f ? vG w f v yf p G m ajymqd k a &;om;cG i h f ? vG w f v yf p G m
ykHESdyfjzefYcsdcGihf? Nidrf;csrf;pGm pk½Hk;cGihfrsm;ESihfywfoufí wm;jrpfydwfyifaom Oya'
rsm;udk uGef*&ufu jy|mef;jcif; rjyK&ay/
(c) txufvTwfawmf (Senate)
txufvTwfawmftwGuf jynfe,fwpfckvQif udk,fpm;vS,f(2)OD; usjzihf
oufqdkif&m jynfe,fvlxku a&G;aumufwifajr§muf&onf/ txufvTwfawmf
ud,
k pf m;vS,t f rwfrsm;\ oufwrf;rSm (6)ESpjf zpfonf/ od&Yk mwGif ud, k pf m;vS,f
trwfOD;a&\ okH;ykHwpfykHudk (2) ESpfvQif wpfBudrf EkwfxGufapí topfwzef
jyef v nf a &G ; aumuf wif a jr§ m uf o nf / txuf v T w f a wmf ud k , f p m;vS , f
trwfwpfOD;onf qE´rJwpfrJom ay;cGihf&Sdonf/
vl O D ; a&rsm;onf h jynf e ,f r sm;u ud k , f p m;vS , f O D ; a& trsm;pk j zih f
uGef*&ufudk csKyfudkifí vlOD;a&enf;aom jynfe,frsm;u oabmwlnDjcif;
r&S d o nh f O ya'rsm;ud k twnf r jyKEd k i f a p&ef t wG u f txuf v T w f a wmf w G i f
jynfe,fwpfckpDtwGuf udk,fpm;vS,f (2)OD;pD owfrSwfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
txufvTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfwpfOD;onf-
(1) tenf;qkH; touf(30)ESpfjynhf&rnf?
(2) tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ EdkifiHom;tjzpf tenf;qkH;(9)ESpfMum
cH,lNyD;oljzpf&rnf?
(3) rdrda&G;aumufwifajr§mufcHrnhf jynfe,fwGif tjrJwrf;aexdkifol
jzpf&rnf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ 'kwd,or®wonf &mxl;tavQmuf txuf
vTwfawmf\ Ouú|vnf;jzpfonf/ ¤if;onf txufvTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f
trwfwpfOD;jzpf&ef rvdkay/ txufvTwfawmfwGif qE´rJay;&mü tnDtrQ
jzpfaerSom 'kwd,or®wu tqkH;tjzwfrJ ay;Edkifonf/ 'kwd,or®wonf

Oya'rsm;ESihf Oya'Murf;rsm;taMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? ta&;BuD;onhft&m&Sdrsm;
cefYxm;jcif;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESihf csKyfqdkonhf tjynfjynfqdkif&m
pmcsKyf p mwrf ; rsm;ud k v nf ; aumif ; ? txuf v T w f a wmf O uú | tjzpf avh v m
wwf a jrmuf x m;&onf / od k Y r S o m tu,f í tar&d u ef o r® w jzpf v m&ef
½kwfw&uftaMumif; ay:aygufvmcJhvQif tqihfoihfjzpfaeap&ef &nf&G,fonf/
or®wonf 0efBuD;rsm;ESihf awGUqkH&mü 'kwd,or®wonfvnf; xkH;pHtwdkif;
zdwfMum;jcif;cH&ojzihf or®w\ pDrHudef;rsm;ESihf aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk em;vnf
od&Sdxm;&onf/
txufvTwfawmfü vpfvyfaom udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfae&mudk jznhfpGuf
&ef t wG u f txuf v T w f a wmf t rwf w pf O D ; ud k rJ q E´ & S i f r sm;u a&G ; aumuf
wifajr§mufjcif; rjyKEdkifao;onhftcsdefwGif oufqdkif&m jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;
u xdkudk,fpm;vS,ftrwfudk cefYxm;&ef tajccHOya't& cGihfjyKxm;onf/
atmufvTwfawmfu udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfwpfOD;tay: pGyfpGJjypfwif&ef
wifjyvmonht f cg txufvw T af wmftaejzihf w&m;olBuD;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;t
wdkifyifcHtzGJUuJhodkY aqmif&Guf&onf/ ,if;yk*¾dKvfwGif tjypf&Sd-r&Sd qdkonfudk
txufvTwfawmfuom qkH;jzwfydkifcGihf&Sdonf/
tu,fí tar&duefjynfaxmifp\ k or®wonf trIppfaq;jcif; cH& ygu
'kwd,or®wonf txufvTwfawmf\ obmywdtjzpfaqmif&Gufjcif; rjyK&bJ
¤if;\udk,fpm; w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf\ w&m;olBuD;csKyfonf txuf vTwfawmfü
obmywdtjzpf aqmif&u G &f onf/ zGUJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya't& wufa&mufvmaom
txufvTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f okH;ykHESpfykHu tjypf&Sdonf [k oabmrwlvQif
tjypfr&Sd[k qkH;jzwfonf/
pGyfpGJjypfwifjcif;cH&aom yk*¾dKvfonf tjypf&Sdonf[k qkH;jzwfjcif;cH&ygu
¤if;tm; vuf&Sd&mxl;rS xkwfy,fjcif;ESihf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\ tjcm;&mxl;
wpfckckwGif cefYxm;jcif;rS xm0pOfydwfyifjcif;jzihfom txufvTwfawmfu
tjypf'Pfay;Edkifonf/ xdkxufydkí jyif;xefpGm jypf'Pfray;Edkifacs/ txuf
vTwfawmfu xdkodkY ppfaq;pGyfpGJjypfwifjcif; jyKvkyfNyD;aemuf w&m;½Hk;wpfckwGif
ppf a q;csif v Qif v nf ; ppf a q;Ed k i f N yD ; tqd k y g &mZ0wf r I t wG u f Oya'wG i f
owfrSwfxm;onhftwdkif; jypf'Pfrsm;udkay;Edkifonf/
txufvTwfawmf Ouú|jzpfonhf 'kwd,or®wudk or®wu wdkuf½dkuf
a&G;cs,fcefYxm;&onf/ odkYaomf txufvTwfawmf\ t&m&Sdtm;vkH;udk txuf
vTwfawmfuom a&G;aumufonf/ 'kwd,or®wonf ,m,Dor®wjzpfoGm;ygu
txufvw T af wmf\ ,m,DOuú|onf Ouú|\ ae&mwGif qufct H rIxrf;&onf/
or® w onf oH t rwf r sm;? 0ef B uD ; rsm;? aumif p pf 0 ef r sm;? w&m;
vTwaf wmfcsKyf w&m;olBu;D rsm;? Xmeqdik &f mt&m&Scd sKyfrsm;? ppfzuftBu;D tuJ rsm;?
pmwd k u f E S i h f taumuf c G e f tBuD ; tuJ r sm;ud k txuf v T w f a wmf o d k Y trnf
pm&if;wifoGif;NyD; txufvTwfawmf\ twnfjyKcsufjzihf cefYtyf&onf/
txufvTwfawmfonf pDrHcefYcGJa&;? b@ma&;? w&m;pD&ifa&;? EdkifiHjcm;
qufoG,fa&;? jynfe,ftcsif;csif;qufoG,fa&;? ppfa&;ponfjzihf tmPm
tjynhft0&Sdaom aumfrwDrsm;udk zGJUpnf;xm;&onhftwGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm;
tay: BuD;rm;pGmMoZmoufa&mufrI&Sdonf/
vTwfawmfESpf&yf\ Oya'jyKcGihftmPmrSm wlnDMuaomfvnf; txuf
vTwfawmfü tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUudk BudK;udkifxdef;odrf;EdkifcGihf? jynfe,fwdkY\ tcGihf
ta&;rsm;udk umuG,fEdkifcGihf? tjynfjynfqdkif&mpmcsKyfrsm;udk twnfjyKcGihfESihf
jynfaxmifpk A[dktpdk;&&mxl;BuD;rsm; cefYtyfjcif;udk oabmwlnDcsufjyKEdkifjcif;
wdkYaMumihf atmufvTwfawmfxuf tmPmydkonf/
(*) atmufvTwfawmf (House of Representatives)
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ atmufvTwfawmfonf vTwfawmfudk,fpm;
vS,f trwfO;D a& (435)OD;jzihf zGUJ pnf;xm;onf/ atmufvwT af wmfu,
kd pf m;vS,f
trwfrsm;udk jynfe,ftoD;oD;rS vlxku (2)ESpfvQif wpfBudrf a&G;aumuf
wifajr§muf&onf/ atmufvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f trwftjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&
aomolonf-
(1) tenf;qkH;touf 25 ESpfjynhfNyD;ol jzpf&rnf?
(2) tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ EdkifiHom;tjzpf tenf;qkH; 7 ESpfMum
cH,lNyD;ol jzpf&rnf?
(3) ¤if;onf rdrad &G;aumufwifajr§mufcrH nhf jynfe,fwiG f tjrJwrf;
aexdkifol jzpf&rnf/
atmufvTwfawmftwGuf jynfe,fwpfckwGif vlOD;a& okH;aomif;&Sdwdkif;
udk,fpm;vS,f wpfOD;uspD owfrSwfxm;onf/ odkYaomf vlOD;a&wdk;wdkif; udk,fpm;
vS,fOD;a&rsm;pGm wdk;vmrnfudk xdef;csKyfuefYowfxm;onhf Oya'udk 1929
ckESpfwGif twnfjyKcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif jynfe,fwpfckonf vlOD;a& okH;aomif;
rjynhfbJ rnfrQyifenf;aeapumrl xdkjynfe,ftwGuf atmufvTwfawmfwGif
udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD; &&Sdonf/
atmufvTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfwpfOD; uG,fvGefcJhvQif odkYr[kwf
EkwfxGufoGm;vQif vpfvyfaomae&mtwGuf txl;jynfe,f a&G;aumufyGJ
usif ; y&ef ouf q d k i f & m jynf e ,f t k y f c sKyf a &;rS L ;u trd e f Y x k w f j yef & onf /
rJqE´&Sifvlxku a&G;aumufwifajr§muf&rnhftpm; jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;u
rdrdtvdkus cefYxm;jcif;rjyKEdkifatmif Oya't& xdef;csKyfxm;onf/
atmufvTwfawmf Ouú|udk vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f trwfrsm;xJrS
a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufonf/ atmufvTwfawmf\ Ouú|onf atmufvTwfawmf
tpnf;ta0;wdkif;wGif obmywdjzpfNyD; vTwfawmfpnf;rsOf;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;
aom tjcm;wm0ef0wÅ&m;rsm;udkvnf; aqmif&Guf&onf/ atmufvTwfawmf\
Ouú|onf vlrsm;pkygwD\ acgif;aqmifjzpfonf/ qdv k o kd nfrmS atmufvw T af wmf
wGif udk,fpm;vS,ftrwfOD;a& trsm;qkH;&&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;ygwD\ acgif;aqmifyif
jzpf o nf / tar&d u ef j ynf a xmif p k \ or® w ES i h f 'k w d , or® w ES p f O D ; pvk H ;
uG,fvGefcJhvQif Ouú|onf or®wjzpfvmrnfjzpfonf/
atmufvTwfawmf\ qE´rJjzihf tcsdKUaom ta&;BuD;onhf &mZ0wfrI
rsm;ESihf jynfaxmifpk\ jynfolYt&m&SdBuD;rsm;udk pGyfpGJjypfwif&ef tcGihfta&;
&Sdonf/ atmufvTwfawmfwGif pGyfpGJjypfwifcsufrsm;udk jyKvkyfNyD;ygu txuf
vTwfawmfodkY qufvufay;ydkY&onf/ trIpGJqdkoltjzpf atmufvTwfawmfu
aqmif&Guf&onf/
tcGefwdk;&eftwGuf Oya'Murf;rsm;udk atmufvTwfawmfuom pwif
a&;qGJMu&onf/ odkYaomf txufvTwfawmfonf tjcm;Oya'Murf;rsm;uJhodkYyif
tqd k w if o G i f ; jcif ; od k Y r [k w f jyif q if c suf r sm;ud k oabmwl n D j cif ; wd k Y t m;
aqmif&GufEdkifcGihf&Sdonf/
3/ tkyfcsKyfa&;
or®w
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ or®wudk jynfolrsm;u vQdKU0SufqE´rJjzihf
wd k u f ½ d k u f a &G ; aumuf wif a jr§ m uf M uonf / ouf w rf ; rS m av;ES p f j zpf o nf /
tkycf sKyfa&;tmPmudk or®wtm; tyfEiS ;f xm;onf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpw k iG f
tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU\ tBuD;tuJonf tar&duefor®wyifjzpfonf/ tar&duef
jynfaxmifpk\ or®wtjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif; cH&olonf-
(1) tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ wdkif;&if;om; rdbESpfyg;rS arG;zGm;aom
arG;&myg EdkifiHom;jzpf&rnf?
(2) touf 35 ESpf xufri,f&?
(3) tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif tenf;qkH; 14 ESpfMum tjrJwrf;
aexdkifol jzpf&rnf/
av;ESpfoufwrf;twGif; or®wonf &mxl;rSz,f&Sm;cH&jcif;? uG,fvGef
jcif;? &mxl;rS EkwfxGufjcif;ESihf &mxl;\ tmPmrsm;ESihf wm0ef0wÅ&m;rsm;udk
aqmif&Guf&ef rpGrf;aqmifEdkifjzpfjcif;wdkYteuf wpfckckjzpfvmcJhygu 'kwd,
or®wonf or®w\ &mxl;wm0efudk qufcH&onf/
EdkifiHawmf\ aus;Zl;opömudk azmufzsufrI? t*wdvdkufpm;rI odkYr[kwf
tjcm;&mZ0wfrIrsm;ESihf tusihfodu©mysufjym;rIrsm;twGuf pGyfpGJjypfwifcH&NyD;
jypf'PfpD&ifjcif;cH&aom or®w? 'kwd,or®wESihf jynfolY0efxrf;t&m&SdBuD;
rsm;onf zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& &mxl;rSz,f&Sm;jcif; cH&rnfjzpfonf/
rnfolrQ or®w&mxl;udk (2)Budrfxufydkí ta&G;rcHEdkifay/ 'kwd,
or® w &mxl; ae&mvpfvyfc Jhy gu vT w f awmf ES pf &yf v k H ;\ trsm;pk q E´ rJ jzih f
twnfjyKaom 'kwd,or®wwpfOD;udk or®wu a&G;cs,fcefYxm;&onf/
EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfwpfckck\ wdkufcdkufjcif;rS jynfaxmifpkudk umuG,f&ef
or®wonf vufeufudkifwyfrsm;\ ppfaoemywdcsKyftaejzihf ppfwyfrsm;udk
tokH;jyK&ef qkH;jzwfEdkifonf/
pGyfpGJjypfwifjcif;cH&aom trIrsm;rSwpfyg; jynfaxmifpkudk qefYusifonhf
jypfrIrsm;twGuf ao'PfrS y,fzsufjcif;ESihf vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGihfrsm;udk or®wu
ay;Edkifonf/ txufvTwfawmf\ tqdkjyKcsufESihf wufa&mufvmaom txuf

vTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,ftrwf okH;ykHESpfykHu oabmwlnDygu jynfaxmifpk
tcsif;csif; pmcsKyfrsm;udk csKyfqdkEdkifonf/ oHwrefrsm;? aumifppf0efrsm;? w&m;
vTwfawmfcsKyf\ w&m;olBuD;rsm;udk txufvTwfawmf\ tqdkjyKcsufESihf cGihfjyK
csuf &,lí cefYxm;Edkifonf/
uGef*&uftpnf;ta0; usif;yjcif;rjyKonhftcsdefrsm;wGif ta&;ygonhf
&mxl;BuD;rsm;teuf &mxl;ae&mwpfckck vpfvyfcJhygu txufvTwfawmf\
cGihfjyKcsufudk rapmihfqdkif;bJ or®wu a&G;cs,fcefYxm;Edkifonf/ uGef*&uf
tpnf ; ta0; jyef v nf u sif ; yaomtcg or® w u cef Y x m;cJ h o l u d k txuf
vTwfawmfu oabmwlnDjcif; &Sd-r&Sd qE´rJjzihf qkH;jzwf&onf/ or®wonf
jynfaxmifpk\ tajctaerSmwrf;udk uGef*&ufodkY &Hzef&Hcgwifjyjcif;? oHwref
rsm;ESifh 0efBu;D rsm;udk vufcaH wGUqkjH cif;? Oya'rsm;tm; vdu k ef maqmif&u G rf &I -dS r&Sd
BuD;Muyfjcif;? jynfaxmifpk\ t&m&SdBuD;rsm;tm; cefYtyfwm0efay;jcif;wdkYudk
aqmif&Guf&onf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkA[dktpdk;&\ b@ma&;? umuG,fa&;? qufoG,f
a&;? a&wyf? jynfxJa&;? pdkufysKd;a&;? tvkyform;? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;?
w&m;pD&ifa&;? EdkifiHjcm;a&;ponhf jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;rsm;tm; or®wu txuf
vTwfawmf\ oabmwl twnfjyKcsuft& cefYtyf&onf odkYr[kwf &mxl;rS
xk w f y ,f E d k i f o nf / tar&d u ef j ynf a xmif p k \ A[d k t pd k ; &0ef B uD ; rsm;onf
vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f trwfrsm;jzpf&ef rvdktyfonhftjyif uGef*&ufudk
wm0efrcH&bJ or®wudkom wm0efcHMu&onf/
uGef*&ufvTwfawmf ESpf&yfpvkH;u twnfjyKvdkufaom Oya'Murf;rsm;
tygt0if pDrHcsufrsm;ESihf tjcm;trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk vufrSwfxdk;&ef odkYr[kwf
wm;jrpf&ef or®wxH wifjy&onf/ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& or®wonf
ta&;Bu;D onhf Edik if \ H ta&;tcif;rsm;udk uGe*f &ufwiG f rdecYf eG ;f ajymEdik cf iG fh &So
d nf/
uG e f * &uf w G i f ajymMum;aom or® w \ rd e f Y c G e f ; onf tar&d u ef E d k i f i H a &;ü
tvGet f a&;ygonf/ or®w\ ay:vpDr0l g'ESiyfh wfoufí tenf;qk;H wpfEpS f vQif
wpfBudrf uGef*&ufwGif or®wu rdefYcGef;ajymMum;&onf/ ,if;rdefYcGef;tay:
rlwnfí Oya'jy|mef;avh&Sdonf/ þtcsufrsm;onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\
zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& tkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf Oya'jyKa&;tmPmwdkY\ tjyeftvSef

qufpyfaqmif&GufykHrsm;udk ñTefjyonf/
4/ w&m;pD&ifa&;
w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfESihf uGef*&ufu tcg
tm;avsmfpmG wnfaxmifxm;aom atmufw&m;½H;k rsm;wGif w&m;pD&ifa&;tmPm
udk tyfESif;xm;onf/ w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfwGif w&m;olBuD;csKyfESihf tzGJU0if
w&m;olBuD; &SpfOD; yg0ifonf/ ¤if;wdkYudk or®wu txufvTwfawmf\ oabm
wlnDcsuft& cefYtyf&onf/
w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfESihf atmufw&m;½Hk;rsm;onf ppfaq;Mum;emjcif;?
qkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwfjcif;? Oya'rsm;udk &Sif;vif;wifjyjcif;wdkYudk aqmif&Gufonf/
ckH½Hk;Oya' odkYr[kwf jynfe,fOya' odkYr[kwf a'oEÅ&Oya'wpfckonf zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccH O ya'ES i h f nD ñ G w f r I &S d - r&S d qk H ; jzwf & ef w&m;pD & if a &;tmPmonf
w&m;vT w f a wmf c sKyf w G i f &S d o nf / oH t rwf r sm;? tjcm; jynf o l Y 0 ef B uD ; rsm;?
aumifppf0efrsm;ESihf ywfoufaom trIrsm;ESihf jynfe,fwpfckonf trIonf
tjzpfyg0ifaom trIwu Ykd kd w&m;vTwaf wmfcsKyfuom rlvw&m;pD&ifyikd cf iG fh &So d nf/
jynfe,fwpfcktwGif; tenf;qkH;w&m;½Hk; wpf½Hk;&Sdaom c½dkifrsm;wGif
tjcm;ckH½Hk;rsm;\ pD&ifcsufrsm;udk aemufqkH;tjzpf tqkH;tjzwfay;onf/ odkYaomf
,if;trItm;vkH;\ rSwfwrf;rsm;udkppfaq;&efESihf atmufw&m;½Hk;rsm;\ pD&ifcsuf
rsm; rSm;,Gif;cJhvQif ajymif;vJjyifqif&ef w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfwGif tcGihftmPm
&Sdonf/ a'oEÅ&w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fw&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf atmufckH½Hk;rsm;\
trdefYudk rauseyfygu w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfodkY t,lcH0ifa&mufEdkifcGihf&Sdonf/
jynfaxmifpkA[dktpdk;&ESihf jynfe,fwdkYtMum;ü jzpfay:vmaom jyóemrsm;
udkvnf; w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfu ajz&Sif;&onf/ odkY&mwGif w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf
onf jynfe,fwdkY\ w&m;Oya'rsm;udk 0ifa&mufpGufzuf xdyg;EdkifcGihf r&Sdacs/
5/ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk jyifqifjcif;
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ EdkifiHhzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk jyifqifvdkygu
uGef*&uf\ vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f trwfOD;a& tenf;qkH; okH;ykHESpfykHu

vnf;aumif;? jynfe,fOya'jyKtzGJUrsm;\ okH;ykHESpfykHuvnf;aumif;? jyifqif
csuftqdkudk wifoGif;&eftwGuf txl;ygvDrefac:ay;&ef awmif;qdk&onf/
,if ; txl ; ygvD r ef w G i f wif o G i f ; aom jyif q if c suf t qd k u d k uG e f * &uf \
vT w f a wmf u d k , f p m;vS , f trwf O D ; a&rsm;teuf tenf ; qk H ; av;yk H o k H ; yk H u
oabmwlaxmufcHrSomvQif twnfjzpfonf/
6/ jynfe,frsm;ESihf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\ a,bk,s zGJUpnf;ykHudk tajccHOya'wGif azmfjyxm;
onf/ jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &onf Oya'jyKa&;? w&m;pD&ifa&;ESifh tkycf sKyfa&; tmPm
okH;&yfudk av;pm;vdkufem&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ odkYaomf tpdk;&Xme rsm;udk
rnfodkYrnfykH zGJUpnf;í aqmif&Guf&rnfudk zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif tao;pdwf
azmf j yxm;jcif ; r&S d a y/ tao;pd w f u d k r l oD ; jcm;Oya'jy|mef ; í aqmif & G u f
cGihfjyKonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'&SdouJhodkY jynfe,fwpfck
csif;pDwGifvnf; jynfe,fzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'toD;oD;udk jy|mef;xm;&SdMuonf/
,if; jynfe,fzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rsm;onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccH O ya'ud k tajccH í a&;qG J j y|mef ; xm;jcif ; jzpf o nf / ,if ; wd k Y o nf
jynfaxmifpkzGJUpnf;ykH\ tpdwftydkif;rsm;vnf;jzpfonf/
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\ tBuD;tuJrSm or®wjzpfí jynfe,ftpdk;&rsm;\
tBuD;tuJr§m jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; (Governor) jzpfonf/ jynfe,ftkyfcsKyf
a&;rSL;udk oufqdkif&mjynfe,f&Sd jynfolvlxk\ qE´rJjzihf wdkuf½dkufa&G;aumuf
wifajr§mufMuNyD; ¤if;\ oufwrf;rSm 2 ESpfrS 4 ESpftwGif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf
rufqmcsL;quf jynfe,fESihf *dk'DuRef; jynfe,fwdkYwGif jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;udk
wpfESpfvQifwpfBudrf a&G;aumufMuonf/ jynfe,frsm;wGif 'kwd,tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;
(Lieutenant Governor) udkvnf; xm;&Sdonf/ jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;uJhodkYyif
jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&; t&m&Sdrsm;udkvnf; jynfe,fvlxku qE´rJjzihf wdkuf½dkuf
a&G;aumufMuonf/
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&wGifrl 0efBuD;rsm;ESihf xdyfwef;t&m&SdBuD;rsm;udk or®w
u rdrdpdwfBudKufa&G;cs,fí txufvTwfawmfodkY trnfpm&if;wifoGif;um
twnf j yKcsuf & ,l N yD ; cef Y x m;&onf / jynf e ,f w pf c k \ jynf o l Y O ya'rsm;?

rSwfwrf;rsm;ESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;ESihfqdkifaom rSwfwrf;rsm;udk tjcm;jynfe,frsm;
uvnf; ½dkaoav;pm;&onf/ jynfe,fwpfck\ tcGihfta&;rsm;ESihf vGwfjidrf;
csrf;omcGihfrsm;udk tjcm;jynfe,fom;rsm;uvnf; wef;wlcHpm;ydkifcGihf&Sdonf/
jynfe,fwpfcktwGif; EdkifiHawmfopömazmufzsufrI? jynfolYb@mtjzpf
ypönf;rsm;udk odrf;qnf;Edkifaom &mZ0wfrI odkYr[kwf tjcm;&mZ0wfrIwpfckckudk
usL;vGefí tjcm;jynfe,fwpfckckodkY xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifaeoludk awGU&Sdaom
jynfe,fu ,if;yk*¾dKvf xGufajy;cJhonhf rlvjynfe,fodkY jyefvnfvTJtyfay;
&onf/
jynfaxmifpktwGif;odkY jynfe,ftopfrsm;udk 0ifcGihfjyKEdkifaom tmPm
onf uGef*&ufü&Sdonf/ odkYaomf jynfe,fwpfckck\ pDrHtkyfcsKyf&m e,fajr
twGif;ü jynfe,ftopfudk rzGJU&/ wnfaxmifjcif;rjyK&ay/ jynfe,fESpfck
odkYr[kwf xdkxufydkrdkaom jynfe,frsm;\ tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk qufpyfjcif;jzihf
jynfe,fwpfckckudk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifvdkygu oufqdkif&m jynfe,frsm;\ Oya'
jyKtzGJUrsm;ESihf uGef*&uf\ oabmwlnDrIudk &&Sd&efvdkonf/
jynfe,fwdkif;wGif or®wtpdk;&tzGJUykHpHjzihf tkyfcsKyfonf/ jynfaxmifpk
tpdk;&onf jynfe,frsm;tm; usL;ausmfrIudk tumtuG,fay;&onf/ Oya'jyK
tzGJU tpnf;ta0; usif;yEdkifjcif; r&SdonhftcsdefwGif jynfe,fOya'jyKtzGJU
odkYr[kwf jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUu avQmufxm;awmif;qdkvmygu jynfe,f
twGif; aomif;usef;rIrsm;udk tumtuG,fay;&onf/ jynfe,frsm;wGif tpdk;&
a[mif;u acs;,lcJhonhfta<u;aiGudk aemufwufvmonhf tpdk;&opfu wm0ef
cH&onf/
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\ b@mESihf vkyfydkifcGihfudk zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif
jy|mef;xm;onf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm taxGaxGtcGefrsm; pnf;MuyfydkifcGihf? EdkifiHjcm;ESihf
qufqHcGihf? jynfyESihf jynfwGif; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfaqmifcGihf? ydkYaqmifqufoG,fa&;?
tav;csdefESihf twdkif;twmrsm; pnf;MuyfcGihf? ,if;wdkYrS ay:aygufvmonhf rIcif;
rsm; ajz&Sif;cGihftmPmwdkY&Sdonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& jynfaxmifpk A[dk
tpdk;&tm; atmufygwdkYudk rjyKvkyf&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf-
(u) ykefuefrI odkYr[kwf usL;ausmfwdkufcdkufjcif; cH&rIrsm;aMumihf
jynfolwdkY\ ab;&efuif;jidrf;a&;twGuf vdktyfonhf tcsdef

wGifrSwpfyg; csKyfxm;cH&oludk ½Hk;awmfodkY wifydkY&ef[lonhf
a&SUawmfoGif; pmcRefawmfjzihf &&Sdxm;aom tcGihfta&;udk qdkif;iHh
jcif; rjyKvkyf&?
(c) jypf'PfuscHaponhftjyif ypönf;OpömydkifqdkifcGihf qkH;½IH;aponhf
Oya' odkYr[kwf jypfrIusL;vGefNyD;rS jyKvkyfaom Oya'Murf;udk
twnfrjyK&?
(*) tmPmwpfckckudk xlaxmifrI? vGwfvyfpGmudk;uG,frIudk wm;jrpfrI?
vGwfvyfpGm a[majymjcif;? vGwfvyfpGm ykHESdyfxkwfa0jcif;?
vGwfvyfpGm pka0;pnf;½Hk;jcif;wdkYudk uefYowfrIESihf jynfolwdkY\
tcGihfta&;ESihf jynfolwdkY\ epfemrIoufomap&ef tpdk;&odkY
t,lcHEdkifonhf tcGihfta&;wdkYudk xdcdkufepfemaponhf w&m;
Oya'udk rjyKvkyf&?
(C) cdkifvkHaom taMumif;r&SdbJ aetdrfrsm;udk &SmazGjcif;ESihf
odrf;qnf;jcif;wdkYudk wm;jrpfjcif;?
(i) ppfaq;cH&NyD; tjypfr&Sd[k awGU&Sd&aom xyfwl&mZ0wfrItwGuf
wpfpkHwpfOD;udk tpdk;&onf xyfrHppfaq;jcif;rjyK&?
(p) &mZ0wfrIwpfckudk ppfaq;aeonhfumvtwGif; xdkvludk emusif
apatmif tpdk;&taejzihf twif;tMuyfrjyKvkyf&?
(q) Oya'ESihf nDñGwfjcif;r&Sdonhf ao'Pfay;jcif;? axmifcsjcif;?
ypönf;odrf;qnf;jcif;wdkYudk tpdk;&taejzihf rjyKvkyf&?
(Z) jynfe,fwpfckckrS EdkifiHjcm;ydkYukefrsm;tay: tcGeftaumuf
rpnf;Muyf&?
(ps) rnfonhfjynfe,f\ oabFmqdyfurf;udkrQ useftjcm;jynfe,f
wdkYxuf ydkrdkí ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; odkYr[kwf tcGefpnf;rsOf;
wpfckckjzihf OD;pm;ray;&?
(n) jynfe,f wpfckrS wpfckodkY ckwfarmif;aom oabFmrsm;onf
rnfonhf jynfe,foabFmqdyfwGifrqdk 0ifqdkuf&ef? xGufcGm&ef?
vufrSwfxdk;&ef odkYr[kwf taumufrsm;ay;&ef wm0efr&Sdap&/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& jynfe,frsm;\
tcGihftmPmrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; uefYowfxm;onf-

(u) rnfonhfjynfe,frS jynfe,ftcsif;csif; pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkjcif;? r[m
rdwfzGJUjcif; odkYr[kwf pkaygif;zGJUpnf;jcif;wdkYudk rjyKvkyf&?
(c) aiG'*Fg;(aiG) rxkwfvkyf&?
(*) a&TESihf aiG'*Fg;rSwpfyg; tjcm;wpfckckudk acs;aiGtjzpfrokH;&?
(C) jypf'Pfay;jcif;tjyif ypönf;OpömydkifqdkifcGihf qkH;½IH;aponhf Oya'
Murf;? jypfrIusL;vGefNyD;rS jyKvkyfonhfOya'Murf; odkYr[kwf
y#dOmOfpmcsKyfrsm;\ wm0efrsm;udk ysufjy,faponhf Oya'Murf;
wpfckckudk twnfrjyK&?
(i) aiGacs;vufrSwfrsm; rxkwfjyef&?
(p) jynfe,f\ Munhf&Ippfaq;jcif;ESihf Oya'rsm;udk twnf
jzpfatmif aqmif&Guf&eftwGuf vdktyfonfrSwpfyg; 0ifukef
odkYr[kwf xGufukef rsm;tay: 0ifukefcGef odkYr[kwf taumufrsm;
wpfpkHwpf&mudk uGef*&uf\ oabmwlnDcsufr&SdbJ rnfonhf
jynfe,frQ raumuf&?
(q) jynfe,fonf uGef*&uf\ oabmwlnDcsuf r&&SdbJ wefcsdef
tvdkuf taumufwpfpkHwpf&m raumuf&? jidrf;csrf;csdefwGif
ppfwyfrsm; odkYr[kwf ppfoabFmrsm; rxm;&? tjcm;jynfe,f
wpfckESihf odkYr[kwf EdkifiHjcm; tiftm;BuD; wdkif;jynfwpfckESihf
oabmwlpmcsKyfjcif; rjyK&? usL;ausmf wdkufcdkufjcif; trSef
wu,frcH&bJESihfaomfvnf;aumif;? rwdkufvQifrjzpfEdkifavmuf
atmif usa&muftHhqJqJ tEÅ&m,fr&SdbJESihf aomfvnf;aumif;
ppfyGJqifETJjcif; rjyK&?
(Z) jynfaxmifpk jynfe,fom;rsm;\ xl;jcm;aom tcGihfta&;rsm;
odkYr[kwf vGwfjidrf;cGihfrsm;tm; xdcdkufaponhf Oya'wpfckudk
rnfonhfjynfe,frQ rjy|mef;&? xdkufoihfaomOya' tqihf
twef; uif;rJhvsuf touf? vGwfvyfa&; odkYr[kwf ypönf;
vufvGwfatmif rnfonhfjynfe,frQ rjyKvkyf&?
(ps) vlrsKd;? tom;ta&mif odkYr[kwf ,cifu aus;uRefjyKrIcH&aom
aMumihf jynfaxmifpkjynfe,fom;rsm;\ qE´rJay;&ef tcGihfta&;
udk jynfaxmifpku odkYr[kwf jynfe,fwpfckcku jiif;y,fjcif;

rjyK& odkYr[kwf xdcdkufap&ef rjyKvkyf&?
(n) jynfe,f\ pD&ifydkifcGihftmPmtwGif; w&m;Oya'rsm;\ nDrQaom
tumtuG,ftwGuf rnfolYudkrQ jynfe,fwpfckckonf jiif;y,f
jcif;rjyK&/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ jynfe,fwpfckpDwGif a'oqdkif&mtkyfcsKyfa&;
tzG J U tpnf ; rsm;ud k zG J U pnf ; xm;onf / a'oqd k i f & m tk y f c sKyf a &;tqih f r sm;
owfrSwf&mwGif rsm;aomtm;jzihf NrdKUawmfrsm;tkyfcsKyfa&; (City Government)?
aumif w D r sm; tk y f c sKyf a &; (County Government)? Nrd K Ue,f E S i h f aus;&G m rsm;
tkycf sKyfa&; (Township and Village government) [lí tqihq f ihcf jJG cm;xm;onf/
a'oqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfa&;udpö&yfrsm;udk jynfe,fwpfckcsif;tvdkuf oD;jcm;tajc
taersm;t& owfrSwfusihfokH;Mu&mwGif a'oqdkif&mudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU
rsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzihf-
(u) jynfolvlxk\ vkHNcHKa&;? e,fajrat;csrf;om,ma&; vkyfief;rsm;?
(c) vrf;? wHwm; ponhf jynfolYvkyfief;rsm;?
(*) vQyfppf"gwftm;ESihf "gwfaiGUjzefYjzL;a&;vkyfief;rsm;?
(C) jynfolYtdk;tdrfvkyfief;rsm;?
(i) aps;rsm;? om;owf½Hkrsm;? aq;½Hkrsm;? ausmif;rsm;ESihf tyef;ajz
pcef; wnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;?
(p) oufqdkif&mtqihftvdkuf tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf
&okH;rSef;ajc aiGpm&if;rsm; owfrSwfa&;ESihf tcGefaumufcHa&;
vkyfief;rsm;?
(q) qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;? oufBuD;&G,ftdkrsm;ESihf rdbrJhuav;rsm;
apmihfa&Smufa&; vkyfief;rsm;?
(Z) a&ay;a0a&;ESihf ywf0ef;usifnpfnrf;rI umuG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;?
(ps) oufqdkif&me,fajrtwGif; vdkifpifrsm;xkwfay;a&;ESihf trdefY
jyefwrf;rsm; xkwfjyefa&;vkyfief;rsm;?
(n) w&m;½Hk;rsm;ESihf tcsKyfcef;rsm;qdkif&m vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk
aqmif&GufaMumif; avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/
* * * * *
usrf;udk;pm&if;
1/ "The Constitution of the United States of America and the Declaration

of Independence"? EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk; pmMunhf
wdkuf/
2/ ]tar&dueftajccHOya'} tar&duefjyefMum;a&;Xme? ukefonfvrf;?
&efukefNrdKU? 1969 ckESpf ykHESdyfjcif;/
3/ armifarmiftkef;NrdKif? ]urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;\ zGJUpnf;ykHajccHOya'}? oZifpmay
xkwf? 33 vrf;? &efukefNrdKU? 1977 (yxrtBudrf)/
Ombudsman taMumif;odaumif;p&m
OD;0if;jrifhOD; *

Ombudsman qdkaom a0g[m&ESihfywfoufí ,aeYrsufarSmufumvwGif
EdkifiHom;wdkY\ tcGihfta&;qkH;½IH;epfemrIrsm;udk umuG,fapmihfa&Smufay;oltjzpf
vl o d r sm;vmonf / vl o d r sm;vmonh f taMumif ; &if ; rS m vnf ; Ombudsman
Institution zGJYpnf;í vufcHusihfokH; aqmif&Gufvmaom EdkifiHaygif; (120)ceYf
&SdvmaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
Ombudsman ES i h f y wf o uf í tbd " mef u srf ; rsm;wG i f atmuf a zmf j yyg
twdkif; t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkxm;Muonfudk awGU&Sd&onf-
]tpdk;&Xme wpfckcktay:wGif rauseyfojzihf wdkifwef;
vmaom trIudk ppfaq;&aomt&m&Sd}
Ayar Myanmar- English - Myanmar Dictionary
]jyifytzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESihf ywfoufonhf wdkifcsufrsm;udk ppfaq;&onhf
tpdk;&t&m&Sd}
omvGef t*Fvdyf - t*Fvdyf - jrefrm Oya'tbd"mef
]tpdk;&Xmersm;tay: rauseyfcsufrsm;udk pkHprf;wifjy&ef tpdk;&u
ceYfxm;aomt&m&Sd}
jrefrmpmOD;pD;tzGJYu xkwfa0aom t*Fvdyf-jrefrm tbd"mefusrf;
]jynfolwpfOD;csif;u wdkifwef;vmaomtrIrsm;udk ppfaq;aqmif&Guf
&onhf t&m&Sd}
]tzGt YJ pnf;rsm;ujzpfap? tpd;k &tmPmydik w f u Ykd jzpfap xdo k w
l \
Ykd jyKvkyrf ?I
ysuf u G u f r I w d k Y a Mumih f Ed k i f i H o m;wd k Y \ zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'yg tajccH
tcGihfta&;rsm;ESihf tusKd;pD;yGm;wdkYudk xdcdkufepfem qkH;½IH;rIrsm; jzpfay:apcJhvQif
wdkifwef;csufrsm;ESifhywfoufí ppfaq;aqmif&Gufay;&aom t&m&Sd}
]txl;ojzihf jynfolYa&;&m udpö&yfrsm;udk pDrHceYfcGJaqmif&Guf&aom
tkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmydkifwdkY\ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;aMumihf vkyfom;jynfolwdkY\
* OD;0if;jrifhOD;onf EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;wGif 'kwd,ñTefMum;a&;rSL; wm0ef
xrf;aqmifaeoljzpfygonf/
88 Ombudsman အကြောင်းသိကောင်းစရာ
tcGihfta&;rsm;udk xdcdkufepfem qkH;½IH;rIrsm; jzpfay:apcJhvQif EdkifiHom;wdkYu

wdkifwef;vmygu wdkifwef;csufudk ppfaq;azmfxkwfí qdkif&mtzGJYtpnf;rsm;?
w&m;½Hk;rsm;odkY wifjyaqmif&Guf&aom t&m&Sd}
Oxford Dictionary
]tzGJYtpnf;rsm;? aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm;ESihf jynfolwdkY\ ta&;udpö&yfrsm;udk
aqmif&Guf&aom tpdk;&tzGJYtpnf;wdkY\ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ESihfywfoufí
EdkifiHom;wdkY\ wdkifwef;csufrsm;udk vufcHppfaq; aqmif&Gufay;&ef tpdk;&u
ceYfxm;aomt&m&Sd}
Black’s Law Dictionary
[lí tbd"mefusrf;rsm;wGif t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkxm;onf/
Ombudsman \ rl&if;a0g[m&onf qGD'ifbmompum;jzpfí t"dyÜm,frSm
]]Representative} udk,fpm;vS,f[lí jzpfonf/
Ombudsman \ ordkif;aMumif;
1697 ckESpfwGif qGD'ifEdkifiHü csm;vfpf 12 ( Charles XII) [kac:aom

rif;om;onf touf(15)ESpft&G,fwGif qGD'ifbk&ifjzpfvmcJhonf/ Charles 12
eef ; wuf vmNyD ; aemuf (17)ESp f tMumwGif qG D 'if Ed k if iH o nf ½k &S m ;Ed k if iH ES ih f
ppfrufjzpfyGm; vmcJhonf/ ppfjzpfNyD;aemufydkif;wGif Charles 12 bk&ifonf
a&SUwef;ppfrsuEf mS wGif a&muf&adS eonht f csed u f rsm;cJah yonf/ xdaYk Mumihf Charles
12 bk&ifonf wdkif;jynfta&;udpörsm;udk pDrHceYfcGJ&eftwGuf King’s Highest
Ombudsman udk ceYftyfcJhonf/ King’s Highest Ombudsman onf ppfyGJwGif
a&muf & S d a eaom bk & if E S i h f tpd k ; &tzG J Y 0 if rS L ;rwf r sm;? w&m;ol B uD ; rsm;?
umuG,fa&;wyfzGJY0ifrsm; ponfwdkY\ vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk &Sifbk&if\udk,fpm;
oihfwifhavQmufywfaom enf;Oya'rsm;? trdefYrsm; xkwfjyefí wdkif;jynfudk
tkyfcsKyf&efjzpfonf/
ppfyGJNyD;qkH;í Charles 12 bk&if wdkif;jynfodkY jyefvmaomtcgwGif King’s
Highest Ombudsman \ ½H k ; onf q,f p k E S p f r sm;pG m aysmuf u G , f o G m ;cJ h o nf /
odkY&mwGif jynfoltrsm;url Ombudsman ½Hk;\ vkyfief;aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk
arhaysmufoGm;jcif;r&SdyJ &ifxJwGif pGJNidusef&pfaecJhonf/
4if;aemuf ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmfceYf Mumjrihfaomtcg 1809 ckESpfwGif
qGD'ifEdkifiHü csmvf;rif;qufbk&ifwpfyg; tkyfpdk;vmcJhonf/ xdkbk&ifonfvnf;

½k&Sm;wdkYESihf ppfyGJudk qufvufwdkufcdkufjrJjzpfonf/ qGD'ifbk&ifonf ½k&Sm;wdkYESihf
ppfyGJudk qufvufwdkufcdkufaeaomfvnf; ppfyGJudk atmifEdkifjcif;r&SdyJ ½k&Sm;
ppfwyf\ zrf;qD;jcif;udk cHcJh&onf/ odkYjzpfí qGD'ifygvDrefonf &Sifbk&ifr&Sdaom
tcgwGif ay:aygufvmaom tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEdkif&efESihf
oihfawmfaom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk csrSwfEdkif&eftwGuf Ombudsman \ tcef;
u@udk jyefvnfazmfxw k í
f aqmif&u G &f ef tBuÓ H Pfrsm;&oGm;cJo h nf/ xdaYk Mumihf
qGD'ifygvDrefonf 1809 ckESpfwGif Ombudsman udk jyefvnf ceYftyfcJhonf/
Ombudsman \ wm0efrsm;rSm AsL½du k a&pD,EÅ&m;t& oihjf rwf avsmu f efrrI &Sad om
qk H ; jzwf c suf r sm;aMumih f Ed k i f i H o m;wd k Y \ tcG i h f t a&;ES i h f tusKd ; pD ; yG m ;wd k Y u d k
epfemqkH;½IH;rIrsm; rjzpfay:apa&;twGuf umuG,fapmifha&Smufay; &efjzpfonf/
xdpk Oftcgu ceYt f yfcahJ om Ombudsman \ trnfrmS Lars Augustin Mannerhrim
jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumihf 1809 ckESpfonf acwfopf Ombudsman udk pwifarG;zGm;
aomESpf[k rSwf,lEdkifygonf/ tb,hfaMumihfqdkaomf ,aeYacwf urÇmwpf0Srf; &Sd
Ombudsman wdkYonf 1809 ckESpf qGD'ifEdkifiHü pwifusihfokH;aqmif&GufcJhaom
Ombudsman ykHpHudk twk,lí aqmif&GufcJhMuaomaMumihfyifjzpfonf/
Ombudsman qdkaom oabmt"dyÜm,fudk ,aeYrsufarSmufacwfwGif
em;vnfvufcHusihfokH; aqmif&GufMuaom a,bk,s t"dyÜm,frSm ]jynfolvlxk
wpfO;D wpfa,muf odrYk [kwf Oya'jyKvTwaf wmfrS ceYt f yfvu kd af om Ombudsman
onf tpd k ; &tzG J Y \ pD r H c eY f c G J a &;qd k i f & m aqmif & G u f c suf r sm;ES i h f ywf o uf í
auseyf o abmusjcif ; r&S d a om Ed k i f i H o m;wd k Y u wd k i f w ef ; vmaom
wdkifwef;csufrsm;udk pkHprf;ppfaq;um jynfolYa&;&mrsm;udk wm0ef,laqmif&Guf
ay;&aomt&m&Sd}[k em;vnfvufcHvmMuonf/ xdkYjyif Ombudsman onf
EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;ESihf oufqdkifonhf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m jyóemrsm;
udk zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;odkY wifjyEdkifaom tcGihftmPm&Sdolvnf;
jzpfonf/
Ombudsman Institution rsm; urÇmwpf0Srf;odkY ysHUESHYvmykH
yxrqkH;aom Ombudsman ud k ygvD ref u ceY f tyf í Ed k if iH o m;wd k Y \

tusKd;pD;yGm;udk umuG,fapmihfa&SmufrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJhaom EdkifiHrSm txufwGif

qdkcJhonhftwdkif; qGD'ifEdkifiHjzpfonf/ qGD'ifEdkifiHNyD;aemuf Ombudsman udk
ceYt f yfí Edik if oH m;wd\Yk tusKd;pD;yGm;udk umuG,af pmihaf &SmufapcJah om Edik if rH sm;rSm
zifvefEdkifiHonf 1919 ckESpfwGifvnf;aumif;? 'def;rwfEdkifiHonf 1955 ckESpf
wG i f v nf ; aumif ; ? aemf a 0Ed k i f i H ES i h f e,l ; ZD v ef E d k i f i H w d k Y o nf 1962
ckESpfwGifvnf;aumif; Ombudsman udk ygvDrefuceYftyfí jynfolvlxk tusKd;
pD;yGm;udk umuG,fapmihfa&SmufapcJhaomEdkifiHrsm; jzpfMuonf/
xdkodkY puif'Dae;AD;,ef;EdkifiHrsm;onf Ombudsman udk ygvDrefu ceYftyf
aqmif&GufvmMuNyD;aemuf 1960 jynhfESpfavmufrSpí ydkrdkvlodrsm; vmonf/
xdkYaMumihf United Kingdom EdkifiHonf 1967 ckESpfwGif Ombudsman ½Hk;udk
wnfaxmifzGihfvSpfcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf Australia EdkifiHonf 1971 ckESpfwGif
vnf;aumif; Queensland ESifh New South Wales jynfe,fwdkYonf 1974 ckESpf
wG i f vnf ; aumif ; Ombudsman ½H k ; rsm;ud k wnf a xmif z G i h f v S p f c J h M uonf /
Ombudsman \vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf "eo[m&EdkifiHrsm;onf
1976 ckESpfwGif Ombudsman Act udk jy|mef;cJhonf/ txl;ojzihf Oa&mywdkuf
wGi&f adS om jAw d od Q "eo[m& tzGUJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;wGif Ombudsman udk ceYt f yfí yd
krdkaqmif&GufvmaMumif;awGU&onf/ "eo[m&tzGJY0ifEdkifiHwdkYonf 1977 ckESpf
Zlvdkifv 1 &ufaeYrS pwifí Ombudsman vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&GufcJhMu onf/
rMumao;rDESpfrsm;u EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;rIESihf
'Dru kd a&pD0g'tajccHaom tpd;k &tzGyYJ pHk rH sm;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJrrI sm; jyKvky&f m wGif
Ombudsman tcef ; u@ud k us,f j yeY f p G m zG J Y p nf ; aqmif & G u f v mcJ h a Mumif ;
awGU&Sd&onf/
vufwiftar&du? Oa&mytv,fydkif;ESihf Oa&myta&SUydkif;EdkifiHrsm;?
tmz&d u wd k u f & S d tcsKd U aomEd k i f i H r sm;ES i h f tm&S y pd z d w f a 'o&S d Ed k i f i H r sm;wG i f
Ombudsman Institution rsm; zG J Y p nf ; jcif ; ud k 'D r d k u a&pD t oG i f u l ; ajymif ; rI
vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESihftwl wpfNydKifwnf;vdkvdk aqmif&GufvmcJhMuonf/
wpfcsdefwnf;vdkvdkyif Ombudsman Institution rsm;udk zGJYpnf;wnfaxmif
zGihfvSpfcJhMuaom EdkifiHrsm;rSm tm*sifwD;em;EdkifiH? udkpwm&DumEdkifiH? udkvef
bD,mEdkifiH? *GmwDrmvmEdkifiH? yD&l;EdkifiH ? erD;bD;,m;EdkifiH? awmiftmz&duEdkifiH?
ydkvefEdkifiH? [efa*&DEdkifiH? vpfoleD;,m;EdkifiH? pvdkAD;eD;,m;EdkifiH? csufor®wEdkifiH?

xdkif;EdkifiHESihf zdvpfydkifEdkifiH wdkYjzpfMuonf/
Oa&myor*¾tzGJYtpnf;onfvnf; European Ombudsman udk 1995
ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifzGJYpnf;cJhonf/
New Zealand EdkifiHwGif The Ombudsman udk pwifusihfokH; aqmif&GufykH
New Zealand EdkifiHonf 1962 ckESpfwGif The Ombudsman udk ceYftyfí

pwifusio fh ;Hk aqmif&u
G cf ohJ nf/ The Parliamentary Commissioner (Ombudsman)
Act 1962 ud k v nf ; wpf N yd K if w nf ; jy|mef ; ay;cJ h o nf / e,l ; ZD v ef Ed k i f i H o nf
Ombudsman oabmw&m;ud k pwk w ¬ a jrmuf usih f o k H ; aqmif & G u f a om
EdkifiHjzpfonf/
e,l;ZDvefEdkifiHwGif Ombudsman ½Hk;udk pwifwnfaxmifpOfu A[dk
tpd k ; &tzG J Y t pnf ; rsm;ES i h f ouf q d k i f a om wd k u f w ef ; csuf r sm;tay:wG i f o m
ppfaq;aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf/ 1968 ckESpfwGif Ombudsman \ vkyfief;wm0ef
rsm;udk wdk;csJUaqmif&GufapcJh&mwGif ynma&; usef;rma&;u@rsm;udkyg wdk;csJU
aqmif&GufapcJhaMumif; awGU&onf/
1975 ckEpS wf iG f Ombudsman \ vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk pkpnf;azmfjyxm; onhf
Oya'udk jyKjyifa&;qGJcJhonf/ 1975 ckESpfwGif jyifqifa&;qGJcJhaom Oya' t&
Ombudsman onf a'oqd k i f & mtk y f c sKyf a &;tzG J Y t pnf ; rsm;\ aqmif & G u f
csufrsm;ESihf ywfoufqufEG,faom udpö&yfrsm;udkyg ta&;,laqmif&GufvmEdkif
cJhonf/
1983 ckESpf ZlvdkifvwGif The Official Information Act 1982 twnf
jzpfvmcJhonf/ xdkOya't& Ombudsman onf vufcH&&Sdaom wdkifwef;csuf
rsm;ES i h f y wf o uf í A[d k t qih f r S qk H ; jzwf a qmif & G u f c J h a om vk y f i ef ; rsm;ES i h f
oufqdkifonhf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkyg &,lvmEdkifonf/
1988 ckESpf rwfvwGif a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESihf awGUqkH
aqG;aEG;jcif;Oya' 1987 tmPmoufa&mufvmonf/ xdkYaMumihf Ombudsman
onf rdrdxH a&muf&Sdvmaom wdkifwef;csufrsm;ESihfywfoufí a'oqdkif&mtpdk;&
tzGJYtpnf;rsm;xHrS vdktyfonhf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk awmif;cHEdkifcGihf
&Sdvmonf/
2001 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif Protected Disclosures Act 2000 tmPm

oufa&mufvmcJhonf/ tqdkyg Oya't& Ombudsman onf tvkyform;rsm;
udk Oya'tBuHÓPfrsm;ay;jcif;? vdktyfonfrsm;udk vrf;ñTefrIjyKjcif;? tvkyf
orm;wdkY\ epfemqkH;½IH;rIrsm;udk qEázmfxkwfapjcif; ponhfvkyfief;rsm;udkyg
aqmif&Gufay;&ef wm0ef&Sdvmonf/
2007 ckESpf? ZGefv 21 &ufaeYwGif trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;vkyfief;wGif
jypfrEI iS fh ESyd pf ufnO§ ;f yef;rIwm;jrpfa&; tufOya't& wm0efay;tyfjcif; cH&onf/
xd k Y a Mumih f Ombudsman onf Ed k i f i H o m;wd k Y t ay: n§ O f ; yef ; ES d y f p uf r I r sm;
rjyKvkyfEdkifa&;? w&m;½Hk;rsm;rS vlodu©mn§dK;EGrf;ao;odrfapaom jypf'Pfrsm;
rcsrSwfapa&; ponfwdkYtwGuf umuG,fapmihfa&Smufay;&ef wm0ef&Sdvmonf/
txufazmfjyyg vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf Ombudsman
onf tusOf;axmifrsm;? tcsKyfcef;rsm;? vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;Oya't& xdef;odrf;
xm;aom tcsKyfcef;rsm;udk 0ifa&mufppfaq;cGihf&Sdvmonf/ tcsKyfcef;rsm;onf
tusO;f om;OD;a&ESifh oihaf vsmjf cif; &Sd r&S?d tusO;f om;wd\ Yk use;f rma&;? xde;f odr;f cH
uav;oli,frsm;&Syd gu uav;oli,frsm;udk xde;f odr;f apmihaf &SmufrI tajctae?
a'ocHrsm;? vli,frsm;aea&;xdkifa&; tajctaewdkYudkyg ppfaq;í vdktyfaom
tBuHjyKcsufrsm;? tusOf;om;wdkYudk vdktyfaomapmihfa&SmufrIrsm; ay;Edkifa&;wdkYudk
Ombudsman u aqmif&GufvmEdkifonf/
2010 jynh f E S p f w G i f Ombudsman onf vl Y t cG i h f t a&;aumf r &S i f E S i h f
yl;aygif;í EdkifiHtwGif; vlYtcGihfta&; aMunmpmwrf;ESihftnD EdkifiHom;wdkYudk
xdef;odrf;umuG,f apmihfa&SmufEdkifjcif; &Sd r&Sd apmihfMuyfMunhf½Iaqmif&Guf &onhf
vk y f i ef ; rsm;ud k vG w f v yf p G m aqmif & G u f v mEd k i f c J h o nf / xd k Y j yif uk v or*¾
y#dnmOfpmwrf;yg roefprG ;f olrsm;\ tcGit fh a&;rsm;udk umuG,af pmihaf &Smuf onhf
vkyfief;rsm;udkvnf; taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufvmEdkifonf/
xdaYk Mumifh e,l;ZDvefEikd if &H dS Ombudsman onf rdr\ d vkyif ef;wm0ef rsm;udk
vGwfvyfpGmaqmif&GufEdkifí wdkifMum;csufrsm;udk pkHprf;azmfxkwf&ef twGuf
vd k t yf a om owif ; tcsuf t vuf r sm;ud k qd k i f & mXmersm;rS &,l E d k i f o nf /
EdkifiHom;wdkY\ tcGihfta&;udk umuG,fapmihfa&Smufay;&mwGif tajccH vlwef;pm;
rsm;jzpfonhf tvkyform;wdkY\ tcGihfta&;rsm; rqkH;½IH;ap&ef Oya'tBuHÓPf
ay;jcif;? vrf;ñTefrIjyKjcif;wdkYudkjyKvkyfEdkif½Hkru tusOf;om;wdkYudk ESdyfpufn§Of;yef;

rI rjyKvkyfEdkif&eftwGuf urÇmhvlYtcGihfta&; aMunmpmwrf;ESihftnD EdkifiHom;
wdkY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk umuG,fapmihfa&SmufEdkifoltjzpf awGUjrif&onf/ xdkYjyif
Ombudsman onf Ed k i f i H o m;wd k Y \ ynma&;? usef ; rma&;u@rsm;ud k y g
aqmif&GufcGihf&SdonfrSmvnf; EdkifiHom;wdkY\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk axmihfpkHbufpkH
tMum;tvyf ruse&f adS p&ef jri§ w fh ifaqmif&u G af y;oltjzpf ½Ijrif&onf/ xdaYk Mumihf
Ombudsman onf e,l;ZDvefEdkifiHwGif EdkifiHom;wdkY\tcGihfta&; rsm;udkumuG,f
apmihfa&Smufjcif;vkyfief;ESihf EdkifiHom;wdkY\ tcGihfta&;rsm;udk jr§ihfwifaqmif&Guf
ay;&mwGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u@wGif&SdaMumif; awGUjrif &onf/
Slovenia or® w Ed k i f i H w G i f Ombudsman Institution ud k usih f o k H ;
aqmif&GufykH
Slovenia or®wEdkifiH\ 1991 ckESpf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' yk'fr 159 wGif
The Human Rights Ombudsman udk xnho h nf/ The Human Rights
f iG ;f jy|mef;cJo
Ombudsman onf Ed k i f i H a wmf t qih f t mPmyd k i f r sm;? a'oqd k i f & m
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihf& tpdk;&tzGJYtpnf;rsm;? vlxktusKd;o,fydk; aqmif&Gufol
tmPmydik w f \Ykd aqmif&u G cf sufrsm;aMumihf urÇmv h t
Yl cGitfh a&; aMunmpmwrf; yg
tcGihfta&;rsm;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'yg EdkifiHom;wdkY\ rlvtajccH tcGihf
ta&;rsm;udk qkH;½IH;epfemrIrsm; jzpfay:apcJhygu umuG,fapmihfa&Smufay;&ef
jzpf o nf / zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'wG i f The Human Rights Ombudsman ud k
xnhfoGif;jy|mef;cJhaomfvnf; Ombudsman udk trsKd;om;vTwfawmfu ceYftyf
aqmif&GufEdkifcJhao;jcif; r&Sday/ tb,hfaMumihfqdkaomf The Council for the
protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ( the Council) udk 1988
ckEpS fwGif wnfaxmifcjJh cif;aMumihfjzpfonf/ tqdkyg 1988 ckESpf tcsdef umvwGif
Slovenia or®wEdkifiHü vlYtcGihfta&;ESihfywfoufí ta&;BuD;aom tcef;u@
odkY a&muf&Sdaeaom tcsdefjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf vlYtcGihfta&;ESihf rlvtajccH
vGwfvyfcGihfrsm; umuG,fapmihfa&Smufa&;aumifpDudk wnfaxmif cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
aumif p D t zG J Y 0 if r sm;tjzpf Ed k i f i H w G i f ; &S d x if a y: ausmf M um;aom yk * ¾ d K vf r sm;?
wuúodkvfygarmu©rsm;? tEkynm&Sifrsm;? pme,fZif; *sme,fvpf orm;rsm;?
c&pf,mefbek ;f awmfBu;D rsm;ESifh vlt Y cGit fh a&; umuG,af pmihaf &SmufrI e,fy,fwiG f
uRrf ; usif o l y nm&S i f r [k w f y J vl Y t cG i h f t a&;umuG , f a pmih f a &S m uf a&;

vk y f i ef ; rsm;wG i f yg0if a qmif & G u f a eol r sm;ud k a&G ; cs,f í zG J Y p nf ; cJ h o nf /
vlYtcGihfta&;ESihf rlvtajccH vGwfvyfcGihfrsm; apmihfa&Smufa&;aumifpDonf
umvtydik ;f tjcm; ok;H ydik ;f cGjJ cm;í vkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif&u G cf ahJ Mumif; awGU& onf/
yxrumv tyd k i f ; tjcm;rS m 1988 ck E S p f r S 1990 jynh f E S p f t xd jzpf o nf /
xdkumvtydkif;tjcm;wGif qdk&S,fvpfr[mrdwf tvkyform;rsm;\ ta&;udpö
rsm;udk aumifpDu ajz&Sif;aqmif&Gufay;cJhonf/ vlYtcGihfta&;ESihf rlvtajccH
vGwfvyfcGihfrsm; umuG,fapmihfa&Smufa&;aumifpDwGif University of Ljulbjana
jypfrIqdkif&mOya'XmerS ygarmu© Dr. Ljubo Bavcon udk trsm;qE´t& wm0ef
ay;tyfcJhonf/ ygarmu© Dr. Ljubo Bavcon wm0efxrf;aqmifpOfumvtwGif;
Slovenia ESihf Yugoslavia e,fajra'orsm;wGif e,fy,fa'otqihf awmfawmf
rsm;rsm;ü jynfolvlxk wifjycsufrsm;tay: tajccHum vlYtcGihfta&;csdK;azmuf
rIrsm;udk txl;owdxm;í umuG,fapmihfa&SmufEdkifcJhonf/
Slovenia or® w Ed k i f i H trsKd ; om;vT w f a wmf o nf 1990 jynh f E S p f w G i f
vlYtcGihfta&;ESihf rlvtajccHvGwfvyfcGihfrsm; apmihfa&Smufa&;aumifpDOya'udk
jy|mef;ay;cJhonf/ tqdkyg Oya't& EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;u wifjyvmaom
wdkifwef;csufrsm;udk ta&;,laqmif&GufcGihf&Sdvmonf/ wdkifwef;csufrsm;ESihf
pyfvsOf;í EdkifiHawmftqihf tzGJYtpnf;rsm;xHrS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;&,l
cGihfudkyg vlYtcGihfta&;ESihf rlvtajccHvGwfvyfcGihfrsm; apmihfa&Smufa&;aumifpD
udk tmPmtyfESif;cJhonf/ tqdkyg Oya't& EdkifiHawmfor®wESihf tzGJY0ifrsm;u
aumifpDtzGJY0ifwdkY\ trnfpm&if;udk tqdkjyKí vTwfawmfu aumifpD0ifrsm;udk
a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufonf/ 1990 jynhfESpf aemufydkif;wGif vlYtcGihfta&;ESihf rlv
tajccHvGwfvyfcGihfrsm; apmihfa&Smufa&;aumifpD\ 'kwd,ydkif;umvESihf tqkH;
owfaqmif&GufcJhaom umvtydkif;tjcm;wdkYjzpfonf/ aemufqkH;aqmif&Guf
cJhaom umvtydkif;tjcm;rSm 1994 ckESpf jzpfonf/ þumvtydkif;tjcm;wGif
vlYtcGihfta&;ESihf rlvtajccHvGwfvyfcGihfrsm; umuG,fapmihfa&Smufa&;aumifpD
onf wpfESpfvQif wdkifwef;csuf (300)ceYf vufcH&&SdcJhNyD; wdkifwef;csufrsm;udk
ta&;,l aqmif&Gufay;EdkifcJhonf/ aumifpDxHodkY w,fvDzkef;jzihf ar;jref;pkHprf;rI
tBudrf ta&twGufrSm (1000)ceYfjzpfonf/ xdkodkY w,fvDzkef;jzihf ar;jref;
pkHprf;vmrIrsm;tay:wGif vdktyfaom Oya'tBuHÓPfrsm;ay;jcif;ESihf Oya'
taxmuftuljyK vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufay;EdkifcJhonf/ vlYtcGihfta&;ESihf

rlvtajccHvGwfvyfcGihfrsm; umuG,fapmihfa&Smufa&;aumifpDonf xdkodkYrsm;jym;
aom vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf&aomfvnf; aumifpDwGif 0efxrf;tiftm; tae
jzihf t&m&SdESpfOD;ESihf twGif;a&;rSL;wpfOD;wdkYom&Sdonf/
Slovenia or®wEdi k if \
H 1991 ckEpS f zGpYJ nf;ykt H ajccHOya'wGif The Human
Rights Ombudsman udk xnhfoGif; jy|mef;xm;aomfvnf; vlYtcGihfta&; ESihf
rlvtajccHvGwfvyfcGihfrsm; apmihfa&Smufa&;aumifpD wnf&SdaeaomaMumihf
Ombudsman \ vkyfief;rsm;udk pwifaqmif&GufEdkifjcif; r&Sday/ vlYtcGihf ta&;
ES i h f rl v tajccH v G w f v yf c G i h f r sm; apmih f a &S m uf a &;aumif p D o nf o m ,cif
aqmif & G u f c J h a om tawG U tBuH K rsm;tay: rl w nf í The Human Rights
Ombudsman udk zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif xnhfoGif;rjy|mef;rDu tpOftvm
twdkif; aumifpD\vkyfief;rsm;udk qufvufaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/
xdkYaMumihf Slovenian trsKd;om;vTwfawmfonf Ombudsman vkyfief;
rsm;udk pwifaqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf 1993 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif The Human
Rights Ombudsman Act udk jy|mef;vdkufonf/ xdkjy|mef;vdkufaom Oya't&
1994 ckESpf pufwifbmv(29) &ufaeYwGif Ombudsman ½Hk;udk wnfaxmif
zGihfvSpfcJhonf/ yxrqkH;aom Ombudsman tjzpf EdkifiHawmfor®w\ tqdkjyK
csuf t & Slovenian or® w Ed k i f i H trsKd ; om;vT w f a wmf \ ok H ; yk H E S p f y k H a om
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\ rJqE´jzihf Ivan Bizjak qdkoludk ceYftyfcJhonf/ a&G;cs,f
cH&aom Ombudsman onf The Human Rights Ombudsman Act t& Deputy
Ombudsman av;OD; ceYfxm;ay;&eftwGuf trsKd;om;vTwfawmfodkY tqdkjyK
wifjyEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif 1994 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 8 &ufaeYwGif usif;ycJhaom
trsKd;om;vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;u Ales Butala? France Jamnik ESihf Jernej
Rovsek wdkY (3)OD;udkom Deputy Ombudsman rsm;tjzpf ceYfxm;cJhonf/ Deputy
Ombudsman wdkYonf 1993 ckESpf The Human Rights Ombudsman Act t&
Ombudsman \ vkyfydkifcGihftmPm tm;vkH;udk&&Sdonf/ xdkYaemuf 1995 ckESpf
Zef e 0g&D v (1)&uf a eY r S pwif u m Ombudsman \ vk y f i ef ; rsm;ud k pwif
aqmif&GufcJhonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí vlYtcGihfta&; ESihf rlvtajccH vGwfvyfcGihfrsm;
apmihfa&Smufa&;aumifpD\ vkyfief;rsm; &yfqdkif;oGm;cJhonf/ vlYtcGihfta&;ESihf
rlvtajccHtcGihfta&;rsm; umuG,fapmihfa&Smufa&;aumifpD\ aqmif&GufqJ
k nf; The Human Rights Ombudsman ½H;k odYk vTaJ jymif;ay;cJ&h onf/
vkyif ef;rsm;udv
vuf&SdtcsdefwGif The Human Rights Ombudsman onf 4if;\ vkyfief;rsm;udk
us,fjyeYfpGm aqmif&GufaeNyDjzpfonf/
taemufOa&myEdkifiH trsm;pkonfvnf; Slovenia or®wEdkifiHuJhodkY The
Human Rights Ombudsman oabmw&m;udk em;vnfvufcHusihfokH; aqmif&Guf
vmMuNyDjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf The Human Rights Ombudsman \ vkyfief;
wm0efrsm;udk Oya't& owfrSwfjy|mef;ay;aom pD&ifydkifcGihfESihftnD w&m;pD&if
a&; e,fy,fwGif ryg0ifaom EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;\ tcGihfta&;rsm;udkyg qdkif&m
Xmersm;ESihf n§dEIdif;aqmif&Gufí umuG,fapmihfa&Smufay;vsuf&SdaMumif; awGU&
onf/
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jrefrmEdkifiHawmf
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oabmw&m;rsKd;udk aqmif&Gufay;&ma&mufonfh ]Oya'qdkif&m taxmuftul
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roefpGrf;olrsm;? ckcHtm;usqif;rIa&m*g odkYr[kwf tjcm;ul;pufjrefa&m*g cHpm;
ae&ol r sm;? Ed k i f i H r J h r sm;? Ed k i f i H a &;cd k v I H c G i h f a wmif ; cH o l r sm;? Ed k i f i H j cm;om;rsm;?
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trsKd;om;tqihftzGJYtpnf;rsm;? tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJYtpnf;
rsm;ESihf qufoG,fnSdEIdif;í yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkif&ef? [lí
jy|mef;xm;onf/
xdkYaMumihf jrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;om;vlYtcGihfta&;aumfr&Sifonf Ombudsman
Institution rsm; wnfaxmifxm;onhf tjcm;aom EdkifiHrsm;enf;wl EdkifiHom;wdkY\

rlvtajccHtcGihfta&;rsm;udk ydkrdkjr§ihfwifumuG,fapmihfa&Smuf½Hkomru urÇmhvlY
tcGit fh a&;aMunmpmwrf;udk todtrSwjf yKí vlt Y cGitfh a&;udk av;pm;vdu k ef m
onhf vlt Y zGt
YJ pnf;wpf&yf ay:aygufvmap&ef aqmif&u G af eaomtzGt
YJ pnf;w
pf&yfjzpfaMumif; ½Ijrif&onf/
jrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om;vlYtcGihfta&;aumfr&Sifonf Oya'yg &nf&G,fcsuf
rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf atmufazmfjyyg vkyfief;
rsm;udk aqmif&GufaMumif; awGU&onf-
(u) vlYtcGihfta&;ESihf pyfvsOf;í jynfolvlxkudk todynmay;
a[majymjcif; vkyfief;rsm;?
(c) vlYtcGihfta&;ESihf oufqdkifonhf tjynfjynfqdkif&mESihf jynfwGif;
Oya'rsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemrI &Sd? r&Sd udk apmihfMunhfjcif; vkyfief;
rsm;?
(*) vlYtcGihfta&; azmufzsufaMumif; wdkifwef;csuf odkYr[kwf pGyfpGJ
csufwdkYESihfpyfvsOf;í pdppfNyD; pkHprf;ppfaq;onhf vkyfief;rsm;udk
aqmif&Gufjcif;?
(C) wdkifwef;csuf? pGyfpGJcsufwdkYt& tcif;jzpfae&mrsm;odkY oGm;a&muf
Munhf½Ippfaq;onhfvkyfief;rsm;? tusOf;axmif? tusOf;pcef;?
tcsKyfcef;rsm;udk taMumif;Mum;í oGm;a&mufMunhf½Ippfaq;
onhf vkyfief;rsm;?
(i) t&yfbuf tzGJYtpnf;? pD;yGm;a&; tzGJYtpnf;? wdkif;&if;om;
tzGJYtpnf;? vlenf;pkrsm;? ynm&yfqdkif&m tzGJYtpnf;wdkYESihf
wdkifyifaqG;aEG;jcif; /
txufazmfjyyg vkyfief;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om;vlYtcGihfta&;
aumfr&SiOf ya' yk'rf 22 wGif jy|mef;xm;onhf tcsufrsm;rS aumufEw k af zmfjyjcif;
jzpfonf/
tqdkyg vkyfief;rsm;udk avhvmygu jrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om;vlYtcGihfta&;
aumfr&Sif\ vkyfydkifcGihfrsm;onf e,l;ZDvefEdkifiH&Sd Ombudsman \ vkyfydkifcGihf
rsm;ESihf wlnDaMumif; awGU&onf/ tb,hfaMumihfqdkaomf e,l;ZDvefEdkifiH&Sd
Ombudsman onfvnf; EdkifiHom;wdkY\ tcGihfta&;rsm;udk umuG,fapmihfa&Smuf

Ed k i f & ef t wG u f jref r mEd k i f i H trsKd ; om; vl Y t cG i h f t a&;aumf r &S i f enf ; wl
tusOf;axmif? tcsKyfcef;rsm;udk 0ifa&mufppfaq;Edkifjcif;? vlYtcGihfta&;ESihf
oufqdkifonhf tjynfjynfqdkif&mESihf jynfwGif;Oya'rsm;udk av;pm;vdkufemrI &Sd?
r&Sd apmihfMunhfjcif; vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&GufaomaMumihf jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumihf jrefrmEdkifiH trsKd;om;vlYtcGihfta&;aumfr&Sifonf Oya'ESihf
tnD tjcm;Edik if rH sm;uJo h Ykd Ombudsman ESifh oabmobm0 wlnaD omvkyif ef;rsm;
udk aqmif&Gufvsuf&SdaMumif; ½IjrifEdkifygonf/
2008 ckESpf jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH Oya'ESihf
EdkifiHom;rsm;\ rlvtcGihfta&;
2008 ckESpf jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
tcef;(8) wGif EdkifiHom;? EdkifiHom;rsm;\ rlvtcGihfta&;ESihf wm0efrsm;udk yk'fr
345 rS yk'fr 390 txd jy|mef;xm;onf/ tcef;(8)wGif ay;xm;aom EdkifiHom;
wdkY\ rlvtcGihfta&;rsm;ESihf ywfoufí EdkifiHom;wdkYonf jynfaxmifpk w&m;
vT w f a wmf c sKyf o d k Y atmuf a zmf j yyg pmcRef a wmf t rd e Y f r sm; xk w f q ih f a y;&ef
avQmuf x m;Ed k i f a Mumif ; yk ' f r 378 wG i f jy|mef ; xm;onf / Ed k i f i H o m;wd k Y u
avQmufxm;Edkifaom pmcRefawmftrdeYfrsm;rSm-
(u) a&SUawmfoGif;pmcRefawmftrdeYf?
(c) tmPmay;pmcRefawmftrdeYf?
(*) wm;jrpfappmcRefawmftrdeYf?
(C) tmPmydkifar;pmcRefawmftrdeYf?
(i) trIac:pmcRefawmftrdeYf?
wdkYjzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh EdkifiHom;wdkYonf taMumif;rJhzrf;qD;jcif;cH&ygu a&SUawmfoGif;
pmcRefawmftrdeYfudk xkwfqihfay;&efvnf;aumif;? tkyfcsKyfoltmPmydkifwdkYu
Oya't& aqmif&Gufay;&rnhf udpö&yfrsm;udk aqmif&Gufay;jcif; rjyKygu
tmPmydkifwdkYu aqmif&Gufay;ap&eftwGuf tmPmay; pmcRefawmftrdeYfudk
xkwfqihfay;&efvnf;aumif;? tmPmydkifwdkYonf vkyfydkifcGihfr&Sdaom vkyf&yf
rsm;ud k vk y f a qmif y gu quf v uf r vk y f a qmif a p&ef t wG u f wm;jrpf a p
pmcRefawmftrdeYfudk xkwfqihfay;&efudkvnf;aumif;? &mxl;wpfck? tcGihfta&;

wpfckudk r&xdkufbJ&,lxm;aom udpö&yfrsm;qdkygu &mxl;tcGihfta&; &,l
aerIrsm;udk z,f&Sm;? &yfqdkif;ap&eftwGuf tmPmydkifar; pmcRefawmftrdeYfudk
xkwfqihfay;&efvnf;aumif;? w&m;½Hk;wpf½Hk;wGif ppfaq;aeaom trIwpf&yf
onf odomxif&Sm;aom vGJrSm;cRwfacsmfrIrsm;? rw&m;rIrsm;jzpfaeygu trIac:
pmcRefawmf trdeYfxkwfqihfay;&efvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHom;wdkYu avQmufxm;Edkif
cGihfrsm;&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/
tmPmydkifrsm;u tcGihftmPm&Sdonfxuf ydkrdkí vkyfaqmifaejcif;?
tcGihftmPmr&SdbJ vkyfaqmifjcif;? vkyfudkifay;&ef wm0ef&SdygvQufESihf vkyfray;
bJaejcif;? tmPmydkifwdkY\ vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf tay:,H Munhf½HkESihf
Oya't& rSm;,Gif;cRwfacsmfaeaMumif;udk awGU&jcif;? obm0w&m; rQwrIrsm;ESihf
vG J a csmf a ejcif ; ponf w d k Y u d k awG U &S d & ygu Ed k i f i H o m;wd k Y taejzih f qd k i f & m
pmcRefawmftrdeYfrsm;udk xkwfqihfay;&ef jynfaxmifpk w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf odkY
avQmufxm;EdkifMuayonf/ pmcRefawmftrdeYfrsm; xkwfqihfay;&ef avQmufxm;
Edkifaom tcGihfta&;onf EdkifiHom;wdkY\ rlvtcGihfta&;rsm;tjzpf zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'wGif xnhfoGif;jy|mef;ay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
odkYjzpfí pmcRefawmftrdeYfrsm;onf Ombudsman u aqmif&Guf&aom
vkyfief;rsm;ESihf tvm;o@mefwlnDaMumif; awGU&onf/ xdkYaMumihf jynfaxmifpk
or®wjrefrmEdkifiHonf Oya't&mwGif Ombudsman ESihfpyfvsOf;í aemufus
usef&pfaejcif; r&SdaMumif; avhvmwifjytyfygonf/
* * * * *
udk;um;aom pmtkyfrsm;ESifh tifwmeuf0ufqdk'frsm;

1/ 2008 ckESpf? jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'
2/ 2014 ckESpf? jrefrmEdkifiHtrsKd;om; vlYtcGifhta&;aumfr&Sif Oya'
3/ 2016 ckESpf? Oya'qdkif&m taxmuftulay;a&;Oya'
tifwmeuf0ufqdk'frsm;
1/ http://www.aces.edu/extcomm/ombuds/origin.php
2/ http://www.ombudsman.sk.ca/info/the-history-of-the-ombudsman
3/ http://id4.ilovetranslation.com/KWtC6QGKwIX=d/
4/ http://www.varuh-rs.si/about-us/history-of-the-institution-in-slovenia/
origin- of- all-ombudsman-institutions
5/ www.varuh-rs.si/about-us/history-of-the-institution-in-slovenia/?L
6/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Ombudsman_(New_Zealand)
udk;um;aomaqmif;yg;
1/ The Swedish Ombudsman, Author, Stig Jagerskiold, Professor of Public
and International Law, University of Lund.
Stig jagerskiold, Professor of Public and International Law, University
of Lund, The Swedish Ombudsman.
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;wdkY\tcef;u@
OD;atmifausmfpkd; *
ed'gef;
1/ tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' a&;qGJ
jy|mef;Muum ,if;Oya'jzihf EdkifiHawmfudk wnhfrwfxdef;ausmif;xm;ygonf/
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'onf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ Oya'jyKa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf w&m;
pD&ifa&;[lonhf u@toD;oD;\ vkyfydkifcGihftmPmrsm;? aqmif&GufykH enf;vrf;
rsm;ESihf EdkifiHzGJYpnf;wnfaqmufykHwdkYudk a&;qGJjy|mef;xm;aom Oya'jzpfonhf
tjyif EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd Oya'tm;vkH;\ tajccHOya'vnf; jzpfygonf/ zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'rsm;wGif omrefOya'jy|mef;rIjzihf jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; rjyKvkyfEdkif
aom EdkifiHawmf\tajccHrlrsm;? tpdk;&\zGJYpnf;ykHESihf tpdk;&,EÅ&m;rsm;? EdkifiHom;
rsm;\ tajccHusonhf vlYtcGihfta&;rsm;udk owfrSwfazmfjyxm;avh &Sdonf/
xdkYtwl EdkifiHawmftmPmrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;okH;pGJjcif;ESihf tjyeftvSefMuyfrwf
xdef;ausmif;onhf Oya'rloabmw&m;rsm;vnf; ay:aygufusihfokH;cJhMuonhf
tavsmuf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'yg jy|mef;csufrsm;udk teuft"dyÜm,fzGihfqdk&ef?
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk tqkH;tjzwfjyKay;&efwdkYtwGuf
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;rsm; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;rsm; odkYr[kwf aumifpDrsm;
odkYr[kwf ½Hk;cef;rrsm;udk zGJYpnf;wnfaxmifvmcJhMuonf/
2/ ]zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;wdkYonf tajccH
Oya'ESihftnD wnfaxmifxm;NyD; w&m;a&;qdkif&mpepftwGif; tajccHOya'
jy|mef;csufrsm;\ pHxm;tyfaom omvGefjrihfjrwfrIudk umuG,fapmihfa&Smuf&ef
[lonhf yifr&nf&G,fcsufjzihf zGJYpnf;xm;aom EdkifiHawmf\ vGwfvyfonhf
,EÅ,m;wpfckjzpfonf}[k tJvufpfpwkef;qGd (Alec Stone Sweet) u zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;udk t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkcJhygonf/ urÇm
* OD;atmifausmfpdk;onf EdkifiHawmfzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;wGif vufaxmufñTefMum;a&;rSL;

wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaeoljzpfygonf/
104 ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေဆိုင်ရာတရားရုံး သို့မဟုတ် ခုံရုံးတို့၏အခန်းကဏ္ဍ
ay:wGif zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk; (Constitutional Court) tjzpf

zGJYpnf; usihfokH;vsuf&Sdaom EdkifiHaygif; (74)EdkifiH? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m
aumifpD (Constitutional Council) tjzpf zGJYpnf;usihfokH;vsuf&Sdaom EdkifiHaygif;
(18)EdkifiH? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk; (Constitutional Tribunal) tjzpf
zGJYpnf;usihfokH; aeaom EdkifiHaygif; (6)EdkifiH? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mcef;r
(Constitutional Chamber)tjzpf zGJYpnf;wnfaxmifxm;aom EdkifiHaygif; (4)
EdkifiH? pkpkaygif; (102)EdkifiH&SdaMumif; avhvmod&Sd&onf/
urÇmhEdkifiHtcsKdU\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;rsm;\
pD&ifydkifcGihfrsm;udk avhvmjcif;
3/ urÇmhEdkifiHtcsKdU\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;
rsm;\ pD&ifydkifcGihfrsm;udk avhvm&mwGif EdkifiH\ tajctaet&yf&yfay: rlwnfNyD;
wpfEdkifiHESihfwpfEdkifiH uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&SdaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk; tcsKdU\ pD&ifydkifcGihfrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;
jzpfygonf-
(u) udk&D;,m;or®wEdkifiHzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;
(1) omrefw&m;½Hk;rsm;\ wifjycsuft& jy|mef;Oya'rsm;onf
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfrI &Sd r&Sd pdppfjcif;?
(2) pGyfpGJjypfwifjcif; udpö&yfrsm;udk pdppfqkH;jzwfay;jcif;?
(3) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; zsufodrf;jcif;?
(4) tpdk;&XmetzGJYtpnf;rsm;tMum;? tpdk;&Xme tzGJYtpnf;
ESihf a'oqdkif&m tpdk;&wdkYtMum; vkyfydkifcGihf tjiif;yGm;rI
rsm;udk qkH;jzwfjcif;?
(5) rlvtcGihfta&;rsm; csdK;azmufcH&aom EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;pD
\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m wdkifwef;rIrsm;udk qkH;jzwf
jcif;/
(c) ½k&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;
(1) jy|mef;onhf Oya'rsm;tay: zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf
nDñGwfrI &Sd r&Sd pdppfjcif;?
(2) tpdk;& tzGJYtpnf;tcsif;csif; tjiif;yGm;rIudpö&yfrsm;ESihf
or®wtay: pGyfpGJjypfwifrIwdkYudk aqmif&Gufjcif;?
(3) Oya'jyKtzGJYrsm;? or®wESihf tpdk;&tzGJYtpnf;rsm;u
jy|mef;aomOya'rsm;? trdeYfaMumfjimpmrsm;onf zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfrIr&SdaMumif; awGU&Sdygu ,if;odkY
nDñGwfjcif; r&SdaMumif;udk aMunmjcif;?
(4) 'l;rm;vTwfawmfu vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;rjyKrD tjynfjynf
qdkif&m pmcsKyfrsm;udk zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfrI &Sd
r&Sd pdppfjcif;?
(5) tjcm;w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;u trIESihf pyfvsOf;aom
Oya'onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfjcif; &Sd r&Sd
pdppfokH;oyfEdkif&ef wifjyvmygu pdppfokH;oyfjcif;?
(6) w&m;½Hk;wGif ppfaq;qJtrIESihfpyfvsOf;í zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'ESihf nDñGwfjcif;r&SdaMumif;? ¤if;\ tcGihfta&;rsm;udk
csdK;azmufcH&aMumif; EdkifiHom;wpfOD;u wifjyvmygu
pdppfjcif;/
(*) awmiftmz&duEdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;
(1) A[dktpdk;&tzGJYtpnf;rsm;tMum;? jynfaxmifpkESihf jynfe,f
rsm;tMum;? jynfe,ftcsif;csif;tMum;wGif jzpfyGm;onhf
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;? tcGihftmPm?
vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;í ay:aygufonhf jyóemrsm;
udk qkH;jzwfjcif;?
(2) ygvDrefESihf jynfe,fwdkYu wifjyvmonhf Oya'Murf;rsm;udk
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfjcif; &Sd r&Sd pdppf qkH;jzwf
jcif;?
(3) ygvDrefudk,fpm;vS,f odkYr[kwf jynfe,fOya'jyKa&;tzGJY
udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;u wifoGif;vmonhf avQmufxm;vTm
rsm;tay: qkH;jzwfay;jcif;?
(4) tajccHOya' jyifqifjcif;ESihf pyfvsOf;í zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'ESihf nDñGwfjcif; &Sd r&Sd qkH;jzwfjcif;?
(5) tajccHOya't& cGihfjyKxm;aom &ydkifcGihfrsm;udkygvDref

odkYr[kwf EdkifiHawmfor®wu aqmif&Gufay;&efysufuGuf
jcif;tay: qkH;jzwfjcif;?
(6) jynfe,frsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rsm;udk twnfjyK
ay;jcif;?
(7) EdkifiHawmfor®wu tajccHOya'ESihftnD aqmif&Guf
onhfudpöonfvnf;aumif;? ygvDrefESihf jynfe,fwdkYu
jy|mef;onhf tufOya'wdkYonfvnf;aumif; Oya'ESihf
nDñGwfrIr&SdaMumif; w&m;vTwfawmfESihf tvm;wl
w&m;½Hk;wpf½Hk; odkYr[kwf w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfwdkYu twnf
jyKxm;onhf udpö&yfrsm;tay: tNyD;owfqkH;jzwfay;jcif;?
(8) EdkifiHom;wpfOD;\ tcGihfta&;ESihfpyfvsOf;í csdK;azmufjcif;
cH&ygu tjcm;w&m;½Hk;wpf½Hk;ujzpfap? csdK;azmufcH&olu
wdkuf½dkufjzpfap avQmufxm;vmonhf trIudpö&yfrsm;udk
qkH;jzwfjcif;?
(9) zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk umuG,fapmihfa&Smufjcif;? tmPm
oufa&mufapjcif;ESihf teuft"dyÜm,f zGihfqdkay;jcif;/
(C) uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&maumifpD
(1) zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk av;pm;vdkufemrItwGuf wm0ef
,l tmrcHjcif;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk teuft"dyÜm,f
zGihfqdkjcif;?
(2) trsKd;om;vTwfawmfu a&;qGJNyD; txufvTwfawmfu
pdppfokH;oyfxm;aom Oya'rsm;udk zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
ESihf nDñGwfjcif; &Sd r&Sd pdppfjcif;?
(3) trsKd;om;vTwfawmfu a&;qGJNyD; txufvTwfawmfu
pdppfokH;oyfxm;aom Oya'rsm; (Organic Laws) rsm;udk
jyifqifjcif;ESihfpyfvsOf;í ,if;Oya'rsm; rjy|mef;rD
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfrI &Sd r&Sd pdppfjcif;?
(4) txufvTwfawmfESihf trsKd;om;vTwfawmfwdkYu a&;qGJ
aom enf;Oya'rsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í tqdkyg enf;Oya'rsm;

tmPmroufa&mufrD zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfrI
&Sd r&Sd pdppfjcif;?
(5) bk&if? txufvTwfawmfOuú|? trsKd;om;vTwfawmfOuú|?
0efBuD;csKyf? txufvTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f av;ykHwpfykH
odkYr[kwf trsKd;om;vTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f q,fykHwpfykH
wdkYu ay;ydkYvmonhf Oya'rsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;í ,if;Oya'rsm;
rjy|mef;rD vdktyfaom pdppfrIrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;?
(6) Oya'wpf&yf xkwfjyefaMunmNyD;aemuf bk&if? txuf
vTwfawmf Ouú|? trsKd;om;vTwfawmfOuú|? 0efBuD;csKyf?
txufvTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f av;ykHwpfykH? trsKd;om;
vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f q,fykHwpfykH odkYr[kwf w&m;½Hk;
rsm;u ay;ydkYvmonhf Oya'rsm;udk zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
ESihf nDñGwfjcif; &Sd r&Sd pdppfjcif;/
(i) tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;
(1) zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfrIr&Sdaom Oya'rsm;udk
pdppfqkH;jzwfjcif;?
(2) tpdk;&tzGJYtpnf;rsm;twGif; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'u ay;
tyfxm;aomvkyfydkifcGihftmPmESihf pyfvsOf;onhf tjiif;
yGm;rIrsm;udk ajz&Sif;qkH;jzwfay;jcif;?
(3) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; zsufodrf;jcif;ESihfpyfvsOf;onhf udpö&yfrsm;
tay: tqkH;tjzwfay;jcif;?
(4) taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m &v'frsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;onhf
tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk tqkH;tjzwfay;jcif;?
(5) or®wESihf 'kwd,or®wwdkYudk pGyfpGJonhf Oya'qdkif&m
tcsuftvufrsm;udk ppfaq;qkH;jzwfay;jcif;/
(p) c½dkat;&Sm;or®wEdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;
(1) Oya'jy|mef;csufrsm;onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihfnDñGwf
jcif; &Sd r&Sd pdppfjcif;?
(2) pnf ; rsOf ; pnf ; urf ; rsm;onf z G J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'ES i h f

nDñGwfjcif; &Sd r&Sd pdppfjcif;?
(3) w&m;0if&yfqdkif;xm;NyD;jzpfaom Oya'rsm;? pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk
&yfqdkif;jcif; wpfESpfrjynhfao;onhftcsdefwGif wifoGif;
onhf tqdkjyKcsuf odkYr[kwf awmif;cHcsuft& zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfrI &Sd r&Sd pdppfjcif;?
(4) tpdk;&ESihf oufqdkifaom tzGJYtpnf;rsm;? a'oqdkif&m
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihf& tzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESihf Oya't& aqmif
&GufydkifcGihf&Sdolrsm;u csrSwfcJhaom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;onf
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& tmrcHxm;aom vlYtcGihfta&;
rsm;? tajccHvGwfvyfcGihfrsm;udk csdK;azmuf jcif; &Sd r&Sd pdppf
jcif;?
(5) zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' jy|mef;csufrsm;udk vdkufemjcif; &Sd
r&Sd apmihfMunhf ppfaq;NyD; csdK;azmufrIrsm;udk awGU&Sd&ygu
vTwfawmfodkY tpD&ifcHjcif;?
(6) Oya'jyKa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf w&m;pD&ifa&; tzGJYtpnf;
rsm;tMum; pD&ifydkifcGihfqdkif&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk qkH;jzwf
ay;jcif;?
(7) or®wudk pGyfpGJjypfwifjcif; (,if;aqmif&GufcsuftwGuf
c½d k a t;&S m ;vT w f a wmf u d k , f p m;vS , f t m;vk H ; \qE´ r J
okH;ykHESpfykHjzihf pwifaqmif&GufNyD; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qdkif&mw&m;½Hk; w&m;olBuD;tm;vkH;\ qE´rJoHk;ykHESpfykHjzihf
qkH;jzwfonf)?
(8) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udk BuD;MuyfuGyfuJjcif;ESihf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'udk vdkufemjcif;r&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; wm;jrpf
ydwfyifjcif;?
(9) a&G;aumufyGJESihf qEćH,lyGJrsm;onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
t&vnf ; aumif ; ?tjcm;Oya'jy|mef ; csuf r sm;t&
vnf;aumif; nDñGwfjcif; &Sd r&Sd BuD;MuyfuGyfuJjcif;ESihf
a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk qkH;jzwfjcif;?

(10)
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya't& azmfjyxm;onhf tjcm;wm0ef
0wÅ&m;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufjcif;/
(q) MopBwD;,m;or®wEdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;
(1) Oya'jy|mef ; csuf r sm;onf z G J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'ES i h f
nDñGwfjcif; &Sd r&Sd teuft"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkjcif;?
(2) tk y f c sKyf a &;tmPmyd k i f r sm;\aqmif & G u f c suf r sm;onf
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfrI &Sd r&Sd qkH;jzwfjcif;?
(3) zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihfpyfvsOf;í w&m;½Hk;rsm;ESihftkyfcsKyfa&;
tmPmydkifrsm;tMum; tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk aomfvnf;aumif;?
tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;rsm;ESihf tjcm;w&m;½Hk;rsm;tMum;
tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udkaomfvnf;aumif; qkH;jzwfjcif;?
(4) jynfe,ftcsif;csif; odkYr[kwf jynfe,fESihftjcm;tmPmydkif
rsm;tMum; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk
ajz&Sif;qkH;jzwfjcif;?
(5) jynfaxmifpk? jynfe,fESihf a'oqdkif&m tzGJYtpnf;rsm;\
aiGaMu;qdkif&m jyóem&yfrsm;udk qkH;jzwfjcif;?
(6) jynfaxmifpkESihf jynfe,fOya'jyKa&;tzGJYrsm;\ Oya'jyKa&;
qdkif&m aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf
nDñGwfjcif; &Sd r&Sd qkH;jzwfjcif;?
(7) tjynfjynfqdkif&m pmcsKyfrsm;onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
ESihf nDñGwfjcif; &Sd r&Sd qkH;jzwfjcif;?
(8) or®w? vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;? jrLeDpy,fqdkif&m
tmPmydkif tzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESihf jynfe,ftpdk;&tzGJYrsm;udk
a&G;aumufwifajr§mufjcif;qdkif&m wifjyavQmufxm;csuf
rsm;udk qkH;jzwfjcif;?
(9) Ombudsman Board tzGJY (Ombusdsman = tpdk;&Xme
rsm;tay: rauseyfcsufrsm;udk pkHprf;wifjy&ef tpdk;&u
ceYfxm;aomt&m&Sd)u wifjyvmaom udpö&yfrsm;udk
qkH;jzwfjcif;?
(10) or®w? 'kwd,or®w? 0efBuD;csKyf? jynfaxmifpkESihf jynfe,f
tpdk;&tzGJY0ifrsm;udk pGyfpGJjypfwifrIrsm;tay: tqkH;tjzwf
ay;jcif;/
(Z) jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHawmf? EdkifiHawmfzGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;
(1) zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'yg jy|mef;csufrsm;udk teuft"dyÜm,f
zGihfqdkjcif;?
(2) jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf? wdkif;a'oBuD;vTwfawmf? jynfe,f
vTwfawmf odkYr[kwf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihf&wdkif; OD;pD;tzGJY
ESihf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihf&a'o OD;pD;tzGJYwdkYu jy|mef;onhf
Oya'rsm;onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwf jcif; &Sd r&Sd
pdppfjcif;?
(3) jynfaxmifpk? wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;? jynfe,frsm;ESihf udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfcGihf& pD&ifpkrsm;\ tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m tmPmydkif
rsm;\ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf
nDñGwfjcif; &Sd r&Sd pdppfjcif;?
(4) jynfaxmifpkESihf wdkif;a'oBuD;tMum; aomfvnf;aumif;?
jynfaxmifpkESihf jynfe,ftMum; aomfvnf;aumif;?
wdkif;a'oBuD;ESihf jynfe,ftMum; aomfvnf;aumif;?
wdkif;a'oBuD;tcsif;csif; aomfvnf;aumif;? jynfe,f
tcsif;csif; aomfvnf;aumif;? wdkif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwf
jynfe,fESihf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihf& pD&ifpktMum; aomfvnf;
aumif ; ?ud k , f y d k i f t k y f c sKyf c G i h f & pD & if p k t csif ; csif ; aomf
vnf;aumif; jzpfay:onhf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m
tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk qkH;jzwfjcif;?
(5) wdkif;a'oBuD;? jynfe,f odkYr[kwf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihf&
pD&ifpkwdkYu jynfaxmifpkOya'udk taumiftxnfazmf
aqmif&Guf&mwGif jynfaxmifpkESihf wdkif;a'oBuD;? jynfe,f
odkYr[kwf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihf&pD&ifpkwdkY\ tcGihf ta&;ESihf

wm0efrsm;qdkif&m ay:aygufonhf tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk
qkH;jzwfjcif;?
(6) jynfaxmifpke,fajrrsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;í EdkifiHawmfor®wu
taMumif;Mum;vmonhf udpö&yfrsm;udk pdppfqkH;jzwfjcif;?
(7) w&m;½Hk;wpf½Hk;u ppfaq;qJtrIESihf pyfvsOf;í zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccH Oya' yk'fr 323 ESihf þOya'yk'fr 17 wdkY t&
wifjyvmonhf tjiif;yGm;rIudk tqkH;tjzwfay;jcif;?
(8) jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfu jy|mef;onhf Oya'rsm;u
ay;tyfonhfvkyfief; wm0efrsm;udk aqmif&Gufjcif;?
(9) rdrdwdkY\ vkyfief;wm0efrsm; aqmif&GufcsufESihfpyfvsOf;í
rdrdwdkYtm; a&G;cs,fonhf oufqdkif&m EdkifiHawmfor®w?
jynfolYvTwfawmfOuú| odkYr[kwf trsKd;om;vTwfawmfOuú|
xHodkY toD;oD; tpD&ifcHjcif;/
okH;oyfcsuf
4/ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;wdkY\ pD&ifydkifcGihfrsm;udk
avhvm&mwGif wlnDaomtcGihftmPmr&SdaMumif; awGU&Sd&aomfvnf; atmuf
azmfjyyg trsKd;tpm; tcGihftmPmig;&yf&SdaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf-
(u) Oya'jyKa&; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk w&m;a&;qdkif&m jyefvnf
okH;oyfydkifcGihf (Oya'jyKa&;udk xdef;n§dxm;Edkifonf)
(1) rjy|mef;rDOya'rsm;\ tajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfrI &Sd r&Sd udk
jyefvnfokH;oyfjcif;?
(2) jy|mef;NyD;Oya'onf tajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfrI &Sd r&Sdudk
jyefvnfokH;oyfjcif;?
(3) Oya'jyKa&;tydkif;rS qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;onf tajccHOya'
ESihf nDñGwfrI &Sd r&Sdudk jyefvnfokH;oyfjcif;?
(c) tajccHOya'rlMurf; a&;qGJjcif;twGuf pD&ifqkH;jzwfydkifcGihf/
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' a&;qGJjcif;vkyfief;pOfrS ay:xGufvmonhf
udpö&yfrsm;udk pD&ifqkH;jzwfay;jcif;/
(*) tpdk;&wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESihf Xmeqdkif&mrsm;udk pD&ifqkH;jzwfydkifcGihf
(tkyfcsKyfa&;r@Kdkifudk xdef;n§dxm;Edkifonf)
(1) tkyfcsKyfa&;r@dkKif\ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ESihf qkH;jzwfcsuf
rsm;onf tajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfjcif; &Sd r&Sdudk jyefvnf
okH;oyfjcif;?
(2) tpdk;&Xmersm;\ &mxl;vufudkif&Sdolrsm;tm; pGyfpGJjypfwif
onhf wifjycsufrsm;udk Mum;emppfaq;jcif;?
(3) tusihfysufjcpm;rIrsm;ESihf ywfoufNyD; trIwGJrsm;udk okH;oyf
avhvmjcif;?
(4) tpd k ; &Xme&mxl ; rsm;wG i f w m0ef , l & rnh f o d k Y r [k w f
quf v uf w m0ef , l & rnh f y k * ¾ d K vf r sm;\t&nf t csif ; ud k
okH;oyfavhvmjcif;?
(5) tpdk;&tzGJYtpnf;rsm;\ vkyfydkifcGihfrsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;í tjiif;
yGm;rIrsm;udk ppfaq;qkH;jzwfjcif;?
(C) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;í pD&ifqkH;jzwf
ydkifcGihf (a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk xdef;ausmif;xm;Edkifonf)
(1) EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm ; zsufodrf;jcif; odkYr[kwf aygif;pyfjcif;udk
pD&ifqkH;jzwfay;jcif;ESihf ygwDrsm;\ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf
tajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfrI&Sdap&ef xdef;ausmif;ay;jcif;?
(2) a&G;aumufyt JG qihwf ikd ;f ESifh a&G;aumufy&JG v'f tqihq
f ihf
onf w&m;Oya'ESihf nDñGwfrI &Sd r&Sdudk ppfaq;jcif;?
(3) a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m wdkifwef;rIrsm;udk Mum;emppfaq;jcif;/
(i) EdkifiHom;rsm;\ rlvtcGihfta&; odkYr[kwf vlYtcGihfta&;
csdK;azmufrIrsm;twGuf pD&ifqkH;jzwfydkifcGihf (EdkifiHom;rsm;tusKd;
udk umuG,fay;Edkifonf)/
EdkifiHom;wpfOD;\ tcGihfta&;ESihf pyfvsOf;í csdK;azmuf
jcif;cH&ygu tjcm;w&m;½Hk;wpf½Hk;ujzpfap? oufqdkif&mtzGJY
tpnf;u wpfqihfjzpfap? csdK;azmufcH&olu wdkuf½dkufjzpfap
avQmufxm;vmonhf rIcif;rsm;udk qkH;jzwfjcif;/
5/ txufazmfjyyg a,bk,savhvmawGU&Sdcsuft& a&;qGJjy|mef;xm;aom

zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' (Written Constitution) &Sdonhf EdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;rsm;udk oD;jcm;wnfaxmifxm;
MuaMumif;ESihf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' jy|mef;csufrsm; rwdrf;rapmif; &Sdaeap&ef
xdef;ausmif;ay;&onhf tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yftjzpf xm;&SdMuaMumif; awGU&Sd&
ygonf/ xdkYjyif pnf;aESmiftm;aumif;aom zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'jzpfap&ef
vnf;aumif;? Oya'jyKa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;r@dkKifBuD;rsm; tjyef
tvSefxdef;ausmif;rIpepf tm;aumif;ap&efvnf;aumif;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
udk EdkifiHom;tm;vkH; av;pm;vdkufemwwfap&efvnf;aumif;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'u tmrcHay;xm;onhf EdkifiHom;rsm;\ tajccHtcGihfta&;rsm;udk umuG,f
ay;&efvnf;aumif;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk umuG,fapmihfa&Smuf&ef
vnf;aumif; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;wdkYudk t"du
tcef;u@wGifxm;&SdaMumif;awGU&Sd&ygonf/
6/ xdkYjyif tcsKdUEdkifiHrsm;wGif EdkifiHom;rsm;\ rlvtcGihfta&;rsm;udk &,l&ef
twGuf EdkifiHom;wpfOD;csif;u wdkuf½dkufjzpfap? oufqdkif&mtzGJYuwpfqihf
jzpfap zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;rsm;odkY tvG,fwul
wdkifwef;rI jyKEdkifjcif;rSmvnf; aumif;rGefonhftcsufjzpfonf/ þonfrSm
EdkifiHom;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmfu tav;xm;onhfoabm azmfñTef;jcif;vnf;jzpfEdkif
ygonf/ EdkifiHom;rsm;\ rlvtcGihfta&;udk tav;xm;aom EdkifiHrsm;ü EdkifiHom;
rsm;\ ,kHMunfcsuf? cH,lcsufjrihfrm;rI? EdkifiHtwGif; EdkifiHa&;wnfNidrfrI? w&m;
Oya'pdk;rdk;rI? wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;rIponhf u@rsm;wGif ydkíjrihfrm;rI&Sdonfudk awGU&Sd&
ygonf/
7/ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'yg jy|mef;csufrsm;udk teuft"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkay;&jcif;
ESihf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tjiif;yGm;jyóem&yfrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;&jcif;
wdkYrSm zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk; tm;vkH;wGifyg&Sdonhf
vkyfief;wm0efjzpfojzihf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;wdkY\
t"duvkyfief;wm0ef[kvnf; qdkEdkifygonf/ EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHtwGuf y"meusonhf
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk umuG,fapmihfa&Smuf&efESihf zGJYpnf;ykH tajccHOya'yg
jy|mef;csufrsm;udk EdkifiHom;rsm; od&Sdtav;xm; vdkufemEdkif&ef wdkYtwGuf
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;wdkYudk us,fjyeYfaom vkyfief;

wm0efrsm; ay;tyfxm;Muygonf/ EdkifiHtwGuf rnfonhf aqmif&Gufcsufrqdk
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf rqeYfusif&ef vdktyfojzihf zGJYpnf;ykH tajccHOya'ESihf
oufqdkifaom w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;wdkYudk ta&;ygaom tcef;u@wGif
xm;&Sdonfudkvnf; awGU&Sd&onf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf jy|mef;rnhf Oya'Murf;rsm;onf
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfrI &Sd r&Sd pdppfay;&jcif;ESihf csKyfqdkrnhf
tjynfjynfqdkif&m pmcsKyfrsm;onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfrI &Sd r&Sd
pdppfay;&jcif;wdkYrSm zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk; rsm;udk
ta&;ygonhf tcef;u@wGif xm;&Sdjcif;jzpfouJhodkY aemifwpfcsdefwGifrS
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;? zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf qeYfusif
uGJvGJrIrsm; rjzpfay:apa&;twGufvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/
8/ tcsKdUaom zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;rsm;\
pD&ifydkifcGihfrsm;wGifawGU&onhf EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfjcif; &Sd r&Sd pdppf&jcif;ESihf vdktyfaom BuD;MuyfrI
rsm; jyKvkyf&jcif;? taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m &v'frsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;onhf
tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk tqkH;tjzwfay;&jcif;wdkYrSmvnf; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m
w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;wdkYudk 'dkifvlBuD;ozG,fxm;&Sdjcif; jzpfEdkifayonf/ xdkYjyif
pGyfpGJjypfwifjcif;qdkif&mrsm; ESihfpyfvsOf;í tqkH;tjzwfjyKcGihf ay;xm;jcif;rSmvnf;
Oya'jyKa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;r@dKifrsm; tjyeftvSef xdef;ausmif;
onhf pepftm;aumif;ap&eftwGufvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/ tcsKdUEdkifiHrsm;ürl
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' jyifqifjcif;rsm;wGif zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfjcif;
&Sd r&Sdudk zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;wdkYodkY wifoGif;
jcif;ESihf jynfe,frsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wdkYudk twnfjyKapjcif;wdkYrSm
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf oufqdkifaom tzGJYtpnf;\ tcef;u@udk jr§ihfwif
ay;xm;jcif; jzpfEdkifygonf/
9/ jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf; EdkifiHawmfzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qdkif&mckH½Hk; wpf½Hk;udk zGJYpnf;&ef zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' (2008 ckESpf)wGif
xnhfoGif;jy|mef;cJhNyD; 2011 ckESpf? rwfv 31 &ufaeYwGif pwifzGJYpnf;cJhygonf/
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' (2008 ckESpf)? tcef;(6)? w&m;pD&ifa&;\ w&m;½Hk;rsm;
zGJYpnf;wnfaxmifjcif;wGif w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&m ½Hk;trsKd;tpm; okH;rsKd;udk

atmufygtwdkif; zGJYpnf;xm;ygonf-
(u) jynfaxmifpkw&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfESihf ,if;\ vufatmufcH
w&m;½Hk;rsm;?
(c) ppfbufqdkif&m w&m;½Hk;rsm;?
(*) EdkifiHawmfzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;/
10/ ,if;w&m;½Hk;wdkYonf woD;wjcm;pD zGJYpnf;wnfaxmifxm;ouJhodkY pD&if
ydkifcGihftmPmrsm;rSmvnf; woD;wjcm;pDyifjzpf&m oufqdkif&mpD&ifydkifcGihfe,fy,f
wGif tjrihfqkH;½Hk;rsm;vnf;jzpfMuonf/ EdkifawmfzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;
tm; txufwGif azmfjycJhNyD;onhf vkyfief;wm0ef (9)&yfudk ay;tyfxm;&m?
,if;vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;Munhfygu zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'yg jy|mef;csuf
rsm;udk teuft"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkay;&jcif;? jy|mef;Oya'rsm;ESihf tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m
tmPmydkifrsm;\ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfjcif;
&Sd r&Sd pdppfay;&jcif;ESihf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk qkH;jzwf
ay;&jcif;[lonhf tydkif;okH;ydkif; awGU&onf/ EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'
qdkif&mcHk½Hk;\ t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsuf? qHk;jzwfcsufESifh oabmxm;&,l&ef EdkifiHawmf
zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkif&mcHk½Hk;odkY wdkuf½dkufwifoGif;cGihf&Sdolrsm;rSm EdkifiHawmf
or®w? jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf em,u? jynfolYvTwfawmf Ouú|? trsKd;om;
vTwfawmf Ouú|? jynfaxmifpkw&m;olBuD;csKyfESihf jynfaxmifpka&G;aumufyGJ
aumfr&Sif Ouú| wdkYomjzpfNyD; wdkif;a'oBuD;ESihf jynfe,f0efBuD;csKyfrsm;?
vTwfawmfOuú|rsm;? udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihf&wdkif; OD;pD;tzGJY odkYr[kwf udk,fydkif
tkyfcsKyfcGihf&a'oOD;pD;tzGJY Ouú|rsm;ESihf jynfolYvTwfawmf odkYr[kwf trsKd;om;
vTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,ftm;vkH;\ tenf;qkH; 10 &mcdkifEIef;aom udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;taejzihfvnf; owfrSwfenf;vrf;rsm;twdkif; wifoGif;cGihf&SdMuaMumif;
awGU&Sd &onf/
11/ jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHawmf? EdkifiHawmfzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qdkif&mckH½Hk;\ pD&ifydkifcGihftmPmrsm;udk tjcm;aomEdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qdkif&m w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;wdkY\ pD&ifydkifcGihftmPmrsm;ESihf EIdif;,SOfrnfqdkygu
pD&ifydkifcGihftmPm enf;yg;aeao;onf[kqdkEdkifygonf/ xdkodkY enf;yg;ae&jcif;rSm
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzihf 'Drdkua&pDvrf;aMumif;ay: pwifavQmufvSrf;umpjzpfjcif;

ESihf EdkifiHawmf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;udk yxrqkH;tBudrf pwif
wnfaxmifumpjzpfjcif; wdkYaMumihfvnf; jzpfEdkifayonf/ ,aeYtcsdeftcgwGifrl?
2011 ckESpfwGif pwifoaE¨wnf aygufzGm;vmcJhaom zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
(2008 ckESpf)ESihf EdkifiHawmfzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;wdkYonf oufwrf;
tm;jzihf (5)ESpfausmfodkYyifa&mufvmcJhayNyD/ xdkYtwlyif 'Drdkua&pD tavhtusihf
aumif;rsm; tpjyKcJhonfrSmvnf; (5)ESpfausmfumvodkY a&muf&SdcJhNyD;onhftwGuf
wdk;wufajymif;vJrIrsm;vnf; jzpfxGef;ay:aygufcJhNyD;jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpfí urÇmh
EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfESihf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; jzpfpOfrsm;wdk;wuf ajymif;vJvmrIwdkYESihftwl
jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHawmf? EdkifiHawmf zGJYpnf;ykH tajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;\
tcef;u@onfvnf; aemifwpfcsdefü ,ckxufydkrdkí EdkifiHawmfESihf EdkifiHom;
rsm;twGuf ta&;ygonhftcef;u@odkY a&muf&SdvmEdkifygonf/
ed*kH;
12/ urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;wGif EdkifiHawmf tcsKyftjcmtmPm\ cufroHk;jzmjzpfaom
Oya'jyKa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf w&m;pD&ifa&; r@dKifBuD;rsm;onf tcsif;csif;
tjyeftvSef xdef;ausmif;ay;Edkifa&;udk ydkrdktav;xm;vmvsuf&Sdayonf/
EdkifiHawmf\ tcsKyftjcmtmPm[lonf EdkifiHom;rsm;xHrSom qif;oufvmjcif;
jzpf&m EdkifiHom;rsm;\ tcGihftmPmudk vufcH&,lokH;pGJvsuf&SdMuaom yk*¾dKvf?
tzGJYtpnf;rsm;taejzihfvnf; tcsKyftjcmtmPm\ rl&if;ydkif&Sif EdkifiHom;rsm;udk
jyefvSef tav;xm;vmvsuf&Sdaeonf/
13/ xdkYjyif EdkifiHrsm;taejzihf tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;twGuf
y"meusaom zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'udkvnf; jynfolvlxk\ qEÉSihftnD a&;qGJ
jy|mef;usihfokH;vsuf&SdaeMuygonf/ jynfolvlxk vufcHoabmusonhf zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'wpf&yfudk umuG,fapmihfa&Smuf&eftwGufvnf; tav;xm;vsuf
&SdMu&m zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk umuG,fapmihfa&Smuf&eftwGuf oufqdkif&m
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf&yfudk wm0efay;tyfxm;avh&Sdonf/ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
udk umuG,fapmihfa&Smufjcif;onf ,if;EdkifiH\ tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk umuG,f
apmihfa&Smufjcif;vnf;jzpfay&m þwm0efrSm vGefpGmrSyif BuD;av;vSayonf/
umuG,fapmihfa&Smufonfqdk&mwGif zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'\ pnf;aESmiftm;
aumif;ap&ef wpfenf;tm;jzihf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'yg jy|mef;csufrsm;udktm;vkH;
u tav;xm;vdkufemEdkif&ef BuD;Muyfaqmif&Gufay;ae&jcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/
14/ tcsKyftm;jzihfazmfjy&vQif ,aeYEdkifiHtrsm;pkwGif EdkifiHtwGif; w&m;
Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;twGufvnf;aumif;? t"dur@dKifBuD;rsm; tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSef
xdef;ausmif;rIpepf tm;aumif;ap&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHom;rsm;\ rlv
tcGihfta&;rsm;udk &,lay;&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHtwGuf
toufaoG;aMumyrmjzpfonhf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccH Oya'udk umuG,fapmihfa&Smuf&ef
odkYr[kwf BuD;Muyfaqmif&Guf&eftwGufvnf;aumif; jynfoltrsm;,kHMunf
tm;xm;onhf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk; odkYr[kwf ckH½Hk;rsm;udk oD;jcm;
vGwfvyfaom tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yftjzpf zGJYpnf;wnfaxmifxm;MuaMumif;
avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf/
* * * * *
usrf;udk;pm&if;
1/ jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHawmf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' (2008 ckESpf)/

2/ jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHawmf?EdkifiHawmfzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
qdkif&mckH½Hk;Oya'/
3/ urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;rsm;(1)/
tifwmeuf0ufbfqdkuf
www.constituteproject.org
tm&SzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;rsm;ESihf
tqihfwlw&m;½Hk;rsm;tzGJYtpnf; taMumif;odaumif;p&m
a'gufwmarqkvIdif*
ed'gef;
1/ tm&SzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;rsm;ESihf tqihfwlw&m;½Hk;rsm;
tzGJYBuD; (Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions,
AACC) onf tm&Sa'otwGif; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;pD&ifa&;
pepf cdkifrmapa&;twGuf 2010 jynhfESpf ZlvdkifvwGif zGJYpnf;cJhonhf a'oqdkif&m
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfjzpfayonf/ tzGJYBuD;onf EdkifiHa&;tzGJYtpnf; r[kwfonhf
vGwfvyfonhf oD;jcm;tzGJYtpnf; wpf&yfjzpfygonf/
AACC tzGJYBuD; oaE¨wnfjzpfay:vmjcif;
2/ tm&Sa'owGif;&Sd zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;rsm;ESihf tqihfwl

w&m;½Hk;rsm;rS ½Hk;tBuD;tuJrsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDpepf xGef;um;a&;ESihf w&m;Oya'
pdk;rdk;rI? owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESihf tawGUtBuHKA[kokwrsm; zvS,fEdkifap&ef
twGuf tm&Sa'owGif; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;rsm; tzGJYtpnf;
wpf&yf xlaxmifoihfaMumif;udk 2005 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif rGef*dkvD;,m;
EdkifiHü usif;ycJhaom wwd,tBudrfajrmuf tm&Sa'ozGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif
&mw&m;½Hk;w&m;olBuD;rsm; nDvmcHwGif pwifaqG;aEG;cJhMuygonf/ xdkYaemuf
2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif usif;ycJhonhf yOörtBudrfajrmuf zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccH Oya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk; w&m;olBuD;rsm; nDvmcHü tif'dkeD;&Sm;or®wEdkifiH?
awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiH? rGef*dkvD;,m;EdkifiHESihf zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwdkYonf tm&Sa'owGif;
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;rsm; tzGJYtpnf;udk xlaxmifEdkif&eftwGuf
ueOD; pDrHceYfcGJa&;aumfrwDzGJYpnf;a&; em;vnfrIpmcRefvTmudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;
cJhMuygonf/
* a'gufwmarqkvIdifonf EdkifiHawmfzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;wGif vufaxmufñTefMum;a&;rSL;
wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaeoljzpfygonf/
120 AACC အဖွဲ့အစည်းအကြောင်းသိကောင်းစရာ
AACC tzGJYBuD; arG;zGm;zGJYpnf;vmjcif;
3/ ueOD;pDrHceYfcGJa&;aumfrwDonf tpnf;ta0; 4 Budrf usif;ycJhygonf/

yxrtBudrf tpnf;ta0;udk awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiH qdk;vfNrdKUüf 2008 ckESpfwGif
usif;ycJhNyD; ,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif Ouú|a&G;cs,fjcif;ESihf AACC tzGJYtpnf;\
y#dÓOfpmcsKyfrlMurf; a&;qGJcJhMuygonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf tpnf;ta0;udk 2009
ckESpfwGifvnf;aumif;? wwd,tBudrftpnf;ta0;udk 2010 jynhfESpfwGif
vnf;aumif; awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiH\NrdKUawmf qdk;vfNrdKUwGif xyfrHusif;ycJhygonf/
,if;tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif AACC tzGJYtpnf;\ y#dÓOf pmcsKyfrlMurf;tay:
aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;? tzGJY0ifEdkifiHrsm; vufcHjcif;ESihf AACC tzGJYtpnf;\ w&m;0if
zGJYpnf;rnhfaeY&ufrsm;udk owfrSwfjcif; ponhfwdkYudk aqG;aEG;n§dEIdif;aqmif&GufcJh
ygonf/ pwkw¬tBudrf tpnf;ta0;udk tif'dkeD;&Sm;or®wEdkifiH *smumwmNrdKUwGif
2010 jynfhESpf Zlvdkifv 13 7ufaeYwGif xyfrHusif;yí AACC tzGJYtpnf;tm;
w&m;0if zGJYpnf;aMumif;ESihf awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiH qdk;vfNrdKUwGif nDvmcHusif;y&ef
oabmwlqkH;jzwfcsufrsm; yg0ifonhf AACC tzGJYtpnf;udk zGJYpnf;aom
*smumwmaMunmcsuf (Jakarta Declaration)tm; xkwfjyefaMunmcJhygonf/
*smumwmaMunmcsufudk tif'dkeD;&Sm;or®wEdkifiH? awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiH?
rav;&Sm;Edik if ?H rGe*f v
kd ;D ,m;Edik if ?H zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if ?H xdik ;f Edik if EH iS fh OZbufupöwef Edik if H
ponhf EdkifiH (7)EdkifiHrS vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhygonf/
ဂျာကာတာကြေညာချက်ကို လက်မှတ်ရေးထိုးသည့်အခမ်းအနား မှတ်တမ်းပုံ

AACC tzGJYBuD;\ tzGJY0ifEdkifiHrsm;
4/ AACC tzGJYBuD; pwifzGJYpnf;onhftcsdefwGif EdkifiHaygif; 7 EdkifiHjzihf

zGJYpnf;cJhaomfvnf; 2011 ckESpf arvwGif awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiH NrdKUawmf qdk;vf
wGif usif;ycJhonfh nDvmcHü tzGJY0ifEdkifiHtopfrsm;tjzpf ½k&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif;EdkifiH?
wm*spfupöwefEdkifiH? wl&uDEdkifiHwdkYudkvnf;vufcHaMumif; twnfjyKcJhMuygonf/
,cktcg AACC tzGJYtpnf;wGif jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHrS EdkifiHawmf
zGJYpnf;ykH tajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk; tygt0if tzGJY0ifEdkifiH 16 EdkifiHtxd &Sdygonf/
jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiH? EdkifiHawmfzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;udk
AACC tzGJYBuD;\ 16 EdkifiHajrmuf tzGJY0iftjzpf 15-8-2015 &ufaeYwGif
vufcHcJhygonf/
AACC tzGJYBuD;\ tzGJY0ifEdkifiHrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf-
1. Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia
2. Independent Commission for Overseeing the Implementation
of Constitution of Afghanistan
3. Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan Republic
4. Constitutional Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan
5. Constitutional Court of the Republic of Korea
6. Federal Court of Malaysia
7. Constitutional Court of the Mongolia
8. Supreme Court of Pakistan
9. Supreme Court of Republic of the Philippines
10. Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
11. Constitutional Court of the Republic of Tajikistan
12. Constitutional Court of the Kingdom of Thailand
13. Constitutional Court of the Republic of Turkey
14. Constitutional Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan
15. Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Kyrgyzstan
16. Constitutional Tribunal of the Union of Myanmar
AACC tzGJYBuD;\&nf&G,fcsufESihf vkyfief;wm0efrsm;
5/ AACC tzGJYBuD;udk atmufazmfjyyg &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzihf zGJYpnf;xm;jcif;

jzpfygonf-
(u) vlYtcGihfta&;udk umuG,fapmihfa&Smuf&ef?
(c) 'Drdkua&pDpepf wnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;?
(*) w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;?
(C) zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;rsm;ESihftqihfwlw&m;½Hk;rsm;
vGwfvyfpGm w&m;pD&ifEdkifa&;?
(i) tzGJY0ifEdkifiHrsm;tMum; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;? enf;ynm?
A[kokw tawGUtBuHKrsm; zvS,fjcif;ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;?
6/ AACC toif;BuD;\ vkyfief;wm0efrsm;rSm-
(u) ykHrSeftpnf;ta0;rsm;usif;yay;jcif;?
(c) nDvmcHrsm;? ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrsm;? tvkyf½Hkpmwrf;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;
usif;yEdkif&ef pDpOfay;jcif;?
(*) zGJYpnf;ykHa&;&mw&m;pD&ifa&; trIudpörsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;í tawGU
tBuHK A[kokwrsm;udk vG,fulpGm rQa0ay;Edkif&ef aqmif&Guf
ay;jcif;?
(C) zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m trIrsm;? vkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
ESihfpyfvsOf;onhf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk zvS,f&mwGif
vG,fulacsmarGUap&ef aqmif&Gufay;jcif;?
(i) zGJYpnf;ykHa&;&m tmPmydkifrsm;ESihf wnfqJOya'rsm;tay:
oabmxm; xifjrifcsufrsm; zvS,f&mwGif vG,fulacsmarGUap&ef
aqmif&Gufay;jcif;?
(p) tzGJYBuD;\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm; taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif tzGJY0if
EdkifiHrsm;tm; vdktyfonhf enf;ynmrsm; taxmuftyHhay;jcif;?
(q) tzGJY0ifEdkifiHrsm;tcsif;csif; qufoG,frIrsm; rjywfap&eftwGuf
ulnDxdef;odrf;aqmif&Gufay;jcif;?
(Z) tjcm;aoma'oqdkif&m zGJYpnf;ykHa&;&m tzGJYtpnf;rsm;jzihf vdktyf
ygu yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif; wdkYjzpfygonf/
AACC tzGJYBuD;\ tzGJYtpnf;rsm;
AACC tzGJYBuD;wGif -
(u) tzGJY0ifEdkifiHrsm;\bkwftzGJY (Board of Members)
(c) nDvmcH (Congress)
(*) twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf (Secretariat) wdkY yg0ifygonf/
(u) tzGJY0ifEdkifiHrsm;\ bkwftzGJYtpnf;ta0;
Board of Members tpnf ; ta0;wG i f zG J Y p nf ; yk H t ajccH O ya'qd k i f & m
w&m;½Hk;rsm;ESihf tqihfwlw&m;½Hk;rsm;rS ½Hk;tBuD;tuJrsm;jzpfMuaom w&m;
olBuD;csKyf odkYr[kwf Ouú|rsm; wufa&mufMuonf/ Board of Members tpnf;
ta0;onf AACC tzGJYBuD;\ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;jzpfaom tzGJY0iftopfrsm;
vufcjH cif;? tzG0YJ ifEikd if t
H jzpfrS z,f&mS ;jcif; ? nDvmcHoYkd wufa&mufEikd &f eftwGuf
avhvmolrsm;? {nhfonfrsm; zdwfMum;jcif;ponhf udpö&yfrsm;tay: qkH;jzwfcsuf
rsm; csrSwfay;onhf tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf jzpfygonf/
2011 ckESpf arvwGif Inaugural Congress udk awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiH?
qdk;vfNrdKUwGif usif;yEdkif&eftwGuf Board of Members tpnf;ta0;udk qdk;vfNrdKU
wGif usif;ycJhygonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif &S&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif;EdkifiH? wm*spf
upöwef EdkifiHESihf wl&uDEdkifiHwdkYtm; tzGJY0iftjzpf todtrSwfjyKcJhygonf/ ,if;
tpnf; ta0;odkY tif'dkeD;&Sm;or®wEdkifiH? awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiH? rGef*dkvD;,m;EdkifiH?
zdvpfydkifEdkifiH? xdkif;EdkifiHESihf OZbufupöwefEdkifiHwdkYrS w&m;olBuD;csKyfrsm;
wufa&muf cJhMuygonf/
2012 ckESpf? arv 20 &ufaeYESihf 22 &ufaeYwGif qdk;vfNrdKUwGif Board of
Members tpnf;ta0;udk usif;yí ygupöwefEdkifiHtm; tzGJY0ifopftjzpf
vufcHcJhygonf/ xdkYtjyif 'kwd,tBudrfnDvmcHtm; wl&uDEdkifiHwGif tdrf&Sif
EdkifiHtjzpf vufcHusif;y&ef oabmwlqkH;jzwfcJhMuonf/ ,if; Board of
Members tpnf;ta0;odkY tif'dkeD;&Sm;or®wEdkifiH? awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiH?
rav;&Sm;EdkifiH? rGef*dkvD;,m;EdkifiH? ½k&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif;EdkifiH? wm*spfupöwefEdkifiH?
xdkif;EdkifiH? wl&uDEdkifiHESihf OZbufupöwefEdkifiHwdkYrS w&m;olBuD;csKyfrsm;
wufa&mufcJhygonf/
2014 ckESpf? {NyDv 28 &ufaeYwGif wl&uDEdkifiH? tpöwefblNrdKUü Board of

Members tpnf;ta0;udk xyfrHusif;yí tmZmbdkif*sefEdkifiHudk tzGJY0ifEdkifiH
topftjzpf vufcHcJhNyD; tif'dkeD;&Sm;or®wEdkifiHudk wwd,tBudrfnDvmcH usif;y
&ef tdrf&SifEdkifiHtjzpf a&G;cs,ftwnfjyKcJhMuygonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;odkY
tmz*efepöwefEdkifiH? tif'dkeD;&Sm;or®wEdkifiH? umZufpwefEdkifiH? awmifudk;&D;,m;
EdkifiH? rav;&Sm;EdkifiH? rGef*dkvD;,m;EdkifiH? ygupöwefEdkifiH? ½k&Sm;zuf'a&;&Sif;EdkifiH?
wm*spfupöwefEdkifiH? xdkif;EdkifiH? wl&uDEdkifiHESihf OZbufupöwefEdkifiHwdkYrS
wufa&mufcJhygonf/
2015 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 13 &ufaeY rS 16 &ufaeYtxd Board of Members
tpnf;ta0;udk tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH? *smumwmNrdKUwGif usif;yNyD; wwd,tBudrf
nDvmcH usif;y&eftwGuf jyifqifjcif;ESihf AACC tzGJYBuD;\ tjrJwrf; twGif;
a&;rSL;csKyf½Hk; wnfaxmif&eftqdkudkvnf; aqG;aEG;cJhMuygonf/
2016ckESpf Mo*kwfv 10 &uf ESihf 12 &ufaeYwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH
bmvDNrdKUü Board of Members tpnf;ta0;udk usif;yí tzGJYBuD;\ tvSnhfus
Ouú|tm; xyfrHa&G;cs,fjcif;ESihf tzGJYBuD;\ zGJYpnf;ykHy#dnmOf oabmwlnDcsuftm;
jyifqifjcif;rsm; aqmif&GufMu&mwGif tzGJYBuD;\ tvSnhfusOuú|tm; vuf&Sd
wm0ef,laqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdaom tif'dkeD;&Sm;zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;
rS qufvufí 1 ESpf wm0ef,l aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygonf/
(c) nDvmcH (Congress)
nDvmcHwGif tzGJY0ifEdkifiHrsm;tjyif avhvmolEdkifiHrsm;ESihf zdwfMum;cH&ol
rsm;vnf; yg0ifwufa&mufEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif avhvmolEdkifiHrsm;rS udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;ESihf zdwfMum;cH&olEdkifiHrsm;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm;taejzihf qkH;jzwfcsuf
csrSwf&mwGif yg0ifrJay;jcif;rsm; rjyKvkyfEdkifay/ nDvmcHudk 2 ESpfvQif wpfBudrf
usif;yonf/ ,cktcg AACC tzGJYBuD;onf nDvmcH 3 Budrfwdkif usif;yNyD;pD;cJh
ygonf/
Inaugural nDvmcHudk awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiH? qdk;vfNrdKUwGif 2012 ckESp?f
arvwGif usif;ycJhygonf/ nDvmcHodkY EdkifiHaygif; 29 EdkifiHESihf tjynfjynfqdkif&m
tzGJYtpnf;rS udk,fpm;vS,f 92 OD; wufa&mufcJhMuygonf/ awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiH
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk; Ouú|\ zdwfMum;rIaMumihf ,if;nDvmcHodkY
EdkifiHawmfzGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk;rS ,cif Ouú| OD;odef;pdk;u avhvmol

tjzpf wufa&mufcJhygonf/ qdk;vfnDvmcHrS AACC tzGJY0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfjzihf 'Drdkua&pDzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;
ESihf w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;twGufomru vlrIjyóemrsm;udk twlwuG yl;aygif;
ajz&Sif;Mu&efESihf tm&Sa'owGif; ordkif;aMumif; ,Ofaus;rIrsm;t& zGJYpnf;ykH
a&;&m w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&mpepfwpf&yf ay:xGef;vmap&ef ponhftcsufrsm;
yg0ifonhf qdk;vfaMunmcsuf (Seoul Declaration) xkwfjyefcJhygonf/
Inaugural Congress of the AACC ဖွင့်ပွဲအခမ်းအနား မှတ်တမ်းပုံ
2014 ckESpf {NyDv 27 &ufrS 30 &ufaeYtxd wl&uDEdkifiH tpöwefbl

NrdKUwGif 'kwd,tBudrf nDvmcHudk usif;ycJhygonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf nDvmcHodkY
tdrf&SifEdkifiHjzpfaom wl&uDEdkifiH tygt0if EdkifiHaygif; 23 EdkifiHrS udk,fpm;vS,f
aygif; 69 OD; wufa&mufcJhygonf/ ,if;nDvmcHrS tpöwefbl aMunmcsuf
(Istanbul Declaration) xkwfjyefcJhygonf/
2nd Congress of the AACC ဖွင့်ပွဲအခမ်းအနားမှတ်တမ်းပုံ

2016 ckESpfwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;or®wEdkifiH bmvDNrdKUwGif wwd,tBudrf

nDvmcHudk usif;ycJhygonf/ wwd,tBudrf nDvmcHodkY EdkifiHaygif; 18 EdkifiHrS
udk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& 300 ceYf wufa&mufcJhMuygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHrSvnf;
EdkifiHawmf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mckH½Hk; tzGJY0if a':vSrsKd;EG,facgif;aqmifaom
udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJY wufa&mufcJhygonf/ wwd,tBudrf nDvmcHtm; ]EdkifiHom;
rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'a&;&m tcGihfta&;rsm; umuG,fapmihfa&Smufjcif;ESihf
wdk;jr§ihfjcif;} acgif;pOfjzihf usif;ycJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;nDvmcHrS atmufazmfjyyg
tcsufrsm;yg0ifaom bmvDaMunmcsuf (Bali Declaration)udk xkwfjyefcJh
ygonf-
* zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;rsm;ESihf tqihfwl w&m;½Hk;
rsm;onf EdkifiHom;rsm;\ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m tcGihf
ta&;rsm;udk umuG,fapmihfa&Smufa&;twGuf ,if;wdkY\ cdkifrm
aom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;jzihf ta&;ygaom tcef;u@u &yfwnf
vsuf &SdygaMumif;?
* a'oqdkif&m yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIrsm;jzihf tm&StwGif;&Sd tjcm;
aom zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;ESihf tqihfwlw&m;½Hk;
rsm;tm; zdwfMum;jcif;jzihf AACC tzGJYBuD;twGif; wpfOD;udkwpfOD;
ab;csif;,SOfvsuf cdkifrmpGm &yfwnfí vlYtcGihfta&;rsm;
umuG,fapmihfa&Smufjcif;? 'Drdkua&pDESihf w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;wdkY
twGuf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;rsm;ESihf tqihfwl
w&m;½Hk;rsm;\ vGwfvyfrIudk cdkifrmpGm xdef;odrf;apEdkifrnfudk
,kHMunfygaMumif;?
* zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;rsm;ESihf tqihfwlw&m;½Hk;rsm;
onf zGJYpnf;ykHa&;&m 'Drdkua&pDudk umuG,fapmihfa&Smufolrsm;
taejzihf &yfwnfvsuf tjcm;aom r@Kdifrsm;\ vTrf;rdk;rIrS
uif;a0;aponhfrludk xdef;odrf;oGm;&rnfjzpfaMumif;? xdkYtjyif
EdkifiH wpfEdkifiH\ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESihf 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk
zsufodrf;&ef &nf&G,fonhf zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihf nDñGwfrI
r&Sdaom BudK;yrf;csufrsm;udkvnf; ueYfuGuf½IwfcsygaMumif;
ponfh tcsufrsm; yg0ifygonf/
3rd Congress of the AACC ဖွင့်ပွဲအခမ်းအနားမှတ်တမ်းပုံ
(*) twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf½Hk; (Secretariat)

AACC tzG J Y B uD ; \ twG i f ; a&;rS L ;csKyf ½ H k ; onf tzG J Y B uD ; \ vk y f i ef ;
aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;í aqmif&Gufay;&onhf½Hk;jzpfygonf/ twGif;
a&;rSL;csKyf½Hk;wGif nDvmcHvufcHusif;yrnhf tdrf&SifEdkifiH twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf½Hk;ESihf
tjrJ w rf ; twG i f ; a&;rS L ;csKyf ½ H k ; wd k Y yg0if y gonf / ,cif u AACC tzG J Y B uD ; \
twGif;a&;rSL;csKyftjzpf nDvmcHvufcH usif;yonhf tdrf&SifEdkifiHrS aqmif&Guf
&aomfvnf; tzGJYBuD;\ aqmif&GufrIrsm; xda&mufpGm aqmif&GufEdkifap&eftwGuf
tjrJwrf;twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf½Hk;tm; wnfaxmifoihfaMumif; aqG;aEG;wdkifyifMu&m
tjrw J rf;twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf½;kH udk bmvDNrKd UwGif usif;yaom wwd,tBudraf jrmuf
nDvmcHwGif tzGJY0ifEdkifiHrsm;tm;vkH;\ oabmwlnDcsufjzihf yl;wGJtjrJwrf;
twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf½;kH rsm; taejzihf wnfaxmifcyhJ gonf/ tdr&f iS t f wGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf
½Hk;\ t"duvkyfief;pOfrSm nDvmcHusif;yEdkif&eftwGuf tzGJY0ifEdkifiHrsm;tm;
taxmuftul ay;Edkif&efjzpfNyD; yl;wGJtjrJwrf; twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf½Hk;rsm;tm;
atmufygtwdkif; zGJYpnf;xm;ygonf-
yl;wGJtjrJwrf;twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf½Hk;rsm;rSm -
- pDrHudef;ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf½Hk; (The
Secretariat for Planning and Coordination)
- okawoeESihf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf½Hk; (The
Secretariat for Research and Development)
- avhusihfa&;ESihf vlYpGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpf A[dkXme (The Centre for
Training and Human Resources Development) wdkYjzpfygonf/
pDrHudef;ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf½Hk; (The Secretariat
for Planning and Coordination) udk tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHwGif zGJYpnf;wnfaxmifxm;
ygonf/ okawoeESihf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf½Hk; (The Secretariat
for Research and Development) tm; awmif u d k & D ; ,m;Ed k i f i H w G i f zG J Y p nf ;
wnfaxmifxm;ygonf/ avhusihaf &;ESifh vlpY rG ;f tm;t&if;tjrpf zGNH zKd ;wd;k wuf a&;
A[dkXme (The Centre for Training and Human Resources Development) udkrl
wl & uD E d k i f i H w G i f zG J Y p nf ; wnf a xmif x m;í vk y f i ef ; wm0ef r sm;ud k oD ; jcm;pD
aqmif&GufMuygonf/ tdrf&SifEdkifiH twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf½Hk;ESihf tjrJwrf;twGif;a&;
rSL;csKyf½Hk; rsm;onf tcsif;csif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm; zvS,fjcif;jzihf AACC
tzGJYBuD;\ tvSnhfusOuú|\ OD;aqmifrIatmufwGif vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk
ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifvsuf&Sdygonf/
AACC tzGJYBuD;\ tvSnhfus Ouú|wm0efxrf;aqmifcJholrsm;
nDvmcHukd tdr&f iS t
f jzpf vufcuH sif;yrnhEf ikd if rH S w&m;½H;k tBu;D tuJonf
AACC tzG J Y B uD ; \ Ouú | tjzpf v nf ; wm0ef , l a qmif & G u f M u&onf / AACC
tzGJYBuD;\ Ouú|tjzpf wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJholrsm;rSm-
တောင်ကိုရီးယားနိုင်ငံ၊ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေဆိုင်ရာတရားရုံးတရားသူကြီး
Mr. Lee Kong Kook
တူရကီနိုင်ငံ၊ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေဆိုင်ရာတရားရုံး တရားသူကြီး Mr. Hasim

KILIC
အင်ဒိုနီးရှားသမ္မတနိုင်ငံ၊ ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေဆိုင်ရာတရားရုံး၊
တရားသူကြီးချုပ် Mr. Arief Hidayat
AACC tzGJYBuD;\ nDvmcHudk tdrf&SiftjzpfvufcHusif;ycJhaom EdkifiHrsm;
AACC tzGJYBuD;\ nDvmcHudk tdrf&SiftjzpfvufcHusif;ycJhaom EdkifiH

rsm;rSm-
- 2010jynfhESpf? ZlvdkifvrS 2012 ckESpf arv txd awmifudk&D;,m;
EdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya' qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;rS vnf;aumif;?
- 2012 ckESpf ZGefv rS 2014 ckESpf {NyDv txd wl&uDor®wEdkifiH
zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&mw&m;½Hk;rS vnf;aumif;?
- 2014 ckESpf {NyDv rS ,aeYtxd tif'dkeD;&Sm;or®wEdkifiH zGJYpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;½Hk;rS wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJhMuygonf/
ed*kH;
AACC tzGJYBuD;onf tm&Sa'owGif; zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&m w&m;
pD&ifa&; tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfjzpfNyD; tzGJY0ifEdkifiHrsm;tMum; nDvmcHrsm;? aqG;aEG;yGJ
rsm; usif;yí tawGUtBuHKA[kokwrsm;? owif;tcsuftvufrsm; zvS,fjcif;
omru tjcm;aom a'oqdik &f m tzGt YJ pnf;rsm;jzpfMuaom Venice Commission,
CCJA (Conference of Constitutional Jurisdictions of Africa) paom EdkifiHwum
tzGtYJ pnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;vsuf zGpYJ nf;ykaH &;&mw&m;pD&ifa&;pepf xGe;f um;a&;udk
twlwuG aqmif&Gufvsuf&SdaMumif; wifjytyfygonf/
* * * * *
vufwifa0g[m&rsm;
OD;0if;jrifhOD;

jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd wnfqJOya'rsm;wGif t*Fvdyfbmomjzihf jy|mef;xm;aom
Oya'trsm;pk usef&Sdaeayao;onf/ xdkYaMumihf Oya'ynmudk qnf;yl;avhvm
olrsm;? Oya'e,fy,fwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaeMuaom ynm&Sifrsm; ponf
wdkYonf t*Fvdyfbmomjzihf a&;om;xm;aom Oya'usrf;rsm;? pD&ifxkH;rsm;udk
zwf ½ I & mwG i f vuf w if p um;vk H ; rsm;jzih f a&;om;xm;onf w d k Y u d k rMumcP
awGUBuHKMu&rnfjzpfonf/ vufwifpum;vkH;rsm;udk pmvkH;apmif; (italic) jzihf
a&;om;ygonf/ vufwifpum;vkH;rsm;udk awGU&aomtcgwGif jrifawGUaeus
pum;vkH;rsm;qdkygu t"dyÜm,fudk tvG,fwulod&Sdedkifaomfvnf; jrifawGUaeus
pum;vkH;rsm; r[kwfvQif pum;vkH;rsm;\ t"dyÜm,fudkazmfedkif&eftwGuf Oya'
usrf;rsm;wGif &Sm&azG&onfrSm tawmfyif tcsdefay;&ayonf/ rdrdtvdk&Sdaom
pum;vkH;udk &SmazGí awGUcsifrSvnf; awGUayonf/ xdkodkYaomtcgwGif tcuf
awGU&ayawmhonf/
odkYjzpfí wpfaxmihfwpfae&mrS wpfpkHwpf&maom tusKd;jyKEdkifapjcif;iSm
vufvSrf;rDorQ vufwifpum;vkH;tcsKdUudk wifjyvdkygonf/
a fortiori [l a om vuf w if p um;vk H ; \ wd k u f ½ d k u f t "d y Ü m ,f r S m from
stronger [k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ tqdkyg vufwifpum;vkH;udk w&m;½Hk;rsm;wGif
trItwGuf cdkifvkHaom taMumif;jcif;&mrsm;udk taxmuftxm;jyKí avQmufvJ
wifjyjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ xdkodkYavQmufvJwifjy&mwGif ¤if;rSefuefonfqdkaom
taMumif;tcsif;&m tcsuftvufESihfpyfvsOf;í aemufxyftaMumif;csif;&m
wpfckuvnf; rSefuefaMumif; axmufcHjyqdkaeaom taetxm;rsKd;jzpfonf/
tqdkyg udpörsKd;wGif w&m;olBuD;u ¤if;\pD&ifcsufwGif avQmufvJcsufESihf
ywfoufí An a fortiori argument cdkifrmaom avQmufvJcsuf[k xnhfoGif;
okH;oyfavh&Sdonf/
a mensa et thoro [laom vufwifpum;vk;H \ wdu k ½f u kd tf "dymÜ ,frmS from
table and bed [k t"d y Ü m ,f & onf / vif r ,m;ES p f O D ; wpf p m;yG J w nf ;
xrif;twlpm;&mrS? wpftdyf,mwnf; twltdyf&mrS[k qdkEdkifayrnf/ vifr,m;
132 လက်တင်ဝေါဟာရများ
uGm&Sif;onhf udpörsm;wGif Oya't& w&m;0ifuGm&Sif;jywfpJjcif; rjyKvkyf&ao;yJ

vifcef;r,m;cef; ESpfOD;oabmwl cGJcGmaeaomudpö&yfrsm;wGif tokH;jyKonf/
vifr,m;ESpfOD;onf Oya't& w&m;0ifuGm&Sif;jywfpJjcif; rjyKvkyf&ao;onfh
wdik f tMuifvifr,m;tjzpf aygif;oif;aexdik jf cif; r&Sad wmh[k qdv k jkd cif;jzpfonf/
vifr,m;uGm&Sif;vdkrI avQmufxm;aomtrIrsKd;wGif awGU&avh&Sdygonf/
a posteriori [laom vufwifpum;vk;H \ wdu k ½f u f "dymÜ ,frmS from later
kd t
]aemifaomtcg? aemufawmh}[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ tqdkyg pum;vkH; onfvnf;
avQmufvJcsufrsm;ay;onhf udpö&yfrsm;udk pD&ifcsufwGif xnhfoGif; a&;om;onhf
tok H ; tEI e f ; rsKd ; jzpf o nf / trI \ aemuf y d k i f ; wG i f ay:ayguf v maom
taMumif;jcif;&m? tcsuftvuftopfrsm;tay: rlwnfí avQmufvJcsufay;
jcif;rsKd;udk qdkvdkjzpfonf/
a priori [laom pum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm from earlier tapm
ydkif;umvu[k t"dyÜm,f&&Sdonf/ ,ck pum;vkH;onfvnf; avQmufvJcsuf
ay;onhf udpö&yfrsm;udk okH;oyfazmfjy&mü tokH;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ t,lcHw&m;½Hk;
wGif avQmufvJwifjyaomtcgü rlv½Hk;wGif ay:aygufcJhaom taMumif;jcif;&m
rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í avQmufvJwifjyjcif;rsKd;udk qdkvdkonf/
ab extra [laom pum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm from outside tjyif
bufu? tjyifbufrS [laom t"dyÜm,f&onf/ rsm;aomtm;jzihf w&m;rrIrsm;
ppfaq;&mwGif 3rd Party [k ac:aom wwd,yk*¾dKvf yg0ifvmonfhtcgwGif
okH;EIef;onf/
ab initio [laom pum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm from the beginning
tpydkif;wGif? yxrydkif;wGif[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ trsm;tm;jzihf oabmwlpmcsKyf
rsm; csKyfqdkonhftcsdefudk &nfñTef;udk;um;wifjy&müvnf;aumif;? tvm;wl
jy|mef;Oya'wpf&yfudk rnhfonhftcsdefu jy|mef;onf? vufxyfxdrf;jrm;jcif;udk
rnfonhftcsdefu jyKvkyfcJhonf? pmcsKyfpmwrf; oabmwlnDcsuf wpf&yfonf
rnfonhftcsdefu w&m;0iftwnfjzpfvmonf ponfjzihf azmfjyaom udpö&yf
rsKd;wGif ab initio qdkaom pum;vkH;udk okH;pGJonf/ The couple was covered ab
initio by her health policy.* ]Oyrmtm;jzifh vifr,m;pHkwGJ wpfwGJonf ZeD;onf
*
Yogis, John (1995). Canadian Law Dicitionary (4th ed.). Barron's Education
Series.
\ usef;rma&;ay:vpDaMumifh tpydik ;f wGif ¤if;wdv Yk ifr,m;tjzpfukd todray;bJ

zHk;uG,fxm;cJhonf} [k a&;om;aom 0guswGif ]tpydkif;wGif} qdkaom tokH;
tEIef;udk ab initio jzihf azmfjyonfudkawGU&Sdonf/ tqdkyg oabmw&m;twdkif;
ab initio udk okH;EIef;onf/
absque hoc [l a om pum;vk H ; \ wd k u f ½ d k u f t "d y Ü m ,f r S m without this
oufqikd af om taMumif;t&m? tcsut f vuf odrYk [kwf rdrt d m; tm;enf; aprnfh
taMumif;t&mtcsut f vufryg0ifbJ avQmufvw J ifjyjcif;[kt"dymÜ ,f &ygonf/
aqmif&Gufavh&Sdaom taetxm;rSm w&m;cHtrsm; odkYr[kwf w&m;NydKiftrsm;
&Sdaom trIrsKd;wGif ckcHrIvrf;aMumif; uGJjym;onfESifhtrQ w&m;cH w&m;NydKifwdkY\
a&SUaersm;vnf; oD;jcm;pD&SdMuonf/ xdkuJhodkYaom trIrsm;wGif omrefavQmufvJ
wifjy&mü rdrdtwGuf avQmufvJwifjy&ef? acsy&ef tcGihf tvrf; enf;yg;onhf
tcgrsm;wGif usifhoHk;aom avQmufvJwifjyjcif;rsKd;udk qdkvdk onf/ (wpfenf;
tm;jzihf tjcm;wpfzuf\tqdk udk wdkuf½dkufacsyjcif;aomfvnf;aumif;? 0efcHjcif;
aomfvnf;aumif; rjyKbJ? rdrdtwGuf tusKd;&Sdrnhf tcsufrsm;udkom tom;ay;
avQmufvJjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/)
actori incumbit onus probation [laom pum;vk;H \ wdu k ½f u kd t
f "dymÜ ,frmS
on the plaintiff rests the proving jzpfonf/ oufaojy&ef wm0efonf w&m;vdk
tay:wGif usa&mufonf/ a&mrOya'pepft& tcGihfta&;wpfck awmif;qdkol
odkYr[kwf w&m;½Hk;odkY avQmufxm;ol? toem;cHwifjyol ponfwdkYonf rdrdwdkY
avQmufxm;awmif;qdkaom tcGihfta&;rsm;ESihfywfoufí oufaojy&ef wm0ef
onf avQmufxm;ol w&m;vdktay:wGif usa&mufonf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/
oufaocHtufOya' yk'fr 101 Burden of proof ESihf twlwljzpfonf/
actus reus [laom pum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm guilty act tjypf
&Sdaom vkyf&yf[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ &mZ0wfaMumif;t& wm0ef&SdrItwGuf
rnfonfhtcsufudk oufaojy&efqdkonhf tydkif;jzpfonf/ mens rea jypfrI
usL;vGe&f ef ]raemuH} tjypf&adS ompdwjf zihf Mu&H ,
G cf sufr&Sad Mumif; oufao jy&ef
jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf tjypf&Sdaomvkyf&yfjzpfaomfvnf; tjypf&Sdaompdwfjzihf
MuH&G,fcsufr&SdaomudpörsKd;? rawmfwqjzpfyGm;onhf udpö&yfrsKd;wGif okH;EIef;onf/
ad coelum [laom pum;vkH;\ t"dyÜm,frSm to the sky trI\ tqHk;pGef
qHk;xdwdkifatmif[k wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,f&ayonf/ okH;EIef;azmfjyavh&Sdaom trI
rsm;rSm ajr,mydkifqdkifrI tjiif;yGm;rI? odkYr[kwf ajr,mESihfywfoufí usL;ausmfrI

ponhfudpö&yfrsKd;wGif okH;EIef;avh&Sdonf/ Cuius est solum eius est usque ad
coelum et ad infernos qda k om pum;&yfukd twdck sKH ;bmomjyef&vQif ]rnfoYkd aom
ajrydkif&Sifrsm;twGufjzpfap? ¤if;wdkYydkifqdkifaom ajr,mESihfywfoufí tay:,H
ajrqDvmT ? ajrBu;D rSonf txufeAd mÁ efbo Hk w
Ykd ikd af tmifEiS fh atmufbuf odq Yk ykd gu
i&JodkYwdkifatmif ydkifqdkifonf[k ajymqdkacsyEdkifonf[k qdkvdk&if; jzpfonf}/
þtajccHoabmw&m;ed,mrt& ajr,mtpdwt f ydik ;f wpfcu k kd ydik q
f ikd o
f wl o Ykd nf
ajr,mtxuf&dS avxk? ajrjyifatmufbuf&dS tpdwt f ydik ;f wdu
Yk kd ydik q
f ikd af Mumif;
tusKd ;oufqikd af Mumif;wifjyEdik o
f nf/ xdaYk Mumih0f if;jccH si;f uyfvQuf tdref ;D csi;f wdYk
jzpfay:avh&Sdaom ajr,mtjiif;yGm;rIrsKd;wGif okH;EIef; onfudk awGU&avh&Sdonf/
ad hoc [l a om pum;vk H ; \ t"d y Ü m ,f r S m for this oD ; oef Y
udp&ö yfwpfct k wGuf ,m,DzUJG pnf;wm0efay;tyfjcif;? ,m,Daqmif&u G af pjcif; [k
t"dyÜm,f&ygonf/ trsm;odNyD; pum;vkH;jzpfí a,bk,stm;jzifh wdwdusus
owfrSwfxm;aom jyóemwpf&yf odkYr[kwf wm0efwpfckudk wm0efay;tyf
apcdkif;onfh yHkpHjzpfonf/ &Sif;vif;atmifqdk&vQif udpöwpf&yf&yfudk aqmif&Guf
&ef a&G;cs,fwm0efay;tyfjcif; odkYr[kwf ta&;BuD;aom udpöwpf&yf&yfudk
aqmif&Guf&ef tpdk;&u zGJUpnf;wm0efay;tyfjcif;ponfh udpö&yfrsKd;jzpfonf/
Oyrm ukvor*¾ twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfa[mif; Nidrf;csrf;a&;EdkA,fqk&Sif udkzDtmeef
acgif;aqmifaom &cdkifta&;pkHprf;a&; aumfr&SifrsKd;jzpfonf/
ad hominem [laom pum;vk;H \ t"dymÜ ,frmS at the person yk*Kd¾ vfa&;t&
xdk;ESufjcif;? yk*¾dKvfa&;t& xdyg;ajymqdkjcif; [k t"dyÜm,f&ygonf/ okH;EIef;avh
&Sdaom udpörsKd;rSm w&m;cGifü trIppfaq;pOf ar;jref;aom ar;cGef;wdkYudk ajzqdk
jcif;xuf wpfbuftrIonf NydKifbuf\ tusihfpm&dwåESihfywfoufí wdkufcdkuf
ajymqdkaomolrsKd;udk ad hominem [k okH;EIef;avh&Sdonf/
ad idem [laom pum;vkH;\ t"dyÜm,frSm to the same thing wlnDaom
taMumif;t&m jzpfonf[k t"dyÜm,f&rnfxifygonf/ tb,hfaMumihfqdkaomf
oabmxm;jcif; wdkufqdkifonhf udpö&yfrsm;? pmcsKyf? uwdu0wfeSihfqdkifaom
udpö&yfrsm;wGif ad idem oabmwlnDonf[k okH;EIef;avh&SdaomaMumihfjzpfonf/
ad infinitum [laom pum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm to infinity tqkH;
tydkif;tjcm;r&SdaomqDodkY[k t"dyÜm,f&ygonf/ trIonfrsm;udk,fpm; xm0&
tjrJwrf;wm0efay;xm; jcif;cH&onhf tcGihf&udk,fpm;vS,frsKd;? rdom;pka&SUaersKd;

wdkYudk qdkvdkonf/ ukrÜPDa&SUae? bPfa&SUae ponfwdkYudkvnf; tjrJwrf;wm0ef
ay;xm;yguvnf; ad infinitum [k okH;pGJonf/
ad litem [l a om pum;vk H ; \ wd k u f ½ d k u f t "d y Ü m ,f r S m for the case
trItwGuf[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ okH;EIef;avh&Sdaom udpö&yfrsKd;rSm uav;oli,f
rsm; odkYr[kwf roefrpGrf;aom t&G,fa&mufNyD;olrsm;u w&m;½Hk;odkY udk,fwdkif
rvma&mufEdkifonhftcgwGif ¤if;wdkYudk,fpm; w&m;½Hk;odkY vma&mufolrsm;udk ad
litem [k ac:a0:okH;pGJonf/
ad quod damnum [laom pum;vk;H \ wdu k ½f u
kd tf "dymÜ ,frmS according to
the harm xdcdkufepfem qkH;½HI;rIrsm;t&[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ okH;EIef;avh&SdonfrSm
w&m;repfemrIrsm;wGif trItrsKd;tpm;tvdkuf a0'emcHpm;cJh&onhf twdkif;
twmay: rlwnfívnf;aumif;? ysufpD;qkH;½HI;rI? temw&jzpfcJhrIwdkYESihf nDrQaom
jypf'PftjzpfowfrSwfí avsmfaMu;ay;apaom rIcif;rsKd;wGifvnf;aumif; ad
quod damnum xdcdkufepfem qkH;½HI;cJh&onfESihftnD[k okH;pGJavh&Sdygonf/
ad valorem [laom pum;vk;H \ wdu k ½f u
kd tf "dymÜ ,frmS according to value
wef z d k ; ES i h f t nD [ k t"d y Ü m ,f & onf / w&m;repf e mrI r sm;wG i f y if wef z d k ; eS i h f
tnDqdkaom vufwifpum;vkH;udk azmfjyokH;pGJavh&Sdonf/
admournment sine die [l a om pum;vk H ; \ wd k u f ½ d k u f t "d y Ü m ,f r S m
admournment without a day aeY&ufowfrSwfjcif;r&SdbJ trIa&GUqdkif;jcif;[k
t"dyÜm,f&ygonf/ sine die qdkaom vufwifpum;vkH;eSihfywfoufí q&mBuD;
OD;jr\ aomif;ajymif;axGvmOya'jyóemtwGJ(7) pmrsufeSm 210 wGif ]Zm&DrI
udk &uftuefYtowfr&Sd (sine die) &yfqdkif;aom trIudk t,lcH0ifcGihf&Sdonf[k
qkH;jzwfonf}[k sine die eSihfywfoufí azmfjyxm;NyD;vnf;jzpfygonf/ tqdkyg
adjournment sine die udk vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;rsm;udk a&GUqdkif;&mü aemufxyf
wpfzefusif;yrnhf vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;udk &ufowfrSwfazmfjyjcif; r&SdbJ
tpnf;ta0;udk a&GUqdkif;onhftcgwGifvnf; okH;EIef;avh&SdaMumif; wifjytyf
ygonf/
amicus curiae [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm friend
of the court ½Hk;awmfo[m&[k trsm;od&SdNyD;aom pum;vkH;jzpfygonf/
bona fide [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm in good
faith aumif;jrwfaom pdwfxm;? aumif;jrwfaom o'¨gw&m;? oabm½dk;[k
t"dymÜ ,f&onf/ ½d;k om;rSeu f efaom pdwx f m;jzihf tusK;d tjrwf&v'f wpfpHk wpf&m
arQmf u d k ; jcif ; r&S d b J aqmif & G u f o nh f u d p ö & yf r sm;wG i f ok H ; EI e f ; azmf j yonf /
&mZowfBuD;Oya' yk'fr 33 wGif good faith udk ]oabm½dk;}[k azmfjyxm;onf/
Cadit quaestio [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm the
question falls ar;cG e f ; NyD ; qH k ; aponf h tajctaeod k Y a&muf & S d o G m ;onf [ k
t"dyÜm,f&&Sdrnfxifonf/ t"dyÜm,frSm tjiif;yGm;rIwpfck odkYr[kwf qkH;jzwf&ef
udpö&yfESihfywfoufí ajyNidrf;ausat;&ef tqihfodkY a&muf&SdaomtcgwGif
tjiif;yGm;rI jyóemudk ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufNyD;jzpfonf[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ tjiif;
yGm;aom jyóemudk ausat;aom udpö&yfrsm;wGif Cadit quaestio [k okH;EIef;
onf/ jyóemudk ajyNidrf;ausat;vdkufaomaMumihf ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqdkNyD;
ouJhodkY t"dyÜm,foufa&mufoGm;onfqdkaom oabmjzpfonf/
Caveat emptor [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm Let
the buyer beware 0,f o l r sm;owd j yKap&ef [k t"d y Ü m ,f & rnf x if o nf /
aps;0,folwdkYonf a,bk,s owdjyK&eftcsufrsm;&Sdonhftjyif Oya'a&;&m
t,ltqrsm;jzpfonhf aps;a&mif; aps;0,fjyKMuonhf udpö&yfrsm;wGif aps;a&mif;
olu tjypftemtqm&Sdaom a&mif;ukefypönf;wpfckudk a&mif;csvdkufonhf udpö
wGif 0,foltaejzihf oufomcGihfudk a&mif;olxHrS rawmif;qdkedkifay/ þodkYaom
Oya'qdkif&mrloabmw&m;udk &nfñTef;udk;um;tokH;jyK&ef roihfavQmfay[k
qdkvdk&if;jzpfonf/
Certiorari [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm to be
apprised today;onf[k t"dyÜm,f&ygonf/ trsm;odNyD;pum;vkH;jzpfí w&m;
pD&ifa&;qdkif&m jyefvnfokH;oyfrIwpfckudk jyKvkyfay;&eftwGuf awmif;cHaom
trIac:pmcRefawmftrsKd;tpm;wpfckjzpfonf/
Compensatio morae [laom vufwifpum;vk;H \ wdu k ½f u kd t f "dymÜ ,frmS
balance of delay ESpfOD;ESpfzufnDrQrI aESmihfaES;MuefYMumaeonf[k t"dyÜm,f
&ygrnf/ NrDpm;a<u;ay;&rnhfolESihf NrD&Sifa<u;awmif;cHcGihf&SdolwdkYonf ESpfOD;
ESpfzuftMum; aiGay;acs&ef aESmihfaES;MuefYMumaeouJhodkY ukefypönf;ydkYaqmif
ay;&rnhf NrD&Sifzufuvnf; vkyfief;aqmif&Guf&ef MuefYMumaeonf[k qdkvdk&if;
jzpfonf/ NrD&SifNrDpm;wdkY ukefypönf;eSihfywfoufí tjiif;yGm;onhfudpö&yfrsm;wGif
okH;EIef;avh&Sdonf/
consensus facit legem [laom vufwifpum;vk;H \ wdu k ½f u kd tf "dymÜ ,frmS
consensus makes the law trsm;jynfoltm;vkH;u wcJeufoabmwlnDaom

Oya'wpf&yfudk jy|mef;jcif;[k t"dyÜm,f&ygrnf/ vufawGUtokH;cs&mwGifrl
vlESpfOD; odkYr[kwf ESpfOD;xufydkaomolrsm;u pdwfoabmxm;jcif; wdkufqdkifí
tm;vkH;twGuf tusKd;&Sdaprnhf oabmwlnDcsufwpf&yfudk jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/
xdktcgwGif Oya't&vnf; oabmwlnDcsufygtwdkif; aqmif&Guf&ef cdkifcdkif
rmrmajymqdak wmif;cHeikd fonf[k pdwx f m;aumif;jzihf aqmif&u G cf hMJ uaomoabm
wlnDcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef aESmihfaES;aeonhf tcgrsm;wGif okH;pGJ
onf/
contra [l a om vuf w if p um;vk H ; \ wd k u f ½ d k u f t "d y Ü m ,f r S m against
qefYusifvsuf? &ifqdkifvsuf? cHí? tjcm;bufrS[k tbd"mefygtwdkif; t"dyÜm,f
&ygrnf/ trIwGif &nfñTef;udk;um; azmfjy&mwGifokH;onf/ qefYusifuGJvGJpGmjyKvkyf
xm;aom yif&if;tcsuftvufrsm;udk wdkuf½dkufñTefjyí taxmuftxm; tudk;
tum; rsm;jzihf wifjyjcif;jzpfonf/
contra bonos mores [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm
against good morals tusihfodu©m&Sdaom udk,fusihfw&m;rsm;udk qefYusifvsuf
[k t"dyÜm,f&ygrnf/ a,bk,stm;jzihf w&m;r0ifaom oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;?
Oya'ESihf qefYusifaompmcsKyfrsm;? pmcsKyfyg tcsuftvufrsm;twdkif;twnfjyK
aqmif&Gufjcif;rjyKedkifaompmcsKyfrsm;ponfwdkYeSihf ywfoufí okH;EIef;ygonf/
contra legem [laom vufwifpum;vk;H \ wdu k ½f u kd tf "dymÜ ,frmS against
the law Oya'udk qefYusifvsuf[k t"dyÜm,f&ygrnf/ qkH;jzwfcsuf wpf&yfonf
jynf e ,f t k y f c sKyf a &; tuf O ya'rsm;eS i h f qef Y u sif b uf j zpf a ejcif ; ?
qkH;jzwfcsufwpf&yfonf Oya'rsm;eSihfuGJjym;jcm;em;aom udpö&yfrsm;wGif okH;EIef;
onf/
Contradictio in adjecto [l a om vuf w if p um;vk H ; \ wd k u f ½ d k u f
t"dyÜm,frSm contradiction in itself jzpfí oabmwlpmcsKyftwGif;wGifjzpfap?
tjcm;y#dnmOf pmcsKyfrsm;wGijf zpfap pum;&yfa0g[m&rsm; tcsif;csif; rnD rñGwf
qefYusif uGJvGJaeMuonf[k qdkvdkonf/
corpus delicti [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm body
of the crime [kjzpfaomaMumihf &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefol[k t"dyÜm,f,ledkifygonf/
&nfñTef;ajymqdkvdkonfrSm &mZ0wfjypfrIwpfcktwGuf jypf'PfpD&ifjcif;rcH&ol?
tqdkygolonf &mZ0wfrIESihfywfoufí &mZ0wfrIrusL;vGefaMumif; oufao
wifjyEdkifjcif;r&SdcJhvQif &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefonf[k qkH;jzwfjcif; cH&rnfholrsKd;

jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkYaom udpö&yfrsKd;wGif &mZ0wfrIeSihfywfoufí cdkifvkHaom
oufaocHcsufrsm;udk wifjyedkifaomaMumihf jypf'PfpD&ifjcif; rcH&onhfoludk
corpus delicti [k okH;EIef;onf/
corpus juris [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm body of
law [k t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh azmfjyxm;onf/ qdkvdkonfrSm t"duta&;BuD; aom
vufawGUtoHk;cs Oya'yk'fpkrsm;udk pkpnf;xkwfa0xm;onfh Oya'usrf;[k
qdkvdk&if;jzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh &Sif;vif;atmifzGihfqdk&vQif tcsKdUaom
Oya'rsm;xJrS vufawGUtoHk;rsm;aom Oya'yk'fpkrsm;udk pkaqmif;odrf;qnf;í
twGv J u
kd xf wk af 0aom Oya'okwaygif;csKyf? Oya'tESpcf sKyf [lí xkwaf 0 aom
Oya'pmtkyfrsm;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm - w&m;rrIrsm;qdkif&m Oya'
okwaygif;csKyfpmtkyfrsKd;jzpfí tar&duefEdkifiHwGif Oya'qdkif&m pG,fpHkusrf;rsKd;
tjzpf xk w f a 0onf / corpus juris [l í vl o d r sm;aom rMumao;rD u
tar&duefEdkifiHwGif xkwfa0cJhaom pmtkyfrSm Corpus Juris Secundum pmtkyf
jzpfonf/
de die in diem [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm from
day to day wpfaeYu wpfaeYul;NyD;[k t"dyÜm,f&ygonf/ tvkyform;rsm;onf
wpfaeYwmtvkyf vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; NyD;pD;oGm;aomtcgwGif vkyfcudk aeYpOfay;acs
aom udpö&yfrsm;wGif de die in diem [k okH;EIef;ygonf/
de facto [l a om vuf w if p um;vk H ; \ wd k u f ½ d k u f t "d y Ü m ,f r S m in fact
qdkaom pum;&yfjzpfí ]trSeftm;jzihf} ]wu,fawmh}[k t"dyÜm,f&ygrnf/
t"dyÜm,fudk vkH;aphywfaphqdk&vQif trSefw&m;uqdkaom t"dyÜm,fudkazmfaqmif
ygonf/ wpfpw Hk pf&monf rSeu
f efaomtaMumif;t&mjzpfygu vufawGUusiho f ;Hk
aqmif&Guf&mwGif de facto [k okH;pGJavh&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif w&m;0if jy|mef;
owfrSwfxm;jcif; odkYr[kwf axmufcHtwnfjyKay;jcif;rsKd;awmh r[kwfay/
w&m;½Hk;u rcefYxm;bJ tkyfxdef;oltjzpfodkY a&muf&Sdaeaom tkyfxdef;
olukd de facto guardian [k ac:onf/ tkyx f ed ;f olEiS fh tkyx
f ed ;f jcif;cH&olrsm;Oya'
yk'rf 19 wGif azmfjyxm;olrsm;udk ]natural guardians} obm0 tkyx f ed ;f olrsm; [k
ac:onf/
de futuro [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm concerning
the future tem*gwf u mvES i h f ouf q d k i f a omud p ö & yf r sm;? aemif w G i f

jzpfay:vmrnhfudpö&yfrsm; jzpfonf/ tem*gwfumvwGif aqmif&Guf&rnhf
aeY&ufowfrSwfcsuf ponfwdkYESihf oufqdkifygu de futuro [k okH;pGJygonf/
de integro [laom vufwifpum;vk;H \ wdu k ½f ukd tf "dymÜ ,frmS concerning
the whole jzpfí ]tm;vkH;ESihf oufqdkifaom} wpfckvkH;ESihf oufqdkifaom}[k
t"d y Ü m ,f & ygrnf / rMumcPtok H ; jyKavh & S d o nf r S m ]xd k u d p ö ES i h f y wf o uf í
wpfjyifv;Hk ? wpfcv k ;Hk pwifvyk af qmifyg}[k ok;H pGaJ vh&o dS nf/qufpyfpOf;pm;&rnhf
taMumif;t&m tajctaerSm repeat de integro jzpfonf/ taMumif;t&m
wpfckvkH;udk tMum;tvyfrusef aqmif&GufaomudpörsKd;wGif de integro [k
okH;EIef;onf/
de Mure [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm according
to law [k qdkaomaMumihf ]Oya'eSihftnD} [laom t"dyÜm,fjzpfayrnf/ vkH;aph
ywfaph t"dyÜm,fudkajym&vQif from law Oya't&vmonf[k qdk&rnfjzpfNyD;?
qdkvdkonfrSm wpfpkHwpf&mudk Oya'ESihftnD wnfaxmifaqmif&Gufxm;onf[k
qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ rSefuefjcif; &Sd r&Sdvnf; a,bk,stm;jzihf vufawGUusihfokH;a
qmif&u G x f m;Ny;D aom udprö sK;d jzpfonf/ de Mure guardian onf tkyx f ed ;f ol tppf?
w&m;½Hk;u cefYxm;aom tkyfxdef;oludk ac:onf/
de lege ferenda [laom vufwifpum;vk;H \ wdu k ½f u f "dymÜ ,frmS of the
kd t
law as it should be [k t"dymÜ ,f&onf/ Oya'topfwpf&yfukd tqdjk yK jy|mef;&ef
ud p ö E S i f h pyf v sOf ; í quf p yf p Of ; pm;&rnf h taMumif ; t&mrsm;wG i f Oya'ud k
toHk;csaqmif&Guf&mü yg0if&rnfh tajccHtcsufrsm;udk qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf/
wpf e nf ; tm;jzif h &S i f ; vif ; atmif qd k & vQif Oya'topf w pf & yf \ tajccH
tcsurf sm;wGif yg0ifoifo h nfh tcsurf sm;jzpfonf/ Oyrmqd&k vQif Oya' wpf&yfukd
jy|mef;ay;&eftwGuf tqdkjyKwifjyvmaom udpö&yfrsdK;wGif Oya' topfwGif
yg0if&rnfh tajccHtcsuftvufrsm;udk de lege ferenda [k okH;pGJ onf/
de novo [l a om vuf w if p um;vk H ; \ wd k u f ½ d k u f t "d y Ü m ,f r S m a new
topfwpfck[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ trsm;odNyD;pum;vkH;jzpfí rMumcP qufpyf
okH;pGJavh&Sdaom pum;&yfrSm trial de novo jzpfonf/ trIudk topfwpfzef
jyefvnfí ppfaq;jcif;jzpfonf/ ,cifppfaq;aom trIonf taMumif;wpfpkH
wpf&maMumihf ratmifjrifonhftcgwGif trdefYt& tqkH;owftrdefY csrSwfEdkif
onftxd topfwpfzefjyefvnfppfaq;jcif;jzpfonf/
dubia in meliorem partem interpretari dement [l a om vuf w if
pum;vk;H \ wdu k ½f u f "dymÜ ,frmS doubtful thing should be interpreted in the best
kd t
way [k t"dyÜm,f ay;xm;onf/ ra&r&moHo,jzpfzG,f&Sdaom t&mrsm;ESihf
ywfoufí taumif;qkH;aom enf;vrf;jzihf t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdk&efjzpfonf[k
t"dyÜm,f&ygrnf/ tqdkyg pum;&yfESihfywfoufí rMumcP ajymqdkavh&SdMu
onfrSm oHo,\ tusKd;w&m;rsm;udk w&m;cHtay: cHpm;cGihfay;vdkufygqdkaom
pum;&yfyif jzpfonf/
eo nomine [laomvufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm by that
name jzpfonf/ xdktrnfESihfwuG[k t"dyÜm,f&ygrnf/
ergo [laom vufwifpum;vk;H \ t"dymÜ ,frmS therefore xda Yk Mumih?f ¤if;rS?
,if;rS [k t"dyÜm,f&ygonf/
erratum [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ t"dyÜm,frSm having been made in
error rSm;,Gif;csufwpfckudk jyKvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
et al [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ t"dyÜm,frSm and others ESihf tjcm;
olrsm;[k t"dyÜm,f &ygonf/ twdkaumufpmvkH;taejzihf et alii [k okH;EIef;
ygonf/ Oyrm Maung Nge and Eleven others vs. The Union of Burma (Maung
Aung Tin) 1961 B.L.R. (H.C) 311, Ai Htwe and two others vs. U.B. [k pD&ifxkH;
rsm;wGif a&;om;ykHrsKd;jzpfonf/
et uxor [laom vufwifpum;vk;H \ t"dymÜ ,frmS and wife ]ESifh ZeD;onf}
[k t"dyÜm,f&ygonf/ xkH;pHtwdkif;tokH;jyKavh&SdonfrSm a,musfm; jzpfol\
ZeD;trnfudk azmfjy&eftpm; trIwGifyg0ifaom trIonfwpfa,muf taejzihf
and wife [k azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrmtaejzihf ]armifjzLESihf ZeD;} [k trIwGif
azmfjyjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/
et vir [laom vufwifpum;vk;H \ t"dymÜ ,frmS and husband ]ESifh cifye G ;f }
[k t"dyÜm,f&ygonf/ txufwGif azmfjycJhonhftwdkif; w&m;pGJqdk cH&onhf
trsKd;orD;\cifyGef;onfvnf; trIonftjzpf yg0ifvmonhftcgrsKd;wGif cifyGef;
jzpfol\ trnfudka&;rnhftpm; ]ESihfcifyGef;}[k a&;om;onf/ Oyrm ]rjzLESihf
cifyGef;}[k trIonf trnfudk a&;om;jcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/
ex facie [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ t"dyÜm,frSm on the face tjyifyef;
t&? tay:,Htm;jzihf[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ okH;pGJavh&SdonfrSm Oyrm oabmwl
pmcsKyfwpf&yfwGif yg0ifaom tcsufrsm;onf 0½kef;okef;um;a&;om;xm;jcif;?

odomxif&Sm;aom rrSefuefonhf tcsufrsm; yg0ifjcif;? odkYr[kwf Oya'ESihf
qefYusifonhf tcsufrsm;yg0ifjcif; ponfwdkY&Sdygu tqdkyg oabmwlnDcsufESihf
ywfoufí cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmavhvmjcif;? aemufxyf avQmufvJcsufMum;emjcif;
wdkYudkyif aqmif&Guf&ef rvdkawmhbJ tay:,Htjrift&yif ysufjy,faeaMumif;
pOf;pm;qifjcifEdkifonf[k qdkvdk&if;yifjzpfonf/
Just Society v. Union of India** “ In so far as the appointment of an
eminent Jurist is concerned, we do not consider it necessary to delve into the
issue except to say that the decision being left to a high power body consisting
of high Constitutional functionaries enumerated in Section 4(1) (a) to 4 (1) (d)
of the Act, no ex- facie illegality can be discerned in the provisions contained
in Section 4 (1) (e) of the Act.” ]trIwGif onfa&GUonfrQavmuf xifay:
ausmfMum;aom Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;udk w&m;vTwfawmfw&m;olBuD;rsm; cefYtyf
jcif;ESifh pyfvsO;f í zGUJ pnf;ykt
H ajccHOya'qdik &f m wm0ef0wÅ&m;t& yk'rf 4(1) (u)
rS yk'rf (4) (1) (C) txd tufOya'rsm;udk wpfcck sif;a&wGuMf unfvQifyif yk'rf
4(1)(i) wGif yg0ifaom jy|mef;csufrsm;ü Oya'ESihf qefYusifaom tcsufrsm;
tay:,Htm;jzihf rawGU&Sd&ay[k} pD&ifcsufwGif azmfjya&;om;cJhonf/
ex officio [l a om vuf w if p um;vk H ; \ t"d y Ü m ,f r S m from office
]&mxl ; tavQmuf } ]&mxl ; t&} jzpf o nf / jyif o pf o r® w Ed k i f i H \ zG J U pnf ; yk H
tajccHOya'qdkif&maumifpDwGif tzGJU0if(9)OD;tjyif jyifopfor®wedkifiH\
,cifor®wa[mif;rsm;onf zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qdkif&maumifpD\ &mxl;
tavQmuf cefYxm;jcif;cH&onhf tzGJU0ifrsm;jzpfonf/ tqdkygudpörsKd;udk ex officio
[k okH;EIef;onf/ xdkYjyif w&m;½Hk;rsm;vufpGJ tydk'f 805 wGif The Government has
appointed the Attorney General and the Deputy Attorney General as Ex-
officio Public Prosecutors generally. EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf jrefrmedkifiHtwGif;
trItm;vkH;wdkYtwGuf EdkifiHawmfa&SUaecsKyfESihf 'kwd,a&SUaecsKyfwdkYudk a,bk,s
tm;jzihf &mxl;tavQmuf tpdk;&trIvdkuf a&SUaersm;tjzpf cefYxm;cJhonf[k
Ex-officio okH;EIef;onfudk awGU&SdEdkifygonf/
**
I n the Supreme Court of India Civil original jurisdiction transferred case (c)
No. 25/2015 P.4,5
ex post [laom vufwifpum;vkH;t"dyÜm,frSm from after ta0;rS?

ta0;u? ta0;u(wdww f cd;k )[k tbd"mefusrf;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ ok;H pGJ
avh&SdonfrSm twdwfumvu od&SdedkifonhftaMumif;t&mtay:wGif tajccHí
azmfjyaomtcgrsKd;wGif okH;EIef;onf/
ex post facto [laom vufwifpum;vkH;t"dyÜm,frSm from a thing done
afterward jypf r I u sL;vG e f N yD ; onh f a emuf r S [ k t"d y Ü m ,f & onf / trsm;tm;jzih f
ajymqdo k ;Hk EIe;f MuonfrmS ]jypfru I sL;vGeNf y;D aemuf}[k jzpfonf/ &mZ0wfrrI sm; wGif
okH;EIef;aom pum;vkH;jzpfonf/
ex post facto law [laom vufwifpum;vkH;t"dyÜm,frSm aemufaMumif;
jyeftmPmoufa&mufaom Oya'jzpfonf/ Oyrmjyqdk&vQif Oya'wpf&yfudk
Oya'ESihfqefYusifí jy|mef;cJhonf/ xdkuJhodkY Oya'ESihfqefYusifum jy|mef;cJhaom
Oya'udk jyefvnfjyifqifí w&m;0ifatmif jyKvkyNf y;D pD;oGm;aomtcgwGif tqdyk g
Oya'onf w&m;r0ifa omOya' r[kwfawmh ay/ xd k o d k Y aomtcgrsKd ;wG if
aemufaMumif;jyef tmPmoufa&mufrI&Sdaom Oya'jzpfvmonf/
facio ut facias [laom vufwifpum;vkH;t"dyÜm,frSm do, that you may
do xdkudpöESihfywfoufí uREfkyfvnf;aqmif&GufEdkifovdk oifvnf;vkyfaqmif
Edkifonf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ y#dnmOftrsKd;tpm;wpfck jzpfonf/ y#dnmOfESihf
pyfvsOf;í y#dnmOfESihf oufqdkifolwpfOD;u tjcm;oltwGuftvkyfvkyfudkif&ef
oabmwlnDrIay;edkifonf/ tvm;wl y#dnmOft& 'kwd,oufqdkifoluvnf;
yxrtBud r f vJ vS,fa qmif& Guf& eftwGu f tcsKd U aom tvk yf rsm;ud k yg0if
aqmif&GufEdkifonfqdkaom udpörsKd;jzpfonf/
favor contractus [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm
favour of the contract y#dnmOfudk tcGihfta&;ay;rI[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ vkyfxkH;
vkyfenf;qdkif&m tusKd;taMumif;oufouftwGuf oufwrf;ukefqkH;aeaom
y#dnmOftay:wGif cGihfjyKonhftaejzihf y#dnmOfudk xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smufjcif;
jzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm oufwrf;ukefqkH;aeaom y#dnmOfudk usihfxkH;qdkif&m
taMumif;jycsuf oufoufjzihf y#dnmOftwdkif; qufvuf taumiftxnfazmf
aqmif&Gufjcif; jzpfonf/
fiat [laom vufwifpum;vk;H \ wdu k ½f u f "dymÜ ,frmS let it be done 'gudk
kd t
aqmif&GufNyD;NyDqdkygpdkY[k t"dyÜm,f&rnf xifygonf/ tcsKdUaom rIcif;rsm;
twGuf w&m;olBuD;wpfOD;u 0&rf;xkwfqihfNyD;pD;onhf tcgwGif fiat [k okH;EIef;
onf/
Fiat justitia et pereat mundus [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuf
t"d y Ü m ,f r S m Let there be justice, though the world perish urÇ m BuD ;
ysufokOf;aeaomfjim;vnf; w&m;rQwrI wnf&Sdaeygap [k t"dyÜm,f &onf/
rMumcP aqmify'k w f pfct
k jzpf azmfjyavh&o dS nf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifEiS fh qdik af om
tif y g,mwG i f Ferdinand 1 vuf x uf u usih f o k H ; aqmif & G u f c J h a om
aqmifyk'fwpfckudk &nfñTef;okH;EIef;jcif;jzpfonf/
fiat justitia ruat coelum [l a om vuf w if p um;vk H ; \ wd k u f ½ d k u f
t"dyÜm,frSm Let justice be done though the heavens fall ]aumif;uifbkH vJNydK
usoGm;ygap uREfkyfwdkYonf w&m;rQwatmif aqmif&GufMuygpdkY} [k jzpfonf/
wpf c gwpf & HwGi fvnf; aqmify k' fwpf ck taejzih f ok H ;EI ef ;onf h Oya'qd k if &m
aqmifyk'fwpfckjzpfonf/ tusKd;quf&v'fonf wpfenf;tm;jzihf arsmfrSef;onhf
twdkif;r[kwfyJ rnfodkYyifjzpfcJhygap uREfkyfwdkYtaejzihf w&m;rQwatmif&Guf
&rnfjzpfonf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ (w&m;½Hk;rsm;onf rnfodkYaom tajctae
rsKd;jzpfap? w&m;rQwrIudk rjzpf jzpfonhfenf;jzihf aqmif&Gufay;&rnf/ w&m;rQw
rIudk &SmazGay;&rnf[k qdkvdk&if;jzpfonf/)
fortis attchiamentum ,validior praesumptionem [l a om vuf w if
pum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm stronger attachment, the stronger presumption
jzpfonf/ cdkifrmaom 0&rf;pGJuyfjcif;? aocsmonf[k rSwf,ljcif;[k t"dyÜm,f
&ygrnf/ w&m;rZm&DrIrsm;wGif ypönf;udk 0&rf;pGJuyf&ef tqkH;tjzwf ay;onhf
tcgwGif w&m;½HI;ydkif a&GUajymif;edkifaom y&dabm*ypönf;rsm;onf aetdrftwGif;
taopGJuyfxm;onfvm;? ypönf;t&G,ftpm; b,favmuf &SdovJ b,fa&GU
b,frQaom ypönf;rsm;udk pGJuyf&rSmvJqdkaom udpö&yfrsm;onf ta&;rBuD;
awmhyJ? 'Du&Dt& a&GUajymif;Edkifaom ypönf;rsm;udk ajrBuD;wGif pGJuyfxm;onf
jzpfap? tjcm;rnfonhfae&mwGif pGJuyfxm;aom ypönf;rsm; jzpfap tqdkyg
ypön;f rsm;tay: 0&rf;pGu J yfjcif;udk fortis attchiamentum, validior praesumptionem
[k okH;EIef;azmfjyavh&Sdonf/
forum non conveniens [laom vufwifpum;vk;H \ wdu k ½f u
kd t
f "dymÜ ,frmS
disagreeable forum jzpf a omaMumih f rES p f N rd K UzG , f j zpf a om aqG ; aEG ; yG J [ k y if
qdk&ayvdrhfrnf/ þae&mwGif t,ltq wpf&yfESihfpyfvsOf;NyD; w&m;½Hk;onf

oD;jcm;udpö&yfwpfckudk Mum;em&ef jiif;qdkcJhonf/ oD;jcm;udpöudk Mum;emygu
rESpfNrdKUzG,f&mrsm; jzpfvmEdkifaomaMumihf w&m;½Hk;u jiif;qdkcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
xdkYaemuf w&m;½Hk;onf ydkrdkíoihfjrwfavsmfuefaom Mum;emrIwpf&yfudk jyKvkyf
í ta&;BuD;aom jyóemudk tqkH;tjzwfjyKedkif&ef aqmif&Guf&mwGif forum non
conveniens [laom vufwifpum;vkH;udk azmfjyokH;EIef;avh&Sdonf/
fumus boni iurs [laom vufwifpum;vk;H t"dymÜ ,frmS smoke of a good
right tcGit fh a&;aumif;wpfc\ k rD;cd;k aiGU[k t"dymÜ ,f&ygrnf/ Oya' aMumif; t&
ta&;,l a qmif & G u f r I w pf c k u d k jyKvk y f & ef vk H a vmuf a omOya'qd k i f & m
tajccHtcsufrsm; jynhfpkHonhfudpö&yfrsm;ü &nfñTef;udk;um; okH;pGJonf/
i.e [l a om vuf w if p um;vk H ; \ wd k u f ½ d k u f t "d y Ü m ,f r S m that is [l í
jzpfaomaMumihf qdkvdkonfrSm[k t"dyÜm,f&ygonf/ taMumif;t&mudpöwpf&yf
onf &Si;f vif;rIr&Sad omtcgwGif tqdyk gt"dymÜ ,fukd xyfrí H ajymjyjcif;jzpfonf/
ibid [laom vufwifpum;vk;H \ wdu k ½f u f "dymÜ ,frmS in the same place
kd t
wl n D a om ae&mwG i f [ k t"d y Ü m ,f & ygrnf / vuf w if p um;vk H ; ibidem \
twdkaumufpum;vkH;jzpfonf/ t"dyÜm,frSm qdkcJhonhftwdkif; ]wlnDaomae&m
wGif} [k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ pD&ifcsufwGifjzpfap? ynm&yfqdkif&maqmif;yg;ponf
wdkYudk a&;om;wifjyonhftcgwGifjzpfap taxmuftxm;ponfwdkYudk udk;um;
wifjy&mü rdrdudk;um;wifjyaom taxmuftxm; t&if;tjrpfonf rnfonhf
ae&mu vmonf[k ñTefjyonhftcgwGif xyfwljzpfaom wnf&mae&m? tvsif
usaom wpfcktwdkif; jzpfonf[k ajymqdkvdk&if;jzpfonf/ qdkcJhonhf udpörsKd;wGif
ibid [k azmfjyokH;EIef;onf/
idem [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm the same [k
jzpfaomaMumihf ]twlwl}[k jzpfygonf/ tokH;jyKykHrSm &nfñTef;udk;um; azmfjy
csufwpfck\ t&if;tjrpfonf rnfonhfae&mu vmonf[k wdkuf½dkufudk;um;
azmfjy&mwGif tvsifusaom wpfcktwdkif;jzpfonf qdkaomfjim;vnf; tqdkyg
&nfñTef;udk;um;csufrsm;onf tcgcyfodrf; rrSefuefEdkifaomtcgwGif idem [k
azmfjyavh&Sdonf/
in articulo mortis [l a om vuf w if p um;vk H ; \ t"d y Ü m ,f r S m at the
moment of death aoqkH;onhf avmavmq,ftcdkuftwefYwGif[k t"dyÜm,f

&ygrnf/ rMumcP tokH;jyKavh&SdonfrSm aowrf;pmESihfoufqdkifaom udpö&yf
rsm;? aowrf;ppfcsuf odkYr[kwf aoumeD;ajymqdkcsuf (Dying declaration) wdkYudk
&,lonhfudpö&yfrsm;wGifjzpfonf/
in camera [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm in the
chamber w&m;ol B uD ; \ ½H k ; cef ; twG i f ; [k t"d y Ü m ,f & ygonf / qd w f N id r f í
taESmuft,Sufuif;aom ae&mwGif trIppfaq;jcif; odkYr[kwf trIudk vQKdU0Suf
pGmppfaq;jcif;? odkodyfpGmppfaq;jcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm uav;oli,frIcif;rsm;udk
ppfaq;&mwGif Oya't& oD;jcm;½H;k ? taqmufttküH jzpfap? oD;jcm;½H;k taqmuf
ttkHr&SdvQif trIppfaq;aeusr[kwfaom taqmufttkH odkYr[kwf tcef;ü
jzpfap ppfaq;&rnf[k jy|mef;xm;aomaMumihf uav;oli,fw&m;½Hk; oD;jcm;
r&Sad om NrKd Ursm;wGif NrKd Ue,fw&m;olBu;D \ em;aecef; (chamber) wGif ppfaq; jcif;?
rk'def;rIrsm;wGif wpfcg wpf&Hü rdef;uav;\ t&Sufudk iJhuGufí trsm;oliSm
rMum;oih f a om ud p ö & yf r sKd ; qd k y guvnf ; oD ; jcm;½H k ; cef ; twG i f ; wH c g;yd w f í
ppfaq;jcif; ponfwdkYjzpfonf/ qefYusifbufrSm in open court [kac:aom
jynfolYa&SUarSmufwGif w&m;pD&ifjcif;ESihfjcm;em;onf/ (jynfaxmifpkor®w jrefrm
EdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya' yk'fr 19(c) wGif ]Oya't& uefYowfcsuf
rsm;rSty jynfolYa&SUarSmufwGif w&m;pD&ifa&;}[k jy|mef;xm;onf/) xdkYaMumihf
Oya't& uefYowfxm;aom rIcif;rsm;wGif in camera jzihf ppfaq;pD&ifonf/
in curia [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm in court
w&m;½Hk;wGif[k t"dyÜm,f&ygrnf/ trsm;jynfolYa&SUarSmufwGif w&m;pD&ifjcif;
jzpfonf/ in camera ESihf qefYusifbufjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf Oya't& uefYowf
xm;jcif;r&Sad om udp&ö yfrsm;wGif in open court jzihf trIppfaq;pD&ifq;Hk jzwfjcif;udk
in curia [k okH;EIef;jcif;jzpfonf/
in esse [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜ,frSm in existence
wnfqJ[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ trSefwu,f wnf&Sdaeaom wnfqJOya'rsm;udk
ñTef;qdk&mwGif okH;EIef;onf/
in extenso [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm in the
extended tus,fazmfjyxm;onht f wdik ;f [k t"dymÜ ,f&onf/ tok;H jyKavh&adS om
udpö&yfrsm;rSm pmcsKyfpmwrf;? rSwfwrf;rSwf&m (Oyrm - yxrtBudrf jynfolY

vTwfawmf rSwfwrf;) wdkYudk yHkESdyfxkwfa0&mwGif pmcsKyfpmwrf;? rSwfwrf;rSwf&m
taxmuftxm;wdkYudk tusOf;csHK;rxm;aom rl&if;pmom; aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
twdik ;f xkwaf 0jcif;udk ac:onf/ xdu k o
hJ Ykd rSww
f rf;rSw&f mtaxmuftxm; rsm;udk
rl&if;twdkif; ykHESdyfxkwfa0onhftcgrsm;wGif in extenso [k okH;EIef;onf/
in forma pauperis [l a om vuf w if p um;vk H ; \ t"d y Ü m ,f r S m in the
manner of a pauper vl r G J t jzpf aqmif & G u f & ef e nf ; vrf ; [k t"d y Ü m ,f & onf /
wpfpkHwpfa,mufonf Oya'aMumif;t& ta&;,laqmif&Guf&eftwGuf w&m;
p&dwfukefusrIudk xrf;aqmifedkifpGrf;r&SdonhftcgwGif w&m;rQwrIudk &SmazG&ef
twGuf ½Hk;cGefxrf;aqmif&eftcsufonf twm;tqD;wpfckjzpfaevQif? xdkuJhodkY
aomolrsm;udk vlrGJtqihf owfrSwfay;í xkH;pHtwdkif;tusOf;csHK;um aqmif&Guf
ay;onf/ w&m;½Hk;u aqmif&Gufay;aom tcsufrsm;rSm usoihfaom w&m;p&dwf
rsm;udk oufomcGihfay;jcif;? avsmhayghay;jcif;? odkYr[kwf w&m;p&dwfudk rsm;pGm
enf;oGm;ap&ef aqmif&Gufay;jcif;? w&m;p&dwfudk avsmhypfjcif; ponfwdkY
vk y f a qmif a y;onf / þod k Y a qmif & G u f a y;onf u d k in forma pauperis [k
okH;EIef;onf/
txufpmyd'k u f kd ydrk &kd iS ;f vif;atmif jyqd&k vQif w&m;rusihxf ;Hk Oya' trdeYf
33 wGif ½Hk;cGefxrf;aqmifEdkifjcif; r&Sdaomoludk ½Hk;cGefxrf;aqmifapjcif; r&SdbJ
w&m;pGJqdkcGihf jyKxm;onf/ xdkoludk ]pauper}[kac:í pGJqdkaom trIudk ]pauper
suit} [k a c:NyD ; vl r G J t jzpf w&m;pG J q d k o nf u d k ]sue in forma pauperis} [l í
a&;onf/***
in futuro [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ t"dyÜm,frSm in the future ]tem
*wf umvwGif} ]aemifumvwGif} [k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ &nfñTef;udk;um;aom
t&m0w¬KwpfpkHwpf&monf a&muf&Sdvmrnf odkYr[kwf aemifaomtcgwGif
ay:aygufvmrnhf t&m0w¬Kjzpfonf? ¤if;t&m0w¬Konf avmavmq,fwGif
rjzpfay:ao;? ra&mufvmao;[k qdkvdkaom t"dyÜm,fjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm
ay;&ef t a<u;qd k y gu ]aemif u mv} tcsd e f a ph a &muf a omtcgrS ay;&rnh f
ta<u;rsKd;jzpfonf/ (,ckavmavmq,f tqdkygta<u;udk ay;&eftaMumif;
***
aomif;ajymif;axGvmOya'jyóem(7)? pm - 223
ray:aygufao;ay/) In presenti onf ]ypöKyÜefumvwGif}[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/

qufpyfaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk q&mBuD;OD;jr\ aomif;ajymif;axGvm Oya'
jyóem(7) pmrsufESm - 224 wGif zwf½IEdkifygonf/
in haec verba [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ t"dyÜm,frSm in these words
þpum;vkH;rsm;[k wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,f&ygonf/ wdkifavQmufvTmwGif pum;ajym
ESihf wpfxyfwnf;usaom pmom;rsm;yg0ifaomtcgwGif tokH;jyKonf/ þae&m
wGif pum;ajymESihf wpfxyfwnf;usaom pmom;rsm;a&muf&Sdvmonhf ykHpHonf
trIESihf qufpyfESD;EG,faom tcsufrsm; odkYr[kwf vdktyfonhf yg0ifcJhNyD;onhf
tcsufrsm;jzpfaomaMumihf jzpfonf/
in omnibus [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ t"dyÜm,frSm in all ]pkpkaygif;?
tm;vkH;}[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ tokH;jyKaom t"dyÜm,frSm ] trIESihfpyfvsOf;orQ}
[laom t"dyÜm,fjzihf okH;EIef;onf/ tajctaewpf&yf\ ½Iaxmihfwdkif;twGuf
wpfpkHwpfa,mufu avQmufxm;awmif;qdk&mwGif in omnibus trIESihfpyfvsOf;
orQtm;vkH;qdkaom t"dyÜm,fjzihf okH;EIef;onf/
in pari delicto [laom vufwifpum;vk;H \ t"dymÜ ,frmS in equal offence
nDrQaom &mZ0wfrIyrmP[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ trIonfESpfzufpvkH; onf
trIwGif tjypftwGuf tnDtrQjzpfonf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ qdkcJhonhf
udpörsm;wGif in pari delicto [k okH;EIef;onf/
in pari material [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ t"dyÜm,frSm in the same
matter wlnDaom taMumif;t&mudpöwGif[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ &nfñTef;udk;um;
okH;pGJonfrSm Oya'wpf&yfwGifjzpfap odkYr[kwf jy|mef;Oya'wpf&yfwGifjzpfap
'Gd[jzpfaom? teuft"dyÜm,f rjywfom;aom? ra&&maom jy|mef;csuf pmom;
rsm;ESihf tvm;wlaom Oya'rsm;wGif&Sdonhf 'Gd[jzpfaom? teuft"dyÜm,f rjywf
om;aom Oya'jy|mef ; csuf pmom;rsm;ud k teuf t "d y Ü m ,f z G i h f q d k a y;&ef
avQmufxm;onhf udpörsm;wGif ]wlnDaomtaMumif;t&mudpö&yfwGif} in pari
material [k okH;EIef;onf/
in personam [l a om vuf w if p um;vk H ; \ t"d y Ü m ,f r S m in person
udk,fwdkifudk,fus[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ trIESihf oufqdkifaom oD;jcm;yk*¾dKvf\
tajctaet& pD&ifcsufrsm;wGif &nfñGef;udk;um; azmfjy&mwGifjzpfap? qihfpm?
or®mefpm wdkYwGif yk*¾dKvfa&;qdkif&m oD;jcm;emrnfjzihf azmfjyjcif;rsKd;wGifjzpfap in

personam [k okH;EIef;onf/
inter alia [l a om vuf w if p um;vk H ; \ t"d y Ü m ,f r S m among others
tcsuftvufrsm;tMum;[k t"dyÜm,f,lEdkifygonf/ q&mBuD;OD;jra&;om;aom
aomif;ajymif;axGvmOya'jyóem trSwf(8) pmrsufESm 272 wGif inter alia
ESihfywfoufí 1960 rwp 270 ( vTwfawmf) trIwGifw&m;NydKif\ xkacscsuf
tusOf;csKyfudk azmfjy&mü pm 272 - 273 wGif atmufygtwdkif;a&;onf -
“This claim was resisted by the Board and its main assertion, inter allia
was that the town of Prome in which the Board’s agent operated for and on its
behalf, at the relevant time, being infested with insurgents and/ or otherwise in
occupation of the insurgents the aforesaid contracts were illegal, without the
scope of the agent’s authority and that by were not binding on the board.”
1961 rwp 204 (w&m;vTwfawmf) pm 205- 206 ü atmufygtwdkif;
azmfjyxm;onf-
“ By that bond Kaikobad Jeejeebhoy undertook inter alia, to render true
and just accounts of his administration and to deliver to such person or persons
as might be lawfully entitled the residue of the estate of Framroze Nanabhoy
Cowasjee when the same had been duly administered by him.”
[k azmfjyxm;onf/ jynfaxmifpka&SUaecsKyf½Hk;rS xkwfa0onhf t*Fvdyf-
jrefrm Oya'a0g[m& tbd"mefpmtkyf pmrsufESm - 85 wGif inter alia qdkaom
pum;&yfudk ]tcsuftvufrsm;teuf}[lí azmfjyxm;onf/
t&mEkvmESifh OD;ygpde****
f trIwiG f inter alia qdak om pum;&yfEiS yfh wfoufí
atmufygtwdkif; xkH;zGJUxm;&mwGif avhvmEdkifygonf -
“The 3rd defendant- respondent the Controller of Rents, contended, inter
alia , that the order permitting the 1st defendant – respondent to let the premises
in suit to the 2nd defendant- respondent was legal and proper.”
w&m;NydKifxkacsaom tcsuftvuftrsm;tjym;&Sd&m xdkxkacscsufrsm;
teuf wpfckudk aumufEkwfazmfjyonhftcg inter alia qdkaom pum;vkH;udk
****
1960 rwp 256 (w&m;vTwfawmf)
okH;onf/ xdkpum;pkudk okH;jcif;jzihf w&m;NydKifonf azmfjyaomtcsufudkom

xkacsjcif;r[kwf? tjcm;xkacscsufrsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf[k ñTefMum;&ma&muf
onf/ tcsKdUpD&ifxkH;rsm;wGif inter alia [laom pum;&yftpm; among others
qdak om pum;udk ok;H aMumif;awGU&S&d onf[k aomif;ajymif;axGvmOya'jyóem
trSw(f 8) pmrsufEmS 277? 278 wdw Yk iG f azmfjyxm;onf/ xdaYk Mumihf inter alia ESifh
among others onf t"dyÜm,f twlwljzpfaMumif; rSwf,lEdkifygonf/
inter vovos [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ t"dyÜm,frSm between the living
toufxif&Sm;&SdaepOf[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/ &nfñGef;udk;um;aom udpö&yf rsm;rSm
ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&Sdaeolrsm;tMum; ypönf;Opömrsm;udk ay;urf;jcif;? odkYr[kwf tjcm;
a&mif;csvTJajymif;jcif;wdkYudk jyKvkyfír&aom ypönf;OpömwdkYESihf ywfouf aom
ud p ö & yf r sm;wG i f ok H ; pG J o nf / þae&mwG i f ypö n f ; vT J a jymif ; jcif ; \ tusKd ;
oufa&mufrIonf ay;urf;oluG,fvGefrS ay;urf;rItwnfjzpfonfqdkaom
aowrf;pmyg udpö&yfrsKd;ESihf jcm;em;onf/ tqdkygudpöeSihfpyfvsOf;í q&mOD;jr\
aomif ; ajymif ; axG v mOya'jyóem trS w f ( 8) pmrsuf e S m - 271 wG i f
a':at;cifESihf a':pdeftrI pmrsufeSm 2 wGif atmufygtwdkif;azmfjyonf -
“ The suit was decreed on the 25th January 1952 by the learned Judge
on the Original Side ( U Aung Tha Gyaw, J.) who held that the registered dead
of settlement, exhibit A, evidenced by a gift inter vivos and that it was not a
testamentary disposition of property as contended by the defendants.”
c&pf,mefbmom0ifwpfOD;onf rdrdydkifypönf;udk aowrf;pmjzihf ay;urf;
Edkifonf/ uG,fvGefrS ay;urf;rI twnfjzpfrnf/ rdrdtoufxif&Sm;&SdpOf twnf
jzpfapvdkvQif ra&GUrajymif;edkifonhf ypönf;udk rSwfykHwifpmcsKyf csKyfqdkay;urf;
&rnf/ gift inter vivos [lonf toufxif&Sm;&SdpOf ay;urf;jcif;jzpfonf/
ypönf;vTJajymif;jcif;Oya'yg ay;urf;jcif;ESihfqdkifaom jy|mef;csufrsm;onfay;ol
toufxif&Sm;&SdpOf ay;urf;jcif;ESihf oufqdkifonf/
xdkYaMumihf inter vovos onf ouf&Sdxif&Sm;pOf ypönf;Opömrsm;udk ypönf;
vTJajymif;jcif; Oya'ESihftnD ay;urf;jcif;udk okH;EIef;onf/ aowrf;pmjzihf
ay;urf;vQifrl ypönf;&SifuG,fvGefrS ay;urf;rI twnfjzpfonf/
intra [laom vufwifpum;vkH;t"dyÜm,frSm within (tcsdef) twGif;[k
t"dyÜm,f &ygonf/ odkY&mwGif trSefwu,f tokH;jyKonfrSm EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\

a&ydik ef ufe,ferd wd rf sm;udk azmfjyok;H EIe;f &mwGif intra [k ok;H EIe;f ygonf/ Territorial
Sea ydkifeufyifv,f e,fedrdwfudk azmfjy&mwGif okH;pGJjcif;ESihf twlwl jzpfonf/
pro bono [laom vufwifpum;vkH;t"dyÜm,frSm for good jzpfonf/
aumif;rGefaom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIrsm;jyKEdkif&eftwGuf[k t"dyÜm,f&onf/
twwfynmESihf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;qdkif&m vkyfief;rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm
aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf[k jzpfonf/
pro bono publico [laom vufwifpum;vkH;t"dyÜm,frSm for the public
good trsm;jynfolwdkY tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf[k t"dyÜm,f&ygrnf/
mens rea [l a om vuf w if p um;vk H ; \ t"d y Ü m ,f r S m guilty mind
tjypf&Sdaompdwf[k wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,f&ygonf/ q&mOD;jr\ aomif;ajymif;
axGvmOya'jyóem(7) pmrsufeSm - 227 wGif mens rea [lonf ] raemuH}
ud k &nf ñ G e f ; onf [ k a&;om;xm;ygonf / jypf r I w pf c k usL;vG e f & ef t wG u f
vdktyfaom owfrSwfjy|mef;csufwpf&yfjzpfonf/ tjcm;enf;jzihfajymqdk&vQif
actus reus tjypf&Sdaom jyKvkyfrI the guilty act jzpfonf/ Oyrmqdk&vQif -
&mZowfBuD;Oya' yk'frwpfckESihf tusKH;0if&ef vdktyfaom t*Fg&yf tpdwftydkif;
wpf&yfjzpfonf/ &mZowfBuD; yk'fr 323 ESihf tusKH;0if&ef -
(1) w&m;cHonf vlwpfOD;wpfa,muftm; udk,ft*Fgemusifapjcif;?
odkYr[kwf tema&m*gpGJuyfapjcif;? odkYr[kwf csnhfeJYatmifjyKjcif;
(2) emusifap&eftMuHjzihf aomfvnf;aumif;? emusifapwef&monf udk
odvsufESihfaomfvnf;aumif; jyKjcif;/ /
qdkonhft*Fg&yfrsm;wGif 'kwd,t*Fg&yfwGif azmfjyxm;onhf ]emusif
ap&eftMuHjzihf aomfvnf;aumif; } ]emusifapwef&m onfudk odvsufESihf
aomf v nf ; aumif ; jyKjcif ; } qd k a om t*F g &yf r sm;onf raemuH od k Y r [k w f
tjypf&Sdaom pdwfrsm; jzpfayonf/
ultra vires [laom vufwifpum;vkH;\ wdkuf½dkuft"dyÜm,frSm beyond
the powers tmPmxufausmfvGefí[k t"dyÜm,f&ygonf/ jyKvkyfrIwpf&yfonf
w&m;0iftmPmydkifu aqmif&Guf&efvdktyfygonf/ odkY&mwGif aqmif&GufNyD;pD;
oGm;aomudp&ö yfonf tcGit fh mPmvkyyf ikd cf iG t
fh & aqmif&u G jf cif;r[kwcf v
hJ Qif [k
t"dyÜm,f&ygonf/
txufazmfjyyg ultra vires ESihfywfoufí q&mBuD;OD;jr\ aomif;ajymif;
axGvmOya'jyóemtrSwf(8) pmrsufESm- 273 wGif OD;bpdefESihf OD;odef; trIü
“ A proceeding in which a Judge acted without Jurisdiction being ulter vires and
illegal, it is no proceeding at all under S. 476 or 476A” [lí xkH;zGJUxm;onf/
ulter vires udk without authority (tmPmr&SdbJ? vkyfydkifcGihfr&SdbJ)[k t"dyÜm,f
zGihfqdkMuonf/ vkyfydkifcGihfabmiftwGif; aqmif&GufvQifrl intra vires [k ajymMu
onf[k a&;om;xm;onf/
A registered society v. Union of India with Transferred Case(c) of 2017
Arising out of Transfer Petition(c) No, 1264/2014 , Writ Petition (c) No, 673 of
2015 Transferred Case(c) No. 109 of 2015 trIwGif atmufygtwdkif; ultra vires
ESihfywfoufí pD&ifqkH;jzwfxm;onfudk avhvmEdkifygonf/
“ Writ Petition (Civil) No. 245 of 2014 has been filed seeking a declaration
that Rule 10(1) and Rule 10(4) (i) of the Search Committee ( Consitution, Terms
and Conditions of Appointment of Members and the Manner of Slection of Penal
of Names for Appointment of Chairperson and Members of Lokpal) Rules,
2014(hereinafter referred to as the “ Search Committee Rules”) framed under
the provisions of the Lokpal and Lokayktas Act, 2013( hereinafter referred to as
“the Act”) are ultra vires and for a further direction to restrain the initiation of
any process of selection for appointment of Chairperson and Members of the
Lokpal under the provisions of the aforesaid Search Committee Rules.
xdkYjyif txufpmrsufESm(156)wGif azmfjycJhonhf Just Society v. Union of
India trI w G i f ultra vires ES i h f y wf o uf í atmuf y gtwd k i f ; pD & if c suf w G i f
azmfjyxm;onf/ “We fail to see how any of the aforesaid contentions can
establish any infirmity or fragility of the provisions of the Act in the light of any
of the constitutional provisions so as to render the relevant sections of the Act
ultra vires.”
vufwifa0g[m&rsm;ESihfywfoufí tcsdefwdktwGif; wifjyjcif;jzpfí
cRwf,Gif;tm;enf;csufrsm;? vGJrSm;aeonfrsm; yg&SdEdkifonf[k wifjy&if; ed*Hk;csKyf
tyfygonf/
* * * * *
usrf;udk;pm&if;
1/ jynfaxmifpkor®wjrefrmEdkifiHawmf? zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'(2008 ckESpf)

2/ q&mBu;D OD;jra&;om;aom aomif;ajymif;axGvmOya'jyóem trSwf (7)
ESifh trSwf(8)
3/ w&m;½Hk;rsm;vufpGJtwGJ(1) ? yxrtBudrf ykHESdyfjcif;? 1999 ckESpf? ZGefv?
4/ &mZowfBuD;
5/ w&m;rusihfxkH;Oya'
6/ oufaocHOya'tzGihfusrf;? OD;zdk;om
7/ List of Latin legal terms From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
8/ http://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/t
9/ http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/
*syefppftkyfcsKyfa&;acwf jrefrmEdkifiH zGJUpnf;ykHOya'

okawoetzGJU
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ EdkifiHwnfaqmufykH? usihfokH;onhfpepf? tkyfcsKyffykH?
tmPmcGJa0 usihfokH;ykH ponfwdkYudk od&SdvdkygvsSif ,if;EdkifiH\ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'udk avhvm&rnf jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumihf jrefrmEdkifiHtaMumif;tm; jrefrm
EdkifiHwGif acwftqufquf usihfokH;cJhonhf zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rsm;udk
avhvmjcif;jzihf od&SdEdkifygrnf/
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vGwfvyfa&;&&SdjyD;aemuf usihfokH;cJhonhf 1947 ckESpf zGJU
pnf;tkyfcsKyffykHtajccHOya'? 1974 ckESpf zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESifh 2008 ckESpf
zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'[lí zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya' 3 ck udkom vlodrsm;Mu
aomfvnf; *syefppftkyfcsKyffa&;umvtwGif; jy|mef;cJhonhf 1943 ckESpf jrefrm
EdkifiH zGJUpnf;ykHOya'udkrl odoltvGefenf;yg;vSygonf/
ouú&mZf 1886 ckESpfrSpí jrefrmEdkifiHonf NAdwdoQt*FvdyfwdkY\
vufatmufcH udkvdkeDEdkifiHtjzpf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm usa&mufcJhonf/ 'kwd,
urÇmppftwGif; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (B.I.A) onf *syefppfwyfrsm;ESifh
yl;aygif;um t*Fvdyftpdk;&tm; awmfvSefwdkufxkwfjyD;aemuf *syefwdkYonf
jrefrmEdkifiHtm; ppftkyfcsKyffa&;jzihf tkyfcsKyffcJhonf/ 1942 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 1 &uf
wGif *syefppfaoemywdAdkvfcsKyffMuD; tD'g;u-
(1) a'gufwmbarmf (0efMuD;csKyffESifhjynfxJa&;0efBuD;)?
(2) ocifNrdKU (Xmevufudkifr&Sdaom0efBuD;)?
(3) a'gufwm odrf;armif (b@ma&;0efBuD;)?
(4) OD;xGef;atmif (w&m;a&;Xme0efBuD;)?
(5) OD;b0if; (ynma&;ESifhusef;rma&;Xme0efBuD;)?
(6) ocifoef;xGef; (ajrESifhv,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;0efBuD;)?
(7) ocifxGef;tkyf (opfawma&;&m0efBuD;)?
(8) OD;vSaz(ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh pufrIvufrIXme0efBuD;)?
(9) ocifApdef (vrf;c&D;qufoG,fa&;ESifh qnfajrmif;Xme0efBuD;)
wdkYyg0ifaom ]jrefrmjynftpdk;&tzGJU}udk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ *syefppfaoemywdESifh
154 ဂျပန်စစ်အုပ်ချုပ်ရေးခေတ် မြန်မာနိုင်ငံဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ
ppftkyfcsKyffa&;atmufwGif jrefrmwdkY Oya'jyKydkifcGihf r&SdcJhay/

1943 ckESp?f Zefe0g&Dv 28 &ufwGif *syef0efBuD;csKyffwdkusdKu *syef
'dkif,uf vTwfawmfü jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;udk wpfESpftwGif;ay;rnfjzpfaMumif;
aMunmcJhonf/ 1943 ckESpf? rwfv 11 &ufaeYwGif a'gufwmbarmf? ocifjr?
a'gufwmodrf;armif? AdkvfcsKyffatmifqef;wdkYudk ac:,lum *syeftpdk;&ESifhaqG;aEGG;
cJhNyD;aemuf 1943 ckESpf arv 8 &ufaeYwGif-
(1) a'gufwmbarmf?
(2) ocifjr?
(3) a'gufwmodef;armif?
(4) ocifoef;xGef;?
(5) ocifxGef;tkyf?
(6) OD;vSaz?
(7) OD;xGef;atmif?
(8) AE¨KvOD;pdef?
(9) OD;b0if;?
(10) ocifApdef?
(11) AdkvfcsKyffatmifqef;?
(12) qmjrbl;?
(13) ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;?
(14) OD;quf?
(15) OD;cspfvdIif?
(16) ocifEk?
(17) a'gufwmpHpDzdk;?
(18) OD;at;?
(19) 0wfvkH OD;odrf;armif?
(20) [oFmwOD;jr?
(21) OD;at;armif?
(22) OD;xGef;az?
(23) qmOD;oGif?
(24) OD;ausmf?
(25) OD;cifarmifaxG;?
(26) OD;ausmfjidrf; (twGif;a&;rSL;) wdkYyg0ifaom ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;
pDpOfrItzGJUudk zGJUpnf;ay;cJhonf/ tqdkygvGwfvyfa&;pDpOfrItzGJUonf *syef
tMuHay;t&m&Sd ppfAdkvfcsKyffMuD; tDqdkrl,m\ vrf;ñTefcsufjzihf ArmEdkifiHawmf
tkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf; jyKvkyfaomOya' (1943 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiHzGJUpnf;ykHOya')
udk 1943 ckESpf Zlvdkifvv,fü&ufydkif;tenf;i,ftwGif; a&;qGJcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
þzGJUpnf;ykHOya'onf *syefwdkYu jrefrmEdkifiHtm; vGwfvyfaom tcsKyff
tjcmtmPmydkifEdkifiHtjzpf todtrSwfjyKcJhonfh 1943 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 1&ufaeY
(aumZmouú&mZf 1305 ck 0gacgifvqef; (1) &ufaeY) wGif Oya'trSwf(1)
jzihf jy|mef;cJh&m *syefwyfrsm;onf &efukefNrdKU&Sd bk&ifcHtdrfawmfü 1943 ckESpf ?
pufwifbmv 6 &ufaeYwGif vufeufcsaMumif; w&m;0ifvufrSwfa&;xdk;csdef
txd tmPmoufa&mufcJhonhftwGuf oufwrf; 2 ESpfcefUom&SdaMumif; awGYG&Sd
&onf/ 1943 ckESpf zGJUpnf;ykHOya'ü tcef; (12)cef;? yk'fr (64)ck yg0ifonhf
twGuf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif usihfokH;cJhaom zGJUpnf;ykHOya'rsm;teuf þOya'onf
tcef;ESifh yk'fr jy|mef;csufrsm; tenf;qkH;vnf; jzpfonf/
1943 ckESpf zGJUpnf;ykHOya'onf umvwdktwGif; tvsifpvdk a&;qGJMu&
ouJhodkU zGJUpnf;ykHOya'udk txl;jyKavhvmaomynm&Sifrsm;vnf; ryg0ifaom
aMumihfvnf;aumif;? *syefppftkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif; *syefwdkY\ MoZmtmPm
udk rvGefqefEdkifaomaMumihfvnf;aumif;? zGJUpnf;ykHOya'qdkif&m jyKpka&;tawGU
tBuHKenf;yg;aomaMumihfvnf;aumif;? ppfyGJatmifEdkifa&;twGuf t"duxm;í
a&;qGJaomaMumihfvnf;aumif;? tcGihftmPmrSeforQtm; tmPm&SifwpfOD;
wnf; tkyfcsKyffrS xda&mufonf[k ,lqMuaomaMumihf vnf;aumif; tqdkyg
tkyfcsKyffa&;pnf;rsOf;Oya'onf EdkifiHawmfESifhtpdk;&? jynfolvlxkwdkYtwGuf
tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;pGmjzpfay:ap&ef tm;enf;apcJhonf/ odkU&mwGif *syefppftkyfcsKyff
a&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\vufatmufrS jrefrmEdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;\ acgif;aqmif
rsm; udk,fwdkifOD;aqmifum yxrOD;qkH;pwifa&;qGJjy|mef;EdkifcJhjyD; EdkifiHa&;tcef;
u@udk vlxk acgif;aqmifrsm; yg0ifaqmif&Guf&jcif;rSm tusdK;&Sdonf[kqdkEdkif
rnfjzpfí *syefppftkyfcsKyffa&;acwf jrefrmEdkifiHzGJUpnf;ykHOya'tm; trsm;jynfol
avhvmod&SdEdkif&ef azmfjyvdkufygonf-
APPENDIX VI
CONSTITUTION OF BURMA, AUGUST 1, 1943
THE STATE
1. Burma shall be a fully independent and sovereign state.
2. Burma shall be a co-equal member of the-community of sovereign

states forming the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity sphere.
3. All powers of Government and all authority legislative, executive and
judicial are derived from the people and the same shall be exercised in
accordance with the scheme hereunder.
HEAD OF THE STATE
1. Burma shall be ruled over by the Head of the State who shall have full
sovereign status and power"
2. Succession to the Headship of the State before the Constitution comes
into operation shall be settled by election, if possible within 30 days
after the occurrence of the vacancy, at a joint session of the Cabinet and
the Privy Council presided over by the President or Vice-President of
the Privy Council or, in the absence of both these persons, by a member
of the Privy Council elected by the Privy Council for that purpose.
CABINET OF MINISTERS
1. There shall be a Cabinet of Ministers presided over by the Prime
Minister.
ArmEdkifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;jyKvkyfaomOya'
Armouú&mZf 1305
EdkifiHawmf
1/ ArmEdkifiHawmfonf vkH;0vGwfvyfí tcsKyftjcmtmPmESifh jynfhpkHaom
EdkifiHawmfjzpf&rnf/
2/ ArmEdkifiHawmfonf r[mta&SUtm&SwdkufESifhtwl BuD;yGm;a&;e,fBuD;
wnfaxmifMuaom tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif EdkifiHtpktoif;wGif tjcm;
EdkifiHrsm;ESifh tcGifhta&;wef;wl&&Sdí yg0ifaom EdkifiHwpfckjzpf&rnf/
3/ Oya'jyKEdik ?f tkycf sKyfEikd ?f w&m;pD&ifEikd af om wefc;kd tmPmrsm;ESihf tpd;k &\
wefcdk;tmPm tm;vkH;onf EdkifiHom;wdkYxHrS oufqif;ojzifh &&Sdaom
wef c d k ; tmPmrsm;jzpf o nf / xd k w ef c d k ; tmPmrsm;ud k atmuf y g
pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;twdkif; aqmif½Guf&rnf/
EdkifiHawmft"dywd
1/ tcsKyftjcmtmPmESifh *kPftqifhtwef;wdkY vkH;0jynfhpkHaom EdkifiHawmf
t"dywdonf Arm EdkifiHawmfudk pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyf&rnf/
2/ tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'opfwpfckt& aqmif½Gufjcif; rjyKrDumv twGif;wGif
EdkifiHawmft"dywd&mxl; qufcHodrf;ydkufaomudpöudk a½G;aumufaom
enf;jzifh tu,fíwwfEdkifygu &mxl;vpfvyfaomaeYrSpí &uf 30
twGif;wGif NyD;ajrmufap&rnf/ ,if;odkYaqmif½Guf&mwGif twdkifyifcH
vT w f a wmf O uú | uaomf v nf ; aumif ; ? 'k O uú | uaomf v nf ; aumif ; ?
tu,fí xdkyk*¾dKvfESpfOD; r&SdcJhaomf twdkifyifcHvTwfawmfu xdkudpö
twGuf a½G;aumuf wifajr§mufaom vTwfawmftrwfwpfOD;aomfvnf;
aumif; em,ujyKaom 0efBuD;tzGJUESifh twdkifyifcHvTwfawmf ESpf&yf\
wGJzuftpnf;ta0;u aqmif½Guf&rnf/
0efBuD;rsm;tzGJU
1/ 0efBuD;csKyfBuD;rSL;aom 0efBuD;rsm;tzGJUwpfck&Sd&rnf/
2. The Ministers shall be appointed by the Head of the State on the

recommendation of the Prime Minister.
3. The Cabinet of Ministers shall conduct the Government of the State
in responsibility, both collectively and individually, to the Head of the
State.
4. Ministers of the State shall hold office during the pleasure of the Head
of the State.
5. The affairs of Government shall be conducted in accordance with the
rules and regulations duly made for that purpose.
PRIVY COUNCIL
1. There shall be a Privy Council to advise the Head of the State in such
matters of public importance as may be referred to them. The following
matters shall be referred to the Privy Council:
a. Taxation,
b. Annual Budget,
c. National Loans,
d. Ordinary Legislation,
e. Peace Treaties, and such other treaties, conventions and
agreements as require ratification before they are ratified.
2. The number of Privy Councillors shall not be less than 20 and not more
than 25.
3. The Privy Council shall be an advisory body.
4. The members of the Privy Council shall be appointed by the Head of
the State after consultation with the Cabinet of Ministers.
5. The Ministers shall have the right of participation in the sessions of the
Privy Council without being members thereof.
6. There shall be a President and a Vice-President elected by the members
of the Privy Council.
7. Members of the Privy Council must possess the qualifications of an

2/ EdkifiHawmft"dywdonf 0efBuD;csKyf\ axmufcHcsuft& 0efBuD;rsm;udk

cefY&rnf/
3/ 0ef B uD;rsm;tzGJU onf tzGJU vdku f v nf ;aumif ;? wpf OD ;pD v nf ;aumif ;
EdkifiHawmft"dywdtm; wm0efcHí EdkifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&;udk aqmif½Guf
&rnf/
4/ EdkifiHawmf\ 0efBuD;rsm;onf EdkifiHawmft"dywd ESpfûcdufauseyforßS
umvywfvkH; &mxl; vuf&Sdwnfae&rnf/
5/ tkyfcsKyf&eftvdkYiSm usepGmjyKxm;aom enf;Oya'ESifh pnf;urf;Oya'
wdkYt& tpdk;&udpöwdkYudk aqmif½Guf&rnf/
twdkifyifcHvTwfawmf
1/ trsm;jynfoltwGuf ta&;BuD;aomudpörsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;í tBuHÓPf
awmif;qdk cJhaomf EdkifiHawmft"dywdtm;tBuHÓPfudkawmif;&rnf/
(u) tcGefawmfudpö
(c) ESpfpOf aiG0if? aiGxGufcefYrSef;csuf
(*) EdkifiHawmfacs;aiGrsm;
(C) omrefOya'jyKjcif;
(i) ppfajyNidrf;a&;pmcsKyfrsm;? xdkYjyif twnfrjyKao;rD twnfjyKcsuf
vdkaomtjcm;pmcsKyfrsm;? oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ESifhy#dÓOf jyKcsuf
rsm;
2/ twdkifyifcHvTwfawmftrwfOD;a&rSm 20 xufrenf;&? 25 xufvnf;
rrsm;&/
3/ twdkifyifcHvTwfawmfonf tBuHÓPfay;tzGJUjzpf&rnf/
4/ EdkifiHawmft"dywdonf 0efBuD;rsm;tzGJUESifh wdkifyifNyD;aemuf twdkifyifcH
vTwfawmf trwfrsm;udk cefY&rnf/
5/ 0ef B uD;rsm;onf twdki fy ifc Hv T w f awmf trwf rsm; r[k w f aomf v nf ;
twdkifyifcHvTwfawmf tpnf;ta0;rsm;ü yg0ifaqmif½GufEdkifcGifh&Sd&rnf/
6/ twdkifyifcHvTwfawmfü vTwfawmftrwfrsm;u a½G;aumufwifajr§muf
aom Ouú|wpfOD;ESifh 'kOuú|wpfOD;&Sd&rnf/
7/ twdkifyifcH vTwfawmftrwfrsm;onf oufBuD;0g&ifh? EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;
elderly and experienced politician.

a. The minimum age shall be 40 years.
b. They must have rendered public service or must be competent
to represent important interests of the country by virtue of their
distinguished educational qualifications and ability.
8. Subject to the approval of the Head of the State the Privy Council
shall make ruts for regulating its procedure and for the conduct of its
business.
LEGISLATION
1. The responsibility for legislation shall belong to the Head of the State
who shall ordinarily exercise it after consultation with the Cabinet of
Ministers.
2. In the case of ordinary legislation, the Cabinet of Ministers shall,
before tendering their advice to the Head of the State, first obtain the
views of the Privy Council.
3. However in the case of extraordinary legislation the Cabinet of
Ministers may act without reference to the Privy Council.
Explanation : Extraordinary legislation shall deal with such matters
as maintenance of public safety or prevention of public danger or
matters which are as important as matters of life and death due to war
conditions.
4. All extraordinary legislation restricting civil liberties shall be reviewed
as early as practicable after the termination of the war.
5. All the existing Laws in force in Burma immediately before the
commencement of this scheme shall, so far as it does not conflict with

okcrdefwdkY\ t&nftcsif;rsdK;ESifh jynfhpkHaomolrsm;jzpf&rnf/

(u) toufrSm tenf;qkH; 40 jzpf&rnf/
(c) trsm;jynfolwdkY\tusdK;pD;yGm;udk aqmif½Gufzl;&rnf/
odkYwnf;r[kwf vkyf&nfBuH&nfaomf¤if;? ynmt&nftcsif;aomf¤if;
xl;cßGefaomaMumifh wdkif;jynfEdkifiH\ ta&;BuD;aom vkyfief;rsm;twGuf
udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf aqmif½GufEdkifaomolrsm; jzpf&rnf/
8/ twd k i f y if c H v T w f a wmf o nf vT w f a wmf v k y f i ef ; ud k aqmif ½ G u f & ef E S i f h
tpD p Of u sepG m &S d a p&ef enf ; Oya'rsm;ud k Ed k i f i H a wmf t "d y wd \
oabmwlnDcsufudk taxmuftxm;jyKí vkyf&rnf/
Oya'jyKjcif;
1/ Oya'jyK&efwm0efonf EdkifiHawmft"dywd\ wm0efjzpf&rnf/ t"dywd
onf omreftm;jzifh xdkwm0efudk 0efBuD;rsm;tzGJUESifh wdkifyifNyD;aemuf
aqmif½Guf&rnf/
2/ omrefOya'jyKrIudpöwGif 0efBuD;rsm;tzGJUonf EdkifiHawmft"dywdtm;
tBuHÓPfray;rD twdkifyifcHvTwfawmf\ xifjrifcsufrsm;udk a&S;OD;pGm
awmif;,l&rnf/
3/ odkY&mwGif omrefr[kwfaom Oya'jyKrIudpöwGif 0efBuD;rsm;tzGJUonf
twdkifyif cHvTwfawmfudk rwdkifyifyJaqmif½GufEdkifonf/
&Sif;vif;csuf/ omrefr[kwfaom Oya'jyKrIonf EdkifiHolEdkifiHom;
trsm;\ ab;&ef u if ; rI wnf w H h a tmif apmif h a &S m uf a &;ud p ö E S i f h
aomfvnf;aumif;? EdkifiHolEdkifiHom;rsm;\ ab;&eftEÅ&m,fudk umuG,f
a&;udpöESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? ppfrufa&;&maMumifh aoa&;&Sifa&;wrßS
ta&;BuD;vSaom udpörsm;ESifh aomfvnf;aumif; oufqdkifap&rnf/
4/ wdkif;oljynfom;wdkY\vGwfvyfrIrsm;udk csKyfcs,faom omrefr[kwfonhf
Oya' tm;vkH;udk ppfNyD;Nidrf;aomtcg jrefEdkiforßStjrefqkH;jyefvnf pdppf
&rnf/
5/ þtkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;Oya't& pwifraqmif½GufrD ArmEdkifiHü twnf
jzpfvsuf&Sdaeaom Oya'rsm;tm;vkH;onf þtkyfcsKyfa&; pnf;rsOf;Oya'
ESifh rqefYusifonfh qdkif&mtmPmydkifu jyifqifjznfhpGufajymif;vJjcif;
this scheme, continue in force in Burma until altered or amended by
competent authority.
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF BURMESE NATIONALS
1. 'The liberty of the person shall be inviolable and no Burmese National
shall be deprived of his personal liberty except in accordance with law.

2. No Burmese National shall be deprived of his property except in
accordance with the law.
3. The dwelling of every Burmese National is inviolable and shall not be
forcibly entered except in accordance with law.
4. Every Burmese National shall, subject to public order and morality,
enjoy freedom of religious belief and practice.
5. Every Burmese National shall, within the limits of law and morality,
have the right of free expression of opinion as well as the right to
assemble peaceably and without arms and the right to form associations
and unions.
JUDICIARY
1. The Supreme Court of Burma now in existence shall continue and shall
be the highest Court of Record. It shall consist of a Chief Justice and
such number of other Judges as the Head of the State may deem it
necessary to appoint.
2. The administration of law and constitution of law courts shall be in
accordance with the existing laws.
3. a. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the

rjyKorßSumvywfvkH; qufvuftwnfjzpfvsuf&Sd&rnf/
ArmtrsdK;om;wdkY\tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;
1/ udk,fa&;vGwfvyfrIü twm;tqD;taESmifht,Sufr&Sdap&/ Oya't&
r[kwfvßSif rnfhonfh ArmtrsdK;om;rßS rdrdudk,fa&;vGwfvyfrIudk rqkH;½IH;
ap&/
2/ Oya't&r[kwfvßSif rnfonfhArmtrsdK;om;rßS rdrdydkifpnf;pdrfOpömudk
rqkH;½IH;ap&/
3/ Armtrsd K ;om;wd k i f ; \ aetd r f o nf tzsuf t qD ; taES m if h t ,S u f r S
uif;vGwfap&rnf/ Oya't&r[kwfvßSif rnfonfhaetdrftwGif;udkrßS
twif;usL;ausmf0ifa&mufjcif; rjyK&/
4/ ArmtrsKd ;om;wdik ;f onf Edik if aH wmfNird 0f yfyjd ym;a&;ESihf avmu0wå&m; wdu
Yk kd
xdcdkufysufjym; jcif;r&SdapbJ rdrd,kHMunfaombmomt,l0g'twdkif;
udk;uG,fusifhaqmifEdkifap&rnf/
5/ ArmtrsdK;om;wdkif;rSm w&m;Oya'twGif; avmu0wå&m;ESifh rqefYusif
apbJ rdrd\oabmudk vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfajymqdkjcif;? tMurf;rzuf
vufeufrygyJ pk½kH;pnf;a0;jcif;? toif;tyif; tpnf;t½kH; zGJUpnf;jcif;
wdkYudk jyKEdkifcGifh&Sd&rnf/
w&m;½kH;awmfrsm;
1/ ,ckwnfvsuf&Sdaom ArmEdkifiHawmf\ w&m;vTwfawmfonf qufvuf
wnfNrJ&rnf/ xdjkY yif xdw k &m;vTwfawmfonf trIwJrG Swfwrf;w&m;½k;H csKyf
jzpf&rnf/ xdkw&m;vTwfawmfü w&m;0efBuD;csKyfwOD;ESifh EdkifiHawmf
t"dywdu vdktyfonfxifoavmufcefYaom w&m;0efBuD;rsm; yg0if
&rnf/
2/ Oya'ESifh w&m;vrf;rSeftwdkif; w&m;pD&ifjcif;ESifh w&m;½kH;rsm;zGJUpnf;jcif;
wdkYonf twnfjzpfvsuf&Sdaom Oya'rsm;twdkif;jzpf&rnf/
3/ (u) EdkifiHawmft"dywdonf 0efBuD;csKyfESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? qdkif&m
0efBu;D ESiahf omfvnf;aumif; wdik yf ifNy;D aemuf w&m;0efBu;D csKyfukd cef&Y rnf/
(c) Ed k i f i H a wmf t "d y wd o nf 0ef B uD ; csKyf E S i f h w&m;0ef B uD ; csKyf w d k Y u d k
Head of the State after consultation with either the Prime Minister or
the Minister concerned.
b. Other Judges shall be appointed by the Head of the State after
consultation with either the Prime Minister and the Chief Justice or
with the Minister concerned and the Chief Justice.
4. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall not be removed except
for proved mis-behaviour * or for infirmity of mind or body. *
Misbehaviour includes misbehaviour towards the State.
5. All judges shall be independent in the exercise of their judiciary
functions and shall be subject only to the laws in force.
6. The decision of the Supreme Court shall in all cases be final and
conclusive.
7. Judges and Magistrates shall have jurisdiction over all persons within
their territorial regardless of their nationality except :
a. those who enjoy exterritoriality under Public International law;
b. Members of the Burmese armed forces in respect of offences
punishable by military courts; and
c. Members of Allied armed forces in respect of military offences
for trial of which provision to the contrary has been made under
any treaty or agreement between the Burmese Government and
the Nippon Government.
LANGUAGE
Burmese shall be the official language of the new State of Burma.

aomfvnf;aumif;? qdkif&m0efBuD;ESifh w&m;0efBuD;csKyfwdkYudkaomfvnf;

aumif;? wdkifyifNyD;aemuf tjcm;w&m;0efBuD;rsm;udk cefY&rnf/
4/ usifh0wfysufjym;onf (odkYr[kwf) pdwfaomfvnf;aumif;? udk,faomf
vnf;aumif; rpGrf;roefonf[laom taMumif;xif&Sm;onfhtwGuf
rSwyg; w&m;0efBuD;rsm;udk &mxl;rSEkwfy,fjcif; rjyK&/
&Si;f vif;csu/f usi0hf wfysujf ym;jcif;[laompum;\ t"dymÜ ,fü Edik if aH wmf\
tay:wGif usifh0wfysufjym;jcif;vnf; yg0ifonf/
5/ w&m;0efBuD;tm;vkH;onf twnfjzpfvsuf&Sdaom Oya'rsm;udkomvßSif
vdkufemí w&m;pD&ifydkifcGifh&Sd&rnf/
6/ w&m;vTwfawmf\ pD&ifcsufonf trIwdkif;ü t,lcHr&Sdaom tNyD;owf
pD&ifcsuf jzpf&rnf/
7/ w&m;rw&m;olBuD;rsm;ESifh &mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;rsm;rSm rdrdwdkY w&m;pD&if
ydkifcGifh tmPmysHUESHY&m e,fy,ftwGif;&Sd vlrsm;tm;vkH;\tay:wGif
atmufyg cRif;csufrsm;rSwpfyg; vlrsdK;ra½G; w&m;pD&ifydkifcGifh tmPm&Sd
&rnf/ cRif;csufrsm;rSm-
(u) EdkifiHawmftwGif;rSm aeaomfvnf; jynfaxmiftcsif;csif;qufqH
a&;Oya't& EdkifiHawmf\ Oya'tmPmatmufodkY rusra&muf
aom yk*¾dKvfrsm;
(c) ppfwyfw&m;½kH;rS tjypfay;Edkifaom jypfrIrsdK;udk usL;vGefaom
vufeufudkif Armppfwyf0ifrsm;? xdkYjyif -
(*) ArmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh edyGefEdkifiHawmftpdk;&wdkY csKyfqdkxm;aom
pmcsKyft& aomfvnf;aumif;? y#dnm0OfjyKxm;csuft&aomf
vnf;aumif;? tjcm;enf;jzifh ppfaq;&ef owfrSwfxm;
aom ppfbufqdkif&mjypfrIrsm;udk usL;vGefonfh vufeufudkif
r[mrdwfppfwyf0ifrsm;
bmom
Armbmomonf ArmEdkifiHawmfopf\ ½kH;okH;bmomjzpf&rnf/
STATE SERVICES
1. All appointments in the services of the State shall be derived from the
Head of the State.
2. There shall be a State Services Board, the Chairman and other members
whereof shall be appointed by the Head of the State after consultation
with the Cabinet of Ministers.
3. The Head of the State shall, by regulations made after consultation
with the Cab-inet of Ministers, determine the number of members of
the Boards, their tenure of office and their conditions of service.
4. The Board shall be responsible to the Head of the State.
5. The Board shall deal with such matters relating to the State Services as
are delegated to them under the rules and regulations duly made for the
purpose.
6. The Board shall be independent in the exercise of its proper functions
and duties.
7. All Burmese nationals who are in Government or Municipal service on
the day of the inauguration of Burmese Independence shall be deemed
to have been appointed on the same terms and conditions of service in
the New State subject to their taking the oath of allegiance to the New
State on a day which is to be fixed for the purpose by the Head of the
State soon after the inauguration of Incepend-ence.
AUDIT AND ACCOUNTS

1. There shall be an Auditor-General of Burma who shall be appointed by
the Head of the State after consultation with either the Prime Minister
or the Minister concerned.
2. The conditions of service of the Auditor-General shall be such as may
be preicribed by the Head of the State after consultation with the Prime
EdkifiHawmf0efxrf;rsm;
1/ Ed k i f i H a wmf 0 ef x rf ; twG u f &mxl ; [l o rßS o nf Ed k i f i H a wmf t "d y wd r S
oufqif;us a&muf&rnf/
2/ EdkifiHawmf0efxrf; &mxl;0eftzGJUwpfck&Sd&rnf/ EdkifiHawmft"dywdonf
0efBuD;rsm; tzGJUESifh wdkifyifNyD;aemuf tzGJUOuú|ESifh tjcm;tzGJU0ifrsm;udk
cefY&rnf/
3/ 0efBuD;tzGJUESifhwdkifyifNyD;aemuf jyKxm;aom pnf;urf;Oya'rsm;t&
EdkifiHawmft"dywdonf tzGJU0ifOD;a&? &mxl;oufwrf;ESifh trIxrf;
pnf;urf;wdkYudk owfrSwf &rnf/
4/ þtzGJUonf EdkifiHawmft"dywdtm; wm0efcH&rnf/
5/ þtzGJUuaqmif½Guf&ef&Sdaomudpörsm;rSm usepGmjyKxm;aom enf;Oya'
rsm;ESifh pnf;urf; Oya'rsm;t& vTJtyfjcif;cH&aom EdkifiHawmf0efxrf;ESifh
oufqdkifonfhudpörsm;jzpf&rnf/
6/ þtzGJUrSm tzGJUvkyfief;ESifh0wå&m;wdkYudk vGwfvyfpGmaqmif½GufEdkifcGifh&Sd&
rnf/
7/ vGwfvyfa&; pwifwnfaxmifaomaeYü EdkifiHawmftpdk;&aomf¤if;?
pnfyifa&;tzGJUrsm;ü aomf¤if;? trIxrf;vsuf&Sdaom ArmtrsdK;om;
tm;vkH;onf ArmEdkifiHawmfopfwGif ,if;tcGifhta&;ESifh pnf;urf;rsm;
twdkif; cefYxm;NyD;jzpfolrsm;[lí rSwf,l&rnf/ odkY&mwGif xdkolwdkYonf
vGwfvyfa&; pwifwnfaxmifNyD;aemuf EdkifiHawmft"dywdu owfrSwf
rnfjzpfaomaeYü EdkifiHawmfopf\ opömawmfudk cH,l&rnf/
pm&if;ppfESifhpm&if;udkif
1/ 0efBuD;csKyfESifhaomf¤if;? qdkif&m0efBuD;ESifhaomf¤if; wdkifyifNyD;aemuf
EdkifiHawmft"dywdu cefYxm;aom ArmEdkifiHawmfpm&if;ppf t&m&SdcsKyf
wpfOD;&Sd&rnf/
2/ pm&if;ppft&m&Scd sKyf\ trIxrf;pnf;urf;rsm;onf 0efBu;D csKyfEiS ahf omf¤if;?
qdkif&m0efBuD;ESifhaomf¤if;? wdkifyifNyD;aemuf EdkifiHawmft"dywdjy|mef;xm;
onfhtwdkif; jzpf&rnf/ t"dywd\ oabmwlnDcsufr&SdyJ pm&if;ppf
Minister or the Itinis,ter concerned, and he shall not be eligible for

further office in Burma after he has ceased to hold his office without
the approval of the Head of the State.
3. The accounts of the Government of Burma shall be kept in such form
as the Auditor-General may, with the approval of the Head of the State
prescribe.
4. The reports of the Auditor-General relating to the accounts of the
Government of Burma shall be submitted to the Head of the State who
shall cause them to It laid before the Cabinet of Ministers and the Privy
Council.
ARMED FORCES
I. The Head of the State shall be Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the
Burmesc Armed Forces.
2. There shall be a War Minister directly responsible to the Head of
the State for organisation, administration, and training of the Armed
Forces.
3. All commissions in the Burmese Armed Forces shall be granted by the
Head of the State on the recommendation of the War Minister.
4. The Supreme Commander shall be advised by the War Cabinet in
all military affairs. It shall consist of the War Minister, the Chiefs
of General Staff concerned, the Vice-Minister for War, the Chief of
General Headquarters, Deputy Chiefs of the General Staff, the Director
of military training and such other member of the Armed Forces as
may be added on by the Council. The Prime Minister or any Minister
representing him, the Finance Minister and either the President or the
Vice-President of the Privy Council shall have the right to speak in
and otherwise the right to take part in the proceedings of the Council
without the right to vote.
t&m&SdcsKyfonf rdrd\&mxl;rS &yfpJNyD;onfhaemuf ArmEdkifiH twGif;wGif

tjcm;&mxl;wpfckckudk xyfrHvufcHEdkifcGifh r&Sdap&/
3/ ArmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&\ aiGpm&if;rsm;udk t"dywd\ oabmwlnDcsufESifh
pm&if;ppft&m&SdcsKyfu owfrSwfaomenf;vrf;twdkif; xm;&Sdap&rnf/
4/ ArmEd k i f i H a wmf t pd k ; &\ aiG p m&if ; rsm;ES i f h ouf q d k i f a om pm&if ; ppf
t&m&SdcsKyf\ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk t"dywdxHodkYwifoGif;&rnf/ t"dywd
onf xdktpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk 0efBuD;rsm;tzGJUESifh twdkifyifcHvTwfawmfwdkYodkY
wifjyap&rnf/
vufeufudkifppfwyfrsm;
1/ EdkifiHawmft"dywdonf vufeufudkif Armppfwyftm;vkH;\ ppfaoem
ywdcsKyf jzpf&rnf/
2/ vufeufuikd pf pfwyfrsm;udk pnf;½k;H a&;? tkycf sKyfa&; oifjyavhusifah y;a&;
wdw Yk iG f Edik if aH wmft"dywdoYkd wdu
k ½f u
kd w
f m0efc&H aom ppfXme0efBu;D wpfO;D
&Sd&rnf/
3/ EdkifiHawmft"dywdonf ppfXme0efBuD;\ axmufcHcsuft& vufeufudkif
Armppfwyfrsm;wGif t&m&SdAdkvftqifhtwef;wif trdefYawmftm;vkH;udk
ESif;tyf&rnf/
4/ ppfaoemywdcsKyftm; A[dkppftzGJUcsKyfBuD;u ppfbufqdkif&m udpöt00
wGif tBuHÓPfay;&rnf/ xdktzGJUcsKyfBuD;wGif ppfXme0efBuD;ESifh oufqdkif
&m ppf O D ; pD ; XmecsKyf r sm;tjyif 'k w d , ppf X me0ef B uD ; ppf X me½k H ; csKyf ?
ppfOD;pD;a&;XmecGJrsm;? ppfynmñTefMum;a&;XmecGJrsm;ESifh tzGJUcsKyfBuD;u
xyfrHxnfhoGif;vdkaom ppfbufqdkif&myk*¾dKvfrsm; yg0ifap&rnf/ tzGJU
csKyfBuD;wGif 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfap? 0efBuD;csKyfudk,fpm; 0efBuD;wpfOD;OD;jzpfap?
xdkYjyif b@ma&;0efBuD; xdkYjyif twdkifyifcHvTwfawmfOuú|jzpfap? 'kwd,
Ouú|jzpfap xdyk *k Kd¾ vfwYkd yg0ifaqG;aEG;aqmif½u G Ef ikd cf iG hf &S&d rnf/ od&Yk mwGif
rJay;EdkifcGifh r&Sdap&/
5. The Chief of the General Staff concerned shall be responsible for the
Executive Military Command of his branch of the Armed Forces.
6. The War Minister shall have the power to inspect the General Staff or
Staffs and the troops and other Forces under their command.
7. a. With a view to ensuring the stability of the State, the armed forces
shall :be outside politics. •
b. The War Minister shall be appointed always from among high
Military Officers on the active list.
8. The Military Accounts shall be audited by a Special Auditing Board
directly under the Head of the State.
CONSTITUENT BODY
1. Constituent Body shall be convened by the Head of the State, if war

conditions permit, not later than one year after the inauguration of
Burmese Independence, and in any case not later than one year after
termination of the war.
2. The Constituent Body shall be so constituted as to be truly representative
of the Burmese people and of its opinion.
3. The Head of the State shall appoint the Members of the Constituent
Body and settle all other matters relating thereto in consultation with
the Cabinet of Ministers and the Privy Council.
Explanation: Members of the Burma Independence Preparatory
Committee intended that the words 'in consultation' should have a
similar meaning to 'after consultation' with the following exception:
Exception: The words 'in consultation' convey the meaning 'mutual
discussions in agreement for the sake of clarification'.
4. The Constituent Body shall elect its own Chairman and make rules for
5/ oufqdkif&mppfrI OD;pD;a&;XmecsKyfrsm;onf rdrdqdkif&mvufeufudkifppfwyf

ppfa&;pDrHuGyfuJrItwGuf wm0efcH&rnf/
6/ ppfXme0efBuD;rSm ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfudkjzpfap? ppfOD;pD;XmecsKyfrsm;udkjzpfap?
xd k Y j yif xd k X mecsKyf w d k Y \ vuf a tmuf c H j zpf a om ppf w yf w d k Y u d k j zpf a p
ppfaq;Edkifaom tmPm&Sd&rnf/
7/ (u) Edik if aH wmfwnfwahH pjcif;tvdiYk mS ppfwyfrsm;onf Edik if aH &;\ty wGif
&Sdap&rnf/
(c) ppfXme0efBuD;udk vuf&SdppftrIxrf;pm&if;ü yg0ifaomtxufwef;
ppft&m&SdBuD;rsm;xJrS tpOfojzifha½G;cs,fcefYxm;&rnf/
8/ ppfbufqdkif&mpm&if;rsm;udk t"dywd\wdkuf½dkufvufatmufcHjzpfaom
txl; pm&if;ppftzGJUu ppfaq;&rnf/
tkyfcsKyfrIpDrHa&;tzGJU
1/ EdkifiHawmft"dywdonf ppftajctaetcGifhomcJhaomf vGwfvyfa&;udk
pwifwnfaxmifonfrSpí wpfESpfxuf aemufrusapyJ tkyfcsKyfrI
pDrHa&;tzGJUwpfckudk qifhac:&rnf/ tcGifhromcJhaomf rnfonfhenf;
ESifhrqdk ppfNyD;Nidrf;onfrSpí wpfESpfxufaemufrusapyJ qifhac:&rnf/
2/ þtzG J U ud k wd k i f ; ol j ynf o m;rsm;ES i f h xd k o l w d k Y \ tmomqE´ t wG u f
udk,fpm;vS,f tppftrSef jzpfrnfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;yg0ifatmifzGJU&rnf/
3/ EdkifiHawmft"dywdonf 0efBuD;rsm;tzGJUESifh twdkifyifcHvTwfawmfwdkYudk
wdkifyifí tkyfcsKyfrI pDrHa&;tzGJU0ifrsm;udk cefYNyD;vßSif xdktzGJUESifhywfoufa
omtjcm;taMumif;tcsufwdkYudk owfrSwf &rnf/
&Sif;vif;csuf/ wdkifyifí[laompum;onf wdkifyifNyD;aemufpum;ESifh
atmufygcßGif;csufrSwyg; t"dyÜm,f wlonf[k ArmhvGwfvyfa&; pDpOfrI
tzGJUBuD;u &nf½G,f&if;&Sdonf/
cRif;csuf/ }wdkifyifí} [laompum;onf ydkrdka&vnfatmif tcsif;csif;
tnDtñGwfwdkifyifonf[laom t"dyÜm,fodkYoufa&mufonf/
4/ tkycf sKyfrpI rD aH &;tzGUJ onf tzGUJ em,uudk a½G;aumuf&rnf/ xdjYk yif tzGUJ \
the regulation of its business and procedure.

5. The Constituent Body shall determine all matters relating to the
Constitution of Independent Burma and in doing this it shall have all
the powers and duties of a Constituent Body including the power to
institute a referendum on questions relating to the Headship of the
State. It shall also be free to act independently of all outside influence.
6. There shall be freedom of speech in the Constituent Body and no
member thereof shall be liable to any proceeding in any Court in
respect of anything said or any vote given by him in the Body or any
Committee thereof and no person shall be so liable in respect of the
publication by or under the authority of the Head of the State of any
report, paper, vote or proceedings.
7. The Constituent Body shall determine the period within which the
Constitution shall come into operation and the rule of the new Head of
the State shall commence.
8. The rule of the Head of the State shall terminate with the coming into
operation of the Constitution and the tenure of office of all Ministers
and the Privy Councillors shall terminate therewith.
9. Burma shall be governed in accordance with this interim Constitution
until such time as the Constitution comes into operation.
It can be amended as follows:
a. with the approval of the Cabinet of Ministers;
b. if at a special meeting of the Privy Council attended by at least
three-fourth of its members two-thirds of those present at the
meeting vote for the amendment.
I. Text from 'Burma During the Japanese Occupation' vol. II, Intelligence
Bureau, Government of Burma, Simla, 1944.
* * * * *
vkyfief;ESifh tpDtpOf wdkYudkuseap&ef enf;Oya'rsm;jyK&rnf/

5/ tkyfcsKyfrIpDrHa&;tzGJUonf vGwfvyfaom ArmEdkifiHawmf\ tkyfcsKyfa&;
Oya'ESifh ywfoufaom udpötm;vkH;udk qkH;jzwf&rnf/ xdkodkYqkH;jzwf
&mwGif tkyfcsKyfrIpDrHa&;tzGJUrsdK;ü &Sdtyfaom tmPmESifh 0wå&m;tm;vkH;
&Sd&rnf/ txufygtmPmü EdkifiHawmf\ txG#ftxdyfESifh oufqdkif&m
jyóemrsm;twGuf EdkifiH\qEúdk axmufvSrf;&ef pDrHEdkifonfhtmPm
vnf;yg0ifonf/ þtzGJUrSm tjyifty ya,m*tm;vkH;ESifh uif;&Sif;í
vGwfvyfpGm aqmif½GufEdkifcGifh&Sdap&rnf/
6/ tkyfcsKyfrIpDrHa&;tzGJUü vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkEdkifcGifh&Sd&rnf/ þtzGJUüjzpfap?
þtzGJU\ tzGJUi,füjzpfap? ajymqdkaompum;aMumifhaomf¤if;? ay;aom
rJqEáMumifhaomf¤if;? rnfonfhtzGJUudkrßS w&m;½kH;awmfwpfckckü w&m;
pGq
J jkd cif;rcHxu kd af p&/ xdjYk yif t"dywd\tcGithf rdet Yf & ykEH ydS f xkwaf 0aom
tpD&ifcHpmaMumifhaomf¤if;?pm½Gufpmwrf;aMumifhaomf¤if;? rJqEáMumifh
aomf¤if;? tzGUJ rSww f rf;aMumifah omf¤if;? rnforl ßS w&m;pGq J kd jcif; rcHxu kd f
ap&/
7/ tkyfcsKyfrIpDrHa&;tzGJUonf rdrdwdkYtkyfcsKyfa&;Oya' pwiftwnfjzpf&rnfh
umvESifh EdkifiHawmftxG#ftxdyf pwifpdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyf&rnfhumvwdkYudk
owfrSwf&rnf/
8/ txufygyk'frwGif azmfjyaom tkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'opfwpfck pwiftwnf
jzpfonfhtcsdefrSpí EdkifiHawmft"dywd\ pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfjcif;&yfpJ&rnf/
xdek nf;wl 0efBu;D rsm;ESihf twdik yf ifcH vTwaf wmftrwfrsm; &mxl; oufwrf;
rsm;vnf; &yfpJ&rnf/
9/ ArmEdik if aH wmfukd tkycf sKyfa&;Oya'wpfck pwiftwnfjzpfonft h csed f txd
þpnf;rsOf;Oya't& pDrHtkyfcsKyf&rnf/ odkYaomf þpnf;rsOf;Oya'udk -
(u) 0efBuD;rsm;tzGJU\ oabmwlnDcsufESifh
(c) twdkifyifcHvTwfawmfü xdktcdkuftwefYwGif yg0ifaom trwf
OD;a&\ tenf;qk;H 4 ykH 3 ykH wufa&mufaom txl;tpnf;ta0;
wGif 3 ykH 2 ykHaom rJqE´t& oabmwlnDMuaom Oya'jyKjcif;
jzifh jyifqifEdkifonf/
* * * * *
yxrtBudrf w&m;olBuD;rsm;nDvmcH rdefYcGef;rsm;

okawoetzGJU
jynf a xmif p k j ref r mEd k i f i H o nf
e,fcsJUwdkY\ vufatmufcH udkvdkeDEdkifiH
tjzpf ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmus&mufc&hJ mrS 1948
ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYwiG f vGwv f yfí
tcsKyft f jcm tmPmydik f aom Edik if w H pfEikd if H
tjzpfokdY jyefvnf a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/
EdkifiHawmf w&m; pD&ifa&; vkyfief;rsm;udk
aqmif&Guf&ef 1947 ckESpf jynfaxmifpk
jrefrm EdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccH
Oya' yk ' f r 136 ES i f h 1948 ck E S p f
jynfaxmifpkw&m;pD&ifa&; tufOya'
yk'rf 3 t& w&m;vTwaf wmfcsKyff (Supreme
C o u r t ) ud k v nf ; aumif ; ? zG J U pnf ;
tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' yk'fr 134 ESifh
jynfaxmifpk w&m;pD&ifa&;tufOya' yk'fr 13 t& w&m;vTwfawmf (High
Court) udkvnf;aumif; zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifcJhonf/
1947 ckESpf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyffykHtajccHOya' tmPmoufa&mufcJhonhf
1948 ckESpfrS 1962 ckESpftxd zGJUpnf;cJhaom w&m;½kH;tqihfqihfESifh w&m;½kH;
trsdK;tpm;rsm;rSm-
(u) w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyff?
(c) w&m;vTwfawmf?
(*) c½dkif &mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;½kH;? wGJzufc½dkif &mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;½kH;?
c½dkif puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;&kH;? &mbufc½dkifw&m;rESifh puf&Sif
w&m;olBuD;&kH;?
(C) e,fydkif&mZ0wf w&m;olBuD;½kH;? NrdKUr&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;½kH;?
&mbuf&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;½kH;? e,fydkifw&m;r w&m;olBuD;½kH;?
176 ပထမအကြိမ် တရားသူကြီးများညီလာခံမိန့်ခွန်းများ
(i) NrdKUe,f&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;½kH;? NrdKUe,fw&m;rw&m;olBuD;½kH;? wGJzuf

NrdKUe,f &mZ0wfw&m;olBuD;½kH;wdkYjzpfNyD; w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyff
onf aemufqkH; tNyD;tjywf t,lcH0if&mw&m;½kH; jzpfygonf/
xdkuJhokdYaom tqihfqihfzGJUpnf;xm;onhf w&m;½Hk;rsm;teuf w&m;
vTwf awmfcsKyff (Supreme Court) wGif 1948 ckESpfrS 1962 ckESpf txd w&m;
vTwfawmfcsKyff w&m;olBuD;csKyffrsm;tjzpf-
(u) t*¾r[moa&pnfol? t*¾r[moD&dok"r® qmbOD;
(c) owdk;oD&dok"r® OD;odrf;armif
(*) t*¾r[moa&pnfol OD;jrifhodef;wdkYu wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhMu
onf/
xdkenf;wl w&m;vTwfawmf (High Court) wGif w&m;vTwfawmf w&m;
olBuD;csKyfrsm;tjzpf-
(u) owdk;r[mok"r® OD;odrf;armif
(c) r[moD&dok"r® OD;xGef;jzL
(*) owdk;r[moa&pnfol OD;csefxGef;atmif
(C) r[moD&dok"r® OD;&efatmifwdkYu toD;oD; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh
Muygonf/
1956 ckESpf twGif;wGif edkifiHawmfw&m;vTwfawmfcsKyff w&m;0efBuD;rsm;
tjzpf-
(u) edkifiHawmfw&m;0efBuD;csKyff? owdk;oD&dok"r®t*¾r[moa&pnfol
OD;odef;armif?
(c) edkifiHawmfw&m;0efBuD;? owdk;r[moa&pnfol OD;jrifhodef;
(*) edkifiHawmfw&m;0efBuD;? owdk;r[moa&pnfol OD;csefxGef;
(C) edkifiHawmfw&m;0efBuD;? r[moD&dok"r® OD;bdkBuD; wdkYu wm0ef
xrf;aqmifcJhMuygonf/
w&m;pD&ifa&;u@onf wdkif;jynftwGuf ta&;BuD;onhfu@wpf&yf
jzpfonhf tm;avsmfpGm w&m;pD&if&mwGif vGwfvyfpGmw&m;pD&ifedkifa&;ESifh w&m;
rQwpGm aqmif&Gufedkifa&;wdkYtwGuf w&m;olBuD;rsm;u BudK;yrf;cJhMuygonf?
yXrqkH;tBudrf w&m;Xme0efxrf;t&m&Sdrsm; nDvmcHobifudk w&m;a&;Xme
0ef B uD ; OD ; cif a rmif v wf \ tMuH j yKcsuf t ay: Ed k i f i H a wmf w &m;0ef B uD ; csKyf f

OD;odrf;armifESifh tjcm;w&m;a&;0efBuD;rsm; wdkifyifaqG;aEG;MujyD; &efukefNrdKU
jrLeDpDyg,f {nhfcHcef;rBuD;ü 1956 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 31 &ufaeYrSpí 3 &uf
wdkifwdkif usif;ycJhygonf/
¤if;nDvmcH\t"du&nf&G,fcsufonf 'Drdkua&pDusihfokH;aom tcsKyff
tjcmtmPmydkifEdkifiHwpfedkifiHwGif w&m;pD&ifa&;r@dKifudk ydkrdkMuHhcdkifwnfjrJap&ef
jzpfygonf/ xdk nDvmcHobifokdY jrefrmedkifiHe,fcsJUvufatmufokdY usa&mufcJhpOf
twGif; a&SUae? puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;? High Court w&m;0efBuD;? High Court w&m;
0ef B uD ; csKyf f t jzpf E S i f h jref r med k i f i H v G w f v yf a &;&NyD ; aemuf ed k i f i H a wmf w &m;
0efBuD;csKyfftjzpf w&m;XmewGif ESpfaygif; 40 ausmfMum vkyfudkifcJhzl;ol EdkifiHawmf
or®wBuD; a'gufwmOD;bOD; udk,fwdkifwufa&muf zGihfvSpfí ]'Drdkua&pD0g'tppf
trSefudk ,kHMunfaom? vdkufemaomEdkifiHwdkif;wGif w&m;a&;Xmeonf r@dKifBuD;
wpfcjk zpfaMumif;? xdUk aMumihf vltrsm;tm;ud;k &aomXmeBu;D jzpfap&ef trIrsm; udk
MuefUMumrIr&Sad pbJ jrefjrefqefqefEiS hf w&m;enf;vrf;wus ppfaq;oihf aMumif;?
ok d Y r S o m vl x k \ Munf n d K av;pm;rI u d k cH & rnf j zpf a Mumif ; ? þXmeBuD ; \
,kHMunfav;pm;cH&í cdkifjrJrSomvsSif 'Drdkua&pD0g'onf wdk;wufcdkifjrJrnf?
jynfaxmifpkBuD;vnf; om,m0ajymrnfjzpfaMumif;? wdkif;jynfta&;ESifh w&m;
Xmeta&;rsm;udk aqG;aEG;wdkifyifí ñSdEdIif;vkyfaqmifoihfaMumif;? w&m;Xme
qdkonf a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;rygu rjynhfpkHaMumif;? a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;onf w&m;
0efBuD;rsm; trIppfaq;&müajzmihfrwf rSefuefpGm&&Sdapjcif;tvdkUiSm ulnD aqmif
&G u f M u&onh f yk * ¾ d K vf r sm;jzpf o nh f t wG u f ¤if ; wd k Y \ tqih f t wef ; ud k v nf ;
jr§ihfwifay;&rnfjzpfaMumif;? w&m;pD&if&mwGif rjynhfpkHaom tcsuftvufrsm;
ud k jynh f p k H atmift aqmwvsifz efw D ;aqmif &G u f &ef vd k tyf aMumif ; } wd k Y u d k
rdefYcGef;wGif ajymMum;cJhygonf/
xdkYaemuf EdkifiHawmfw&m;0efBuD;csKyff OD;odrf;armif? w&m;0efBuD; OD;cifarmifvwf?
w&m;vTwaf wmf w&m;0efBu;D csKyff owd;k r[mpnfol OD;csefxeG ;f atmif wdu Yk vnf;
]w&m;pD&if&mwGif Oya'ESifhtnD rSefuefjrefqefí vlxkta&;udk a&S;½Ium
pD & if q k H ; jzwf & ef ? usih f o k H ; aeonh f Oya'rsm;wG i f csd K U,G i f ; csuf r sm;&S d y gu
vlxktusdK;udka&S;½I tMuHay;&efESifh tkyfcsKyffa&;u@uvnf; w&m;pD&ifa&;wGif
vdktyfaomtokH;taqmifrsm;udk 0dkif;0ef;ulnD aqmif&Guf&ef tusOf;axmifESifh

tcsKyfcef;rsm;tm; rMumrMumoGm;a&muf Munfh½Ippfaq;&ef? a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;?
vlxkrsm;ESifh qufqH&mwGif ,Ofaus; odrfarGYpGmqufqH&ef? w&m;pD&if&mwGif
rnfolUrsufESmudkrS riJhuGuf? raxmufñSmbJ w&m;Oya'twdkif; pD&ifqHk;jzwf&ef?
w&m;pD&if&mü ajzmifhrwfwdusrSomvQif jynfoljynfom;rsm;\ w&m;rQwjcif;?
vGwfvyfjcif;ESifhnDrQjcif;wnf;[laomtajccHtcGifhta&;wdkUudkcHpm;Edkifrnfjzpf
aMumif;} >rufMum;cJhygonf/
xdkUaMumihf jrefrmEdkifiHw&m;pD&ifa&;u@tm; wnhfrwfap&ef? trIrsm;
tm; Oya'ESifhtnD rSefrSefESifhjrefjrefjyD;jywfap&ef a&S;,cifuwnf;uyifBudK;yrf;
aqmif&GufcJhMuonfudk jrefrmedkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&SdNyD;aemuf 1956 ckESpfwGif
yxrqkH;tBudrfusif;ycJhonhf w&m;0efxrf;t&m&Sdrsm;nDvmcHwGif >rufMum;cJh
onhfEdkifiHawmfor®wBuD;t*¾r[moa&pnfolowdk;oD&dok"r®a'gufwmOD;bOD;?
edkifiHawmfw&m;0efBuD;csKyff t*¾r[moa&pnfol owdk; oD&dok"r® OD;odrf;armif?
w&m;vTwfawmfw&m;0efBuD;csKyf owdk;r[moa&pnfol OD;csefxGef;atmifESifh
w&m;a&;0ef B uD ; OD ; cif a rmif v wf w d k Y \ rd e f Y c G e f ; rsm;t& avh v mod & S d e d k i f & ef
rSwfwrf;wif azmfjyvdkufygonf/
yXrqHk;tBudrf usif;yonfh 1955-56 ckESpf? w&m;olBuD;rsm; nDvmcHwGif

>rufMum;onfh rdefYcGef;rsm;
w&m;Xmet&m&Sdrsm;\ nDvmcHzGihfyGJ tcrf;tem;wGif jynfaxmifpk

jrefrmEdkifiHawmf orwBuD; t*¾r[moa&pnfolowdk;oD&dok"r® a'gufwm
OD;bOD; >rufMum;onhfrdefYcGef;
EdkifiHawmfw&m;0efBuD;csKyf? w&m;Xme0efBuD;ESihf <ua&mufvmMuaom
rd w f a qG t aygif ; wd k Y ? w&m;a&;XmeES i h f y wf o uf í wd k i f y if aqG ; aEG ; &ef
w&m;0efBuD;rsm;? puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;rsm;? a&SUaea&SU&yfBuD;rsm;wdkY aqG;aEG;onhf
tcrf;tem;onf? Armjynf&mZ0ifü Munhfrnfqdkaomf ,ck pnf;a0;jcif;onf
yXrpnf;a0;jcif;yif jzpfayonf/ þuJhodkY pnf;a0;jcif;aMumihf w&m;XmetwGuf
tusKd ; &S d ½ H k r u wd k i f ; jynf t wG u f tusKd ; &S d r nf r S m rk c srvG J jzpf a yonf /
þaqG;aEG;yGJodkY zGihfvpf&ef uREkfyftm;? bdwfrEÅujyKonhftwGuf tvGefrSyif
aus;Zl;wifygonf/ þuJhodkY bdwfrEÅujyKonhf twGufvnf; rdwfaqGa[mif;
rsm;ESihfvnf; awGU&? rdwfaqGopfrsm;vnf; zGJU&ayonf/ þuJhodkY uREkfyftm;?
bdwfrEÅujyKonfrSm orwBuD;jzpfonhftwGuf uREkfyftm;? bdwfrEÅujyK onf
[kuREkfyfoabmr&/ uREkfyfonfw&m;XmeESihfywfoufí a&SUaea&SU&yf vkyfcJh
onf ? puf & S i f w &m;ol B uD ; vk y f c J h o nf ? [d k u f u k w f w &m;0ef B uD ; vk y f c J h o nf ?
[dkufukwfw&m;0efBuD;csKyf acwÅtjzpfESihf vkyfcJhonf? ¤if;aemuf vGwfvyfa&;
&í w&m;Xmeü edifiHawmfw&m;0efBuD;csKyf vkyfcJhonf/ þuJhodkY vkyfcJhonfrSm
ESpfaygif; 40 ausmfMumonhftwGuf w&m;XmeESihfywfoufí odoihfoavmuf
od&Sdayonf/ xdkYtwGufaMumihf þuJhodkYod&Sdjcif;aMumihf w&m;Xmeü&Sdonhf
tcuftcJrsm;udk ajz&Sif;Edkif&efESihf w&m;XmetwGufESihf wdkif;jynftwGuf tusKd;
&SdbdkY&ef tMuHOmPfrsm; ay;vdrhfrnf[k ,lqjcif;aMumihf bdwfonf[k uREkfyf ,kH
Munfonf/ þuJhodkY ,kHMunfonhftavsmuf uREkfyftMuHOmPfay;ygu tMuH
OmPfay;jcif;onf wjcm;r[kwfw&m;Xmeonf ,ckcdkifcHhonfxuf wdk;wuf
cdkifcHh&ef? ,ckvlxkuav;pm;onfxuf ydkrdkav;pm;apvdkaom qE´jzihf tMuH
OmPfay;jcif; jzpfayonf/ 'Drdkua&pD0g' tppftrSefudk ,kHMunfaom? 'Drdkua&pD
0g' tppftrSefudk vdkufemaom EdkifiHwdkif;ü w&m;a&;Xmeonf r@dKif BuD;jzpfí
vltrsm;tm;udk;&aom XmeBuD;jzpfayonf/ þuJhodkY tm;udk;tm;xm; ,kHMunf
aom XmeBuD;jzpf&ef vG,fulonfr[kwf/ 'Drdkua&pD0g'tvdkuf tkyfpdk; aomEdkifiH

wdkif;ü ueOD;tpwGif tcuftcJrsm; tjrJwapawGU&ayonf/ þ uJhodkY awGU&Sd&
aMumif;udk t*Fvefwdkif;jynf? tar&duefwdkif;jynf? tdE´d,wdkif;jynfrsm;\
&mZ0ifud k Munhfygu odjrifa yvdrhfrnf/ 16 &mpkacwf 16th Century wGif ?
t*Fvefwdkif;jynfü tkyfpdk;aom bk&ifrif;jrwfrsm;onf Stuarts bk&ifrsm;jzpf
Muonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf tmPmudk pkHrufaomvlrsm;jzpfí w&m;0efBuD;rsm;\
tmPmrsm;udkyg ,líokH;avh&Sdonf/ þuJhodkY jyKrljcif;aMumihf ¤if;wdkYESihf w&m;
0efBuD;rsm;onf txiftjrifrSm;í y#dyu©jzpfavonf/ þy#dyu©rsm;onf
aemifjynfwGif;ppf (Civil War) jzpfí wdkif;jynftopf jyefwnfaxmifonhf
tcgusrSomvQif &Sif;vif;íoGm;onf/ wdkif;jynftopf wnfaxmifonhftcg?
w&m;XmeudkoD;oefYíwjcm;? tkyfpdk;onhfXmeudkoD;oefYíwjcm;? Oya'jyKvkyf
onhfXmeudk oD;jcm;íwjcm;? udk,hfXmeESihfudk,f wa,muftmPmudk wa,muf
rvkbJESihf pnf;urf;aooyfvmí ,ckw&m;vTwfawmfonf t*Fvefwdkif;jynfü
tvG e f a v;pm;&aom XmeBuD ; jzpf & ayonf / xd k a emuf td E ´ d , wd k i f ; jynf \
&mZ0ifudkMunhfrnfqdku Warren Hastint tdE´d,jynfü bk&ifcHcsKyftjzpfESihf
tkyfpdk;pOftcg? vTwfawmfü w&m;0efBuD;csKyfonf Sir Eliza Impery jzpfonf/
¤if ; wd k Y ES p f a ,muf o nf wa,muf \ tmPmud k w a,muf v k í ? wa,muf
zrf;xm;aomvludk wa,mufuvTwf? wa,mufvTwfaomoludk wa,muf
jyefzrf;Muí? t"du½kPf;tawmfjzpfí wdkif;jynftkyfpdk;&mü tawmf tcuf
tcJ&Sdayonf/ þwGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&u 0ifjzefajzí w&m;XmeESihf tkyfcsKyf
a&;Xme[k cGJjcm;ay;vdkufonhftwdkif;? ,cktdE´d,jynfü w&m;Xmeonf ,kHMunf
av;pm;jcif;cH&aomXme jzpfayonf/ ¤if;aemuf? tar&duefwdkif;jynf\ &mZ0if
udk Munhfrnfqdkygu? t*Fvdyfwdkif;jynf? tdE´d,wdkif;jynfrsm;uJhodkY tkyfcsKyfa&;
XmeESihf w&m;XmewdkYonf? tar&duefwdkif;jynf wnfaxmifpu wa,muf
tmPmudk wa,mufvkjcif;aMumihf tjrJwap pum;rsm;íae&onf/ þuJhodkY
pum;rsm;jcif;aMumihf w&m;Xmeonf t&mra&muf? wdkif;jynftwGuf bmrS
aqmif&GufEdkifonfr&Sd/ þwGifru w&m;Xmeonf tqihftwef; tvGefrSyif
atmufusí w&m;0efBuD;rsm; ½Hk;xdkifp&m½Hk;awmifr&Sd/ vTwfawmftaqmuftOD;
(Congress) atmuf c ef ; uav;wck ü ½H k ; tjzpf E S i h f xd k i f & ayonf / þwG i f
tar&duef yXrw&m;0efBuD;csKyfjzpfonhf John Jay onf pdwfysufí tvkyfu
xGufonf/ aemuf John Marshal qdkoludk Chief Justice cefYcgrS vTwfawmf
csKyfonf rm;rm;rwfrwfESihf wdkif;jynfBuD;\r@dKif obG,f jzpfítrsm; MunfndK

av;pm;&aom XmeBuD;jzpfcJhayonf/ þuJhodkYjzpfjcif;rSm atmufüazmfjyaomrl
(Principle) udk vdkufemjcif;aMumihfjzpfayonf/ ¤if;rl (Principle) rSm -“Let the
end be Legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution, and all means
which are appropriate, which are not prohibited to the National Government, but
consist with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are constitutional.”
“aqmif&Guf&ef &nf&G,fcsufonf vrf;rSefayap/ tajccHOya'twGif;vnf;
usayap/ þuJhodkYjzpfygrl? bmrqdkvkyfEdkifonf/ vkyfygu Oya' twdkif;jzpf
onf [ k ,l q &rnf / ” ¤if ; rl t aMumif ; ud k Dr.Harold Zink a&;xm;onh f
“Government and Politics in the United States” qdkonhf pmtkyfü Munhfrnfqdk
ygu awGUEdkifayonf/ þrlonf t*Fvdyfwdkif;jynf? tdE´d,wdkif;jynf&Sd ½Hk;rsm;ü
vdkufemaqmif&Gufaomrl jzpfayonf/ þrludkcGJjcm;í tao;pdwfMunhfvdkufrnf
qdkaomf atmufygrl 3 csufudk awGU&ayvdrhfrnf/
1/ “Every Interest including the freedom of a person must
be subordinated to the safety and security of the State.”
“udk,fusKd;xuf wdkif;jynfwnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;ESihf vkHNcHKa&;udk ydkrdk
ta&;ay;&rnf/”
2/ “Where the interpretation of the Constitution or an Act of a
country is open to two interpretations, the interpretation that
is most beneficial to the State must be adopted. “tajccHOya'
jzpfap? tufOya'jzpfap? t"dyÜg,fjyef&mü pum;ESpfcG jyefEdkif
cJhaomf? wdkif;jynf\tusKd;? vlxk\tusKd;&Sdrnhft"dyÜg,fudk ,lq
&rnf/”
3/ “Justice must not only be done must be done prompty”
“trIqkH;jzwfonhfae&mrSm w&m;ojzihf jrefjrefqefqef qkH;jzwf
&rnf/”
þrlawGonf b,fvdkqdkvdkonf[k Oyrmjy&rnfqdkaomf? uREkfyfwYdk
jynfaxmifpkBuD;onf tjcm;EdkifiHwpfckESihf ppfjzpfonfqdkygawmh? xdkEdkifiH\
EdkifiHom; tcsKdUwdkYonf? uREkfyfwdkYEdkifiHü xdkpOftcgu aexdkifMuí? ¤if;wdkYonf
uREkfyfwdkY\ jynfaxmifpk\twGif;uaeí ab;Oyg'ftEÅ&m,fjyKrnf[k tpdk;&
tzGJUu vkHavmufaom axmufxm;csufrsm;t& ,lqygu? xdkolrsm;udk zrf;qD;
í ppfNyD;onhfwdkifatmif csKyfaESmifíxm;Edkifonf/ xdkenf;twl? jynfwGif;ppf

jzpfonfjzpfap? jynfwGif;ü qlylaomif;usef;rIrsm;jzpfygu? wdkif;jynfudk 'ku©
ay;rnhf vlrsm;tm;? tpdk;&uzrf;qD;í csKyfaESmifxm;Edkifonf/ þuJhodkY csKyfaESmif
xm;ygu rnf o l r nf 0 gurS tpd k ; &tzG J U ,l q xm;aom ,l q csuf r sm;onf
vkHavmufonf? rvkHavmufonf[k ajymqdk&ef tcGihfta&;r&Sd/ þuJhodkYtpdk;&
tzGJUuaqmif&Gufjcif;onf? tar&duef w&m;0efBuD;csKyf John Marshal csrSwf
xm;onhf pnf;urf;twdkif;jzpfayonf/ þwGifru t*Fvdyfwdkif;jynfü Defence
of the Realm Act t& pD&ifxm;aom pD&ifxkH;rsm;udk Munhfyguvnf; þrludk
vdkufemonfudk awGU&ayvdrhfrnf/ þrlonf tvGefrSyif rGefjrwfaomrl jzpfay
onf / tb,f a Mumih f q d k a omf jynf a xmif p k B uD ; vk H N cH K rS vl t rsm;vk H N cH K rnf ?
jynfaxmifpkBuD;om,mrS vltrsm;om,mrnf/ 'kwd,rlonfvnf; yXrrlESihf
qifwl,dk;rSm;jzpfayonf/ ¤if;rlonfvnf; wdkif;jynftwGuf tusKd;jzpf&efjyK
vkyfxm;aomrljzpfayonf/ þuJhodkY'Drludk vdkufemjcif;aMumihf? rnfolrnf0g\
tusKd;udk xdcdkufrnfr[kwf? trsm;jynfolwdkY\ tusKd;udkom o,fydk;íay;aomrl
jzpfayonf/ þrlESihfywfoufí OyrmjyK&rnfqdkaomf? tar&dueftajccHOya'
u owf r S w f x m;onfr Sm jzLonf? rJonfr [k w f tar&d u ef v l rsKd ;jzpf ygu
wef;wltcGihfta&; &&rnf[k owfrSwfxm;onf/ þuJhodkY owfrSwfxm;yif
xm;jim;aomfvnf;? tar&duef (Civil War) jynfwGif;ppfNyD;cgpu awmifbuf
ydkif;&Sd jynfrsm;ü aexdkifaomolrsm;onf Nergo vlrsKd;rsm;tay:ü tvGefrkef;wD;
jcif;aMumihf Negro uav;rsm;ESihf vljzLuav;rsm;onf wausmif;xJüpmroif&?
cG J j cm;í oif & onf / þvl r sKd ; wd k Y \ jyif ; jycuf x ef a ompd w f a Mumih f ? w&m;
vTwfawmfcsKyfu qkH;jzwfonfrSm? tvm;wlausmif;rsm; zGihfay;ygu vljzLuav;
rsm;ESihf uyÜvDuav;rsm;wdkYonf? udk,hfausmif;ESihf udk,fcGJjcm;í oifEdkifonf[k
qkH;jzwfavonf/ ,ckwzef 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;jzpfNyD;onhftcg? trsm;aom
tar&duefvlpk\ qEónf vljzL? vlrJ a&G;jcif;onf rSm;onf/ tar&duef
jynfaxmifpkom;rSeforQ xyfwlxyfrQtcGihfta&;ay;í pmoifonhftcgvnf;
wausmif;wnf;rSm oifap&rnf[kjzpfay:vmonhftavsmuf? vTwfawmfcsKyfu
þqE´t& pD&ifxkH;udk jyKjyifíay;vdkufonf/ þuJhodkY jyKjyifay;vdkufonhf
twGuf wjznf;jznf; tar&duefjynfü tar&duefvlrsKd;rsm;onf jzLonf?
rJonfr[kwf? wwef;wnf;jzpfay:&ef &Sdayonf/ þuJhodkY jzpfay:ygu wdkif;jynf
twGuf tajrmuftjrm; tusKd;&Sdayonf/ xdkenf;twl? uREkfyfwdkY\ vTwfawmf
csKyfuvnf;? tajccHOya' yk'fr 219 udk wdkif;jynftusKd; &SdaprnhftwGuf

t"dyÜg,fudk aumufEkwfí ay;avonf/ aemufqkH;rlESihfywfoufí tus,f
w0ihfajym&efrvdk/ tm;vkH;<ua&mufonhf w&m;0efBuD;awG? puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;a
wGodonhftwdkif;? trIudk jrefjrefqefqef rppfaq;bJ MuefYMumaecJhygrl trI
onf r sm;onf twd ' k u © t vG e f r S y if a &muf r nf / xd k Y t wG u f a Mumih f trI r sm;
ay:aygufvmu tvsiftjref ppfaq;ygu? trIonfrsm;onf acsmifcsdayrnf?
w&m;vnf;vrf;rSef&m a&mufayrnf/ þuJhodkY azmfjycJhonfrlrsm;udk ppfrjzpfrDu
vTwfawmfw&m;0efBuD;rsm; vdkufemaqmif&Gufavh &Sdonf/ xdkYenf;twl? ppfjzpf
NyD;umv uREkfyfEdkifiHawmf w&m;0efBuD;csKyf jzpfvmonhftcg? xdkrlrsm;udk waoG
rwdrf; qufvufvdkufem aqmif&GufcJhonf/ xdkenf;twl ,ckvnf; vTwfawmf
ESihf vTwfawmfw&m;0efBuD;rsm;onf þrlrsm;udk qufvufvdkufem aqmif&Guf
onf[k odvnf;od&onf? awGUvnf;awGU&onf/ odkYtwGufaMumihf w&m;Xme
ud k wd k i f ; jynf v l x k \ Munf n d K av;pm;jcif ; ud k c H & aom XmeBuD ; jzpf a yonf /
þXmeBuD; ,kHMunfav;pm;cH&í cdkifjrJrSomvQif 'Drdkua&pD0g'onf wdk;wuf
cdkifjrJrnf? jynfaxmifpkBuD;onfvnf; om,m0ajymrnf/odkY&mwGif w&m;0efBuD;
rsm;udk owday;vdkonhf tcsufwcsufuawmh b,ftcgrqdk w&m;0efBuD;rsm;udk
rnfolrnf0gurqdk wdkif;jynf\ta&;? w&m;Xme\ta&;ESihf ywfoufí wdkifyif
ESD;aESmrnfqdkygu trsm;ESihfoufqdkifcJhaomf? w&m;0efBuD;rsm;tm;vkH;ESihf wdkifyif
ESD;aESmNyD;rS tMuHOmPfay;ygrl oihfawmfrnf/ þodkYr[kwfbJ? wa,mufwnf;
udk,hfxifjrifcsufudk ay;vdkufvQif aemiftrItcif; tjiif;tckHjzpfvQif tjcm;
w&m;0efBuD;rsm;u oabmrwlu w&m;XmeBuD;\ *kPfusufoa&udk xdcdkuf
wwfonf/ xdkYtwGufaMumihf? t*Fvdyfrif;vufxufu w&m;0efBuD; Sir Arthur
Page Esihf ? Sir John Cunliffe wdu Yk ajymavh&o dS nfrmS “Whenever we, the Budges
, shout, we must shout with one voice.” aemuf t MuH O mPf a y;vd k o nh f
tcsufwckuawmh atmuf½Hk;rsm;ESihfoufqdkifonhf tMuHOmPf jzpfayonf/
rMumcP trIrsm; aESmihfaES;onf? trIrsm;ppfaq;wmMuefYMum onf[k tajym
tqdk twdkifcH&onf[k Mum;&onf/ þuJhodkYaESmihfaES;jcif;onf wjcm;[kwfrnf
r[kwf/ &mZ0wfrIrsm;ESihf ywfoufí ajym&rnfqdkaomf trI½Hk;rwifcif ppfaq;
onhfae&mrSm csKdU,Gif;csufaMumihfaomf¤if;? trI udkjyifqifí ½Hk;wifonhftcg
csKdU,Gif;csufrsm; aMumihfaomf¤if;? oufaorsm;udk ½Hk;odkYwm0ef&Sdolrsm; u
csdef;qdkonhf aeY&ufwGif a&mufatmif rydkYaqmifonhftwGufaMumihfaomf¤if;
jzpfonf/ uREkfyf EdkifiHawmfw&m;0efBuD;csKyf vkyfpOftcgu wdkif;crf;vSnhfvnfí

tcsKdU½Hk;rsm;udk ppfaq;onhftcg? trIrwifcif trIudk ppfaq;onhfae&mü
csKdU,Gif;csufawG tajrmuftjrm; awGU&onf/ þcsKdU,Gif;csufrsm;&SdvQif ½Hk;udk
wifvdkufonhftcg? ½Hk;awmfu 'DcsKdU,Gif;csufrsm;udk jznhfpGuf&onhftwGuf trI
ppfaq;wm rMumoihfbJESihf Mum&ayonf/ trIppfaq;í ½Hk;wifonhftcg
trIESihfwygwnf; oufaorsm;udkwifEdkifu wif&ef oihfawmfonf/ rwifEdkifu
oufaorsm;udk ppfaq;Edkifonhf aeY&ufudk ½Hk;awmfodkYajymjyí? xdkaeYxdk&ufudk
&ufcsdef;awmif;&rnf/ xdkaeYxdk&ufü oufaorsm;udk pkHnDpGm&atmif qdkif&m
t&m&Sdrsm;u aqmif&Gufay;&rnf/ wdkif;jynfqlylaomif;usef;í oufaorsm;
vdkcsifonhfaeYrsm;ü r&Edkifqdkaompum;vnf; t"dyÜg,fr&Sd/ ,ckwdkif;jynfonf
1949-50 ckESpfrsm;ESihf pmygu tvGefrSyif at;csrf;om,mí toGm;tvm
acsmif c sd a eayonf / xd k Y t wG u f a Mumih f ouf a orsm;vd k o nh f aeY & uf r sm;ü
½Hk;awmfodkY rvma&mufEdkifp&mr&Sd/ xdkYaemuf &mZ0wfrIrsm;ppfaq;jcif;ü aESmihf
aES;jcif;r&SdEdkifonhf tcsufwcsufu tpdk;&bufu ta&;BuD;onhf oufao 3?
4 a,mufavmuf ppfaq;í w&m;cHü jypfrIxif&Sm;onf[k ,lqygu? csufcsif;
pGJcsufwifí usefoufaorsm; ppfaq;&efESihf w&m;cHbufu oufaorsm;
udkppfaq;&ef? &ufcsdef;ay;íppfaq;ygu jrefjrefqefqefESihf trINyD; Edkifonf/
xdak emuf atmuf½;kH utpD&ifcpH m (Returns)awGukd txufvw T af wmf [duk uf kwf
ESihf puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;rsm;u tjrJwapMunhf&Ií? trIykHíaeonfudk aomf¤if;?
trIrsm;ppfaq;jcif;ü MuefYMumaeonfudkaomf¤if;awGUaomf xdk½Hk;odkY taqm
wvsif ppfaq;&efoGm;í tultnDay;oihfonf/ ¤if;tjyif axmifrsm; udkvnf;
w&m;0efBuD;rsm;? qdkif&mpuf&Sifw&m;BuD;rsm;uvnf; &Hzef&HcgoGm;Munhfí
ppfaq;qJw&m;cHrsm; (Under-trial prisoners) udk Munhf&Iar;jref;ygu trIrsm;
onfvnf; jrefjrefqefqefNyD;Edkifayonf/ aemufajymvdkonhftcsufu a&SUae
a&SU&yfrsm;ESihfywfoufonhf tcsufjzpfonf/ w&m;Xmeqdku a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;
rygu w&m;Xmeonf rjynhfpkH/ a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;onf ½Hk;awmf\ t&m&Sdrsm;
(Officers of the Court) [k ,lq&rnf/ ¤if;wdkYonf w&m;0efBuD;rsm; w&m;olBuD;
rsm;tm;? trIppfaq;&mü ajzmihfrwfrSefuefpGm &apjcif;tvdkYiSg aqmif&GufulnD
aom yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;jzpfayonf/ xdkYtwGufaMumihf? ¤if;wdkY\0wfw&m;onf
tvGefrSyif BuD;av;onhf0wfw&m;jzpfonf/ þuJhodkYBuD;av;onhf 0wfw&m;udk
xrf;aqmifEdkif&ef a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;\ tqihftwef;udk jr§ifhwifíay;&rnf/
rnfodkYrnfykH jr§ifhwif&rnfqdkaomf uREkfyf\oabmt&rSm a&SUaetwef;tpm;

rcGJbJESihf wwef;wnf;xm;Edkifygu wwef;wnf;xm;í Oya'oifausmif; (Law
School) zGihfítaemufEdkifiHrsm;rSm oifbdouJhodkY Oya'rsm;udk oifMum;ay;ygrl
a&SUaea&SU&yf\ tqihftwef;onf rkcsrvGJjrihfí vmayvdrhfrnf/ aemufqkH;
ajymvdkonhftcsufu wjcm;r[kwf? w&m;½Hk;rsm;ü ½Hk;okH;y&dabm*rsm; rjynhfpkH
onhftcsufyifjzpfayonf/ uREkfyfw&m;0efBuD;csKyf vkyfpOfu wdkif;crf;vSnhfí
½H k ; rsm;ud k ppf a q;onh f t cg? tajrmuf t jrm;aom ½H k ; rsm;onf xd k i f p &m
ukvm;xdkifr&Sd? a&;p&m pm;yGJr&Sd? Oya'pmtkyf? pD&ifxkH;pmtkyfrsm; rjynhfpkHonfudk
awGU&ayonf/ ½Hk;rsm;ü pm;yGJESihf ukvm;xdkif jynhfjynhfpkHpkHESihf Oya'pD&ifxkH;rsm;
jynhfjynhfpkHpkH &SdrSomvQif w&m;pD&ifEdkifonf? tdajE´&&ESihf ppfaq;Edkifonf?
vltrsm;\ av;pm;jcif;cH&rnf/ w&m;pD&if&müvnf; rSefuef&mudkvG,fvihfwul
a&mufEdkifonf/ xdkYtwGufaMumihf? w&m;a&;&m0efBuD;Xmeu þrjynhfpkHaom
tcsuftvufrsm;udk jynhfpkHatmif taqmwvsif zefwD;í aqmif&Gufyg&ef
uREkfyfarwÅm&yfcHygonf/ w&m;XmeBuD;onf waeYwjcm; 'Da&tvm;uJhodkY
wd k ; wuf í r*FvmtjzmjzmESi hf jynhfpk H ygapownf ;/ w&m;0ef BuD ;awG v nf ;
ab;&efcyfodrf; uif;jidrf;ygapownf;/
&efukefNrdKU? 1317 ckESpf? jymodkvjynhf ausmf 3 &uf/
(1956 ckESpf? Zeém0g&Dv 30 &uf)
w&m;pD&ifa&;txufwef; t&m&SdBuD;rsm; nDvmcHü w&m;a&;0efBuD;

OD;cifarmifvwf\ tcrf;tem;zGihfrdefYcGef;
EdkifiHawmforwBuD;? EdkifiHawmfw&m;0efBuD;csKyfESihf vlBuD;rif;rsm;cifAsm;?
jynfaxmifpkwckvkH;&Sd xdyfwef;w&m;Xme0efxrf;rsm; yXrtBudrfajrmuf ac:qdk
usif;yonhf nDvmcHobifBuD;udk atmifjrifpGmac:qdkEdkif½HkwGifru EdkifiHawmf
orw BuD;udk,fwdkif pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm wufa&mufcsD;jr§ifh rdefYcGef;ay;onhf twGuf
uRefawmfrsm; wdkif;xuftvGefESpfaxmif;tm;&jzpfí orwBuD;tm; txl;
aus;Zl;Oyum& wif&SdaMumif; ajymvdkygonf/ nDvmcHBuD;wGif uRefawmftaeESihf
ajymvdkwJh tcsufuawmh tcsuf 4 csuf&Sdygonf/
yXrtcsufuawmh jynfaxmifpk&JU zdkuaemihfjzpfwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;? Oya'
jyKa&;ESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;wGif tBuHK;0ifonhf w&m;pD&ifa&;rSm wm0ef,lae&onhf
a&SUwef;trIxrf;rsm; qkHpnf;awGUqkH&jcif; taMumif;&if;rsm;udk xkwfazmfajymqdk
vdk ygonf/ þnDvmcHac:qdk&jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufuawmh
(u) tajccHOya'wGif ay;tyfxm;onhf w&m;pD&ifa&;qdkif&m
wm0ef0wfw&m;rsm; aqmif&Guf&m0,f awGUBuHKae&onhf
tkyfcsKyfpDrHcefYcGJa&;ESihf ywfoufonhf tcuftcJjyóemrsm;udk
xkwfazmfí w&m;a&;0efBuD;XmeESihf aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;&ef?
(c) w&m;pD&ifa&;wGif &ifqdkifae&onhf jyóemrsm;udk w&m;
pD&ifa&;qdkif&m wm0ef,lae&onhf w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfESihf
w&m;vTwfawmf ESpf&yfpvkH;ESihf aqG;aEG;wdkifyifí ajz&Sif;&ef ESihf
(*) vuf&Sdjynfaxmifpkom;rsm;twGuf XmetoD;oD;u tokH;jyKae&
aom Oya'rsm;wGif csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;&Sdu vlxk\tusKd;udka&SU½Ií
rnfodkY aqmif&GufoihfaMumif; tMuHOmPfay;&efrsm;jzpfonf/
'kwd, uRefawmfajymcsifwJh tcsufuawmh þnDvmcHrSmaqG;aEG;wJh
tydik ;f ESpyf ikd ;f pvk;H rSm uRefawmfwYdk ,aeYa&muf&daS ewJh tajcudk xnhfoiG ;f okH;oyf
bdkY vdkygonf/ Armhordkif;rSm acwftm;jzihf pDppfMunhfrnfqdkvQif tMurf;tm;jzihf
acwf 3 acwfeJYydkif;jcm;MunhfvQif rSm;rnfr[kwfyg/ yXracwfrSm oufOD;qHydkif
ya'o&mZfbk&ifpHepf vTrf;rdk;cJhí tkyfcsKyfrItmPm? w&m;pD&ifrItmPm? Oya'jyK
tmPmtm;vkH;onf bk&ifrif;jrwfrS qif;oufí bk&ihftvdkawmft&omjzpfcJh
ygonf/ 'kw, d acwfwiG v f nf; t*Fvyd ef ,fcsJUrsm;u ArmEdik if u H kd tESpf 100 eD;yg;
pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfcJh&m tmPmtaygif;onf bk&if{u&mZfrS qif;oufí ¤if;wdkY \
tvdkus tkyfcsKyfjcif;cHcJh&ygonf/ ¤if;acwf Oya'jyKjcif;&mZ0ifudk jyefajymif;
MunhfrnfqdkvQif-
jrefrmjynfESihfqdkifaom Oya'rsm;udk tdE´d,jynf&Sd bk&ifcHcsKyfu jy|mef;
ay;cJhonf/
¤if;aemuf jrefrmjynf&Sd bk&ifcHtm;? ta&;rBuD;onhf udpö&yfrsm;twGuf
Oya'jy|mef;cGihfjyKcJhonf/
bk&ifcHu wdkifyifoihfonf[k ,lqaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;udk rdrdoabmtwdkif;
rif;wdkifyiftrwfcefYí Oya'rsm;jyKcJhonf/ rif;wdkifyiftrwf tcsKdUudk owfrSwf
xm;onhf t&nftcsif;ESifh jynhpf aHk omvlxu k wifajrm§ ufí 'dik t f muDtyk cf sKyfa&;
pHepfudk wyfqifcJhygonf/ ¤if;pHepfatmufwGif Oya'jyKtzGJUu jyKvkyfonhf
Oya'rsm;udk bk&ifcHuaomf¤if;? bk&ifrif;jrwfuaomf¤if; y,fzsufEdkifcJhygonf/
tJonfacwfrSm rif;wdkifyiftrwfrsm;? 0efBuD;rsm;ESihf w&m;Xme0efxrf;rsm;[m
usrf;opömqdkonhftcgrSm bk&ifrif;jrwftm; &nfnTef;í usrf;opömqdk&onhf
acwfu “tcsKyftjcmtmPmonf EdkifiHom;wdkYü wnfonf/ tkyfcsKyfrItmPm?
Oya'jyKtmPm? w&m;pD&ifa&; tmPmtm;vkH;udk EdkifiHom;wdkYxHrScH,lí vkyfief;
XmetzGJUrsm; bk&ifrif;jrwftm;&nfnTef;í usrf;opömqdk&onhfacwfu “tcsKyf
tjcmtmPmonf EdkifiHom;wdkYü wnfonf/ tkyfcsKyfrItmPm? Oya'jyKtmPm?
w&m;pD&ifa&; tmPmtm;vkH;udk EdkifiHom;wdkYxHrScH,lí vkyfief;XmetzGJUrsm;ESihf
t&m&Sdtm;vkH;wdkYonf EdkifiHom;wdkY\udk,fpm; okH;pGJ&rnf/” [laom tajccHrl
rsm;ud k jy|mef ; xm;onh f jynf a xmif p k E d k i f i H a cwf j zpf o nh f wwd , acwf o d k Y
ul;ajymif;vmcsdef0,f jzpfay:vmonhf jyóemrsm;udkvnf; av;eufpGmpOf;pm;
aqG;aEG;&efvdkayvdrhfrnf[k uRefawmftMuHay;vdkygonf/ onfvdktMuHay;wJh
ae&mrSm uRefawmfxkwfazmfajymqdkvdkwJh tcsufwcsuf&Sdygw,f/ tJwmuawmh
wjcm;r[kwfbl;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;Xme[m EdkifiHawmfwnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;? w&m;
rQwjcif;? vGwfvyfjcif;? nDrQjcif; wnf;[laom 'Drdkua&pD tppftrSef avmu
ygvw&m;rsm;udk apmihfa&Smufxdef;odrf;a&; tajccHOya't&? ay;xm;onhf
rlvtcGihfta&;rsm;udk wdkif;oljynfom;rsm; cHpm;cGihf&&Sd&ef MuyfrwfMunhf&Ia&;
ponhf tvGefta&;BuD;onhf vkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf&onfjzpfí tajccH

Oya'wGif jy|mef;xm;onhftwdkif; vGwfvyfpGmqufvufí aqmif&GufoGm;ap
vdkygonf/ z?q?y?v tpdk;&onf? tajccHOya'ESihftnD ,aeYxufwdkif w&m;
pD&ifa&;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;r&Sd? aemifudkvnf; pGufzufrnfr[kwf/
w&m;Xme0efxrf;rsm;onf rnfolYtm;rQ axmufn§mjcif;? iJhuGufjcif;r&SdbJ?
w&m;rtwdkif; qufvufpD&ifoGm;jcif;onf? tajccHOya'udk xdef;odrf;&myif
rnfonf uRefawmfqdkvdkygonf/ wwd,tcsufBuD;taeESihf uRefawmfajymcsif
wmuawmh onfnDvmcH w&m;pD&ifa&; udpö&yfrsm; pOf;pm;wJhae&mrSm xnhfoGif;
pOf;pm;apvdkwJh tcsufrsm;jzpfygonf/ ¤if;tcsufrsm;rSm-
(1) w&m;pD&ifa&;-
(u) w&m;pD&ifa&;wGif rSefuefí jrefjrefxufxuf vlxk\
ta&;udk a&SU½Ií pD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif; &Sd r&Sd udk pOf;pm;&ef?
(c) aESmihfaES;jcif;rsm;&SdvQif? taMumif;&if;rsm; &SmazG&ef?
(*) taMumif;&if;rsm; awGUygu yaysmufoGm;&ef rnfodkY
aqmif&GufoihfaMumif; enf;vrf;&SmazG&ef?
(C) w&m;0efxrf;rsm;onf tcsdefav;pm;NyD; wm0efaus>yef&ef?
(i) wm0efaus>yefrI&Sd&ef? Muyfrwfjcif;jyKvkyfay;&ef?
(p) tjypfay;&mwGif Oya'\ &nf&G,fcsufESihf udkufnDatmif
jyKvkyfay;&ef?
(q) tjypfay;jcif;onf tjypfay;cH&oltm; ¤if;usL;vGefaom
tjypfaomf¤if;? tjcm;tjypfusL;vGef&mwGif¤if; rnfrQ
[efYwm;rI&Sdonfudk ppfaq;&ef ponfrsm;udk tcsufwcsKdU
tjzpfESihf pOf;pm;apvdkygonf/ txufyg tcsufrsm;udk
pOf;pm;í tajzxkwfEdkifvQif ,aeYtcsKdUajymqdk aeMuonhf
trIrsm; MuefYMumjcif;? tcsKdUw&m;olBuD;rsm; t*wd
vdkufpm;onf[k pGyfpGJjcif;? &ufcsdef;udkvdkonfxuf ydkí
ay;aeonf[kajymjcif;? tcsdefrSef ½Hk;rwufjcif;ponhf
a0zefcsufrsm; yaysmufoGm;p&m taMumif;&Sdygw,f/
pwkw¬ESihf aemufqkH;tcsufBuD; w&yftaejzihf uRefawmf
ajymMum;vdkwmuawmh vlBuD;rif;rsm;ESihf wdkuf½dkuf

aomf¤if;? oG,f0dkufíaomf¤if; oufqdkifaeonhfatmufyg
tcsuftvufrsm;jzpfygw,f/
(2) tkyfcsKyfa&;bufwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;-
(u) ½Hk;rsm;udk cHhnm;rI&Sdatmif rnfodkYrGrf;rHaqmif&Guf&ef?
(c) w&m;½Hk;rsm;wGif trIxrf;rsm;ESihf trIonfrsm; twGuf
vdktyfonhfae&m xdkifcif;oihfwihf avsmufywfpGm xm;&Sd&efESifh
(*) w&m;½Hk;rsm;wGif aeYpOfESihftrQ tokH;jyKae&onhf Oya'pmtkyf
rsm;? vufESdyfpufponfrsm; jynhfpkHpGmxm;&Sd&ef? ponhftcsuf
rsm;udk xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;&ef tMuHOmPfay;&ef jzpfygonf/
w&m;a&;0efBuD;Xme\ aqmif&GufNyD; aqmif&GufqJ tcsuftcsKdUudkvnf;
uRefawmf wifjyvdkygonf/
(1) Oya'avmuwGif w&m;pD&ifa&;ü xrf;aqmifaeaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;
jzpfonhftavsmuf vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;onhfaemuf ygvDrefvTwfawmfü wifoGif;
twnfjyK jy|mef;cJah om w&m;Oya'rsm;taMumif;udk tenf;i,fov d Mkd uayrnf/
vGwfvyfa&;r&rD udkvdkeDvufatmufcH jrefrmjynfESihf oufqdkifaom w&m;
Oya'rsm;rSm 1945 ckESpfwGif jyifqifaygif;pk ykHESdyfaom bm;rm;ukwf (Burma
Code) pmtkyf ckESpftkyfwGifyg&Sdygw,f/ xdkOya'rsm;teuf ESpfaygif;&mpkrsm;pGm
twGif; &&Sdonhf A[kokwt& w&m;rQwjcif;oabmw&m;udk tajccHjyKí
jy|mef;xm;aom Oya'aumif;rsm;vnf; tawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdygw,f/ udkvdkeDenf;
pHepft& wnfaxmifcJhaom tkyfcsKyfa&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;twGuf jy|mef;xm;aom
Oya'rsm;tcsuftvufrsm;vnf; &Sdygw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf tcsKyf
tjcmtmPmydkifaom jynfolYEdkifiH? jynfolYtusKd;? jynfolYpD;yGm;a&;? jynfolwdkY\
b0opfjr§ifhwifa&;twGuf jynfolYtpdk;&u tm;oGefíaqmif&Guf&mrSm? ¤if;
Oya'rsm;rSm acwfESihfrudkufnDbJ &SdcJhygonf/ taESmifht,Suf twm;tqD;
rsm;vnf; jzpfcJhygonf/ z?q?y?v tpdk;&u csrSwfaom vrf;pOftwdkif; tpdk;&
tzG J U 0if 0ef B uD ; Xme ES p f q ,f a usmf u jynf o l w d k Y \ tusKd ; ud k &nf r S e f ; í
tenf;enf;tzkHzkH raerem;BudK;yrf;tm;xkwf&mrSm rdrdXmeESihf oufqdkifaom
w&m;Oya'rsm;wGif tqifrajyrI? acwfrrSDrIrsm; jyKjyifEdkif&ef jyifqifcsufOya'
okH;&mausmfESihf Oya'opf okH;&mausmfwdkYudk ygvDrefvTwfawmfwGif wifoGif;

twnfjyKcJhygw,f/ ,if;odkY jyifqifNyD;jzpfaom Oya'a[mif;rsm;ESihf Oya'opf
rsm;udk pkaygif;í topfykHESdyf&ef vdktyfonfuwaMumif;? xdkOya'rsm;wGif
tajccHOya'ESihfaomf¤if;? acwfESihfaomf¤if; rudkufnDaom Oya'rsm;udk tao;
pdwpf pfaq;&ef vdt k yfonfuwaMumif;? xdt k aMumif;rsm;aMumihf 1951 ckEpS f wGif
Oya'jyif q if a &; aumfr DwDw&yf zGJU pnf;cJ h ygonf / ,cif u jy|mef ;cJ h aom
Oya'rsm;ESihf aemuftopfjy|mef;onhf Oya'rsm;udk pkaygif;jyKjyif jyifqif&ef
wm0efudk txufwef;t&m&Sdrsm; yg0ifonhf t&m&SdBuD; 4 OD;tm;? wm0efvTJtyf
xm;onhftwdkif; xdkOya'topf? ta[mif; 1000 ausmf wdkYudk xdkt&m&SdBuD;
rsm;u Oya'jyifqifa&;aumfrDwD\ nTefMum;csuftwdkif; trsKd;tpm;cGJjcm;?
tydik ;f cGjJ cm;jcif; jyKvkycf g? ykEH ydS &f ef pmrlMurf;rsm;udk tm;vk;H NyD;pD;ygNyD/ ,cifuuJo h Ykd
(Burma Code) rSm 7 wGJ r[kwfawmhbJ 13 wGJ&Sdygonf/
(2) t*Fvdyfbmomjzihf &SdcJhaom wnfqJw&m;Oya'rsm;udk jrefrm
bmomodkY jyefqdk&eftwGuf? Oya'bmomjyefaumfrDwDw&yfudk 1948 ckESpfuyif
ygvD r ef u jy|mef ; twnf j yKonh f tuf O ya't& zG J U pnf ; cef Y x m;cJ h y gonf /
xdkvkyfief;udk rlvu okH;ESpftwGif; NyD;pD;vdrhfrnf[k xdktzGJUu cefYrSef;xm;cJh
aomfvnf;? Oya'rsm;udk wdusrSefuefatmif bmomjyefqdkjcif;rSm vG,fulaom
udpör[kwfojzihf ,ckxd (1) &mZowfBuD;? (2) umvpnf;urf;owf tufOya'
ESihf (3) &mZ0wfusihfxkH;Oya'om NyD;ajrmufjcif;&Sdygao;onf/ xdkvkyfief;
wdk;wufvsifjrefjcif;&Sdaom þXmeu enf;vrf;&SmazGqJjzpfygonf/
(3) w&m;pD&ifa&;XmeESihf tusOf;axmifXmerSm 'GefwGJvsuf&Sdojzihf
xdkXmewGif jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;ESihf tenf;i,fwifjyvdkygonf/ jypfrIusL;vGef
aomolrsm;udk axmifoGif;tusOf;csvsuf &ufpufygayuG,f[k nD;wGm;avmuf
atmif enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzihf ESdyfpufuvljyKvkyfvsif xdkolonf aemufxyfjypfrI
usL;vGef0Hhrnfr[kwf tjcm;olrsm;twGufvnf; ocFPf;pmjzpfrnf[laom
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;rjzpfrDu usihfokH;cJhaom rSm;,Gif;onhf tusOf;axmifcsKyfcs,f
a&;0g'udk vGwv f yfa&;&Ny;D onf aemufwnfaxmifcahJ om jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &u
vkH;0jypfy,fvdkufygonf/ &mZ0wfjypfrI usL;vGefaomolrsm;wGif? oaEÿgaom
vlqdk;rSm tenf;tusOf;rQom&Sdonf/ i,f&G,fpOfuyif oufomacsmifcsdpGm
aexdkifEdkifcGihf r&r&Sd? twwfynmoifMum;&ef tcGihfta&;ESihf aumif;aom

tkyfxdef;apmihfa&SmufrI r&ojzihf vlqdk;b0odkY &&SdcJhMuaomolrsm;ESihf uHraumif;
taMumif;rvSonhftajctaeESihf ½kwfw&uf&ifqdkif&aomaMumihf jypfrIusL;vGef
rdacsonf/ xdkolrsm;udk jyKjyifay;vQif tbdk;wefaom EdkifiHom;rsm; jzpfvmEdkif
onfudk tpdk;&uwxpfcs ,kHMunfonfjzpfí 1949 ckESpfuyif tusOf;Xme
jyKjyif&ef pkHprf;a&;aumfrwDw&yfudk cefYxm;cJhygonf/ xdkaumfrwD\ Mum;jzwf
axmufcHcsuft& 1949 ckESpfuyif tpjyKí pHjyaxmifrsm; zGihfvSpfcJhygonf/
xdktusOf;wdkufrsm;wGif tusOf;om;rsm;udk bmomudkif;½Idif;a&;? udk,fvuf
usef;rma&;? pmayoifMum;a&;? or®mtmZD0aumif;aom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;
twwfynmoifMum;a&;? ,Ofaus;rItEkynm avhvma&;? t0wftpm; tae
txdkifrSpí odu©m&Sdatmifaewwfa&;? ,Ofaus;pGmaygif;oif; qufqHwwfa&;
tp&SdonfwdkYudk tajccHxm;í tpDtpOfrsm; tao;pdwfa&;qGJum prf;oyfcJh
ygonf/ xdkpHjyaxmifrsm;onf tusOf;om;rsm;udk jyKjyif&mwGif pdwfauseyfbG,f
atmifjrifrI&Sdojzihf aumfrDwD\ 1955ck ? azazmf0g&DvwGif &&Sdaom tNyD;owf
tpD&ifcHpmwGifyg&Sdaom axmufcHcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&ef tpdk;&
u tm;xk w f q J j zpf y gonf / tcsKyf o abmajym&rnf q d k v Qif vl o pf w nf í
jynfopfaqmufrnf[laom aqmifyk'ftwdkif; uHraumif; taMumif;rvSojzihf
jypfrIusL;vGefrdolrsm;tm; acwfrSDenf;pepf trsKd;rsKd;jzihf jynfaxmifpktwGuf
tbdk;wefaom EdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfatmif jyKjyifoGm;rnfjzpfygaMumif;/ c½dkifw&m;r
ESifh puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;rsm;onf xdkrGefjrwfaom vkyfief;rsm;wGif pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm
ulnDaqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf rdrdwdkY c½dkiftwGif;&Sd tusOf;wdkufrsm;ESihf tcsKyf
cef;rsm;odkY rMumrMumoGm; a&mufMunfh½Ippfaq;yg&efvnf; wdkufwGef;EId;aqmf
ygonf/
(4) w&m;olBuD;rsm;\ cefYxm;a&;wGifvnf; txufydkif;jzpfaom
w&m;0efBuD;rsm; jynhfjynhfpkHpkH cefYxm;EdkifcJhaomfvnf; w&m;Xme0efxrf;rsm;
cefxY m;&mü vGecf ahJ om 3? 4 ESpcf efu
Y pí tcuftcJtenf;i,f awGU&S&d cJyh gonf/
odkYaomf xdktcuftcJrsm;udk ausmfvGefEdkif&ef enf;vrf;rsm;&SmazGNyD; w&m;olBuD;
rsm; quf v uf í cef Y x m;vmcJ h & m ,ck t csd e f w G i f q d k v Qif tawmf y if j ynh f p k H
vkHavmufaeNyDjzpfaMumif;udkvnf; xnhfoGif;ajymvdkygonf/
(5) rsm;rMumrD usif;yawmhrnhf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJBuD;onf

tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wGif jynfolvlxktwGuf ta&;ygt&ma&mufqkH;aom
tcGihfta&;jzpf&um;? xdka&G;aumufyGJBuD;udk w&m;rQwpGm usif;yEdkif&ef tbuf
bufu aqmif&GufrIrsm; NyD;pD;aMumif;udkvnf; xnhfoGif;ajymvdkygonf/jynfax
mifpkjrefrmEdkifiHw0Sef;vkH;rS w&m;pD&ifa&;XmewGif ta&;ygonhf yk*¾dKvf BuD;rsm;
pkHnDpGm<ua&mufMuonfudk awGUjrif&ojzihf txl;yif0rf;ajrmufygonf/ þodkY
awGUqkHESD;aESmí A[kokwzvS,fjcif;trIudk jyKEdkifMujcif;jzihf tvGeftbdk; wefí
t&ma&mufonhf tMuHOmPfrsm; xGufay:vmvsuf Armhordkif;wGif armfuGef;
wifavmufaom nDvmcHBuD;wck jzpfvdrhfrnf[k ,kHMunftm;xm; arQmfvihf
ygonf/ uRefawmf xyfavmif;NyD;ajymvdkwmu w&m;Xmeü (1) w&m; pD&ifa&;
u@ESihf (2) pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;u@[lí ESpfydkif;&Sd&m w&m;pD&ifa&;udpö t00rsm;
udk vTwfawmfcsKyf w&m;0efBuD;rsm; vTwfawmfw&m;0efBuD;rsm;ESihf wdkifyifESD;aESmí
ajz&Sif;&ygvdrhfrnf/ pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;tydkif;ESihf oufqdkifaom jyóemrsm;udkom
oihfawmfovdk w&m;a&;0efBuD;Xmeu aqmif&Gufay;ygrnf/xdknDvmcHBuD;rS
&&S d a om tajzrsm;ud k rd r d w d k Y e ,f o d k Y jyef a &muf & S d a omtcg vuf a tmuf
w&m;olBuD;rsm;udk ac:,lí &Sif;vif;ajymjyyg&efvnf; arwÅm&yfcHygw,f/
ed*kH;csKyftaeESihf þnDvmcHobifBuD;onf atmifjrifrItaygif;ESihf jynhfpkHygap?
nDvmcHBuD;odkY wufa&mufMuaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;vnf; udk,fpdwfESpfjzm csrf;om
okc&Muvsuf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf\ wm0ef0wfw&m; rsm;udk qxuf
xrf;ydk; onfydk;aqmif&GufEdkifMuygap[k qkrGefaumif;rsm; awmif;vdkufygonf/
EdkifiHawmfw&m;0efBuD;csKyf t*¾r[moa&pnfol owdk;oD&dok"r®

OD;odrf;armif\ EIwfcGef;qufpum;
EdkifiHawmfor®wBuD;cifAsm;? þnDvmcHobifonf w&m;a&;XmeESihf
w&m;0ef B uD ; rsm; w&m;Xme0ef x rf ; w&m;ol B uD ; rsm;\ yXrtBud r f n D v mcH
jzpfonhftwdkif; nDvmcHwGif aqG;aEG;bdkY&ef pum;ysKd;aomtaejzihf EIwfcGef;quf
&mrSm atmufygtaMumif;tcsufrsm;udk uRefawmfjyefvnf okH;oyfvdkygonf/
(1) w&m;olBuD;rsm;\ wm0efrsm;BuD;av;aMumif;?
(2) xdkwm0efrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&mü rnfuJhodkYaom t&nftcsif;
rsm;ESihf pGrf;&nfowådrsm;vdkaMumif;?
(3) xdkwm0efrsm;udk aumif;pGmaqmif&GufEdkif&ef rnfuJhodkYaom
ywf0ef;usif tajctaeESihf taqmifta,mifrsm;vdkaMumif;?
þtaMumif;tcsufrsm;udk þnDvmcHodkY wufa&mufvmMuaom yk*¾dKvf
rsm; odem;vnfMuNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; ¤if;wdkYudk þnDvmcH\tpü jyefvnf
okH;oyfjcif;jzihf ¤if;wdkYESihfpyfvsOf;í rnfonfwdkYonf vdkíaeaMumif;? rnfonf
wdkYudk jyKjyifoihfaMumif; ponfwdkYudk owd&Muygvdrhfrnf/ odkYowd&Muojzihf
þnDvmcHwiG f wdik yf ifaqG;aEG;&ef tcsuftvufrsm; ay:aygufí vmygvdrrfh nf/
1/ w&m;olBuD;rsm;\ wm0efrsm; BuD;av;aMumif;/ / w&m;
olBuD;rsm;onf aeYpOfESihftrQ olwyg;wdkY\ toufpnf;pdrftdk;tdrf ponfwdkYESihf
pyfvsOf;aom rIcif;rsm;? vGwfvyfcGihfESihf pyfvsOf;aom rIcif;rsm;udk pD&ifqkH;jzwfí
aeMu&olrsm; jzpfaomaMumihf¤if;? tu,fí w&m;olBuD;rsm;onf trSm;rSm;
t,Gi;f ,Gi;f pD&ifq;Hk jzwfMuvQif trIonfrsm;rSm touft;kd tdrpf nf;pdrpf onfwYkd
ysufjym;onftxd vGwfvyfcGihf qkH;½IH;onftxd epfemEdkifaomaMumihf¤if;?
w&m;½Hk;rsm;u w&m;udk rw&m;? rw&m;udk w&m;[k tvGJvGJtrSm;rSm; qkH;jzwf
cJhMuvQif jynfolvlxkrSm tm;udk;&mrJhí pdwf"gwfysufjym;NyD;? wdkif;jynf\ jidrf;csrf;
om,mrIyif qkwf,kwfEdkifaomaMumihf¤if; w&m;olBuD;rsm;\ wm0ef0wfw&m;
rsm;onf tvGefBuD;avonf/ þpum;pyfü w&m;udk rw&m;? rw&m;udk w&m;
[k pD&ifqkH;jzwfMujcif;onf wdkif;jynfEdkifiH qkwf,kwfysufpD;&ef taMumif;w&yf
jzpfonf[lí¤if;? w&m;udk w&m;? rw&m;udk rw&m;[k pD&ifqkH;jzwfMujcif;onf
wdkif;jynfEdkifiH rqkwf,kwfrysufjym;bJ BuD;yGm;wdk;wuf&ef taMumif;w&yf
jzpfonf[lí¤if;? okwfr[m0g r[my&dedAÁmeokwf ? ty&d[med,w&m; 7 yg;

qdkif&m tcef;wGif jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mMum; qkH;rawmfrlcJhonfudk owdjyKMu&
ayr,f/
2/ w&m;olBuD;rsm;rSm rnfuJhodkYaom t&nftcsif;ESihf pGrf;&nfowåd
rsm; vdkaMumif;/ / w&m;olBuD;rsm;onf rIcif;udpörsm;udk Mum;emppfaq;
pD&ifqkH;jzwfMu&mü temukvmpur®EÅmwnf;[laom r*Fvmw&m;awmfESihftnD?
temukvpur®EÅ taESmuft,Suu f if;aom tvkyjf zpfatmif BudK;pm;Mu&onf/
þt&mü taESmihft,SufqdkonfrSm rdrdtvkyfudk rdrdaESmihf,Sufjcif;udk qdkvdk&if;
jzpfonf/ rdrdtvkyfudk rdrd aESmihf,Sufjcif;qdk&mrSmvnf;
(1) rdrdtvkyfESihf pyfqdkifaom ynmrsm;udk vkHavmufatmif qnf;yl;
avhvmrxm;jcif;?
(2) rdrdtvkyfudk vkyf&rnhftcsdefwGif rvkyfbJzihfEGJUíaejcif;?
(3) vkyfjyefaomtcgvnf; pdwftm;xufxufoefoef owd0d&d,
ESihf rvkyfbJ ysif;ysif;&d&d ayghayghwefwefvkyfjcif;?
(4) “qE´? a'go? b,m? arm[? tyg,fusom;"r®av;rnf”
wnf;[laom t*wdw&m;av;yg;odkY vdkufpm;í jyKvkyfjcif;
ponfwdkYjzpfonf/
r*Fvmw&m;awmfonfBuD;yGm;wdk;wufaMumif;w&m;awmf,ckypöu©b0
wGif atmifjrifapEdkif½Hkomru? r*fzdkvfedAÁmef&onhfwdkifatmifyif tusKd;ay;Edkif
aom w&m;awmfjzpfonhftwdkif;? rdrdwdkYrIcif;udpörsm;udk Mum;emppfaq; pD&if
qk;H jzwf&mü? rdrwd tYkd vkyu
f rkd rd w
d yYkd ifaESmih,
f u
S jf cif;uif;atmiftemukvp ur®EmÅ
jzpfatmif MuHaqmifBudK;pm;Muvsif xdkw&m;olBuD;rsm;\ pD&ifqkH;jzwfcsuf rsm;
onf vlom"kac:? ewfom"kac:jzpfMuvdrhfrnf/ xdkw&m;olBuD;rsm;onfvnf;
,ckypöu©b0wGif¤if;? wrvGefb0rsm;wGif¤if;? BuD;yGm;wdk;wufMu&rnf trSef
jzpfonf/ w&m;olBuD;rsm;? rdrdwdkY\ tvkyf0wfw&m;rsm;ESihf pyfqdkifaom Oya'
ynmrsm;udk avhvmqnf;yl;xm;MubdkYta&;ESihf pyfvsOf;í ,cktcgtcuftcJ
tcsKdUESihf awGUBuHKaeMu&onf[k uRefawmfMum;od&ygonf/ yXrtcuftcJrSm jr
efrmjynfpD&ifxkH;pmtkyfrsm;yif ½Hk;wdkif;rSm tjynhftpkHr&SdMujcif;jzpfonf/ 'kwd,
tcuftcJrSm w&m;vTwfawmfESihf w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf\ pD&ifxkH;rsm;udk ykHESdyf
jzefYjzL;aombufu okH;ESpfcefYaemufusí aejcif;jzpfonf/ pD&ifxkH;rsm;udk xdkrQ

aemufrus&bJ tdE´d,jynfpD&ifxkH;rsm;uJhodkY wvcefYomaemufusNyD; ykHESdyfjzefYcsD
Edkif&ef pD&ifxkH;rsm; ykHESdyfa&;qdkif&mtzGJUu EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\ tultnDjzihf pDpOf
NyD;jzpfaomfvnf;? pD&ifxkH;pmtkyfa[mif;rsm;udk topfxyfrH ykHESdyfbdkY&ef pDpOfNyD;ykH
ray:ao;acs/ ¤if;wdkYudkvnf; tjrefjyefíykHESdyfNyD; w&m;½Hk;rsm;odkY jzefYjzL;Edkif
rSomvQif oihaf vsmaf yvdrrfh nf/ qdck ahJ om tcuftcJrsm;avmuf rBu;D us,f aom
tjcm;tcuftcJwckvnf; &Sdao;onf/ ¤if;rSm Burma Code ac: jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfqdkif&m tufOya' tm;vkH;yg&Sdaom udk"Oya' pmtkyfrsm;onf
jyif q if c suf r sm;t& jyif q if í yk H E S d y f x m;aom acwf r S D p mtk y f rsm;r[k w f b J
acwf a emuf u saom pmtk y f r sm;omjzpf í aeao;jcif ; jzpf o nf / od k Y & mwG i f
EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf xdk Burma Code udk acwfrSDatmifjyifqifí ykHESdyfjzefYcsD&ef
pD p Of a eNyD j zpf a omaMumih f w&m;ol B uD ; rsm;onf xd k t cuf t cJ u d k rMumrD
vGefajrmufMu&awmhrnf[k arQmfvihfbG,f&Sdonf/ w&m;olBuD;rsm;? trIrsm;udk
Mum;emppfaq; pD&ifqkH;jzwf&mü olwyg;wdkY\ aESmihf,SufrI uif;bdkY &mrSmum;
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' yk'fr 141 wGif?
“w&m;olBuD;tm;vkH;onf þtajccHOya'ESihf w&m;Oya'rsm;udkom vdkufemí
rdrdwdkY\ w&m;pD&ifrI tvkyf0wfw&m;rsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm aqmif&Guf Edkif&rnf”
[lí twdtvif;yg&So d nf/ 0ifpu G af ESmih, f u
S of rl sm; &Sv
d Qifvnf; ¤if;wdtYk ay:wGif
&mZowfBuD; yk'fr 228 t&? w&m;pD&ifrI aqmif&Gufaeaom jynfolY0efxrf;udk
wrif a pmf u m;jcif ; ? od k Y w nf ; r[k w f 0if a &muf a ES m ih f , S u f j cif ; twG u f
ta&;,lEdkifvdrhfrnf/ odkYr[kwfvQifvnf; ½Hk;rsm;udk raxrJhjrifjyKjcif; qdkif&m
tufOya' (The Contempt of Courts Act) t& ta&;,lEdkifvdrhfrnf/ &J&J0Hh0Hh
wdwdusus pD&ifqkH;jzwfMuaom w&m;olBuD;rsm;tm; umuG,faom tufOya'
(The Judicial Officers Protection Act) vnf;&SdNyD;jzpfonf/
3/ vdktyfaom ywf0ef;usiftajctaeESihf taqmifta,mifrsm;/ /
w&m;olBuD;rsm;onf? trIrsm;udk ajzmihfajzmihfrSefrSef pD&ifqkH;jzwf&ef ta&;BuD;
ouJhodkYyifvQif olwdkY\ pD&ifqkH;jzwfcsufrsm; rSefuefaMumif;udk trsm;odjrifbdkY
onfvnf; ta&;BuD;onf/ odkYodjrifMubdkY&ef trdefYpD&ifcsufrsm;wGif tusKd;
taMumif;rsm;udk tus,fazmfjy&ef vdktyfonf rSefaomfvnf;? ¤if;wdkYudk tus,f
azmfjy½HkESihf rNyD;ao;? w&m;olBuD;rsm;\ rsufjrif*kPfodu©mtm;jzihf¤if;? ½Hk;

taqmuftOD taqmifta,mifrsm;jzihf¤if;? xdkw&m;olBuD;rsKd;? xdk½Hk;rsKd;wGif
xdkifvsuf? xdkuJhodkY Mum;emppfaq;NyD; pD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif;onf tajzmihftrSef
jzpfrSmbJ[k vltrsm;\ pdwfxJwGif ,kHMunfrIjzpfay:vmapEdkifbdkYvnf; ta&;BuD;
ao;onf/ rdrw d EYkd iS pfh yfvsO;f í vlw\
Ykd pdwx
f w
J iG ?f xdu
k o
hJ aYkd om,kMH unfrI pdw"f gwf
jzpfay:ap&ef w&m;olBuD;rsm;onf taetxdkif toGm;tvm tajym tqdk
taygif;toif;rSpí tppt&m&mrSm owdjyKMu&onf/ þpum;pyfrSm vnf;
“*g&a0gp” [laom r*Fvmw&m;awmf (BuD;yGg;wdk;wuf aMumif;w&m;awmf) udk
xk w f a qmif í jyvd k a o;onf / yOö - quú - owå - t*F w ¬ d K &f ü jrwf p G m bk & m;
a[mMum;awmfrlcJhaom *g&0w&m;rsm;udk wl&mpkaygif;í,laomf *g&0 10 rsKd;
&Sdonf/ xdk 10 rsKd;rSm-
(1) Ak'¨*g&0 (bk&m;udk½dkaojcif;)/
(2) "r®*g&0 (w&m;udk½dkaojcif;)/
(3) oHCm*g&0 (oHCmudk½dkaojcif;)/
(4) odu©m*g&0 (rdrd\ usihf0wfodu©mudk ½dkaojcif;)/
(5) orm"d*g&0 (orm"dudk ½dkaojcif;)/
(6) tyÜrm'*g&0 ( rarhravSsmhrIudk ½dkaojcif;)/
(7) y#doE¨m&*g&0 (taphtpyfjyKjcif;ü ½dkaojcif;)/
(8) [D&d*g&0 (raumif;rIudkjyK&rnfrS &Sufjcif;ü½dkaojcif;)/
(9) MowåyÜ*g&0 (raumif;rIudk jyK&rnfrSm aMumufjcif;ü½dkaojcif;)/
(10) tnrn*g&0 (wOD;udkwOD;½dkaojcif;)/
þ*g&0w&m; 10 yg;onf ? þypö u © b 0wG i f o mru? r*f z d k v f e d A Á m ef
&onfwdkifatmif BuD;yGm;wdk;wufapEdkifaom r*Fvmw&m;awmfjzpfí ¤if;wdkYESihf
jynfpkHaom w&m;olBuD;rsm;onf {uefrkcsBuD;yGm;wdk;wufMu&rnf/ Ak'¨bmom
0if w&m;olBuD;rsm;onf &wemokH;yg;udk OD;xdyfxm;vsuf rdrdwdkY\ wm0ef
0wfw&m;rsm;udk aqmif&GufMuvQif Ak'¨*g&0? "r®*g&0? oHC*g&0ESihf jynhfpkHNyD;
jzpfrnf/ odkYtwGuf ,cknDvmcHwGif usef*g&0 7 rsKd;udkom uRefawmfa0zef
vd k o nf / w&m;ol B uD ; rsm;twG u f od u © m *g&0qd k o nf r S m w&m;ol B uD ; wd k Y \
usihf0wfw&m;rsm;udk ½dkaojcif;? w&m;olBuD;wdkY\ tusihfodu©mudk aumif;pGm
apmihfa&Smufjcif;yifjzpfonf/ w&m;olBuD;rsm;twGuform"d*g&0qdkonfrSm
w&m;olBuD;yDyD £daÈ´&&oGm;vmaexdkif ajymqdkjcif; ponfyifjzpfonf/ w&m;
ol B uD ; rsm;twG u f tyÜ r m'*g&0qd k o nf r S m trI r sm;ud k Mum;emppf a q;pD & if
qkH;jzwf&mü rarhravsmh rayghqjcif;wnf; [laom tyÜrm'w&m;udk ½dkaopGm
vufudkifxm;í owdBuD;pGmESihf Mum;emppfaq; pD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif;yif jzpfonf/
y#doE¨m&*g&0rSm tmrdoy#doEÅm&*g&0? "r®-y#doE¨m&*g&0[lí ESpfyg;&Sd&m
w&m;olBuD;rsm;twGufrSm "r®y#doE¨m&*g&0onf ta&;tBuD;qkH;jzpfonf/
"r®y#doE¨m& *g&0qdo k nfrmS vnf; w&m;olBu;D rsm; twGurf mS Oya'udk &Si;f vif;í
jywfom;pGm azmfjyajymqdkjcif;? pD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif;jzihf olwyg;udk pdwfauseyfatmif
aqmif&Gufjcif;yifjzpfonf/ w&m;olBuD;rsm; twGuf [D&d*g&0?MowåyÜ*g&0
qd k o nf r S m t*wd w &m; 4 yg;ud k vd k u f p m;í trS m ; rS m ;t,G i f ; ,G i f ;
pD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif;wnf;[laom raumif;rIjyK&rnfudk &Sufjcif;? aMumufjcif;ü
½dak ojcif;yifjzpfonf/ w&m;olBu;D rsm;twGuf tnrn *g&0 (tcsi;f csi;f ½dak orI)
qdo k nfrmS w&m;olBuD;rsm;ESifh rdrw d aYkd &SUa&mufvmaom a&SUaersm;? trIonfrsm;?
ouf a orsm;? wOD ; ud k w OD ; ½d k a ojcif ; yif j zpf o nf / tqd k y g *g&0w&m;wd k Y \
oabmudk tusOf;csKyfjyqdk&vQif w&m;olBuD;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ &mxl;udk¤if;?
½H;k ud¤k if;? jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmfBu;D \ w&m;r@dKif ud¤k if; ½dak oaomtm;jzihf
rdrdwdkY\ odu©m? orm"dudk apmihfa&SmufMu&onf/ [D&dMowåyÜwnf; [laom
t&SuftaMumufw&m;wdkYudk vufudkifxm;Mu&onf/ rdrdwdkY\ *kPfodu©mESihf
vd k u f a vsmatmif 0wf q if o G m ;vm aexd k i f a ygif ; oif ; quf q H M u&onf /
xd k * g&0w&m;rsm;teuf od u © m *g&0ES i h f tnrn*g&0 taMumif ; ud k
uRef a wmf t enf ; i,f c sJ U í ajymvd k a o;onf / od u © m *g&0ES i h f pyf v sOf ; í
“rif;qif;&Jom;uJhodkY rusihf&m? qif;&Jom;vnf; rif;uJhodkY rusihf&m ” [laom
ynm&Sw d \ Ykd tqk;H tr Mo0g'w&m;vnf;&So d nf/ “awmif;rSmtuGy?f vlrmS t0wf”
[l í vnf ; qd k ½ d k ; pum;&S d o nf / od k Y t wG u f w&m;ol B uD ; rsm;onf rd r d w d k Y \
&mxl;*kPfodu©mESihf vdkufavsmatmif 0wfpm;qif,ifí ½Hk;wufMu &onf/
xdkenf;wlpGm w&m;½Hk;rsm;ü vdkufygaqmif&GufMuaom a&SUaersm;onf vnf;
½Hk;t&m&Sdrsm;yDyD rdrdwdkY\ *kPfodu©mESihf vdkufavsmatmif 0wfpm;qif,ifí
vdkufygaqmif&GufMu&onf/ tnrn*g&0ESihf pyfvsOf;ívnf; “usD;udk bkwf
½dkaorS bkwfudk usD;½dkaornf” [laom qdk½dk;pum;&Sdonf/ odkYjzpfí w&m;olBuD;

rsm;onf rdrdwdkYa&SUodkY a&mufvmaom a&SUaersm;? trIonfrsm;ESihf oufaorsm;
udkvnf; av;pm;rS olwdkYuvnf; w&m;olBuD;rsm;udk av;pm;vdrhfrnf/ w&m;
olBuD;rsm;onf rdrdwdkY\ &mxl;? rdrdwdkY\½Hk;ESihf w&m;r@dKifudk ½dkaoaomtm;jzihf
aumif;rGefoyf,yfpGm 0wfpm;qif,ifí ½Hk;wufouJhodkY a&SUaersm;? trIonf
rsm;ESihf oufaorsm;onfvnf; w&m;olBuD;rsm;udk ½dkaoaomtm;jzihf aumif;rGef
oyf,yfpGm 0wfpm;qif,ifí ½Hk;odkYvmMuvdrhfrnf/ ½Hk;wGif pnf;urf;ao0yfpGm
aeMuxdkifMuvdrhfrnf/ tppftaq;cHMuvdrhfrnf/ pD&ifqkH;jzwfcsufudk em,lMu
vdrhfrnf/ a&SUaersm;? trIonfrsm;ESihf oufaorsm; tp&Sdaom jynfolvlxku?
w&m;½Hk;awmfrsm;udk ½dkaoav;pm;bdkY&mrSm txufwGifazmfjycJhonhftwdkif;
w&m;olBuD;rsm;rSm? ynmt&nftcsif;? *kPfodu©mESihf jynhfpkH½HkrQjzihf rvkH avmuf
ao;/ xdkw&m;olBuD;rsm; ½Hk;xdkif&aom ½Hk;taqmuftOD? ywf0ef;usif tajc
taeESihf taqmifta,mifrsm;vnf;? w&m;olBuD;\ *kPfodu©mESihf vdkufavsm
atmif w&m;pD&ifa&;wm0ef BuD;av;ykHESihf vdkufavsmatmif w&m;r@dKif\
toa&udk aqmifEdkifavmufatmif crf;crf;em;em;&SdbdkYvnf; vdkao; onf/
þodkYjzpfí ppfBuD;NyD;p vGwfvyfa&;&ptcgESihf EIdif;pmvQif ,cktcg
w&m;½Hk; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm oihfavsmfvkHavmufaom taqmuftODrsm;ESihf
½Hk;okH;y&dabm*rsm; &&SdaeNyDjzpfí 0rf;om&ayonf/ ,cktxd oihfavsmfaom
½Hk;taqmuftODrsm; odkYr[kwf ½Hk;okH;y&dabm*rsm; r&ao;onhf ½Hk;rsm;twGuf
rSmvnf; ¤if;wdkYudk rMumjrihfrD&vdrhfrnf[k uRefawmfarQmfvihfygonf/
oihfavsmf avsmufywfaom ½Hk;taqmuftODrsm;ESihf ½Hk;okH;y&dabm*rsm;
&&S d b d k Y & ef tjcm;tvG e f t a&;BuD ; aom taMumif ; wck v nf ; &S d y gao;onf /
oihfavsmfaom ½Hk;taqmuf tODESihf y&dabm*rsm;udk&rS w&m;olBuD;rsm;onf
pdwfMunfMunfvifvifESihf trIrsm;udk Mum;emppfaq;pD&if qkH;jzwfEdkifMuygonf/
þpum;pyfü OyrmwckwifjyvdkonfrSm orx0dyóemtvkyfudk tm;xkwfvdk
aomolonf a&S;OD;pGm 0w¬K? 0do'? ud&, d wmwnf;[laom rdrd\ywf0ef;usifESihf
tok H ; taqmif w d k Y u d k oef Y & S i f ; pif M u,f a tmif jyKjyif p D & if & jcif ; jzpf y gonf /
odkYjyKvkyfonfrSm ywf0ef;usifESihf tokH;taqmif y&dabm*rsm; oefY&Sif;pifMu,f
rS pdwfMunfvifaomaMumihf pdwfMunfvifrSvnf; tm;xkwfaomudpö NyD;ajrmuf
EdkifaomaMumihf jzpfygonf/ w&m;½Hk;rsm;twGuf ½Hk;taqmuftODrsm;ESihf ½Hk;okH;

y&dabm*rsm; crf;crf;em;em;&SdbdkY ta&;BuD;ouJhodkY w&m;olBuD;rsm;aexdkif&ef
tdrftaqmuftODrsm;onfvnf; olwdkY\ &mxl;? *kPfodu©mESihf vdkufavsmbdkY
ta&;BuD;ygonf/ odkYta&;BuD;aMumif; odjrifcJhojzihf t*Fvdyftpdk;&vufxuf
rS pí w&m;olBuD;rsm;twGuf oD;oef Ytd rfrsm; aqmuf vkyfí ay;cJhygonf /
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;onhfaemufrSmvnf; jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&u
jynfawmfomtzGJUrsm;\ tultnDjzihf¤if;? tjcm;enf;tm;jzihf¤if; w&m;olBuD;
rsm;twGuf vdktyfaom tdrfrsm;udk wpwpaqmufay;vsuf&Sdygonf/ rlvu
w&m;olBuD;rsm; aexdkif&efaqmufvkyfcJhaom tdrftaqmuftODrsm; jzpfMuyg
vsuf ,ckwdkif tjcm;Xmersm;u tokH;jyKíaeao;aom tdrftaqmuftODrsm;
udkvnf; wdkif;jynfjidrf;csrf;ívmonfESihftrQ EdkifiHawmf tpdk;&vnf; taqmuf
tODopfrsm; aqmufvkyfEdkifonfESihftrQ w&m;olBuD;rsm; aebdkYjyefí&&eftcsdef
ydkrdkeD;uyfívmygNyD/ odkYjzpfí rMumjrihfrD w&m;olBuD;tm;vkH; rdrdwdkY\ &mxl;*kPf
odu©mESihf vdkufavsmaomtdrfrsm;rSm aexdkifMu&awmhrnf[k uRefawmfarQmfvifh
ygonf/ jrefrmbmom½Hk;okH;bmomjzpfa&; jynfaxmifpkjrefrm EdkifiHawmf zGJUpnf;
tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya' yk'rf 216 wGif “jrefrmbmomonf½;kH ok;H bmomjzpf& rnf/
od&Yk mwGif t*Fvyd f bmomudv f nf” [k jy|mef;xm; aomaMumihf
k nf; ok;H cGijfh yKEdik o
w&m;ol B uD ; rsm;rS m jref r mbmomud k ½H k ; ok H ; bmomtjzpf ES i h f o k H ; &ef
od k Y o k H ; írjzpfr SomvQif t*Fvdy fbmomud k o k H ;&ef wm0ef 0wf w &m; &S d o nf /
jref r mbmomud k ½H k ; ok H ; bmomtjzpf E S i h f ok H ; jcif ; onf tajccH O ya'ud k
½dkao&mvnf;a&mufonf/ ½Hk;rsm;ü trIrsm;udk Mum;emppfaq;pD&ifqkH;jzwf&mwGif
trSefjzpfaMumif; trsm;odjrifbdkY taxmuftyHhvnf;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí w&m;
ol B uD ; rsm;onf w&m;vT w f a wmf r S nT e f M um;íxm;onh f t wd k i f ; trI a eY p Of
rSwfwrf;rsm;ESihf oufaoxGufcsufrsm;udk jrefrmbmomjzihf a&;íaeMuonfudk
awGUjrif&ojzihf uRefawmfrsm;pGm0rf;ajrmufonf/ w&m;olBuD;rsm;onf pD&ifcsuf
ud k jref r mbmomjzih f a &;í jzpf E d k i f a omtrI r sm;wG i f jref r mbmomjzih f a &;í
aeMuonfudk awGUjrif&ojzihfvnf; uRefawmfrsm;pGm 0rf;ajrmufonf/ pD&ifcsuf
rsm;udk jrefrmbmomjzihf a&;om;&mü tavhtusihf&vmonfESihftrQ pD&ifcsuf
rsm;udk jrefrmbmomjzihfa&;jcif; ,ckxuf ydkrdkrsm;jym;í vmvdrhfrnf[lívnf;
uRefawmf,kHMunfarQmfvihfonf/ pD&ifcsuftm;vkH;udk jrefrmbmomjzihfa&;EdkifMu

bdkY&mrSm vufawGUtm;jzihf tcuftcJ ESpfck&Sdaeao;onf/ yXrtcuftcJrSm
tcsKdUtrIrsm;wGif trIonfrsm;ESihf olwdkYtwGuf vdkufygaqmif&GufMuaom
a&S U aersm;u avQmuf v T m rsm;? tqd k r sm;? tacsrsm;ES i h f usrf ; usd e f p mrsm;ud k
t*Fvdyfbmomjzihfa&;í wifaeMuao;jcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif olwdkYonf
wjznf ; jznf ; jref r mbmomjzih f a &;í wif p jyKí vmMuNyD j zpf a omaMumih f
aemufudkolwdkYonf ¤if;wdkYudk jrefrmbmomjzihfomvQifa&;í wifMuonftxd
w&m;½Hk;rsm;udk ulnDMuvdrhfrnf[k ,kHMunfarQmfvihfbG,f&Sdonf/ 'kwd,tcuf
tcJrSm jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf vGwfvyfa&;r&rDu jy|mef;NyD; ,ckwdkif
twnfjzpfvsuf&Sdaeao;aom tufOya'rsm;onf¤if;? xdktufOya'rsm;\
jyifqifcsuf tufOya'rsm;onf¤if; t*Fvdyb f momjzihfom &SdaeMuonhftwGuf
tcuftcJjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGifxdktcuftcJudk vGefajrmufEdkifap&ef jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf Oya'rsm;udk jrefrmbmomjyefqdk&ef tzGJUwckudk
zGJUpnf;í xm;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/ xdktzGJU\ jrefrmbmomjyefqdkcsuft& &mZowfBuD;
ud k v nf ; yk H E S d y f j zefYc sDNyD;jzpfonf/ umvpnf ;urf ;owf tuf Oya'ud k v nf ;
bmomjyefNyD;í ykHESdyfaeNyD;jzpfaMumif;? jrefrmEdkifiH a,bk,spum;&yftufOya'
tp&Sdaom tjcm;tufOya'ESihf udk"Oya'ajcmufckrSmvnf; bmomjyefNyD;í
ykHESdyf&ef toihf&SdaeNyDjzpfaMumif;? useftufOya'rsm;udkvnf; qufvufí
bmomjyef q d k a eaMumif ; ? xd k t zG J U \ Ouú | uRef a wmf \ nD a wmf Ed k i f i H a wmf
w&m;0efBuD;? owdk;r[moa&pnfol OD;csefxGef;xHrS uRefawmfod&ygonf/
od k Y t wG u f ES p f a ygif ; rsm;pG m rMumjrih f r D þtcuf t cJ u d k vG e f a jrmuf E d k i f M u
vdrhfrnf[k arQmfvihfbG,f&Sdygonf/ ed*kH;rcsKyfrD uRefawmf tpD&ifcHvdkaom
taMumif;tcsuf tenf;i,fusef&Sdygao;onf/ þnDvmcHrsKd;udk bdwfac:
usif;y&ef pdwftMuHonf a&S;OD;pGm uRefawmf\rdwfaqG w&m;a&;Xme0efBuD;
OD;cifarmifvwfrSm jzpfay:vmcJhygonf/ odkYa&S;OD;pGm pdwftMuHjzpfay:vmcJhonhf
twdkif; w&m;a&;0efBuD;u wdkifyifaqG;aEG;vmaomtcgrSm uRefawmfESihfnDawmf
w&m;0efBuD;rsm;u xdktMuHonf tvGefoihfavsmf aumif;jrwfaom tMuH
jzpfaMumif;ESihf axmufcHNyD; b@ma&;tzGJU\ tultnDudk¤if;? 0efBuD;rsm;tzGJU\
oabmwlcsufudk¤if; cH,lNyD; þnDvmcHobifBuD;twGuf pDpOfcJhMu&ygonf/
odkYtwGuf rdwfaqGw&m;a&;0efBuD;udk a&S;OD;pGm aus;Zl;wif&ygonf/ xdkYaemuf

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf b@ma&;XmeESihf 0efBuD;rsm;\tzGJUudk aus;Zl;wif
&ygonf/ þnDvmcHobifonf yXrtBudrfusif;yonhf nDvmcHobifjzpfonhf
twdkif; þnDvmcHobifwGif ajymMuaompum;rsm;ESihf wdkifyifaqG;aEG;csuf
rsm;onf w&m;pD&ifa&;twGuf tusKd;rsm;&mrsm;aMumif; ta&;ygt&ma&muf
aom pum;rsm;ESihf wdkifyifaqG;aEG;csufrsm;jzpfMuygap? odkYjzpfMuojzihf nDvmcH
usif;y&onhftwGuf tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;aMumif; xif&Sm;apNyD; aemifudkvnf;
ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; þnDvmcHrsKd; bdwfac:usif;yEdkif&eftwGuf taMumif;taxmuf
tyHhjzpfygap[k uRefawmfqkawmif;ygonf/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf\w&m;
r@dKif BuHUcdkifwnfjrJygap/
w&m;vTwfawmf w&m;0efBuD;csKyf owdk;r[moa&pnfol OD;csefxGef;atmif\

EIwfcGef;qufpum;
EdkifiHawmfor®wBuD;? EdkifiHawmfw&m;0efBuD;csKyf? w&m;a&;Xme0efBuD;ESihf
tpnf;ta0;Bu;D odYk <ua&mufvmMuaom vTwaf wmfa&SUaeBu;D rsm;ESifh te,fe,frS
a&muf&SdvmMuaom w&m;olBuD;rsm;cifAsm;? ,aeYonf w&m;a&; Xme0efBuD;
>ruf M um;oG m ;onh f t wd k i f ; jynf a xmif p k j ref r mEd k i f i H a wmf w G i f txl ;
*kPf,lp&mjzpfaomaeYBuD; jzpfygonf/ &mZ0ifwifavmufaomaeY jzpfygonf/
,ckvdk w&m;½Hk;awmfrsm;wGif w&m;pD&ifa&;ESihf ywfoufonhf aqG;aEG;yGJBuD;
w&yfudk b,faomtcgurQ jyKvkyfcJhjcif;udk rBuHKBudKufcJhbl;yg/ 'Drdkua&pD0g'jzihf
tcsKyftjcmEdkifiHwEdkifiHwGif w&m;pD&ifa&;r@dKifBuD;onf wnfwJhcdkifjrJí w&m;
pD&ifa&;ü ajzmihfrwfwdusrSomvQif jynfoljynfom;rsm;\ w&m;rQwjcif;?
vGwfvyfjcif;ESihf nDrQjcif;wnf;[laom tajccHtcGihfta&;wdkYudk cHpm;Edkifrnf
jzpfaMumif;udk txl;wvnf uRefawmf#DumzGJUí ajym&efrvdkyg/ rnfodkYaom
w&m;rQwonhf Oya'udk Oya'jyKvTwaf wmfrS tkycf sKyfa&;bufqikd &f mXme r@dKif
BuD; pDrHcsufjzihf Oya'e,ftwGif;u vkyfaeapumrl w&m;pD&ifa&;Xme r@dKif
BuD;u rcdkifrjrJ csKdU,Gif;vIyf&Sm;aeygvQif tqdkyg tjcm;r@dKifBuD;ESpfckrSmvnf;
*,uf½dkufNyD; wdkif;jynfwjynf\ om,m0ajyma&;udk xdcdkufrnfrSm rkcsrvGJyg/
w&m;pD&ifa&;ESihf oufqdkifaom w&m;olBuD;rsm;? a&SUaea&SU&yfBuD;rsm;wdkYonf
wdkif;jynf\ "etiftm;twGuf tusKd;jzpfxGef;í ¤if;ESihfoufqdkifaom vlrI
a&;&mudpöt00wGif wdk;wuf&m wdk;wufaMumif;udk vufxdvufa&muf jyKvkyf
ay;Edkifaom olrsm;r[kwf[k txifvGJtjrifvGJoltcsKdU &SdMuonf/ xdkuJhodkY
txifvGJtjrifvGJjzpfjcif;rSm rSm;,Gif;ygonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&; puf,EÅ&m;ü wdkif;jynf
\ tusKd;udk a&SU&INyD; rnfonhfudpöudkrqdkaqmif&Guf&mwGif wifBudKNyD; tpDtpOf
jyK&onf/ txajrmufap&ef pDpOfcefYcGJ&onf/ xdkuJhodkYtpDtpOfjyKí pDrHcefYcGJ&
onfESihftrQ vdktyfovdk? &nf&G,fovdk &nfrSef;onhftwdkif; tx ajrmufap
&ef E S i h f &nf r S e f ; ES i h f &nf r S e f ; onh f t wd k i f ; tusKd ; cH p m;&ap&ef w&m; Oya'
e,fedrdwftwGif;ü&Sdaom tcsKyftaESmifobG,fjzpfonhf y#dnmOfrsm;rsm; jyKvkyf
í aqmif&Guf&vdrhfrnf/ xdkuJhodkY aqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzihfomvQif udk,f&nfrSef;
onh f tajctaeod k Y a&muf v d r h f r nf / wif B ud K NyD ; pd w f c saeEd k i f a yvd r h f r nf /
aqmif&Gufvdkonhf udpöwdkYwGif aqmif&GufoGm;í udk,f&nfrSef;onhftwdkif;

jzpfEdkifrnf[k wxpfcs,kHMunfEdkifayvdrhfrnf/ þuJhodkY ,kHMunfEdkif&ef wifBudK
csKyfcs,fjcif;rjyKEdkifygu b,fvkyfief;b,fudpörQ tNyD;tjywfqkH;cef;wdkifatmif
aqmif&Guf&ef rjzpfEdkifaMumif;udk txl;ajym&efrvdkyg/ pnf;rJhurf;rJhvkyfoGm;NyD;
wOD;tay:wOD; tEdkifusihfoGm;rSmrvGJay/ xdkrnfaom udpöt00wdkYwGif trI
tcif;jzpfay:vmygu w&m;pD&ifa&;ESihf ywfoufaom a&SUaea&SU&yfBuD;rsm;
w&m;olBuD;rsm;\ tbdk;wefjcif;udk od&SdEdkifayvdrhfrnf/
xdkYjyif rnfodkYyif EdkifiHwEdkifiH\ zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'wGif w&m;
rQwrI vGwv f yfrpI onfwu Ykd kd twdtvif; jy|mef;xm;apumrl xdjk y|mef;csuf rQEiS fh
w&m;rQwrI? vGwfvyfrIwdkY &Edkifrnfr[kwf/ xdktcGihfta&;BuD;rsm;udkxdcdkuf
yguxdcdkufjcif;udky,f&Sm;í ¤if;wdkY wnfwHhcdkifjrJxdef;odrf;Edkif&ef w&m;pD&if
a&;Xme qkH;jzwfay;rSomvQif wnfjrJ&efjzpfaMumif;udkvnf; txl;owdjyKap
vdkygonf/ odkYtwGufaMumihf w&m;pD&ifa&;Xmeü vkyfbufudkifbuf wavSxJpD;
wc&D;oGm;ae&onhf a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;ESihf w&m;olBuD;rsm;wdkYonf 'Drdkua&pD
pnf;rsOf;twdkif; vGwfvyfaomEdkifiH wEdkifiH\ pnfyifzGHUNzdK;a&;ü t&mra&muf
aom yk*Kd¾ vfrsm;[k tcsKdUu ,lqjcif;onf rSm;,Gi;f aeaom ,lqcsufjzpfygonf/
EdkifiHawmf w&m;0efBuD;csKyfrsm; rMumrDu wcg>rufMum;oGm;onfrSm
w&m;pD&if&mwGif w&m;olBuD;rsm;tjzpfjzihf w&m;rQwaom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk
jyKvkyfonhf vkyfief;onf ukodkvf&í rGefjrwfaom vkyfief;w&yfjzpfonf/
þ>rufMum;csufpum;onf tvGefrSefuefaom >rufMum;csufw&yfjzpfonf/
wOD;ESihf wOD;qufqHa&;wGif w&m;&m w&m;aMumif;udk jzpfapjcif;onf wenf;
tm;jzihfqdkvQif wdkif;jynfwjynf\ om,mzGHUNzdK;a&;udk taxmuftyihfjzpfap
onfudk rnfolrQrjiif;qefEdkifyg/ ,ck tpnf;ta0;BuD;ESihf ywfoufí EdkifiHawmf
w&m;0efBuD;csKyfonf w&m;pD&ifa&;Xmeü vdktyfaom tcsuftvufBuD;rsm;udk
tydkif;BuD; okH;ydkif; ydkif;í >ruf[ajymMum; oGm;NyD;ygNyD/ xdk>ruf[ajymMum;csufrsm;
wdkYwGif w&m;pD&ifa&;ESihf oufqdkifaom taqmuftOD? taqmifta,mif?
w&m;olBuD;rsm;\ *kPfodu©m*g&0 ponfwdkY yg&Sdygonf/ ¤if;tcsufrsm;onf
w&m;pD&ifa&;ü w&m;rQwrIjzpfapjcif;udk taxmuftyHhrsm;jzpfaMumif;? ta&;yg
t&ma&mufaom tcsufBuD;rsm;jzpfonfrSm rsm;pGmrSxif&Sm;ygonf/ xdktaMumif;
rsm;ESihfpyfvsOf;í uRefawmf tus,fw0ihf xyfrHajym&ef rvdkyg/ odkYaomf w&m;

pD&ifa&;ESihfywfoufí ,ckvdk BuHKBudKufcJhonhf rsufESmpkHnDwdkifyif ESD;aESmaom
tpnf;ta0;BuD;ü ajymMum;vdkaom tcsufBuD; ESpf&yf&Sdygonf/ xdktcsufBuD;
ES p f & yf w d k Y o nf w&m;pD & if a &;üvnf ; rsm;pG m taxmuf t yH h jzpf v d r h f r nf [ k
uRefawmf,lqygonf/ xdktcsufBuD; ESpf&yfrSm (1) rlvtrIrsm;udk ppfaq;aom
w&m;olBuD;rsm;\ wm0ef0wfw&m; (2) w&m;pD&ifxkH;rsm;udk trSDo[JjyKí
jzpfay:vmaom w&m;Oya'&yfrsm; (Case Law)/
yXrtcsufudk a0bef&mwGif w&m;½Hk;rsm;tufOya'udk Munhfjcif;tm;jzihf
w&m;vTwf awmfrSvGJí w&m;raMumif; w&m;pD&ifa&;bufwGif c½dkifw&m;r½Hk;?
&mbufc½dkifw&m;r½Hk;? e,fydkifw&m;r½Hk;ESihf NrdKUe,f½Hk;rsm;wdkYonf rdrdwdkY\
e,fedrdwftydkif;tjcm;wGif rdrdwdkY pD&ifydkif cGihftmPmtwGif;odkY usa&mufonhf
rIcif;rsm;udk rlv½Hk;tjzpfjzihf ppfaq;EdkifcGihf&SdaMumif; awGU&Sd&ayvdrhfrnf/ Oyrm
qdkvQif c½dkifw&m;r½Hk;onf rdrd\ e,fedrdwftwGif; jzpfay:onhf rnfonhf
w&m;rrIrqdk aiGa&;aMu;a&;wefbdk; tuefYtowfr&SdbJ ppfaq;Edkifaom
tmPm&S d o nf / xd k e nf ; wl p G m qih f u J q ih f u J a tmuf ½ H k ; rsm;ü aiG i g;axmif ?
waomif ; usyf ponf j zih f owf r S w f í ppf a q;Ed k i f c G i h f t mPmud k uef Y o wf
xm;onfukd awGU&S&d onf/ &mZ0wfp&D ifjcif;üqdv k Qifvnf; &mZowfBuD;yk'rf wGif
yg&Sdonhf jypfrItm;vkH;wdkYudk c½dkifpuf&Sifü tuefYtowfr&SdbJ ppfaq;Edkifonf/
yXrwef;tmPm? 'kwd,wef;tmPm? txl;tmPm ponfjzihf cGJjcm;í tqihf
twef;tvdkuf tmPmrsm;vTJxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ odkYjzpfygí þrlv½Hk;rsm;
wdkYonf w&m;pD&ifa&;ü tvGefta&;yg t&ma&mufaom ½Hk;rsm;jzpfygonf/
4if;½Hk;rsm;u w&m;pD&ifa&;ü EdkifiHawmfw&m;0efBuD;csKyf >rufMum;oGm;onhf t*Fg
&yfrsm;ESihf rjynhfpkHjcif;jzihfaomf4if;? w&m;Oya't,ltqü rSm;,Gif;jcif; jzihf
aomf4if;? ppfaq;Mum;em&mwGif vdktyfaom oufaoom"ursm;udk Mum;em
ppfaq;wifjyjcif; rjyKcJhjcif;jzihf4if;? w&m;Oya'ESihf pD&ifxkH;wdkYudk ravhvmjcif;
jzifh4if;? ,if;csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;jzihf w&m;pD&ifcsuf csrSwfvdkufygu trIonfrsm;
onf omru wdkif;jynf\ w&m;pD&ifa&; r@dKifBuD;udk xdcdkufayvdrhfrnf/
rl vtrI r sm; ppf a q;onhf w&m;olBuD;rsm;onf trS ef pif ppf q d k v Qif w&m;
pD&ifa&;r@dKifBuD;\ tajctjrpf tkXfjrpf[k ac:qdk&ayrnf/ trI&mZ0ifudk
4if;wdkYa&SU0,f pwnfaom Xmeyifjzpfonf/ vlxkESihf wdkuf½dkufqufqH&aom

yk*¾dKvfrsm;[kvnf; ac:qdk&ayvdrhfrnf/ t,lcHtmPmudkokH;aom w&m;olBuD;
rsm;rSm þodkYr[kwf rlv½Hk;rS a&;rSwfom;cJhonhf rSwfom;csuf pD&ifcsufrsm;udk
Munhf&Ií qkH;jzwf jcif;omjzpfonf/ xdkrlv½Hk;rsm;ü w&m;vdk? w&m;cHbufrS
jyaomoufaorsm;udk wdkuf½dkufawGUqkHí ppfaq;jcif;? 4if;wdkYu wifjyaom
oufaocHypönf;rsm;udk rsufjrifudk,fawGU rSwfom;avhvmokH;oyfEdkifjcif;?
oufaorsm;\ udk,ftrl t&m? EIwftrlt,m? rsufESmxm;ao0yfrI? &Jwif;rIESihf
a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;\avQmufvcJ surf sm;udk wdu
k ½f u
kd af wGUqkí
H a0zefEikd jf cif;wdYk onf
rlv½Hk;ü wnf&Sdavonf/ w&m;olBuD;vkyfoluvnf; xdkw&m;vdk w&m;cH rsm;rS
wif j yaom ouf a oom"ursm;ES i h f tajctaewd k Y u d k rd r d w &m;pD & if a &;ü
w&m;rQwatmif qkH;jzwfE dki fbdkY& efv nf ; ouf aorsm;ud k xyf q ih f Ed k if jcif ;?
vdktyfonfh oufaocHypönf;rsm;udk a&SUawmfodkY wifoGif;&ef trdefYxkwfjcif;
wdkYudkvnf;jyKEdkifonf/ w&m;rusihfxkH;ESihf &mZ0wfusihfxkH;rsm;wGif rlvXme
ppfaq;aom w&m;olBuD;\ þrnfaomudpörsm;wGif okH;EdkifonhftmPmrsm;udk
twdtvif;yg&Sdayonf/ xdktmPmrsm;udk okH;jcif;tm;jzihf w&m;pD&ifa&;ü
w&m;rQwrIudk xda&mufpGm aqmif&GufEdkifayvdrhfrnf/ t,lcH½Hk;rsm;odkY atmuf
rlv½Hk;rS pD&ifcsufrsm;udk t,lcHMum;emaomtcg vdktyfaomoufaoudk rppf
jcif;jzihf4if;? oufaorsm;ppfaq;&mü trI\tjcif;t&mrsm;ESihf oufqdkif aom
vdktyfonhf tcsuftvufrsm;udk aphiSpkHvifpGm azmfxkwfjcif;r&Sdjcif;aMumihf trI
rsm;udk jyefvnfppfaq;&ef ay;ydkYjcif; rMumcPjzpf&onf/ þuJhodkY jzpf&jcif;rSm
rlvw&m;olBuD;rsm;\ ppfaq;&mü trI\t"dutcsuftvufrsm;udk owd
rrljcif;aMumihf trIrsm;udk jyefvnfppfaq;&ef ay;ydkYjcif;rMumcPjzpf&onf/
þuJhodkYjzpf&jcif;rSm rlv w&m;olBuD;rsm;\ ppfaq;&mü trI\ t"dutcsuf
tvufrsm;udk *½krrljcif;aMumihfjzpf&onf/ þtjzpftysufrsm;onf trIonf
rsm;udk epfemonfomru aiGa&;aMu;a&;ESihf tcsdefrsm;udk jzKef;wD;&ma&muf
onfudk txl;ajym&efrvdkay/ ,cktcgor,ü aomif;usef;rIrsm;a&maESmae
ojzihf oufaorsm;qihfac:&mwGif rvma&mufí aESmihfaES;MuefYMum&jcif;?
vdktyfaomoufaorsm;udkvnf; qihfac:onhftcgür&jcif;? oufaorsm;udk
&SmrawGU jcif;paom tcuftcJrsm;&Sdaeonf rSm rSef\/ odkYaomfw&m;pD&ifa&;\
t"du tcsuf onf w&m;rQwrIjzpfonfESihftrQ xdktcuftcJrsm;aMumihf

vufavQmhNyD; vdktyfaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk rppfaq;bJ awmfpGmavQmfpGmjzihf
pD&ifcsufcsrSwv f ukd yf gu w&m;pD&ifa&;r@dKifBu;D udk xdcu kd af yvdrrfh nf/ þ uJo h Ykd
rjzpfay:atmif rlvppfaq;aom w&m;olBuD;rsm;onf þudpöudk txl;*½k
wpdkufaqmif&Guf&ef uRefawmfwdkufwGef;vdkygonf/ rlvw&m;pD&ifa&;ü ppfaq;
aom w&m;olBu;D rsm;\ xnfxnf0g0g cHnm;aom taqmifta,mif½;kH \ ta
qmuf t OD ; rsm;ES i h f y wf o uf í aomf 4 if ; ? 4if ; wd k Y t m;vl x k t rI o nf a&S U ae
a&S U &yf r sm;ES i h f quf q H & mü *g&0w&m;xm;jcif ; \ tusKd ; aus;Zl ; rsm;ud k 4 if ;
EdkifiHawmfw&m;0efBuD;csKyfu >rufMum;oGm;ygonf/ odkYaomf uRefawmfwck txl;
ajymMum;vdkaom tcsufwcsufrSm rlvtrIrsm;udk ppfaq;aom w&m;olBuD;rsm;
onf oufaorsm;udk4if;wdkY\a&SU0,fü ppfaq;&mwGiftxl;pdwf&Snf vuf&Snf
jzihf w&m;olBu;D wd\ Yk odum© ESifh ,Ofaus;rI&adS p&rnf/ ½H;k wuf½;kH qif;tcsdeüf vnf;
tcsed u f kd av;pm;rSeu f efap &rnf/ w&m;cGiaf y:xdik o f nfEiS w fh NyKd ifeuf wdik ;f jynf\
w&m;pD&ifa&;r@dKifBuD;udk ig\w&m;rQwaom qkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwf jcif;wdkYjzihf
ig\od u © m orm"d w d k Y j zih f cd k i f j rJ o nf x uf cd k i f j rJ a tmif jzpf a p&rnf [ k
t"d | mef j yK&ayrnf / a&S U aea&S U &yf r sm;\ avQmuf v J c suf r sm;? jiif ; csuf r sm;
Mum;emonhftcgüvnf; pdwf&Snfvuf&Snfjzihf Mum;emí rnfodkYyif 4if;wdkYESihf
t,ltquGJvGJapumrl w&m;pD&ifa&;\ cHhnm;jrihfjrwfaom *kPfodu©mudk
apmihfpnf;í Mum;em&ayrnf/ þuJhodkY wOD;ESihfwOD;qufqHrSomvQif "usD;udk
bkwf½dkao? bkwfudkusD;½dkao" qdkovdk w&m;pD&ifa&;r@dKifBuD;\ *kPfodu©mudk
jr§ifhwifEdkifayvdrhfrnf/ aemufwcsuftxl;owdjyK&efrSm trIonfwOD;onf
w&m;½Hk;awmfodkY w&m;&mw&m;aMumif; tjrefcsrSwfap&efESihf udk,hf epfemcsufudk
tjref j yif q if a p&ef w&m;pG J q d k j cif ; jzpf & m rd r d & nf r S e f ; onh f t wd k i f ; rjzpf b J
wbuf t rI o nf \ y&d , m,f j zih f 4 if ; ? 4if ; \a&S U ae\ y&d , m,f j zih f 4 if ; ?
trsKd;rsKd;aom taMumif;jycsufrsm;jzihf r[kwfrrSefaom xkacscsufjzihf4if;
&ufcsde;f rsm;udk rMumcPawmif;jcif;jzih4f if;? &Snv f sm;aom jiif;csufrsm;xkwjf cif;
jzihf4if; trIudkqGJí rMumMumatmifvkyfjcif;jzihf wbuftrIonftm; aiGaMu;
ukefapí pdwfysufatmif? vufavsmhatmif jyKvkyfwwfavonf/ þuJhodkY
rzG,f&maom OmPfeDOmPfeuf enf;y&d,m,fwdkYonf w&m;pD&ifa&;ESihf w&m;½Hk;
wdkYudk tvGJokH;pm;jyKjcif;yifjzpfavonf/ þodkYjyKvkyfjcif;rsKd;udk Muyfwnf;pGm

wm;qD;&rnhf wm0efonf w&m;olBuD;rsm;\ wm0efjzpfonf/ &mZ0wfrIrsm;pD&if
&müvnf; w&m;rrIrsm; ppfaq;&ovdkyif oufaooufum,rsm;udk aphiSpkHvif
pGm ppfaq;jcif;tm;jzihf t,lcH½Hk; wufa&mufaomtcg vG,fulapygonf/
w&m;rrIrsm;udk ppfaq;&mü usihfokH;aom pnf;urf;enf;vrf;rsm;twdkif;vnf;
&mZ0wfrIrsm;ppfaq;&mü okH;jcif;tm;jzihf vdktyfonhfc&D;udk a&mufonfudk
txl;ajym&efrvdkay/ trIppfaq;&mwGif pkHpkHaphaphr&Sdygu t,lcH½Hk;rS wzef
ppfaq;aom½Hk;odkY vdktyfaomtcsuftvufrsm;udk xyfrHppfaq;&ef jyefydkYvQif
trIonf rMumoihfbJ Mumaeayvdrhfrnf/ w&m;cHonf tcsKyfüqufvufí
&uf&Snfvanmif;aeap& jyefavonf/ þtjzpftysufrsm;onf rvdktyfaom
tjzpf t ysuf r sm;jzpf y gonf / a&S m if E d k i f o rQ a&S m if E d k i f & ef av;av;euf e uf
wdkufwGef;ygonf/ wcgw&H rlv½Hk;\ ayghqpGm ppfaq;rIaMumihf jypf'Pfay;oihf
aom w&m;cHrsm; t,lcHwGifvTwfoGm;&jcif; rMumcP awGU&Sd&onf/ þtjzpf
tysufrsKd;udk rjzpfap&ef av;eufpGm uRefawmfwdkufwGef;ygonf/ odkYtwGuf
aMumihf rlvtrIrsm;udk ppfaq;aomw&m;olBuD;rsm;wdkYonf atmufygtcsufBuD;
rsm;udk *½kwpdkufjyKí vdkufemusihfokH;apvdkayonf/
(1) odu©morm"d&Sdí trIppfaq;&mwGif aphiSpkHvifatmif oufao
om"ursm; oufaocHcsufrsm; trIwGJüygatmif ppfaq;&rnf/
(2) trIonfoufaorsm;ESihf wdkuf½dkufqufqH&olrsm;jzpfí 4if;wdkY
\ trlt&m tajymtqdk? EIwftrlt&m? udk,ftrlt&mwdkYudk
txl;wvnfrSwfom;í w&m;pD&ifqkH;jzwf&mwGif w&m;rQwrIudk
&nf&G,fí qkH;jzwf&rnf/
(3) a&SUaea&SU&yfrsm;ESihf qufqHjcif;? vlxkESihf qufqHjcif;wdkYwGif
,Ofaus;odrfarGU pGmjzihf qufqH&rnf/
(4) w&m;olBuD;\ *kPfodu©mESihf w&m;pD&ifa&;ü wdk;wuf&mwdk;wuf
aMumif;udk txl;ay:vGifxif&Sm;ap&eftxl;BudK;pm;&rnf/
(5) rdrdwdkYppfaq;aom trIrsm;onf trI\ &mZ0ifpwnfjcif;jzpfí
xdktajcay:wGif w&m;pD&ifqkH;jzwfjcif; jyK&ojzihf xdktajc
raumif;u w&m;pD&ifa&;r@dKifBuD;udk xdcdkufrnfjzpfaMumif;udk
txl;owdjyK&rnf/
'kwd,tcsuf pD&ifxkH;rsm;udk tudk;tum;jyKí jzpfay:aom Oya'ESihf
ywfoufí uRefawmfajymMum;vdkonfrSm trIMum;emppfaq;aom w&m;olBuD;
rsm;onf Oya'jyKXmerS jy|mef;xm;aom Oya'\t"dyÜm,ft& jypfrIaomf4if;?
jypf'Pfaomf4if; csrw S &f mü vG,uf o
l nf/ wduspmG jy|mef;xm;aom Oya' w&yf\
jy|mef;csuftwdkif; qkH;jzwf&müvnf; vG,fulayonf/ jy|mef;xm;aom Oya'\
pum;vk;H rsm;\ t"dymÜ ,fukd ,lqjcif;omjzpfonf/ þuJo h Ykd t"dymÜ ,fukd ,lq&mü
Oya'jy|mef ; csuf o nf &S i f ; vif ; ygu rsm;pG m rcJ , Of ; vS a y/ od k Y a omf
r&Sif;rvif;jzpfaeygu xdkpum;vkH;ESihfywfoufí w&m;pD&ifxkH;rsm;u b,fvdk
t"dyÜm,f,lqoihfonf[k qkH;jzwfxm;ygvQif xdkt"dyÜm,ftwdkif; ,lq&ay
vdrhfrnf/ þtcsufü pD&ifxkH;rsm;u jzpfay:vmonhfOya'udk w&m;olBuD;rsm;u
jy|mef;jyKvkyfaomOya'[k ajymavhajymx&Sdavonf/ Oya'jyKXmeu jy|mef;
vdkufaomOya'udk ,lq&mü pD&ifxkH;rsm;u ay;xm;aomt"dyÜm,fudk wcgw&H
jzpfay:apavonf/ odkYtwGufaMumihf Oya'jyKXmeu r&nf&G,faom Oya'
jy|mef;csufrsm;udk w&m;ppfaq;aom w&m;olBuD;rsm;\ t"dyÜm,f,lqcsuf
rsm;jzihf wvGJwacsmf &nf&G,fonhf t"dyÜm,fraygufbJ vdk&mra&mufaom tjzpf
tysurf sK;d udk rMumcPawGU&onf/ w&m;ravsmaf Mu;rIrsm; (Torts) ESifh ywfoufí
ajrmufrsm;pGmaom rIcif;rsm;udk qkH;jzwf&mwGif w&m;Oya'jyK vTwfawmfrS
wdusjy|mef;xm;aom Oya'rsm;t& qkH;jzwfjcif;r[kwf w&m;olBuD; rsm;u
w&m;pD&ifxkH;rsm;wGif qkH;jzwfxm;aom Oya'rsm;udk tokH;tpGJjyKí csrSwfaom
trIrsm; rsm;pGm&Sdayonf/ OyrmqdkvQif w&m;raMumif;ESihf toa& zsufrI
w&m;pG J a omtcg avsmf a Mu;ay;&aomud p ö w G i f Oya'jyKXmerS wd u spG m
jy|mef;xm;onhf Oya't& avsmfaMu; ay;oihf ray;oihf qkH;jzwfjcif;r[kwf
w&m;pD&ifxkH;rsm;rS jzpfay:vmaom Oya't&om qkH;jzwfjcif; jzpfonfudk
awGU&S&d ayonf/ xdek nf;wlpmG yif y#dnmOfOya'ü y#dnmOf jyKvkyo f El pS Of ;D wdo
Yk nf
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pmcsKyfjyKvkyf xm;ygaomfvnf; r&nfrSef;aomtaMumif; waMumif;aMumihf4if;
jyKcJah om y#dnmOftwdik ;f raqmif&u G Ef ikd jf cif; (Frustration) aMumihyf sufjy,fonf/
wOD;ay:wOD; tjypfcsEdkifjcif;r&Sd[k csrSwfxm;aom t*FvdyfpD&ifxkH;rsm;wdkYonf
w&m;olBuD;rsm;\ pD&ifjzwfxkH;rsm;rS jzpfay:aom w&m;Oya'w&yfjzpfayonf/

odt Yk wGuaf Mumihf w&m;pD&ifx;Hk rsm;rS jzpfay: aom w&m;Oya'w&yfjzpfayonf/
odkYtwGufaMumihf w&m;pD&ifxkH;rsm;rS jzpfay:aom Oya'udk trSDo[JjyKí
w&m;pD&if qkH;jzwf&mwGif txl;*½kwpdkuf jyKoihfayonf/
w&m;pD&ifa&;wGif wduspGmjy|mef;xm;aom tufOya'rsm;udk trSDo[J
jyKpD&if&jcif; jyK&onfomru w&m;pD&ifxkH;rsm;rS jzpfay:vmaom Oya'rsm;
udkvnf; tajrmuftrsm; tudk;tum;jyKí qkH;jzwfMuonf/ odkYtwGufaMumihf
pD&ifxkH;wckudk trSDo[JjyKí w&m;pD&if&mwGif atmufygtcsufBuD;rsm;udkrsm;pGm
*½krl&ayvdrhfrnf/
(1) rdrdqkH;jzwf&rnhftrIrsm;ESihf tudk;tum;jyKonhf pD&ifxkH; tcsif;
t&mrsm;onf xyfwlxyfrQ jzpf rjzpf?
(2) pD&ifxkH;wck\ qkH;jzwfcsufonf xdktrI\ aMumif;csif;&mrsm;
ay:wGif pD&ifxm;onfom jzpfaMumif;/ pD&ifxkH;rsm;udk tudk;
tum;jyKonhftcgü pD&ifxkH;\ acgif;pOfudkomrbwfbJ pD&ifxkH;
wckvkH;udk tprS tqkH;bwfí xdkpD&ifxkH;jyKvkyf&mü rnfonhf
twGufaMumihf rnfonhftaMumif;csif;&maMumihf rnfonhf
tjzpftysufrsKd;aMumihf xdkuJhodkYqkH;jzwf&jcif;udk tao;pdwf
odap&rnf/ Ratio Decidendi udkod&rnf/
(3) qefuGJESihf zGJod&ovdk pD&ifxkH;\ tqDtESpfudk od&ayrnf/
tudk;tum;jyKonhf pD&ifxkH;wGif csrSwfonhf w&m;olBuD;u
a,bk,stm;jzihf >ruf[ajymqdkoGm;aom Obiter Dictum udk
pifppfqkH;jzwf csrSwfvdkufaom t"dutcsufrsm;ESihf cGJjcm;&rnf/
xdkt"dutcsufrsm;udk *½krrlbJESihf pD&ifxkH;rsm;rS jzpfay:aom Oya'udk
orefum&Sefum xnhfoGif;pOf;pm;NyD; pD&ifcsufwckwGif csrSwfvdkufygu w&m;
pD&ifa&;ü rsm;pGmxdcdkufonfudk rMumcPawGU&ayonf/ trIwrIESihf wrI
xyfwlxyfrQjzpfí pD&ifxkH;Oya'udk tudk;tum;jyKEdkifaom trIrsm;vnf;
&S d a yrnf / od k Y a omf pD & if x k H ; \ aMumif ; csif ; &mrsm;ud k aocsmpG m avh v mjcif ;
rjyKjcif;aMumihfwaMumif; trIudkqkH;jzwf&mwGif rnfonhftcsif;t&mrsm;ay:wGif
rnfonhfOya'tcsuftvufay:wGif qkH;jzwfxm;onfudk aocsmpGm ravhvm
jcif;aMumih4f if; trIEpS rf t I aMumif;udk em;rvnfjzpfcb hJ ;l ygonf/ xdEk pS rf rI mS 1929

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jzpf y gonf / xd k t rI E S p f r I w d k Y o nf tcsif ; jzpf taMumif ; t&mrsm;rS m
xyfwlxyfrQvdkyifjzpfMuonf/ wrIrSm w&m;vdk½IH;í wrIrSm w&m;vdku EdkifoGm;
onfudk awGU&ygonf/ odkYaomf trI\ tcsif;jzpfaMumif;t&mudk aocsmpGm
avh v maomtcg trIE Sp fr Ip vkH;wGi f uav;ol i,f rsm;onf jcH 0if ;w0if ;&S d
vnfaom pufckHwckay:odkY oGm;íupm;ojzihf uav;rsm; 'Pf&m&í pufydkif&Sif
udk w&m;pGJ&mü trIwrIwGif pufydkif&Sifu avQmfaMu;ay;&onf/ trIwpfrIwGif
avQmfaMu;ray;&/ tcsif;jzpftaMumif; t&mudk tao;pdwf avhvmaomtcg
trIwrIwGif pufydkif&Sifonf xdkvnfaom pufbD;ckHBuD;udk rdrdwdkuf½dkufiSm;&rf;
onhf tvkyform;rsm;ESihf tvkyfvkyfí avQmfaMu;ay;&aMumif; od&onf/
tjcm;trIwrIwGif þuJhodkYr[kwfbJ vnfaeaom pufckHBuD;\ ydkif&Sifudk,fwdkif
xd k p uf c k H u d k tk y f c sKyf a pmih f a &S m uf j cif ; rjyKbJ uH x ½d k u f w OD ; ud k i S m ;í 4if ;
uHx½dkufwm\ vufatmufcHjzpfaom tcdkif;aprsm;\ ayghqrIaMumihf uav;
wa,muf'Pf&m&í ydkif&Sifudk w&m;pGJ&mü ydkif&SifrSmwm0efr&Sd avQmfaMu;
ray;&aMumif; awGU&S&d onf/ ESprf w I iG f ay:ayguf aom tjcm;tcsif;jzpftaMumif;
t&m OyrmjcH0if;twGif; t0ifcHonf rcHonf pufudk b,ftcsdefvnfonf
b,ftcsdefrvnfonfpaom tcsif;t&mrsm; onf xyfwlxyfrQjzpfavonf/
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pD&ifxkH;wGifyg&Sdaom trItaMumif;csif;&mrsm;udk txl;avhvmoihfaMumif;udk
xif&Sm;apygonf/ aemufwcsufrSm trIpD&ifxkH;rsm; csrSwfaom½Hk;\ tqihf
twef;udk owdjyKapvdkonf/ jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHawmf w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyf
\ pD&ifcsufonf tm;vkH;&SdorQ atmuf½Hk;wdkY rvdkufembJ raeEdkifyg/ xdkenf;wl
qihfuJqihfuJ txuf½Hk;u csrSwfaom pD&ifxkH;udkvdkufemoihfu vdkufem&ef
jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf ½Hk;ESpf½Hk;tqihftwef;onfwlnDaeygvQif w½Hk;u w½Hk;\
pD&ifxkH;udkvdkufemoihf vdkufem&ayonf/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf½Hk;rsm;rS
vGJí tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;rS qkH;jzwfaom pD&ifxkH;rsm;onf rnfodkYyifxdk½Hk;rsm;\
tqihftwef; jrihfapumrl rnfodkYyifoihfawmf apumrl ¤if;pD&ifxkH;rsm;onf
rvdkufemrae&aom w&m;pD&ifxkH;rsm; r[kwfay/ odkYaomf xdk½Hk;rsm;\ tqihf
twef;udk taxmuftxm;jyKí av;pm;EdkiforQ av;pm;&aom pD&ifxkH;rsm;

jzpfayonf/ wcgw&HrnfodkYyif xifa&mifxifrSm; jzpfaeaom Oya'tcsuf
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wnf j rJ a eaom Oya'w&yf [ k v nf ; rS w f , l & aompD & if x k H ; rsm;&S d a yonf /
xdpk &D ifx;Hk rsm;udk w&m;pD&ifa&;ü txl;*½kpu kd í
f 4if;wdu Yk kd Stare decisis tjzpfjzihf
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wmfwdkufwGef;jcif;jzpfygonf/ <ua&mufMuaom w&m;olBuD; rsm;tm;vkH;wdkYonf
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wdkYonf udk,fpdwfESpfjzmcsrf;omokcESihf tpnf;ta0;BuD;wGif tMuHaumif;
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uRefawmf 'DnDvmcHudktqkH;rowfrD pum;tenf;i,fajymjcif;jzihf ,ck
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0efBuD;rif;ESihf twGif;0efrif;wdkY yg0ifaqG;aEG;Muí olwdkYonf w&m;olBuD;rsm;
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aemifESpfrsm; rSmvnf; tvm;wlnDvmcHrsm; bdwfac:usif;yrnf[k ,aeYtwd
tvif;ausnmcJhygNyD/ 0efBuD;rif;u w&m;pD&ifa&;wGif rdrdvnf; rnfonhf
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wOD;csif;taejzihfaomf4if; tpdk;& tzGJUtaejzihfaomf4if; w&m;pD&ifa&;wGif
rnf o nh f t cgurQ r0if p G u f c J h MuaMumif ; ? aemif u d k v nf ; 0if p G u f M urnf
r[k w f a Mumif ; rd e f Y M um;í oG m ;ygonf / xd k r d e f Y M um;csuf u d k uRef a wmf
&J 0 H h p G m axmuf c H y g onf / 0ef B uD ; csKyf E S i h f t pd k ; &tzG J U 0if 0ef B uD ; rsm;onf
wOD;csif;aomf4if;? tzGJU vdkufaomf4if;? rnfonhf tcgurQ w&m;pD&ifa&;wGif
0if p G u f c J h M ujcif ; r&S d y g/ aemif u d k v nf ; 0if p G u f M uvd r h f r nf r[k w f [ k
uRef a wmf , k H M unf p d w f c sygonf / trS e f p if p pf t m;jzih f ol w d k Y 0if p G u f cJ h j cif ;
r&SdaMumif;udk omreftm;jzihfqdkaomf uRefawmf\ pum;xJwGif xnhfí ajymbdkYyif
rvdkyg/ odkY&mwGif ,cktcgrSm tcsKdUu r[kwfrrSef vkyfMuHpGyfpGJcJhaom aMumihfom
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tul t nD j zih f atmif j rif v d r h f r nf [ k ,k H M unf a rQmf v ih f b G , f &S d y gonf /
vmrnhfnDvmcHrsm;rSmvnf; ,cknDvmcHrSm wifoGif;aqG;aEG;cJhaom tqdkrsm;ESihf
tMuHOmPfrsm;uJhodkY odkYr[kwf 4if;wdkY xufyif ydkrdkíaumif;rGefaom tqdkrsm;ESihf
tMuHOmPfrsm;udk&vdrhfrnf[k uRefawmfrsm; ,kHMunfarQmfvihfygonf/ þnDvmcH
odYk wufa&mufvmMuaom nDawmfrsm;onf rdrw d q
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cvk y f r xd ql ; rNid b J jyef í a&muf M uygap? rd r d w d k Y w m0ef 0 wÅ & m;rsm;ud k

qxufxrf;ydk;wdk;í xrf;aqmifEdkifMuygap? trIrsm;udk w&m;ESihftnD ppfaq;
pD&ifjcif;onf ewfjynfa&mufaMumif; o*¾r*¾c&D;jzpfonf[k jrwfpGmbk&m;
a[mMum;awmfrlcJhonhftwdkif; xdkewfjynfa&mufaMumif; vrf;c&D;rSmwGifwGifBuD;
csDwufEdkifMuygap/
y?r?A?p?- trSwf 125? w&m;a&;0efBuD;Xme? 27-11-1957-2000-6?/
* * * * *
jrefrmhordkif;0ifpmcsKyfrsm;
(&EÅydkpmcsKyf? atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyf? yifvkHpmcsKyfESifh EktufwvDpmcsKyf)
okawoetzGJU
1/ &EÅydkpmcsKyf
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okH;BudrfwdkifqifETJcJh&onf/ xdkodkY okH;BudrfwdkifppfyGJqifETJcJh&aomfvnf; jrefrmwdkY
rSme,fcsJUt*FvdyfwdkYESifh vufeuftiftm;? enf;ynmtiftm;csif;r,SOfomaoma
Mumihf olUuRefb0odkY usa&mufcJh&onf/ olUuRefb0odkYusa&mufcJh&mwGif &EÅydk
pmcsKyfonf yxrqkH; jrefrmwdkY½HI;edrhfcHcJh&jcif; rSwfwrf;tjzpfordkif;wGifcJhonf/
&EÅydkaus;&Gmonf jrefrmEdkifiHtxufydkif;? tif;0NrdKUa[mif;rS awmifbuf
rdkif (¤0)tuGm ? jrif;jcHNrdKUrS txufajcmufrdkiftuGm? {&m0wDjrpf ta&SUbuf
urf;ay:wGif wnf&Sdaom acwftqufqufu ,aeYwdkifonftxd tdk;vkyfief;
udk t"duvkyfudkifvsuf&Sdonhf &Gmuav;wpf&Gmjzpfonf/ tqdkyg&Gmuav;wGif
vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;(190) ausmfcefYtcsdef? jrefrmouú&mZf 1187 ckESpf? waygif;
vjynhfausmf ¤ &uf? c&pfouú&mZf 1826 ckESpf? azaz:0g&Dv 2¤ &ufaeYwGif
yxr t*Fvyd f jrefrmppfyu JG kd ajyNird ;f ap&eftwGuf &EÅypkd mcsKyfukd csKyfqckd hJ Muonf/
pmcsKyfcsKyfqdk&mwGif yg0ifolrsm;rSm jrefrmbufrS ppfolBuD; v,fudkif;
NrdKUpm;0efBuD; rif;BuD;r[mrif;vSausmfxif? usD0ef twGif;0efrif;BuD; r[m
rif ; vS o D [ ol w d k Y E S i f h t*F v d y f w d k Y b uf r S Ad k v f c sKyf t mcD b ,f v f u if ; b,f v f
(Archibald Cambell) ta&;ydkif a&mbwfqef (Robertson)? ESifh a&wyft&m&Sd
uyÜwdef&pfcswfbmcsf (Capt.Richard Birch ) wdkYjzpfMuonf/
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(a'gufwm*syfqif)ESifh q&my½dkufwdkYu pum;jyeftjzpfaqmif&Gufay;cJhonf/
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1199) vufxufwGif csKyfqdkcJhaom pmcsKyfjzpfonf/ ppfudkif;rif; (bBuD;awmf)
220 မြန်မာ့သမိုင်းဝင်စာချုပ်များ
onf c&pfouú&mZf 1819 ckESpf? ZGefv 5 &ufaeYwGif bdk;awmfrif;w&m;ac:

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eef;wufvmjcif;jzpfonf/
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oGef;yGJodkY rPdyl&apmfbGm; rm*spfqif; wufa&muf&ef ysufuGufcJhonf/ (rPdyl&
apmfbGm; rm*spfqif;onf 1813 ckESpf A'kHrif;vufxufwGif jrefrmwdkYu apmfbGm;
t½dkuft&mudk wifay;xm;cJholjzpfonf/) xdkodkY ysufuGufjcif;onf awmfvSef
ykefuefjcm;em;jcif;yifjzpfonf[k ppfudkif;rif;u ,lqNyD; rPdyl&odkY jrefrmwyf
rsm;ud k apvT w f c J h o nf / rPd y l & apmf b G m ; rm*spf q if ; onf jref r mwyf r sm;\
wdkufcdkufrIudk rcHEdkifaomaMumihf ucsm (Cachar) e,fodkY xGufajy;cJh&onf/
ucsme,frSm NAdwdoQydkif qDv[wf (Sylhet) e,fESifh qufpyfaeonf/
1823 ck E S p f w G i f ucsme,f t wG i f ; od k Y jref r mwyf r sm;0if a &muf u m
rm*spfqif;\ wyfrsm;udk wdkufcdkuf&m ucsme,ftwGif;a&mufESifhaeaom NAdwdoQ
wyfrsm;ESifh &ifqdkif wdkufyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ þodkYjzihf rPdyl&ta&;tcif;rS
ucsmta&;odYk ul;ajymif;oGm;Ny;D NAw d od QwEYkd iS hf roihrf wihjf zpf&aom tajctaeodYk
qduk af &mufomG ;cJ&h ayonf/ 182¤ ckEpS ?f rwfv(5) &ufaeYwiG f tdE, d´ bk&ifccH sKyf
avmh'ftif;[wf (Lord Amherst) u jrefrmESifh ppfjzpfaeNyD jzpfaMumif; w&m;0if
aMunmcJo h nf/ tmoH? rPdy&l ? yef;0ga'o rsm;wGif wdu k yf t JG Bu;D tus,fjzpfymG ;
onf/ xdktwGif;rSmyifNAdwdoQwyfrsm;onf 182¤ ckESpf arv(10) &ufaeYwGif
&efukefNrdKUodkY 0ifa&mufaomtcgwGif jrefrmwdkY bufrS NrdKUapmifhwyfrQom&Sd
aomaMumih f Nrd K UwG i f ; rS qk w f a y; cJ h & onf / xd k Y a emuf Nrd K Uapmif h w yf o nf
Munfjrihfwdkif t&yfwGif cHppfjyifqifcJhonf/ ppfudkif;rif; apvTwfvdkufaom
jref r mwyf r sm;onf v nf ; &ef u k e f N rd K Uod k Y ta&muf aemuf u s cJ h o nf /
&efukefppfrsufESmwGif jrefrmwdkYbufrS ta&;rvSaomaMumihf r[mAE¨Kv onf
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jrefrmwyfrsm;onf "EkjzLNrdKUudk vufvTwfí jrefrmjynftxufydkif;odkY qkwfcGm
ay;cJhMu&onf/ jynfNrdKUESifh 0ufxD;uefusoGm;NyD;aemuf jrefrm wyfrawmfonf
ajrxJ? rvGef? yk*H? anmifOD;? qNrdwfckH tp&Sdonhf NrdKU&Gmrsm;odkY tqihfqihf

qkwfcGmvmcJh&m aemufqkH;wGif NAdwdoQwyfrsm;onf &EÅydkaus;&Gmtxd csDwuf
a&muf & S d v mcJ h o nf / xd k t cgwG i f ppf a jyNid r f ; a&;pum;qd k & ef ppf u d k i f ; rif ;
(bBuD;awmf)u ,k'oef (Dr,Adoniram Judson) ESifh a'gufwmy½dkuf (Dr, Price)
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Treaty of Yandaboo
Treaty of Yandaboo
( 24 February 1826 )
_______________________________________________________________
TREATY of PEACE between the Honorable East India Company on
the one part, and His Majesty the King of Ava on the other, Settled by
Major-General Sir Archibald Campbell, K.C.B, and K.C.T.S.,
Commanding the Expedition, and Senior Commissioner in Pegu and
Ava, Thomas Campmell Robertson, Esquire, Civil Commissioner in
Pegu and Ava, and Henry Ducie Chad, Esquire, Captain, Commanding
His Britannic Majesty's and the Honorable Company's Naval Force on
the Irrawaddy River, on the part of the Honorable Company, and by
Mengyee-Maha-Men-Klah-Kyan-Ten Woongyee, Lord of Lay-Kaing,
and Mengyee-Mara-Klah-Shee-hah-Thoo-Atwen-Woon, Lord of the
Revenue, on the part of the King of Ava, who have each communicated
to the other their full powers, agreed to and executed at Yandaboo in
the Kingdom of Ava, on this 24th day of February, in the year of Our
Lord , 1826 , corresponding with the fourth day of the decrease of the
Moon Taboung, in the year 1187, Gaudma Era: -
ARTICLE I.
THERE shall be perpetual peace and friendship between the
Honorable Company on the one part, and His Majesty the King of
Ava on the other.
ARTICLE II.
His Majesty the King of Ava renounces all claims upon, and will
abstain from all future interference with, the principality of Assam
and its dependencies, and also with the contiguous petty States of
Cachar and Jyntia. With regard to Munnipoor it is stipulated, that
should Ghumbheer Sing desire to return to that country, he shall be
recognized by the King of Ava as Rajah thereof.
ARTICLE III.
To prevent all future disputes respecting the boundary line
between the two great Nations, the British Government will retain the
conquered Provinces of Arracan, including the four divisions of

Arracan, Ramree, Cheduba, and Sandoway, and His Majesty the King
of Ava cedes all right thereto. The Unnoupectoumien or Arakan
Mountains (known in Arakan by the name of the Yeomatoung or
Pokhingloung Range) will henceforth form the boundary between
the two great Nations on that side. Any doubts regarding the said line
of demarcation will be settled by Commissioners appointed by the
respective governments for that purpose, such Commissioners from
both powers to be of suitable and corresponding rank.
ARTICLE IV.
His Majesty the King of Ava cedes to the British Government the
conquered Provinces of Yeh, Tavoy, and Mergui and Tenasserim, with
the islands and dependencies thereunto appertaining, taking the
Salween River as the line of demarcation on that frontier ; any doubts
regarding their boundaries will be settled as specified in the
concluding part of Article third.
ARTICLE V.
In proof of the sincere disposition of the Burmese Government to
maintain the relations of peace and amity between the Nations, and
as part indemnification to the British Government for the expenses
of the War, His Majesty the King of Ava agrees to pay the sum of one
crore of Rupees.
ARTICLE VI.
No person whatever, whether native or foreign, is hereafter to be
molested by either party, on account of the part which he may have
taken or have been compelled to take in the present war.
ARTICLE VII.
In order to cultivate and improve the relations of amity and peace
hereby established between the two governments, it is agreed that
accredited ministers, retaining an escort or safe guard of fifty men,
from each shall reside at the Durmar of the other, who shall be
permitted to purchase, or to build a suitable place of residence, of
permanent materials ; and a Commercial Treaty, upon principles of
reciprocal advantage, will be entered into by the two high contracting
powers.
ARTICLE VIII.
All public and private debts contracted by either government, or
by the subjects of either government, with the others previous to the
war, to be recognized and liquidated upon the same principles of
honor and good faith as if hostilities had not taken place between the
two Nations, and no advantage shall be taken by either party of the
period that may have elapsed since the debts were incurred, or in
consequence of the war ; and according to the universal law of
Nations, it is further stipulated, that the property of all British subjects
who may die in the dominions of His Majesty the King of Ava., shall,
in the absence of leggal heirs, be placed in the hands of the British
Resident or Consul in the said dominions, who will dispose of the
same according to the tenor of the British law. In like manner the
property of Burmese subjects dying under the same circumstances,
in and part of the British dominions, shall be made over to the
minister or other authority delegated by His Burmese Majesty to the
Supreme Government of India.
ARTICLE IX.
The King of Ava will abolish all exactions upon British ships or
vessels in Burman ports, that are not required from Burmah ships or
vessels in British port nor shall ships or vessels, the property of
British subjects, whether European or Indian, entering the Rangoon
River or other Burman ports, be required to land their guns, or unship
their rudders, or to do any other act not required of Burmese ships or
vessels in British ports.
ARTICLE X.
The good and faithful Ally of the British Government, His Majesty
the King of Siam, having taken a part in the present War, will, to the
fullest extent, as far as regards His Majesty and his subjects, be

included in the above Treaty.
ARTICLE XI.
This Treaty to be ratified by the Burmese authorities competent
in the like cases, and the Ratification to be accompanied by all
British, whether Europe or Native (American) and other prisoners,
who will be delivered over to the British Commissioners ; the British
Commissioners on their part engaging that the said Treaty shall be
ratified by the Right Honorable the Governor-General in Council,
and the Ratification shall be delivered to His Majesty the King of Ava
in four months, or sooner if possible, and all the Burmese prisoners
shall, in like manner be delivered over to their own Government as
soon as they arrive from Bengal.
LARGEEN MEONJA, (L.S) A. CAMPMELL, Major-

WOONgHEE. General, and Senior Com-
missioner
( Seal of the
Lotoo.
) (L.S) T. C. ROBERTSON, Civil
Commissioner.
SHWWAGUM WOON, (L.S) H. D. CHADS, Captain, Royal
ATAWOON Navy.
------------------------------
ADDITIONAL ARTICLE.
The British Commissioners being most anxiously desirous to
manifest the sincerity of their wish for peace, and to make the
immediate execution of the fifth Article of this Treaty as little irksome
or inconvenient as possible to His Majesty the King of Ava, consent to
the following arrangements, with respect to the division of the sum
total, as specified in the Article before referred to, into instalments,
viz., upon the payment of twenty-five lacks of Rupees, or one-fourth
of the sum total (the other Articles of the Treaty being executed), the
Army will retire to Rangoon. Upon the further payment of a similar
sum at that place within one hundred days from this date, with the
proviso as above, the Army will evacuate the dominions of His
Majesty the King of Ava with the least possible delay, leaving the
remaining moiety of the sum total to be paid by equal annual
instalments in two years, from this Twenty-fourth day of February
1826 A.D., through the Consul or Resident in Ava or Pegu, on the part
of the Honorable the East India Company.
LARGEEN MEONJA, (L.S) A. CAMPMELL, Major-

WOONgHEE. General, and Senior Com-
missioner
( Seal of the
Lotoo.
) (L.S) T. C. ROBERTSON, Civil
Commissioner.
SHWWAGUM WOON, (L.S) H. D. CHADS, Captain, Royal
ATAWOON Navy.
-------------------
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,m,DpDrHcsuf tufOya'ESifhwuG? ,if;Oya't& aumifpDwGif xkwfjyefvdkufaom
trdefY[lorQtwdkif; aqmif&GufoGm;vdrhfrnf/
tpdk;&wpfOD;wpfbuf\oabmwGif? txl;aqmif&Guf&ef vdkonf[k xifjrifaom
xl ; jcm;onh f taMumif ; tcsuf r sm;ay:ayguf v Q i f ? xd k t aMumif ; tcsuf r sm;ud k
vdkufavsm&ef ajymif;vJEdkifacs&SdvQif? rnfodkYaom ajymif;vJEdkifcsuf jyKvkyfEdkifonfudk
bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&u pOf;pm;vdrhfrnf/
3/ Mum;jzwfOya'jyKtzGJU
Mum;jzwfumvtwGif;? 19¤5 ckESpf tufOya'u jy|mef;onhftwdkif; jzpfaom
Oya'jyKaumifpDwpfck&Sdvdrhfrnf/ tcGihfjyKxm;aomOD;a&udk 50 rS 100 odkY wdk;jrSihf&ef
tmPmudk bk&ifrif;jrwftpd;k &u? aumifpw D iG f xkwjf yefaom trdejYf zihf &SmazGvrd rfh nf/
wdik ;f jynfjyKvw
T af wmftwGuf a&G;aumufwifajrm§ ufjcif;rsm; Ny;D qk;H onfEiS hf wNyKd ief uf?
bk&ifcHrif;BuD;onf? OD;a& 100 yg0ifaom Oya'jyKaumifpDwpfckudk trnfwyfcefYtyf
vdrhfrnf/ xdkaumifpDtzGJUwGif? wdkif;&if;om;r[kwfaom vlenf;pk rsm;\udk,fpm;
aqmif&Guf&ef vlOD;a& tenf;i,fudkyg0ifapvsuf? wdkif;jynfjyK vTwfawmfodkY
a&G;aumuf wifajr§mufvdkufaomolrsm;xJrS a&G;cs,fvdrhfrnf/
Oya'jyKaumifpD\ tmPmrsm;rSm? rMumao;rDu zsufodrf;vdkufaom OD;a& 50
yg0ifonhf Oya'jyKaumifpD &&Sdxm;aomtmPmrsm;ESifh xyfwlxyfrQ jzpfvdrhfrnf/
¤/ Mum;jzwftpdk;&
bk&ifcHrif;BuD;\ trIaqmifaumifpDonf? jrefrmEdkifiHawmf\ Mum;jzwftpdk;& jzpfvdrhf
rnf/ txufyg tydk'f 2 wGif azmfjycJhaom tjzLxnfabmiftwGif;wGif? qufvuf
wnf&rnfjzpfaom trIaqmifaumifpD? odkYr[kwf bk&ifcHrif;BuD;\ w&m;0iftmPm
rsm;udk rajymif;vJap&ef rjzpfEdkifaomfjim;vnf;? Mum;jzwftpdk;&onf? ,cktcg

tdE´d,Mum;jzwftpdk;&enf;wl a,bk,stm;jzihf aqmif&GufoGm;vdrhfrnfjyif? txl;
ojzihf -
(u) trIaqmifaumifpDudk? 'dkrDeD,Htpdk;&rsm;tm; &if;ESD;pGmwdkifyifESD;aESm
tav;*½kjyKbdouJhodkY jyKrlvdrhfrnhfjyif? trIaqmifaumifpDonf? EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;
aqmif&GufNrJwm0efrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&mü? tBuD;EdkifqkH;aom vGwfvyfcGihfudk &&Sd
vdrhfrnf/
0efBuD;tzGJUtpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;wGifbk&ifcHrif;BuD;u Ouú|tjzpfjzihf
aqmif&Gufjcif;ESifhywfoufí? 1935 ckESpf tufOya'wnfqJ oabmtwGif;
tokH;jyKaom "avhxkH;pHudk trIaqmifaumifpDESifh oufqdkif&mwGifyif qufvuf
usihfokH;vdrhfrnf/
(c) jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf? udk,fydkifb@ma&; tkyfcsKyfrI (aemufqufwGJ
c udkMunhfyg)udk &&Sdaprnf[k rltm;jzihf? bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;\tpdk;&u oabm
wlnDonf/
(*) umuG,fa&;ESifhEdkifiHjcm;a&;qdkif&mudpörsm;udk trIaqmifaumifpDwGif
wifoGif;vdrhfrnf/ trIaqmifaumifpDonf þta&;udpörsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif
tjynhftpkHwGJbuf aqmif&Gufvdrhfrnf/
(C) xdkudpörsm; aqmif&GufNrJwm0efudk bk&ifrif;BuD;u umuG,fa&;ESifh
EdkifiHjcm;a&; twdkifyifcH0efBuD;tm; wm0efvTJtyfvdrhfrnf/
w&m;0iftajctaewGif oufa&mufaom uefYowfcsufrsm;rSty
trIaqmifaumifpDtzGJUonf pDrHudef;ESifh tkyfcsKyfrIe,fy,fwGif ay:aygufaom udpö[l
orQudk ta&;qdk&efvnf;aumif;? pOf;pm;&efvnf;aumif;? aqG;aEG;&ef vnf;aumif;?
qkH;jzwf&efvnf;aumif; vkH;0vGwfvyfcGihf &Sdvdrhfrnf/
5/ EdkifiHjcm;a&;udpörsm;
vef'efNrdKUawmfwGif jrefrmtpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf aqmif&Guf&ef jrefrmEdkifiHawmf
twGuf r[mrif;BuD;wpfyg; cefYxm;apvdrhfrnf/ jrefrmEdkifiHawmfu wdkif;a&;jynfrI
aphpyfajymqdkol udk,fpm;vS,fvJvS,fvdkaom EdkifiHrsm;\ tpdk;&rsm;tm;? xdkuJhodkY
vJvS,fjcif;udk oabmwl&ef bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&u awmif;qdkvdrhfrnf/
6/ jynfaxmiftcsif;csif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ tzGJU0iftjzpf
urÇmuh v k or*¾tzGUJ 0if wpfO;D tjzpfjzihf yg0if&ef jrefrmEdik if aH wmf\ avQmufxm;csuu f kd
jrefrmEdkifiHawmf\ wdkif;jyKjynfjyKa&;tajctaeonf? xdkavQmufxm;csufrsdK;udk
vufcHEdkifavmufatmif jzpfonfESifhwNydKifeuf? bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&u vkH;0axmufcH
csuf a y;vd r h f r nf / þtawmtwG i f ; wG i f urÇ m h u k v or*¾ t zG J U u BuD ; rS L ;aom
tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHawmfu rnfrQavmuf yg0ifaqmif&GufEdkifonfudk
urÇmhukvor*¾\ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ESifh pkHprf;n§dEdIif;vdrhfrnf/
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfu csOf;uyfqufoG,fapvdkaom tjcm;aom jynfaxmiftcsif;csif;
tzGJUtoif;rsm;odkYvnf;? xdktzGJUrsm;\tvkyfwGif tzGJU0ifEdkifiHtjzpfjzihf? odkYr[kwf
tjcm;enf;jzihf jrefrmEdik if aH wmfu yg0ifaqmif&u
G Ef ikd f rEdik u
f kd axmufvrS ;f ppfa&Smufaom
oabmESifh csOf;uyfqufoG,fvdrhfrnf/
7/ umuG,fa&;
(u) wnfNrJvsuf&Sdaom vkyf½dk;vkyfpOftwdkif;? jrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif csxm;aom
NAdwdoQppfonfawmfrsm;tm;vkH;onf? bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&\ tqkH;pGefaom tkyfcsKyfrI
vufatmufwGif aevdrhfrnf/
(c) jrefrmppfonfawmf tm;vkH;wdkYrSm? jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&\ tkyfcsKyfrI
vufatmufodkY csufjcif;a&muf&Sdvdrhfrnf/
(*) jref r mEd k i f i H a wmf \ ppf A d k v f c sKyf B uD ; onf ? apmEd k i f o rQ apmapm
jzpfEdkifaomtcsdefü? bk&ifcHrif;BuD;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;& vufatmufcH jzpfap
&rnf[lonfudk rltm;jzihf bk&ifcHrif;jrwftpdk;&u oabmwlnDaMumif;/ odkY&mwGif
,ckt cdkuft wef Y rS m ? Ed k i f i H a ygif ; rsm;pG m wG i f yg0ifv suf& Sda om r[mrdw ftcsif;csif;
ppf b uf q d k i f & m tk y f c sKyf r I t pD t pOf r sm;ud k r½k y f o d r f ; ao;orQ jref r mEd k i f i H a wmf
ppfAdkvfcsKyfBuD;onf? ta&SUtm&Sawmifydkif; ukef;wyfrsm;? vufatmufcHjzpfaevdrhfrnf/
þumvtwGif; jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh qdkif&mtmPmydkifwdkYonf "r®wmtwdkif;yif
&if;ESD;pGmyl;aygif;aqmif &Gufvdrhfrnf/
a&wyf? avwyfrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;ívnf;? tvm;wl oihfwihfavsmufywfaom
tpDtpOfrsm;udk owfrSwfxm;vdrhfrnf/
(C) jref r mEd k i f i H a wmf umuG , f a &;wyf r sm; zG J U pnf ; jcif ; wG i f ? ul n D
axmuf y H h & ef j yóemonf ES p f O D ; aomtpd k ; &wd k Y aqG ; aEG ; &ef u d p ö jzpf a yvd r h f r nf /
bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&u þudpöwGif jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&tm; tpGrf;ukefulnD&ef qE´

&Sdaomfvnf;? urÇmay:&Sd tjcm;&yfuGufa'orsm;wGif ,lNyD;aom BuD;av;onhf wm0ef
rsm;udkvnf; *½kxm;ay;&ayOD;rnf/
(i) tkyfcsKyfa&;opf jzpfxGef;oufa&mufvmonhfaemuf? jrefrmEdkifiHawmf&Sd
NAdwdoQwyfrsm;udk qufvufxm;&Sd&ef? odkYr[kwf tokH;jyK&efjyóemrSm bk&ifrif;jrwf
tpdk;&ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&wdkY oabmwl&efudpö jzpfayvdrhfrnf/
8/ e,fjcm;a'orsm;
e,fjcm;a'orsm;ESifh 0efBuD;rsm;tkyfcsKyfaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmfudk xdka'orsm;wGif
aexdik af om olrsm;\ vGwv f yfaom oabmwlncD suEf iS hf tcsed rf aESmif; aygi;f pnf;jcif;
atmifjrif&efrSm bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&ESifh jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm; ESpfOD;ESpfbuf\
oabmwlNyD;aom &nf&G,fcsufjzpfonf/ þtawmtwGif; e,fjcm;&Sdvlrsm;onf
ESpOf ;D ESpb
f uf tusK;d &Sad omudprö sm;ESiyhf wfoufí ESpOf ;D ESpb f ufvufcEH ikd af om enf;jzihf
jrefrmEdik if aH wmftpd;k &wdEYk iS hf &if;ES;D pGm aygi;f oif;wGb
J uf&onf/ þonfwu Ykd kd arQmu
f ;kd í
oabmwlnDMuonfrSm -
(u) e,fjcm;a'ovlrsm;ESihf 0efBu;D rsm;tkycf sKyaf om jrefrmEdik if aH wmfvrl sm;onf?
twm;tqD;r&SdbJ vGwfvyfpGm ul;vl;qufqHjcif; &Sdap&rnf/
(c) (1) enf;jcm;udprö sm;ay:wiG f bk&ifcrH if;Bu;D udk tMuOH mPfay;&efEiS hf
trIaqmifaumifpDESifh &if;ESD;pGmqufqH&ef e,fjcm;udk,fpm;vS,f cefYxm;jcif;jzihf¤if;?
odkYr[kwf
(2) e,fjcm;udpörsm;udk tkyfcsKyfaom trIaqmif0efBuD;tjzpfjzihf?
e,fjcm;a'oudk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD; cefYxm;jcif;jzihf¤if;/
odkYr[kwf
(3) tjcm;enf;jzih¤f if;? acwfajymif;acwfvu JT mvtwGi;f vufcEH ikd f
rnf[k rdrdwdkYxifjrifaom jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh yl;wGJaygif;zufykHESifh ywfoufí
rdrw
d Ykd xifjrifcsurf sm;udk xkwaf zmfajymqdEk ikd &f ef aemufvqef;wGif usi;f yrnfjzpfaom
0efBuD; (yifvkH) uGefz&ihfwGif¤if;? odkYr[kwf þudpötwGuf usif;yaom txl;
uGezf &ihw f iG v
f nf;aumif;? e,fjcm;a'o&Sd vlrsm;\acgi;f aqmifrsm;? ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk
ar;jref;&rnf/
(*) yifvkHtpnf;ta0;? odkYr[kwf txl;uGefz&ihf tpnf;ta0; NyD;qkH;onhf
tcgwGif bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&wdkYonf e,fjcm;vlrsm;

xkwfazmfajymqdkaom xifjrifcsufrsm;ESifh vdkufavsmnDpGm? trsm;oabmwl vdkvm;
csufrsm;udk jznhfpGrf;&ef taumif;qkH;aomenf;pepfudk oabmwlnDcsuf ,lvdrhfrnf
jzpfaMumif;/
(C) jref r mEd k i f i H a wmf t k y f c sKyf a &; Oya'opf t wd k i f ; aqmif & G u f & mü
e,fjcm;om;rsm; aygi;f pnf;qufqEH ikd &f ef taumif;qk;H aom enf;pepf&mS azG&eftwGuf
pk H p rf ; a&; aumf r wD w ck u d k csuf j cif ; wnf a xmif & ef 0ef B uD ; rsm; tk y f c sKyf a om
jref r mEd k i f i H a wmf &yf u G u f a 'orS trI a qmif a umif p D t zG J U u wif a jr§ m uf a om
tzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh e,fjcm;a'o acgif;aqmifrsm; wdkifyifESD;aESmvsuf? wifajr§mufaom
tzGJU0ifrsm;? xdkaumfrwDwGif OD;a&tnDtrQyg0ifvdrhfrnfjyif? oabmwla&G;cs,faom
jrefrmEdkifiHawmftjyiftyrS Mum;aeyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;udk Ouú|cefYxm;rnfjzpfaMumif;/
þaumifrwDu wdkif;jynfjyKvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;rprD tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;&ef
awmif;qdkrnf/
9/ b@ma&;
b@ma&;jyóemrsm; tawmftwefpOf;pm;cJhNyD;í? þudpörsm;udk rnfodkYpDrHcefYcGJ&ef
oabmwl n D c suf w ck qd k u f a &muf c J h N yD ; jzpf o nf / oabmwl c suf u d k r l ? yl ; wG J y g
aemufqufwGJwGif azmfjyxm;onf/
aemufqufwGJ (u)
vmrnh f a&G ; aumuf y G J r sm;wG i f rJ q E´ a y;a&G ; aumuf j cif ; cH E d k i f c G i h f tvd k Y i S m
jrefrmEdik if aH wmfwiG f arG;zGm;í 19¤2 ck? Zeém0g&v D 1 &uf odrYk [kwf 19¤7 ck? Zeé0g&v D
1 &ufaeY ra&S;raESmif;jzpfaom 10 ESpf twGif;wGif pkpkaygif; &SpfESpfxufrenf;?
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif aexdkifcJhaom NAdwdoQvufatmufcH odkYr[kwf tdE´d,e,f
vufatmufcHEdkifiHom;udk jrefrmtrsdK;om;[k t"dyÜm,fazmfjyonf/
aemufqufwGJ(c)
b@ma&;
(1)/ jrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf udk,fydkifb@ma&;tkyfcsKyfcGihf &Sdoihfonfudk bk&ifrif;jrwf
tpdk;&wdkYu oabmwlNyD;jzpfonf/
(2)/ ]]EdkifiHtcsif;csif; aiGaMu;&efykH}}ESifh ]]EdkifiHtcsif;csif;bPf}}wGif yg0ifvdku?
avQmufxm;&ef tajctae&SdonfESifhwNydKifeuf cdkifvkHaom tzGJU0ifwOD;tjzpfudk
&pdrhfaomiSm bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&wdkYu pGrf;tm;&Sdoavmufaqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef

,lNyD;jzpfonf/
(3)/ 19¤5 ck atmufwb kd mvrS 19¤6 ck pufwifbmvtxd jrefrmEdik if aH wmf b@ma&;
ESpftwGif; jrefrmEdkifiHawmfu twdk;vGwf a&T'*Fg; aygif 8,000,000 cefY (tom;wif)
&&Scd NhJ y;D ? xdjYk yif 19¤6 ck atmufwb kd mvrSpí 19¤7 ck pufwifbmvtxd b@ma&;
ESpftwGif; aemufxyf 75 oef;( tom;wif) &&Sd&eftwGuf oabmwlNyD; jzpfonf/
e,fjcm;a'orsm;twGuf axmufyahH Mu;rsm;udk xnho f iG ;f pOf;pm;í? ½d;k ½d;k bwf*suw
f iG f
,ckESpfavsmhaomaiGtwGuf xyfrHaxmufyHhrnf[k ,ckbk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&u
oabmwlNyD; jzpfonf/
(¤)/ (tpd k ; &wd k Y \ ul ; oef ; a&mif ; 0,f a &; vk y f i ef ; rsm;ES i f h a,bk , stm;jzih f
oufqikd af om) y½d*k supf rD u H ed ;f qdik &f m bwf*suEf iS phf yfvsO;f í bk&ifrif;jrwfu bdvyf
EdkifiHrS tcsKyftcs,fr&Sdaomfvnf;? tjyeftvSef tjynhftpkHtaMumif;Mum;enf;ESifh
oufrw S xf m;aom aiGacs;a&;udpö jyKvyk Ef ikd rf nf rvkyEf ikd rf nfukd bk&ifrif;jrwftpd;k &u
pkHprf;ppfaq; vdrhfrnf/
(5)/ b@ma&;tajcrSefrsm;udk xyfrHwGJzufppfaq;í&aom wGufudef;rsm;udk
owdrlNyD;vQif twdk;vGwfacs;iSm;aom aiGwpfpdwfwpfa'oudk tNyD;tNidrf; axmufyHh
aiGtjzpfodkY ajymif;vJEdkifonfudk rltm;jzihfoabmwl&ef bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&u tqif
oihf&Sdonf
(6)/ wpfOD;tay:wpfOD; wm0efrxm;bJ b@ma&;tajcrSefudk jrefrmEdkifiHwGif xyfrH
wGzJ ufppfaq;&ef oabmwlnaD Mumif;? tyd'k if ,f 3? tyd'k if ,f ¤ - wGif azmfjyxm;aom
oabmwlnDcsufxuf ydkrdkí bk&ifrif;jrwftpdk;&xHrS xyfrHtultnDtvdk&Sdojzihf
xdkodkYaom tultnDay;cJhvQif oabmwlnDxm;aom pnf;urf;csufrsm;twdkif;
jzpfvdrhfrnf/
10/ tjcm;udpörsm;
jrefrmEdkifiHawmf\ tqihftwef; ajymif;vJjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í? bk&ifrif;jrwf\tpdk;&ESifh
jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&wdkY oabmwlqdkufa&muf&ef tjcm;jyóemrsm; ay:ayguf
vdrhfrnf/ þjyóemrsm;udk ay:aygufvmonhftavsmuf vufcHí? ,ckaqG;aEG;
yGrJ sm;wGif xif&mS ;cJah om rdwaf qG&if;csm or®m0g,r ESv;Hk xm;jzihf aqmif&u G v f rd rfh nf/
bk & if r if ; jrwf t pd k ; &ES i f h jref r mtrI a qmif a umif p D \ ud k , f p m;vS , f r sm;onf ?
wdkifyifESD;aESmjcif;ESifh ulnD,dkif;yif;jcif;? ,ckenf;udk qufvufapaom tm;jzihf?
NAdwdoQ ]]aumfarmf0Jof}} twGif;wGifjzpfap? tjyiftyrSjzpfap? udk,fydkifvGwfvyfaom

jrefrmEdkifiHawmfb0odkY a&mufapvdkaom ESpfOD;ESpfbuf &nf&G,fcsufudk acsmarm
vsif j ref p G m wd k ; wuf a tmif jyKvk y f E d k i f v d r h f r nf [ k wpf x pf c s,k H M unf M uonf /
odkYtwGufaMumihf jrefrmEdkifiHawmf\ tkyfcsKyfa&;opfra&mufrD acwfajymif;acwfvGJ
wavQmuf ay:aygufvdrhfrnfjzpfaom tem*gwfudpörsm;udk oabmwlqdkufa&muf
a&;wGif? wpfOD;udkwpfOD; ,dkif;yif;ulnD&ef oabmwlMuavonf/
pD? tm&f? tufwvD? atmifqef;
10? a'gif;eif;vrf;/
Zeé0g&Dv 27 &uf? 19¤7 ck/
0ef B uD ; ocif A pd e f E S i f h 0ef B uD ; OD ; apmwd k Y o nf þoabmwl n D c suf w G i f yg0if
vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif; rjyKMuacs/
Aung San-Attlee Agreement

Aung San-Attlee Agreement

(27 January 1947)
His Majesty’s Government and the Delegation of the Burma Executive
Council having discussed all the matters affecting the future relations
between Great Britain and Burma which were raised by the Delegation
havereached the following agreed conclusions as to the methods by which
the people of Burma may achieve their independence, either within or
without the Commonwealth, as soon as possible: --
1. The Constituent Assembly
In order that the people of Burma may decide on the future constitution
of their country as soon as possible a Constituent Assembly shall be elected
instead of a Legislature under the Act of 1935. For this purpose the electoral
machinery of the 1935 Act will be used.
Elections will take place in April for the general non-communal, the
Karen, and the Anglo-Burman constituencies as constituted under the Act of
1935, and for each constituency two members shall be returned. Any Burma
nationals (as defined in Annex A) registered in a general constituency other
than one of those mentioned above shall be placed on the register of a general
non-communal constituency.
2. Transitional Form of Government
During the period of transition the Government of Burma will be carried
on as at present under the specialpowers of Section 139 of the Act of 1935
and the Temporary Provisions Act of 1935 together with any Orders in
Council made there under.
If any exception circumstances arise which, in the opinion of either
Government require special treatment,
His Majesty’s Government will consider what, if any, alteration can be
made to meet such circumstances.
3. Interim legislature
During the interim period there will be a Legislative Council as provided
by the Act of 1945. Power will be sought by His Majesty’s Government by

Order in Council to increase the numbers authorized from 50 to 100.
As soon as the elections to the Constituent Assembly are completed the
Governor will nominate a Legislative Council of 100. It will be drawn from
among those elected to the Constituent Assembly with the inclusion of a
small number of persons to present the non-indigenous minorities.
The powers of the Legislative Council will be identical with those
processed by the recently dissolved Legislative Council of 50.
4. Interim Government
The Executive Council of Governor will constitute the Interim
Government of Burma.While it is not possible to alter the legal powers of the
Executive Council, or of the Governor, which must continue within the
framework set out in paragraph 2 above, the Interim Government will be
conducted generallyin the same manner as the Interim Government of India
at the present time, and in particular: -
(a) The Executive Council will be treated with the same close consultation
and consideration as a Dominion Government, and will have the greatest
possible freedom in the exercise of the day-to-day administration of the
country. The convention exercised during the currency of the Act of 1935 as
to the Governor presiding at the meeting of the Council of Ministers shall be
continued in relation to the Executive Council.
(b) His Majesty’s Government agree in principle that the Government of
Burma shall have financial autonomy (see Annex B).
(c) Matters concerning Defence and External Affairs will be brought before
the Executive Council, which will be fully associated with the disposal of
business in such matters.
(d) The Governor will depute to his Counsellor for Defence and External
Affairs the day-to-day administrations of those subjects.Subject only to the
limitations inherent in the legal position, the Executive Council will be at full
liberty toraise, consider, discuss and decide on any matters arising in the
field of policy and administration.
5. External Affairs
There shall be appointed forthwith a High Commissioner for Burma to
represent the Burmese Government in London. His Majesty’s Government
will request the Governments of the countries with which Burma wishes to
exchange diplomatic representatives to agree to such an exchange.
6. Membership of International Organisations
His Majesty’s Government will lend their full support to any application
by Burma for membership of the United Nations Organisation as soon as
Burma’s constitutional position makes it possible for such an application to
be entertained. In the meantime His Majesty’s Government will explore with
the Secretary-General how far it is possible for Burma to be represented at
any meeting of, or under the auspices of the United Nations Organisation.
They will also approach any other international bodies as a member nation
or otherwise.
7. Defence
(a) In accordance with settled practice all British forces stationed in Burma
will remain under the ultimate control of His Majesty’s Government.
(b) All Burmese forces will forthwith come under the control of the
Government of Burma.
(c) His Majesty’s Government have agreed in principle that the G.O.C. in
Burma shall become subordinate to the Governor and Government of Burma
at the earliest practicable moment, but for the present, until the liquidation
of inter-Allied arrangements of Command which cover many countries, the
G.O.C. in Burma will remainunder S.E.A.L.F. During this period there will of
course be close collaboration between the Governor, the Government of the
Burma and the authorities concerned. Appropriate arrangements on similar
lines will apply in respect of the naval and Air Services.
(d) The question of assistance in building up the Defence Forces of Burma
will be a matter for discussion between the two Governments. His Majesty’s
Government wish to do their utmost to help the Government of Burma in
this matter, but must have regard to their already heavy commitments in
other parts of the world.
(e) The question of the retention or use of any British Forces in Burma after
the coming into operation of the new Consitution will be a matter for
agreement between His Majesty’s Government and the Government of
Burma.
8. Frontier Areas
It is agreed objective of both His Majesty’s Government and the Burmese
Delegates to achieve the early unification of the Frontier Areas and Ministerial
Burma with the free consent of the inhabitants of those areas. In the
meantime, it is agreed that the people of the Frontier Areas should, in respect
of subjects of common interest,be closely associated with the Government of
Burma in a manner acceptable to both parties. For these purposes it has been
agreed: -
(a) There shall be free intercourse between the peoples of the Frontier Areas
and the people of Ministerial Burma without hindrance.
(b) The leaders and represntatives of the peoples of the Frontier Areas shall
be asked, either at the Panglong Conference to be held at the beginning of
next month or at a special Conference to be convened for the purpose,to
express their views upon the form of association with the Government of
Burma which they consider acceptable during the transition period:
whether–
(I) by the appointment of a small group of Frontier representatives to
advise the Governor on Frontier affairs and to have close liaison with the
Executive Council; or
(II) by the appointment of the Frontier Area representative as Executive
Councillor in charge of Frontier affairs; or
(III) by some other method.
(c) After the Panglong meeting, or the special conference, His Majesty’s
Government and the Government of Burma will agree upon the best method
of advancing their common aims in accordance with the expressed views of
the peoples of the Frontier Areas.
(d) A Committee of Enquiry shall be set up forthwith as to the best method
of associating the Frontier peoples with the working out of the new
Constitution for Burma. Such Committee will consist of equal numbers of
person from Ministerial Burma, nominated by the Executive Council, and
persons from the Frontier Areas, nominated by the Governor after
consultation with the leaders of those areas, with a neutral Chairman from
outside of Burma selected by agreement. Such Committee shall be asked to
report to the Government of Burma and His Majesty’sGovernment before
the summoning of the Constituent Assembly.
9. Finance
A number of financial questions have been considered and an agreement
has been arrived at as to how these matters should be dealt with, which is set
out in Annex B attached here to.
10. Other Matters
A number of other questions will arise for settlement between His
Majesty’s Government and the Government of Burma connected with the
change in the status of Burma. These will be taken up as they arise and will
dealt with in the same friendly and cooperative spirit that has marked the
present discussions. Both His Majesty’s Government and the Delegates of the
Burma Executive Council are convinced that by a continuation of the present
method towards their common objective of a free and independent Burma,
whether within or without the British Commonwealth of Nations, and they
have, therefore, agreed to cooperate in the settlement of all future matters
which shall arise between them through the transitional period until Burma’s
new Constitution comes into operation.
(Sd) R. ATTLEE (Sd.) AUNg SAN
10 Downing Street, S.W. 1,
27th January 1947.
Note: The Hon. Thakin Ba Sein and the Hon. U Saw are unable to associate
themselves with these conclusions.
ANNEX B
1. His Majesty’s Government have agreed in principle that Burma should
have financial autonomy.
2. His Majesty’s Government have undertaken to do all they can to secure her
effective membership, as soon as she is in a position to make the application
and should she so desire, of the International Monetary Fund and the
International Bank.
3. Burma has received as an interest-free loan approximately £8 million (net)
for the Burma financial year October 1945 September 1946 to September
1947, she should receive a further £ 7.5 million (net). His Majesty’s
Government have now agreed that they will make a further contribution
towards this year’s deficit on the Ordinary Budget, taking account of any
contribution for the Frontier Areas.
4. As regards the Projects Budget (which deals mainly with the governmental
trading activities) His Majesty’s Government will examine the possibility of a
credit with a definite ceiling, without United Kingdom control, but with the
fullest exchange of information.
5. His Majesty’s Government are prepared to agree in principle to the
possibility of converting a part of any interest-free loan into an outright grant
in the light of the results of the further joint study of the facts of the financial
situation (see next paragraph).
6. It is agreed that there should be a further joint study in Burma of the facts
of the financial situation, without commitment on either side. Should further
financial assistance be needed from His Majesty’s Government beyond that
agreed in paragraphs 3 and 4 of this Annex, this assistance, if given, will be
subject to such conditions as may be agreed upon.
(intld.) C.R.A (Intld) A.S.

---------------------
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--------------
THE PANGLONG AGREEMENT

THE PANGLONG AGREEMENT

______________________
Dated Panglong, the 12th,
February 1947
A conference having been held at Panglong, attended by certain
Members of the Executive Council of the Governor of Burma, all Saohpas
and representative of the Shan States, the Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills:
The Members of the conference, believing that freedom will be more
speedily achieved by the Shans, the Kachins and the Chins by their
immediate co-operation with the Interim Burmese Government:
1. A Representative of the Hill Peoples, selected by the Governor on the
recommendation of representatives of the Supreme Council of the United
Hill Peoples (SCOUHP), shall be appointed a Counsellor for Frontier Areas
shall be given executive authority by similar means.
2. The said Counsellor shall also be appointed a Member of the
Governor's Executive Council, without portfolio, and the subject of Frontier
Areas brought within the purview of the Executive Council by Constitutional
Convention as in the case of Defence and External Affairs. The Counsellor
for Frontier Areas shall be given executive authority by similar means.
3. The said Counsellor shall be assisted by two Deputy Counsellors
representing races of which he is not a member. While the two Deputy
Counsellors should deal in the first instance with the affairs of their
respective areas and the Counsellor with all the remaining parts of the
Frontier Areas, they should by Constitutional Convention act on the principle
of joint responsibility.
4. While the Counsellor, in his capacity of Member of the Executive
Council, will be the only representative of the Frontier Areas on the Council,
the Deputy Counsellors shall be entitled to attend meeting of the Council
when subjects pertaining to the Frontier Areas are discussed.
5. Though the Governor's Executive Council will be augmented as agreed
above, it will not operate in respect of the Frontier Areas in any manner
which would deprive any portion of those Areas of the autonomy which it
now enjoys in internal administration. Full autonomy in internal

administration for the Frontier Areas is accepted in principle.
6. Though the question of demarcating and establishing a separated
Kachin State within a Unified Burma is one which must be relegated for
decision by the Constituent Assembly, it is agreed that such a State is
desirable. As a first step towards this end, the Counsellor for Frontier Areas
and the Deputy Counsellors shall be consulted in the administration of such
areas in the Myitkyina and the Bhamo Districts as are Part II Scheduled
Areas under the Government of Burma Act of 1935.
7. Citizens of the Frontier Areas shall enjoy rights and privileges which
are regarded as fundamental in democratic countries.
8. The arrangements accepted in this Agreement are without prejudice
to the financial autonomy now vested in the Federated Shan States.
9. The arrangements accepted in this Agreement are without prejudice
to the financial assistance which the Kachin Hills and the Union Hills are
entitled to receive from the revenues of Burma, and the Exeutive Council
will examine with the Frontier Areas Counsellor and Deputy Counsellors
the feasibility of adopting for the Kachin Hills and the Chin Hills financial
arrangement similar to those between Burma and the Federated Shan
States.
Shan Committee Kachin Committee. Burmese Government.
(Signed) Saohpalong (Signed) Sinwa Naw, (Signed) Aung San
of Tawngpeng State. Myitkyina

(Signed) Saohpalong (Signed) Zaurip, Myitkyina
of Yawnghwe State. (Signed) Dinra Tang,
(Signed) Saohpalong Myitkyina

of North Hsenwi (Signed) Zau La, Bhamo
State. (Signed) Zau Lawn, Bhamo
(Signed) Saohpalong (Signed) Labang Grong,
of Laihka State. Bhamo

(Signed) Saohpalong
of Mong Pawn State.

(Signed) Saohpalong Chin Committee

of Hsamonghkam (Signed) Pu Hlur Hmung,
State Falam
(Signed) (Signed) Pu Thawng Za
Representative of Khup, Tiddim

Hsahtund (Signed) Pu Kio Mang,
Saohpalong. Haka
HkunPung (Signed) U Kya Bu
(Signed) U Tin E (Signed) Hkun Saw
(Signed) U HtunMyint (Signed) Sao YapeHpa
(Signed) HkunHtee
Source: Ethnic
----------------------
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----------
Nu Attlee Treaty
TREATY BETWEEN
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
AND THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT OF BURMA
London, 17th October, 1947.
The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland, and the Provisional Government of Burma;
Considering that it is the intention of the Government of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to invite Parliament to pass
legislation at an early date providing that Burma shall become an
independent State;
Desiring to define their future relations as the Governments of independent
States on the terms of complete freedom, equality and independence and
to consolidate and perpetuate the cordial friendship and good
understanding which subsist between them; and desiring also to provide
for certain matters arising from the forthcoming change in the relations
between them, Have decided to conclude a treaty for this purpose and
have appointed as their plenipotentiaries:- The Government of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: The Right Hon. Clement
Richard Attlee, C.H., M.P., Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury. The
Provisional Government of Burma: The Honable Thakin Nu, Prime Minister
Who have agreed as follows:-
Article 1
The Government of the United Kingdom recognize the Republic of the
Union of Burma as a fully Independent Sovereign State. The contracting
Governments agree to the exchange of diplomatic representatives duly
accredited.
Article 2
All obligations and responsibilities heretofore devolving on the Government
of the United Kingdom which arise from any valid international instrument
shall henceforth, in so far as such instrument may be held to have application
to Burma, devolve upon the Provisional Government of Burma. The rights
and benefits heretofore enjoyed by the Government of the United Kingdom
in virtue of the application of any such international instrument to Burma
shall henceforth be enjoyed by the Provisional Government of Burma.

Article 3
Any person who at the date of the coming into force of the present Treaty
is, by virtue of the Constitution of the Union of Burma, a citizen thereof and
who is, or by virtue of a subsequent election is deemed to be, also a British
subject, may make a declaration of alienage in the manner prescribed by
the law of the Union, and thereupon shall cease to be a citizen of the
Union. The Provisional Government of Burma undertake to introduce in the
Parliament of the Union as early as possible, and in any case within a
period of one year from the coming into force of the present Treaty,
legislation for the purpose of implementing the provisions of this Article.
Article 4
The relations of the contracting Governments in the sphere of Defence shall
be regulated by the Agreement concluded between them on 29th August,
1947, the provisions of which are set out in the Annex hereto and which
shall have force and effect as integral parts of the present Treaty.
Article 5
The Provisional Government of Burma reaffirm their obligation to pay to
British subjects domiciled on the date of the coming into force of the present
Treaty in any country other than India and Pakistan all pensions,
proportionate pensions, gratuities, family pension fund and provident fund
payments and contributions, leave salaries and other sums payable to them
from the revenues of Burma or other funds under the control of the executive
authority of Burma, in virtue of all periods of service prior to that date
under the rules applicable immediately prior thereto.
Article 6
The contracting Governments agree that the following provisions shall
constitute a final settlement of the financial questions dealt with in this
Article:-
The Provisional Government of Burma reaffirm their agreement to pay
over in full proceeds of the sale of Army [including Civil Affairs Service
(Burma)] stores. The Government of the United Kingdom agree to make no
claim on the Provisional Government of Burma for repayment of the cost of
the Civil Affairs Administration prior to the restoration of civil government.

The Government of the United Kingdom agree to cancel 15 million of the
sums advanced towards the deficits on the Ordinary Budget and the
Frontier Areas Budget. The balance of the sums will be repaid by Burma in
twenty equal yearly instalments beginning not later than 1st April, 1952,
no interest being chargeable. The cancellation of this amount of Burma's
indebtedness is accepted by the Provisional Government of Burma as a
further contribution by the Government of the United Kingdom towards the
restoration of Burma's financial position and as a final liquidation of their
claim in respect of the cost of supplies and services furnished to the British
Military Administration in Burma.
The Provisional Government of Burma agree to repay in full the sums
advanced by the Government of the United Kingdom towards expenditure
on Projects (including Public Utilities, etc.). In accordance with existing
agreements, repayment will continue to be made from current receipts in
excess of necessary outgoing and working capital and from the proceeds
of liquidation, and the balance of advances outstanding will be repaid by
the Provisional Government of Burma in twenty equal yearly instalments
beginning not later than 1st April, 1952, no interest being chargeable.
The Government of the United Kingdom agree to continue to reimburse the
Provisional Government of Burma for expenditure in respect of - claims for
supplies and services rendered to the Burma Army in the Burma campaign
of 1942; and release benefits payable on demobilisation to Burma Army
personnel for war service.
Except in so far as they are specifically modified or superseded by the
terms of this Agreement and of the Defence Agreement of 29th August,
1947, the provisions of the Financial Agreement of 30th April, 1947
(Hansard, 22nd May, 1947, Columns 276-7.) between the Government of
the United Kingdom and the Government of Burma remain in force.
Article 7
(a) All contracts other than contracts for personal service made in the
exercise of the executive authority of Burma before the coming into force
of the Constitution of the Union of Burma to which any person being a
British subject domiciled in the United Kingdom or any Company, wherever

registered, which is mainly owned, or which is managed and controlled by
British subjects so domiciled, was a party, or under which any such person
or company was entitled to any right or benefit, shall as from that date,
have effect as if made by the Provisional Government of Burma as
constituted on and from that date; and all obligations that were binding on
the Provisional Government of Burma immediately prior to the said date,
and all liabilities, contractual or otherwise, to which that Government was
then subject, shall, in so far as any such person or company as aforesaid is
interested, devolve on the Provisional Government of Burma as so
constituted.
(b) In so far as any property, or any interest in any property vested in any
person or authority in Burma before the coming into force of the Constitution
of the Union of Burma, or the benefit of any contract entered into by any
such person or authority before that date, is thereafter transferred to, or
vested in the Provisional or any successor Government of Burma, it shall be
so transferred or vested subject to such rights as may previously have been
created and still subsist therein, or in respect thereof, in favour of any
person or company of the status or character described in the preceding
sub-article.
Article 8
The contracting Governments being resolved to conclude at the earliest
possible date a mutually satisfactory Treaty of Commerce and Navigation
have agreed for a period of two years from the date of the coming into
force of the present Treaty or until the conclusion of such a Treaty of
Commerce and Navigation to conduct their commercial relations in the spirit
of Nos. 1-3 of the Exchange of Notes annexed hereto, provided that, at
any time after six months from the date of the coming into force of the
present Treaty, either party may give three months' notice to terminate the
undertaking set out therein.
Article 9
The contracting Governments agree to maintain postal services, including
Air Mail services and Money Order services, on the existing basis, subject
to any alteration in matters of detail which may be arranged between

their respective Postal Administrations as occasion may arise.
Article 10
The Provisional Government of Burma agree to negotiate Treaty
arrangements in respect of the care and upkeep of war cemeteries and /
or war graves of the British Commonwealth and Empire in Burma with the
Governments represented on the Imperial War Graves Commission and,
pending negotiation of such arrangements, to recognize the Imperial War
Graves Commission as the sole authority responsible for dealing with such
war cemeteries and/or war graves and to accord to the Commission the
privileges set out in Nos. 4 and 5 of the Exchange of Notes annexed to the
present Treaty.
Article 11
The contracting Governments will accord to each other the same treatment
in civil aviation matters as heretofore, pending the conclusion of an
Agreement in regard to them, provided that this arrangement may be
terminated on six month's notice given by either side.
Article 12
The contracting Governments agree to conclude at the earliest possible
date an agreement for the avoidance of double taxation.
Article 13
Nothing in the present Treaty is intended to or shall in any way prejudice
the rights and obligations which devolve or may devolve upon either of the
contracting parties under the Charter of the United Nations or from any
special agreements concluded in virtue of Article 43 of the Chapter.
Article 14
Should any difference arise relative to the application or the interpretation
of the present Treaty, and should the contracting parties fail to settle such
difference by direct negotiations, the difference shall be deferred to the
International Court of justice unless the parties agree to another mode of
settlement.
Article 15
The present Treaty shall be ratified and shall come into force immediately
upon the exchange of Instruments of Ratification, which shall take place on

the day on which Burma becomes independent in accordance with the
appropriate legislation to be introduced in the United Kingdom for that
purpose.
In witness whereof the above-named plenipotentiaries have signed the
present Treaty and have affixed thereto their Seals.
Done in duplicate in London this 17th day of October, 1947.
(Sd.) Clement Richard Attlee. (Sd.) Thakin Nu.
__________________
usrf;udk;pm&if;
1/ jrefrmESifh t*FvdyfppfyGJBuD;&mZ0ifESifh &EÅydkpmcsKyf
a&;om;ol q&ma&T? yHkESdyf 1925 ckESpf? jrefrmjynfpmyHkESdyftvkyform;rsm;
toif;yHkESdyfwdkuf/
2/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH ordkif;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;?
&JabmfvSrsdK;? eHYomwdkufwGif ykHESdyfonf/ (1-12-1968)
3/ armifom? a&S;a[mif;okawoe \pmpkrsm;
¤/ jrefrmordkif;0iftxifu& pmcsKyfBuD;rsm;?
OD;ausmfaZ,s ? 2011? ckESpf? rwfv? pmayavmuykHESdyfwdkuf?
5/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHordkif;?
a'gufwmausmfouf? &efukefwuúodkvf? jrefrmESifh ta&SUwdkif;&mZ0if
ygarmu©? 1962 ckESpf?
6/ jrefrm&mZ0ifrSwfwrf;?
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7/ jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf;twGJ 11? pmrsufESm 278? 279
8/ From: C. U. Aitchison, ed. A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and
Sanads: Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries. Vol. XII. Calcutta:
Government of India Central Publication Branch, 1931, 230-233.
9/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIrSwfwrf;? wuúodkvfae0if;
10/ vGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI&ufpGJordkif;? ausmfNidrf;? ñTefMum;a&;rSL;?wuúodkvf
rsm; ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme
11/ jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf;twGJ (15) pmrsufESm 286 rS 289 xd
12/ https://burmastar1010.files.wordpress.com/.../00172019-aungsan-atlee-
agreement.pdf
13/ jynfaxmifpkAdokumAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;? wuúodkvfae0if;
14/ jrefrmhp,
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Hk srf;twG(J 6) ? 1962 ckEpS ?f yXrBurd yf EHk ydS jf cif;? pm- ¤¤¤? ¤¤8
15/ jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf;twGJ(15) pmrsufESm (282 rS 289)
16/ https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/...un.org/.../MM_070212_Panglong%20
Agreement.pdf.
17/ jrefrmpG,fpkHusrf; twGJ - 6 ? pmrsufESm 12 rS 17

18/ https://burmaster 1010 files.wordpress.com/2011/06 nu- atlee- agreement
pdf.
19/ http://blog.moemaka.com/2013/10/than-win-hlaing-nu-attlee-agreement.
html
English Section
The Constitutional Law Journal Volume (3) 273
Comparative Perspective studies on the Constitutional Justice of the
Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar with
other members of the AACC.
(This Article was presented at "First International Symposium of the

AACC Secretariat for Research and Development" on the first day session
name “Diversity in Constitutional Justice: Differences among AACC
Members” of October 30 – November 2, 2017, Seoul, Korea.
The Symposium was held under the Main Theme: “Constitutionalism in
Asia: Past, Present and Future”
This Article was modified on 6th February 2018 and which was
presented by H.E. U Kyaw SAN * )
Introduction
In terms of the title of this session “ Diversity in Constitutional

Justice: Differences among AACC Members", I would like to present
my paper namely “Comparative Perspective Studies of Constitutional
Justice of the Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of the Union of
Myanmar with other member countries of the AACC.”
Historical Concept of Constitutional Court / Tribunal
In the 20th century, the Austrian Jurist, Legal Philosopher and

Political Philosopher Hans-Kelsen created a new theory or a new policy
of Constitutionalism to be more complete and which to a very large
degree is still useful today all over the world. Now, 70 countries of the
world are applying Kelsen’s theories of constitutional law. The functions
performed by the legislature and executive are required to be in
compliance with the Constitution and Constitutional Justice in accordance
* The Author is an Advocate and a Retired Director General of the Union Attorney General's
Office and a Member (Justice) of the Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of the Union
of Myanmar since 30th March 2016
274 The Constitutional Justice of the Constitutional Tribunal
with the constitutional doctrine and theories of Hans Kelsen. Professor

Kelsen established the Constitutional Court Theory.
Judicial Review
Judicial review for Kelsen was a part of tradition derived from the
Common Law Tradition based upon the American Constitutional
experience as introduced by John Marshall.** Han Kelsen established the
Principles of Judicial Review in the Constitutions of Austria and
Czechoslovakia following the example of John Marshall in the American
Constitutional experiences.
Constitutional review is the Constitutional Court’s power to
review the constitutionality of the acts of the legislature and executive
powers; or the Court’s power to invalidate legislature and executive
actions as being unconstitutional.
Myanmar’s Past Practice of Constitutional Justice compared with
its Current Practice and Other Countries’ Practices
Myanmar regained her Independence, in 1948, from the British
colony and the Constitution of the Union of Burmar, 1947 was enforced
on 4th January of 1948.
Under the 1947 Constitution of the Union of the then Burma, the
then Supreme Court exercised not only the regular powers of a judiciary
but also a constitutional review power like other Federal and Common
Law current countries such as Malaysia, Philippines , Pakistan and the
Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Kyrgyzstan which are
AACC member countries. A similar exercise is also undertaken by non-
** Wolfe, Christopher. The Rise of Modern Judicial Review: From Judicial Interpretation to
Judge-Made Law, Rowman and Littlefield.
members of the AACC which are the United States of America, Canada,
Australia, India, Brazil, Argentina and Nigeria. In many such Common
Law countries, the Supreme Court plays a role as the final constitutional
arbiter. On the other hand, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Spain and
members of the AACC countries such as Indonesia, Afghanistan,
Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan Republic, the Republic of Tajikistan, the
Republic of Turkey, the Republic of Korea, Mongolia, the Russia
Federation, the Kingdom of Thailand, and the Republic of Uzbekistan
are practicing a system utilizing a Constitutional Court or Tribunal.
Myanmar during the Socialist Era, States People’s Council and
Pyithu Hluttaw (Parliament) exercised the interpretation power of the
Socialist Constitution.
The current 2008 Constitution was ratified by referendum on the
10th May 2008 and promulgated on 29th May 2008. It was entered into
forced on the 31st January 2011. That was the first day of the first meeting
of Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (the Union Parliament).
The Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, 2008
Under the current constitution the regular judiciary, the Supreme

Court, has the power to adjudicate disputes between subjects of the
Union as long as they are not constitutional disputes. The jurisdiction of
the Supreme Court of the Union is provided in Article 295 and it is clear
that constitutional issues are excluded from its jurisdiction.
Each country usually provides the Fundamental Rights or citizen
rights or Human Rights in their constitutions and if there arises any
violation by the executive and judiciary in those countries with Common
Law systems, the submission of prerogative writs can be submitted to the
Supreme Court. It has the power to review such a submission with the
relevant writs. In Civil Law countries, in cases of the violation of the
Fundamental Rights or citizen rights or Human Rights, the victim or his
or her representative can directly submit a case as an individual claim for
his or her remedy to the Constitutional Court or Chamber or Tribunal or
Independent commission and so on.
In Myanmar, all of the Fundamental Rights and Duties of citizens
are provided in Article 345 to 390, in Chapter 8 of the Constitution. From
that chapter, Article 378 empowers the Supreme Court as follow:-
“Article 378(a) In the connection with the filing of application for
rights granted under this Chapter, the Supreme Court of the Union
shall have the power to issue the following writs as suitable:
(1) Writ of Habeas Corpus;
(2) Writ of Mandamus;
(3) Writ of Prohibition;
(4) Writ of Quo Warranto;
(5) Writ of Certiorari."
“Article 378(b) The right to issue writs by the Supreme Court of
the Union shall not affect the power of other court to issue order
that has the nature of writs according to the existing laws."
It is to be highlighted that the separation of powers are vested in
the two constitutional institutions, Supreme Court of the Union and the
Constitutional Tribunal of the Union by the Constitution. Under Article
295, sub clauses (a) (ii) and (iii) of the 2008 Constitution, the Supreme
Court is empowered to hear cases and disputes other than those relating
to constitutional issues between the Union Government and the Region
or State Governments.
On the other hand, for constitutional disputes between Union

subjects, the constitution provides specific powers to the Constitutional
Tribunal of the Union, a nine member panel, for the establishment of the
Rule of Law and constitutionalism in Myanmar.
This purpose for the establishment of the Constitutional Tribunal
is provided in Article 46 as one of the basic principles of the Union and
the selection procedure, duties and functions of the Constitutional
Tribunal are also provided in Article 321 and 322.
"Article 46. A Constitutional Tribunal shall be set up to interpret
the provisions of the Constitution, to scrutinize whether or not
laws enacted by the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, the Region Hluttaws
and the State Hluttaws and functions of executive authorities of
Pyidaungsu, Regions, States and Self-Administered Areas are in
conformity with the Constitution, to decide on disputes relating
to the Constitution between Pyidaungsu and Regions, between
Pyidaungsu and States, among Regions, among States, and
between Regions or States and Self-Administered Areas and
among Self-Administered Areas themselves, and to perform
other duties prescribed in this Constitution."
"Article 321. The President shall submit the candidature list of
total nine persons, three members chosen by him, three members
chosen by the Speaker of the Puithu Hluttaw and three members
chosen by the Speaker of the Amyotha Hluttaw, and one member
from among nine members to be assigned as the Chairperson of
the Constitutional Tribunal of the Union, to the Pyidaungsu
Hluttaw for its approval."
"Article 322. The functions and the duties of the Constitutional

Tribunal of the Union are as follows:
(a) Interpreting the provisions under the Constitution;
(b) vetting whether the laws promulgated by the Pyidaungsu
Hluttaw, the Region Hluttaw, the State Hluttaw or the Self-
Administered Division Leading Body and the Self-
Administered Zone Leading Body are in conformity with
the Constitution or not;
(c) vetting whether the measures of the executive authorities
of the Union, the Regions, the States, and the Self-
Administered Areas are in conformity with the Constitution
or not;
(d) deciding Constitutional disputes between the Union and a
Region, between the Union and a State, between a Region
and a State, among the Regions, among the States, between
a Region or a State and Self-Administered Area and among
the Self-Administered Areas;
(e) deciding disputes arising out of the rights and duties of the
Union and a Region, a State or a Self-Administered Area
in implementing the Union Law by a Region, State or Self-
Administered Area;
(f) vetting and deciding matters intimated by the President
relating to the Union Territory;
(g) functions and duties conferred by laws enacted by the
Pyidaungsu Hluttaw."
Access to the Constitutional Tribunal
In terms of access to the Tribunal, our 2008 Constitution stipulates

that the President, the Speaker of Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (the Union
Parliament), the Chairman (Speaker) of the Pyithu Hluttaw (Lower

House), the Chairman (Speaker) of the Amyothar Hluttaw (Upper
House), the Chief Justice of the Union and the Chairperson of the Union
Election Commission can apply directly to the Constitutional Tribunal to
obtain the interpretation and resolution of the Tribunal on a particular
matter.
The Chief Ministers of the Region or State, the Speakers of the
Region and State Hluttaw or the Chairperson of the Self-Administered
Division (SAD) leading Body or the Self-Administered Zone (SAZ)
leading Body and representatives numbering at least 10 % of the Pyithu
Hluttaw or Amyothar Hluttaw only have the right to submit matters
related to the Constitution indirectly through the President, or Speakers
of the Union Hluttaw, to the Tribunal in accordance with the prescribed
procedures.
Composition of the Constitutional Tribunals and Courts and

Comparative Study on the Powers and Duties of among them
Indonesia, Korea, Mongolia, Thailand and Myanmar have the

same number of members of the Constitutional Court or Tribunal,
however in Myanmar's case, the sources for the selection process are the
President and two houses of Parliament. Indonesia, Korea and Mongolia
have three sources of selection process, but one source is the Supreme
Court and the others are the President and the Parliament. In the case of
Thailand, the members of the Constitutional Court are elected by the
Supreme Court and mix selection commission. Within those countries
important ancillary powers are different. Among them the Thailand
Tribunal has the power of overseeing corruption and electoral
commissions whereas that of Korea has the power of impeachment and
dissolution of political parties. Indonesia has also the power of

impeachment, and that of Mongolia has both the power of impeachment
and overseeing its electoral commission. In Myanmar the Constitutional
Tribunal has the power to hear intra-regional disputes only.
In addition, Article 323 of the Constitution provides that if, in a

hearing before any court, there arises a dispute as to whether the
provisions contained in any law contradict or conform to the Constitution,
and if no resolution has been made by the Constitutional Tribunal of the
Union on the said dispute, the judicial court shall stay the hearing and
submit its opinion to the Constitutional Tribunal of the Union in
accordance with the prescribed procedures and shall obtain a decision
from the Constitutional Tribunal. In respect of the said dispute, the
resolution of the Constitutional Tribunal of the Union shall be applied to
all cases. So the Constitutional Tribunal of the Union has the power to
make such resolutions when so submitted and requested by a court.
Likewise, the Korean Constitutional Court also has the power to make a
resolution when a court so submits to it.
Characteristic of Federal State
The state structure of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar has

some characteristics of federal Constitutions or quasi-federal state as
there are two levels of government, each of which has constitutional
authority in its own right. Legislative power is shared between levels of
government. The provision for resolving any conflict between laws when
each level of government validly exercises a power, is mentioned in
Article 198 of the Constitution. Also we can see some elements of
federalism are mentioned in such Articles relating to the Basic Principles.

They speak of the none-disintegration of the Union; non-disintegration
of National solidarity; and Perpetuation of sovereignty. Now Myanmar is
endeavouring to build a genuine democratic federal system.
Myanmar’s Future Practice for Constitutional Justice as a Federal

Democratic Republic
Looking forward to non-disintegration of the Union, non-

disintegration of national solidarity and perpetuation of the sovereignty,
based on freedom, equality and justice, the Union Peace Conference-21st
Century Panglong 2nd session was held at Nay Pyi Taw from 24th May
2017 to 29th May 2017. The purpose of this conference was for the
building of the Union in harmony with the Panglong spirit, based on
democracy and federalism which guarantees democracy, national
equality and self-determination. This is, in accordance with the outcomes
of the country's political dialogues.
We have learnt that the framework process of the Constitution is

in some cases based on the terms of a peace agreement. Likewise,
Myanmar is in the process of conducting a Peace Conference of the 21st
Century Panglong paving the way toward a new Democratic Federal
Republic. Subject to the Pyidaungsu Accord, 37 agreements under four
sectors, namely political, economic, social, land and natural environment
sectors, were signed. In the political sector, it is mentioned that a
“Separate and Independent Tribunal on State Constitution must be set up
for dealing with disputes on Constitution among Union and Regions and
States or among Regions and States.”
Conclusion
Be concluded my paper with the remark that every nation

whatever political or legal system it practises, must have a constitution
written or unwritten, rigid or flexible, Union or Federal; whatever
constitution it has, it must have a check and balance system with judicial
review administered by constitutional court or tribunal or likelihood
judicial institutions as a mechanism to resolve constitutional disputes for
constitutional justice and to pave the way for rule of law but not rule by
law. This plays a crucial role in a Federal Democratic Nation that is
Moving towards the Rule of Law.
* * * * *

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