6

Bab
Jawapan
A: Interfasa / Interphase
Pembahagian Sel B: Fasa G1 / G1 phase
Bab
C: Fasa S / S phase
6 Cell Division
D: Fasa G2 / G2 phase
E: Profasa / Prophase
Pembahagian Sel F: Metafasa / Metaphase
6.1 Cell Division G: Anafasa / Anaphase
H: Telofasa / Telophase
1. sel; sedia ada; pembahagian / cells; existing; division
I: Mitosis / Mitosis
2. induk; anak / parent; daughter
J: Sitokinesis / Cytokinesis
(a) nukleus / nuclear (b) sitoplasma / Cytoplasm
3. induk; anak / parent; daughter Fasa M: Mitosis & Sitokinesis / M phase: Mitosis & cytokinesis
4. deoksiribonukleik / deoxyribonucleic • Profasa; metafasa; anafasa; telofasa
prophase; metaphase; anaphase; telophase
5. DNA; protein; kromosom / DNA; proteins; chromosomes
• sitoplasma; dua; nukleus; diploid
6. kromosom; kromatin / chromosomes; chromatin cytoplasm; two; nucleus; diploid
7. kromatid / chromatids
Fasa G1: Fasa pertumbuhan 1 / G1 phase: Growth phase 1
8.
• mensintesis / synthesise
• protein; komponen sel / proteins; cell components
• kromatin / chromatin
Fasa S: Fasa sintesis / S phase: Synthesis phase
Molekul DNA • DNA / DNA
DNA molecule • replikasi / replication
• mengganda, kromatid kembar / duplicated, sister chromatids
Satu kromatid • mengganda / duplicate
A chromatid
Fasa G2: Fasa pertumbuhan 2 / G2 phase: Growth phase 2
• metabolik / metabolically
• tenaga / energy

Bebenang kromatin Peringkat-peringkat Mitosis dalam Sel

Protein Stages of Mitosis in a Cell
Chromatin fibre
Sentromer (a) Profasa / Prophase
Centromere 1. memendek; menebal; dapat dilihat / shorten; thicken; visible
Dua kromatid kembar 2. kromatid kembar; sentromer / sister chromatids; centromere
membentuk satu kromosom. 3. bertentangan / opposite
Two sister chromatids make up 4. Gentian gelendong / Spindle fibres
one chromosome.
5. gentian gelendong; sentriol / spindle fibres, centrioles
6. nukleolus / nucleolus
7. Membran / membrane
Kromosom (b) Metafasa / Metaphase
Chromosomes
1. satah khatulistiwa / equator
1. berpasangan; homolog / pairs; homologous 2. Gentian gelendong, sentromer / spindle fibres, centromer
2. lelaki; paternal; perempuan; maternal 3. sentromer / centromeres
male; paternal; female; maternal (c) Anafasa / Anaphase
3. dua; diploid / two; diploid 1. mengecut / contract
4. satu; diploid / one; haploid 2. berpisah / separate
3. Sitoplasma / cytoplasm
Kitar Sel dan Mitosis 4. seiras / identical
6.2 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis
(d) Telofasa / Telophase
1. mitosis / mitotic 1. kromosom / chromosomes
2. baharu, melengkapkan / new, completes 2. membuka lingkaran; kromatin / uncoil; chromatin
3. Interfasa/ Interphase: Pertumbuhan / growth 3. menghilang / disappear
Fasa M / M phase: nukleus, sitoplasma / nuclear, cytoplasmic 4. membran nukleus / nuclear membranes

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 Biologi  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 

Sitokinesis: Pembahagian Sitoplama Perbandingan antara Mitosis Sel Haiwan dengan Sel Tumbuhan
Cytokinesis: Cytoplasmic Division Comparison between Mitosis in Animal and Plant Cells

• sel anak / daughter cells (a) Mitosis dalam sel haiwan / Mitosis in animal cells
(a) Sitokinesis dalam sel haiwan / Cytokinesis in animal cells 1. sentriol / Centrioles
1. Membran plasma; mencerut, belahan pencerutan 2. stem / stem
plasma membrane, constricts; cleavage furrow
(b) Mitosis dalam sel tumbuhan / Mitosis in plant cells
2. terputus; sel / splits; cells
1. sentriol / Centrioles
(b) Sitokinesis dalam sel tumbuhan/ Cytokinesis in plant cells 2. meristem / meristematic
1. Plat sel / cell plate
2. luar / outwards
3. sel / cells

Keperluan Mitosis
The Necessity of Mitosis

Mitosis menghasilkan sel anak yang mempunyai kandungan genetik yang sama dengan sel induk.
Mitosis produces daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cells.

Pertumbuhan organisma Pembiakan aseks

Keperluan mitosis Asexual reproduction
The growth of organisms
bagi organisma hidup • Asas dalam pembiakan organisma
• Menambah bilangan sel untuk
The necessity of mitosis for unisel. Contoh: Hydra sp.
pertumbuhan Basic in reproduction of unicellular
living organisms
Increases the number of cells for growth organisms. Example: Hydra sp.

Penyembuhan luka pada kulit Penjanaan semula / Regeneration Perkembangan embrio

Healing of wounds on the skin The development of embryo
• Menjana semula bahagian badan yang
• Membaiki tisu yang rosak atau mati rosak bagi sesetengah organisma. • Zigot membahagi berulang kali
To repair damage or dead tissues
Contoh: tapak sulaiman sehingga menjadi blastosista
The zygote divides repeatedly into
Regeneration of damaged body parts for some
blastocyst
organisms. Example: starfish

Keperluan Meiosis
Meiosis The Necessity of Meiosis
6.3 Meiosis

(a) haploid / haploid
1. pembahagian nukleus; separuh • haploid / haploid
nuclear division; half
(b) diploid / diploid
2. pembiakan; gamet • persenyawaan, zigot diploid / fertilisation, diploid zygote
reproductive; gametes
(c) variasi / variations
Jenis-jenis Sel yang Menjalankan Meiosis (d) Variasi genetik / Genetic variations
The Types of Cell that Undergo Meiosis
Pembahagian Sel Secara Meiosis
Meiotic Cell Division
Organsima Haiwan Tumbuhan
Organisms Animals Plants 1. interfasa / interphase
2. I, II / first, second
Jantina Jantan Betina Jantan Betina
Sex Male Female Male Female
3. nukleus; sitoplasma / nuclear; cytoplasmic
4. kromosom homolog / homologous chromosomes
Organ Ovari 5. kromatid kembar / sister chromatids
pembiakan Testis Ovari Anter Ovaries
Reproductive Testes Ovaries Anthers Peringkat Meiosis
organ Stages of meiotic division

Butir Sel telur (a) Interfasa G1 / Interphase G1

Gamet Sperma Ovum Egg cells (b) Interfasa S / Interphase S
Gametes Sperms Ova
debunga
Pollens (c) Interfasa G2 / Interphase G2

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   Biologi  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

(d) Profasa I / Prophase I Perbezaan / Differences

(e) Metafasa I / Metaphase I
Meosis I
(f) Anafasa I / Anaphase I 1. homolog; sinapsis; pindah silang
(g) Telofasa II / Telophase II homologous; synapsis; crossing over
(h) Profasa I / Prophase II 2. homolog / homologous
(i) Metafasa II / Metaphase II 3. homolog; kromatid / homologous, chromatids
(j) Anafasa II / Anaphase II 4. dua; haploid / two; haploid
(k) Telofasa II / Telophase II 5. satu; paternal; maternal / one; paternal; maternal
(l) Sitokinesis / Cytokinesis
Meosis II
Meiosis I 1. tidak / does not
(a) Profasa I / Prophase I 2. kromosom / chromosome
• memendek; menebal / shorten; thicken 3. kromatid / chromatids
• homolog; bivalen; sinapsis / homologous; bivalents; synapsis 4. empat; haploid / four; haploid
• pindah silang; kiasma; kombinasi
5. satu; paternal; maternal / one; paternal; maternal
crossing over; chiasmata; combinations
• nukleolus; membran nukleus / nucleolus; nuclear membrane
Perbandingan antara Pembahagian Sel Secara Meiosis dengan Mitosis
(b) Metafasa I / Metaphase I Comparison between Meiotic and Mitotic Cell Divisions
• satah khatulistiwa / equator
• Gentian gelendong / spindle fibres Persamaan / Similarities
1. nukleus; sitoplasma / nuclear, cytoplasmic
(c) Anafasa I / Anaphase I
• mengecut; menarik; kromososom; bertentangan 2. sekali / once
contract; pull; chromosomes; opposite 3. kromosom / chromosomes
• Sitoplasma / cytoplasm
Perbezaan / Differences
(d) Telofasa I / Telophase I 1. (a) pembiakan; gamet / reproductive; gamete
• haploid, kutub / haploid, poles (b) badan, soma / body, somatic
• gentian gelendong / spindle fibres
• membran nukleus / nuclear membranes 2. (a) (i) dua / two
(ii) satu / one
(e) Sitokinesis / Cytokinesis
(b) (i) sinapsis, profasa I / synapsis, prophase I
• haploid / haploid
(ii) Tidak berlaku / Does not
Meiosis II (c) (i) Berlaku / Occurs
(a) Profasa II / Prophase II (ii) Tidak berlaku / Does not
• Membran nukleus / nuclear membranes (d) (i) profasa I / prophase i
• Gentian gelendong / Spindle fibres (ii) tidak / Does not

(b) Metafasa II / Metaphase II 3. (a) (i) Empat / Four

• satah khatulistiwa / equator (ii) Dua / two
• Gentian gelendong / spindle fibres (b) (i) separuh; haploid/ / half; haploid
(ii) Sama, diploid / Same, diploid
(c) Anafasa II / Anaphase II
(c) (i) Berbeza / Different
• kromatid kembar / sister chromatids
(ii) Sama / Same
• Sitoplasma / cytoplasm
(d) (i) Gamet / Gametes
(d) Telofasa II / Telophase II (ii) badan / body
• kromatin / chromatin
• Gentian gelendong / spindle fibres 4. (a) haploid / haploid
• Membran nukleus / nuclear membranes (b) variasi genetik / genetic variations
(c) pertumbuhan; aseks / growth; asexual
(e) Sitokinesis / Cytokinesis
• haploid / haploid
Isu Pembahagian Sel Terhadap Kesihatan Manusia
Perbandingan antara Meiosis I dengan Meiosis II 6.4 Issues of Cell Divison on Human Health
Comparison between Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Perbandingan antara Meiosis I dengan Meiosis II
Persamaan / Similarities Comparison between Meiosis I and Meiosis II
1. pembahagian
divsion 1. tidak terkawal / uncontrolled
2. profasa; metafasa; anafasa; telofasa 2. tumor / tumour
prophase; metaphase; anaphase; telophase 3. peparu; prostat; payudara; ovari; usus besar; perut;
3. sekali esofagus; pankreas
once lungs; prostate; breast; ovaries; large intestine; stomach; oesophagus;
pancreas

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 Biologi  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan 

Sinar ultra ungu Formaldehid

Ultraviolet light Mutasi / Mutation
Formaldehyde
Mitosis pesat
Sel abnormal / abnormal cells Rapid mitosis
Sinar-X Asap rokok
Tobacco smoke
X-rays
Kekal di tapak asal
Remain at the
Sel-sel normal Sel normal original site
Normal cells Normal cells

Kumpulan sel abnormal-tumor

1. karsinogen; berpanjangan / prolonged; carcinogens
Tumor benigna Abnormal mass of cells-tumour
2. mutasi / mutation
Benign tumour
3. mutasi; mitosis; kawalan / mutated; mitosis; control Menyerang,
4. nutrien; membesar; asal / nutrients; enlarges; site merebak dan
5. pembedahan / surgery memusnahkan
tisu
6. nutrien; tenaga / nutrients; energy
bersebelahan.
7. merosakkan; maut / impaired ; death Intrude, spread
Tumor malignan atau and destroyed
sel-sel kanser neighbouring
Malignant tumour or tissues.
cancer cells

Kesan Ketidaknormalan Meiosis terhadap Kesihatan Manusia

The Effects of Abnormal Meiosis on Human Health

1. tak-disjunsi, abnormal / non-disjunction, abnormal

2. zigot / zygote
3.

Ibu (46 kromosom) Bapa ( 46 kromosom)

Mother ( 46 chromosomes) 46 46 Father ( 46 chromosomes)
+

Tak disjunsi
Non-disjunction Meiosis

22 Ovum ( 24 kromosom) 24 23 Sperma (23 kromosom)

Ovum ( 24 chromosomes) Sperm ( 23 chromosomes)

Persenyawaan
Fertilisation

Zigot ( 47 kromosom)
47 Zygote ( 47 chromosomes)

1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Kromosom manusia normal –

6 7 8 9 10
6 7 8 9 10
23 pasang (46 kromosom)
Typical human chromosomes
23 pairs (46 chromosomes) 11 12 13 14 15
11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20
16 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 21 22 23
Lebih satu kromosom pada kromosom nombor 21
An extra chromosome number 21

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   Biologi  Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

4. (c) (i) P → Q → T → S → R.
(ii) P : Interfasa / Interphase
Q : Profasa / Prophase
(d) (i) T : Kromosom tersusun pada satah khatulistiwa.
Kerencatan T : Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
Mata sepet mental
Slanted eyes (ii) S : Kromatid kembar berpisah dan tertarik ke kutub
Mental
sel yang bertentangan.
retardation
S : Sister chromatids separate and attracted to the
opposite poles
Hidung rata (e) Untuk membolehkan anak mempunyai bilangan
Flat nose kromosom yang sama seperti induk.
Lidah
terjelir In order for the offspring to have the same chromosomal number
as their parent.
Protruding
tongue
Jawapan Praktis Ekstra SPM 6
1. A
2. B
Praktis SPM 6 3. B
4. B
Soalan Objektif 5. D
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. D
7. A
Bahagian A 8. A
1. (a) Mitosis / Mitosis 9. A
(b) Sel soma / Somatic cells 10. A

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