Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Meiosis-II
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Prophase-
• First phase of karyokinesis
• Initiation of condensation of chromatin material, chromatin
untangled and start to condensed
• Centrosome (Duplicated in S-Phase) starts to move to
opposite poles
• Astral ray formation starts around the centrosome due to
gelation of protein around the centrosome ( Gelation- Gel
formation) in animal cell. Astral or Amphiastral Mitosis, in
plant cell the two poles are decided by microtubule
arrangement. No Aster ray formation in plants cell so called
anastral mitosis
• Centrosome radiate out the microtubules from spindle fiber
• Disappearance of nuclear membrane, nucleolus, Golgi
body, ER
Metaphase
• Complete disappearance of nuclear membrane
• Maximum condensation of chromatin so chromosomes
are clearly visible
• Each chromosome with two chromatids (replicated
chromatin) and centromere
• Chromosome with NOR also seen
• Structure/Morphology of chromosomes studied in metaphase stage
• Centromere have kinetochore (the protein disc) where spindle fibers are attached
• Chromosome are arranged in metaphase plate at equator
• One chromatid of each chromosome connected by kinetochore to spindle fibers from
opposite poles
• Centromere lies in center are arms laying towards opposite poles
• Two types of spindle fibers
o Chromosomal/Discontinuous/Kinetochore fibers form pole to centromere attached
to kinetochore
o Supporting/continuous/Non-Kinetochore Fibers run from pole to pole
• Key events
o Formation of metaphase plate
o Spindles attached to kinetochore disc
Anaphase
• Shortest in mitosis
• Division of centromere. Centromere of each
chromosome splits, sister chromatids separate, Kinetochore disc brakes
• Number of chromosomes become double in cell
• Each chromosome moves away from the equatorial plate. Centromere towards pole and
arms are towards equator
• The kinetochore microtubules shorten due to polymerization of Tubulin protein towards
kinetochore end. The centromere are pulled towards opposite poles
• Key events
o Division of centromere and chromatids separates
o Chromatids (now chromosome) moves towards opposite poles
Telophase
• Reverse of prophase
• Final stage of karyokinesis
• Chromosomes starts to decondense
• Nuclear membrane re-appears around chromosome clusters
at two opposite poles forming two daughter nuclei
• Nucleolus, Golgi complex, ER reforms
Cytokinesis
• Division of cytoplasm
• In animal cell –Furrow Formation by Constriction
• Microtubules & Microfilaments arrange on equator to form
middle body
• At the periphery of equator, a contractile ring is formed made
of actin and myosin protein
• Due to interaction between actin and myosin the ring contract
thus a furrow forms from outside towards inside in cell
• Furrow deepens continuously and ultimately a cell divides in to
two daughter cells
• Cytokinesis in animal cells is centripetal order (periphery to
center)
Significance of Mitosis
• Growth and development- Zygote to complete organism
• Cell repair Ex.- cells of upper layer of epidermis
• Cell lining of gut, blood cells are constantly replaced
• In plants, meristem cell (Apical, Lateral) continuously divides by mitosis throughout their
life
• To maintain karyokinesis index- KI- Vn/Vc-Vn
• Karyoplasmic Index/Nucleocytoplasmic Ratio
• KI= Vn/Vc-Vn KI α Vol. of Nucleus (Vn)
o KI α 1/Vc-Vn or KI α 1/ Volume of cytoplasm
• Small cell have less cytoplasm so more karyoplasmic Index (High KI)
• If cell is large, more cytoplasm or Low KI, so nucleus is not able to regulate/fulfill the
requirement of cytoplasm & cell activity so cell divides
Small Cell High KI No Division
Meiosis
• Termed by Farmer & Moore
• Specialized cell division which reduces the number of chromosomes to half of its parent
cell so Reductional Division
• Meiosis is necessity of sexual reproduction and alternation of generation
• Meiosis- Sexual reproduction= Alternation of generations are complementary to each
other
• Three types of meiosis in Living World
• Meiosis maintains the constancy of chromosome number from one generation to another
in sexually reproducing organism
• Meiosis involves two successive divisions
o Meiosis-I Karyokinesis→ Cytokinesis → Interkinesis
o Meiosis-II Karyokinesis → Cytokinesis
Four daughter cells are produced as the result of meiosis
• There may be or may not be cytokinesis and interkinesis (specially in Angiosperms). In
zygotic and gametic meiosis even in sporic meiosis also (up to Gymnosperms) there is
meiosis-I → Cytokinesis→ Interkinesis→Meiosis-II→Cytokinesis
• In interkinesis no S-phase i.e, no duplication of DNA as in meiosis-I, only homologous
pairs of chromosomes are separated (Reductional division) no division of chromosome
• Chromosome division occurs in meiosis-II , so the meiosis-II is same as mitosis
• If G-1 of meiosis-I have 2n=4, DNA=2C then, after meiosis 2nd n=2 and DNA=C in each
daughter cell.
• Meiosis-I is reductional division involves the pairing of homologous pair of chromosomes
crossing over leads to recombination between non sister chromatids of homologous pair
of chromosomes after its chromosome number become half
• Meiosis-II is Homotypic/Equational division similar to mitosis. As meiosis-I involves only
segregation of homologous pairs of chromosomes in two daughter cells but no division of
chromosomes. So division of chromosomes occurs in Meiosis 2nd
• Division of chromosomes occurs in Anaphase-II of Meiosis-II
• Anaphase-I involves only segregation of homologous pairs of chromosomes
• Anaphase-II involves division of chromosomes/centromere
o Meiosis-I, Interphase (G1→S→G2 are same as mitosis)
o Prophase-I, longer and most complex phase of meiosis. It has 5 sub-stages
• Leptotene
• Zygotene
• Pachytene
• Diplotene
• Diakinesis
Meiosis-I
Prophase-I
Leptotene-
o Chromatin threads starts condensation, forms chromosome
o Chromosomes are longest and thinnest and visible under light microscope
o All chromosome in nucleus are directed towards centrioles so group of
chromosome appear like Bouquet so Bouquet stage
Zygotene
o Synapsis- pairing of homologous pairs of chromosomes
o Bivalent/Tetrad- pair of homologous chromosome is now called as Bivalent or
Tetrad as two chromosomes have 4 chromatids
o Bivalents are more clearly visible in next stage that is pachytene
o Synaptonemal complex is formed by bivalents
o Synaptonemal complex involves bivalents made up of 3 lines 2DNA and middle
protein array like ladder
o Synthesis Of small amount of DNA (0.3%) occurs in zygotene stage called Z-DNA
which also helps in formation of synaptonemal complex
o Centrosome starts to move towards opposite pole
Pachytene-crossing over and recombination
o 4 chromatids of bivalent clearly appear as Tetrad, as longitudinal splitting of two
chromatids of a chromosome is now Dyad, and Bivalent becomes tetrad
o Attraction between homologous pairs of chromosomes increase
o Non sister chromatids of homologous pairs of chromosomes coiled around each
other to form recombination nodule and they exchange their part by breaking and
joining called as crossing over
o Formation of recombination nodule-Recombinase
o Exchange of parts by breaking- Endonuclease
o Joining/Reunion of exchange of exchange parts-Ligase and Recombinase enzymes
o Crossing over was discovered by Morgan in Drosophila
o Crossing over leads to exchange of genetic material between homologous pairs of
chromosomes
Diplotene- Desynepsis & Chiasmata
o Dissolution of synaptonemal complex (Desynepsis)
o Chiasmata-appears-‘X’ shaped structure
o Now homologous pairs of chromosomes repel each other leads to the cross (x) like
structure appearance i.e, chiasmata or crossing over
o Diplotene (Dictyotene) stage may suspends for years or months in oocytes of some
vertebrates (Human)
Diakinesis-terminalization
o The bivalents repel each other and migrate to the periphery of nucleus, leads to the
terminalization of chiasmata
o Chromosomes are fully condensed and meiotic spindles is assembled to prepare the
homologous pairs of chromosomes for separation
o Nuclear membrane and nucleolus start to disappear → centrosomes move to
opposite poles
o Transition phase to Metaphase-I
Metaphase-I
o Spindle formation
o Metaphase plate formation
o Chromosomal/Kinetochore/Discontinuous fibres attached with kinetochore of every
chromosome
o The two discs of kinetochore dissolves only one kinetochore is present in a
chromosome
o Formation of metaphase plate. The centromere aligns towards the pole and
chromatids towards the equator
Anaphase-I
o Segregation/Disjunction of homologous pair of chromosomes
o No division of centromere
o Kinetochore fibre pulls the chromosomes with two chromatids
o It is responsible for reduction in chromosome number in two nuclei and daughter
cells
Telophase-I
o Haploid number of chromosomes reach to opposite poles starts to decondense and
uncoil
o Nuclear membrane & nucleolus reappears
Cytokinesis
o In Animal cell= furrow formation
o In plant cell- by cell plate formation
o In angiosperms its very diverse as there may sequential meiosis (karyokinesis
followed by cytokinesis) or simultaneously meiosis (karyokinesis not followed by
cytokinesis or half sequential half simultaneous
o If simultaneous 4 nuclei are producing which are attached to gather form
microspore tetrad like in most angiosperms
Meiosis-II
• G1→S→G2 (Interkinesis) occurs before Meiosis-II
As usual but in S-phase no DNA replication as DNA is already replicated but chromosome are
still not divided as each chromosome of daughter cell of meiosis-I have 2 chromatids
Remaining all stages are like mitosis
o Prophase-II- formation of spindles fibres continuous & discontinuous
o Metaphase11Metaphase plate formation- like mitosis centromere at equator and
chromatids towards poles
o Anaphase-II- division of centromere
o Chromatids, now chromosome moves towards opposite poles
o Telophase-II- decondensation of chromosomes
o Appearance of nuclear membrane and nucleolus
o Spindle fibres disappears
o All 4 daughter cells are different from each other
o 50% parental and 50% new combination in all 4 daughter cells
4. A cell examined during prophase of cell cycle contained 100 units of DNA and 50
chromosomes. What would be the number of DNA and chromosomes in anaphase of this cell
cycle?
A. 200 DNA & 100 chromosomes
B. 100 DNA & 50 chromosomes
C. 100 DNA & 100 chromosomes
D. 50 DNA & 25 chromosomes
9 Meiosis involves-
A. One nuclear division and one chromosome division
B. Two nuclear divisions and one chromosome division
C. One nuclear division and two chromosome divisions
D. Two nuclear divisions and two chromosome divisions
11. Which of the following not occurs in Anaphase–I but occurs in Anaphase–II :–
A. Condensation of chromosomes
B. Poleward movement of chromosome
C. Contraction of spindle fibers
D. Splitting of centromere
12. Crossing over takes place in :-
A. Zygotene
B. Pachytene
C. Diplotene
D. Diakinesis
14. Which of the two events restore the normal number of chromosomes in life cycle of sexually
reproducing organisms?
A. Mitosis and Meiosis
B. Meiosis and fertilization
C. Fertilization and mitosis
D. Only meiosis
15. Match the column–I with column–II and select the correct answer :-
Column–I Column–II
(A) Pachytene (i) Bouquet stage
(B) Zygotene (ii) Chiasma visible
(C) Diplotene (iii) Terminalization
(D) Leptotene (iv) Gene exchange
(E) Diakinesis (v) Synapsis
A. A–i, B–ii, C–iii, D–iv, E–v
B. A–iv, B–v, C–ii, D–i, E–iii
C. A–iii, B–iv, C–v, D–ii, E–i
D. A–ii, B–iii, C–iv, D–i, E–v
16. Nuclear envelope reappears at :-
A. Metaphase
B. Prophase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
17. Slipping of chiasmata towards the ends of bivalent is called :-
A. Terminalization
B. Diakinesis
C. Interkinesis
D. Congregation
21. How many chromosomes shall be present in a diploid cell at mitotic anaphase if its egg cell
has ten chromosomes: -
A. 10 (Ten)
B. 20 (Twenty)
C. 30 (Thirty)
D. 40 (Forty)
27. During cell division, spindle fibers attach to which part of chromosome :-
A. Primary constriction
B. Secondary constriction
C. Telomere
D. Satellite
30. If the number of bivalents are 8 in metaphase – I, what shall be the number of chromosomes
in daughter cells after meiosis – I and meiosis – II respectively:-
A. 8 and 4
B. 4 and 4
C. 8 and 8
D. 16 and 8
32. In meiosis :-
A. Division of nucleus twice but replication of DNA only once
B. Division of nucleus twice and replication of DNA twice
C. Division of nucleus once and replication of DNA is also once
D. Division of nucleus once and DNA - replication is twice
40. Crossing over that results in genetic recombination in higher organisms occurs between –
A. Non-sister chromatids of a bivalent
B. Two daughter nuclei
C. Two different bivalents
D. Sister chromatids of a bivalents
41. At which stage of the cell cycle are histone proteins synthesized in a eukaryotic cell ?
A. During telophase
B. During S–phase
C. During G2–stage of prophase
D. During entire prophase
42. If the n=16 in plant cell then what is possible in metaphase - I of meiosis ?
A. 32 Bivalents
B. 16 Tetravalent
C. 16 Bivalents
D. 32 Bivalents
44. In which one of the following stage, the four chromatids of each bivalent chromosomes
becomes distinct and clearly appears as tetrads.
A. Leptotene
B. Zygotene
C. Pachytene
D. Diplotene
47. The microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to a specialized structure in the centromere
region of each chromosome, called the –
A. Kinetochore
B. Nucleosome
C. Equatorial plate
D. Centrosome
54. Chromosome number is reduced during meiosis because the process consists of –
A. Two cell divisions without any chromosome replication
B. A single cell division without any chromosome replication
C. Two cell division in which half of the chromosomes are destroyed
D. Two cell divisions and only single round of chromosome replication
55. Which of the following does not occur during mitotic prophase?
A. Disappearance of the nuclear envelope
B. Chromosome condensation
C. Migration of centrioles towards the cell poles
D. Synapsis of homologous chromosomes
62. If mitotic division is arrested in G1 phase of a cell cycle, then the condition is known as –
A. G2 phase
B. S phase
C. G0 phase
D. M-phase
66. Label the structure indicated by lines (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) –
70. At which stage of meiosis does the genetic constitution of gametes is finally decided
A. Metaphase I
B. Anaphase II
C. Metaphase II
D. Anaphase I
78. A somatic cell that has just completed the S phase of its cell cycle, as compared to gamete
of the same species, has
A. Twice the number of chromosomes and four times the amount of DNA
B. Four times the number of chromosomes and twice the amount of DNA
C. Twice the number of chromosomes and twice the amount of DNA
D. Same number of chromosomes but twice the amount of DNA
79. How many chromosome shall be present in a diploid cell at mitotic anaphase if its egg cell
has 10 chromosomes?
A. 10
B. 40
C. 30
D. 20
86. Passage through which checkpoint is the step which commits the cell to proceed through to
mitosis and cell division?
A. G1 to S.
B. S to G2.
C. G2 to M.
D. M to G1.
89. Consider a diploid organism with 2n= 4 and DNA=2C. How many chromosomes and DNA
molecules respectively are present in the G 1 and G2 phases of somatic cell of this organism?
A. G1 : 4 and 4C ; : G24 and 4C
B. G1 : 4 and 2C ; : G24 and 4C
C. G1 : 4 and 4C ; : G28 and 4C
D. G1 : 4 and 4C ; : G28 and 8C
90. The correct sequence of phases of cell cycle is :
A. M → G1 → G2 → S
B. G1 → G2 → S → M
C. S → G1 → G2 → M
D. G1 → S → G2 → M
92. Crossing over takes place between which chromatids and in which stage of the cell cycle?
A. Non-sister chromatids on non-homologous chromosomes at Pachytene stage of prophase I
B. Non-sister chromatids of non-homologous chromosomes at Zygotene stage of prophase I
C. Non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes at Pachytene stage of prophase I
D. Non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes at Zygotene stage of prophase I
1. A 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. A 7. B
8. B 9. B 10. A 11. D 12. B 13. A 14. B
15. B 16. D 17. A 18. A 19. A 20. B 21. D
22. D 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. B 27. A 28. C
29. B 30. C 31. D 32. A 33. B 34. C 35. D
36. B 37. C 38. C 39. C 40. A 41. B 42. C
43. B 44. C 45. D 46. A 47. A 48. C 49. A
50. A 51. C 52. A 53. C 54. D 55. D 56. D
57. A 58. C 59. C 60. D 61. C 62. C 63. D
64. D 65. A 66. A 67. C 68. D 69. B 70. B
71. A 72. C 73. D 74. B 75. B 76. D 77. A
78. A 79. B 80. B 81. C 82. D 83. A 84. A
85. B 86. A 87. D 88. A 89. B 90. D 91. A
92. C 93. C
Previous Year Questions
NEET-2020
1. Match the following with respect to meiosis
a. Zygote i. Terminalization
b. Pachytene ii. Chiasmata
c. Diplotene iii. Crossing over
d. Diakinesis iv. Synapsis
A. a-ii, b-iv, c-iii, d-i
B. a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii
C. a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-I
D. a-i, b-ii, c-iv, d-iii
3. Some dividing cell exit the cell cycle and enter vegetative inactive stage. This is called
quiescent stage G0 the process occurs at the end of
A. G2 phase
B. M phase
C. G1 phase
D. S phase
7. Cells in G0 phase
A. Exit the cell cycle
B. Enter the cell cycle
C. Suspend the cell cycle
D. Terminate the cell cycle
NEET-2018
8. The stage during which separation of the paired homologous chromosomes begin is
A. Temperature
B. Light
C. O2 concentration
D. Co2 concentration
NEET-2017
9. Which one of the following options gives the correct sequence of events during mitosis?
A. Condensation, nuclear membrane, disassembly, arrangement at equator,
centromere division, segregation, telophase
B. Condensation, crossing over, nuclear membrane disassembly, segregation,
telophase
C. Condensation, arrangement at equator, centromere division, segregation, telophase
D. Condensation, nuclear membrane disassembly, crossing over, segregation,
telophase
10. Anaphase promoting complex is a protein degradation machinery necessary for proper
mitosis of animal cells. If APC is defective in a human cell, which one of the following is
expected to occur?
A. Chromosome will be fragmented
B. Chromosomes will not segregate
C. Recombination of chromosome arms will occur
D. Chromosomes will not condense
NEET-II-2016
11. During cell growth, DNA synthesis takes place in
A. G2 phase
B. M phase
C. S phase
D. G1 phase
12. When cell has stalled DNA replication fork, which checkpoint should be predominantly
activated?
A. M
B. G2/M and M
C. G1/S
D. G2/M
NEET-I-2016
14. in meiosis crossing over is initiated at
A. pachytene
B. Leptotene
C. Zygotene
D. Diplotene
15. A cell at telophase stage is observed by a student in a plant brought from the field. He
tells his teacher that this cell is not like other cells at telophase stage. There is no
formation of cell plate and thus the cell is containing more number of chromosomes as
compared to other dividing cells. This would result in
A. Aneuploidy
B. Polyploidy
C. Somaclonal variation
D. Polyteny
AIIMS-2015
16. During cell cycle in which phase normal components of cell are synthesized and
assembled?
A. S
B. G2
C. G1
D. M
Re-AIPMT 2015
17. Arrange the following event of meiosis in correct sequence
a. Crossing over
b. Synapsis
c. Terminalization of chiasmata
d. Disappearance of nucleolus
A. b, c, d, a
B. b, a, d, c
C. b, a, c, d
D. a, b, c, d
AIPMT-2015
18. A somatic cell that has just completed the S phase of its cell cycle, as compared to gamete
of the same species, has
A. Same number of chromosomes but twice the amount of DNA
B. Twice the number of chromosomes and four times the amount of DNA
C. Four times the number of chromosomes and twice the amount of DNA
D. Twice the number of chromosomes and twice the amount of DNA
AIIMS-2014
19. Which of the following is the longest phase of the cell cycle?
A. Prophase
B. Interphase
C. Telophase
D. M phase
AIPMT-2014
20. During which phase of cell cycle, amount of DNA in a cell remains at 4C level if the initial
amount is denoted as 2C?
A. G0 and G1
B. G1 and S
C. Only G2
D. G2 and M
NEET-UG-2013
23. A stage in cell division is shown in the figure. Select the answer which gives correct
identification of the stage with its characteristics
A. Telophase- Endoplasmic reticulum and nucleolus not reformed yet
B. Telophase- Nuclear envelope reforms, golgi complex reforms
C. Lata anaphase- chromosomes move away from equatorial plate,
golgi complex not present
D. Cytokinesis- Cell plate formed, mitochondria distributed between
two daughter cells
AIPMT Mains-2012
26. Identify the meiotic stage in which the homologous chromosomes separate while the
sister chromatids remain associated at their centromeres?
A. Anaphase-I
B. Anaphase-II
C. Metaphase-I
D. Metaphase-II
AIPMT Pre-2012
27. During gamete formation, the enzyme recombinase participates during
A. Prophase-I
B. Prophase-II
C. Metaphase-I
D. Anaphase-II
28. Given below is the representation of a certain event at a particular stage of a type of cell
division. Which is this stage?
A. Prophase of Mitosis
B. Both prophase and metaphase of mitosis
C. Prophase I during meiosis
D. Prophase II during meiosis
AIIMS-2011
29. Meiosis is not having the one of the characters out of the four given below
A. It involves two stages of DNA replication, one before meiosis-I and another before
meiosis II
B. It involves recombination and crossing over
C. Sister chromatids separate during anaphase II
D. Nuclear membrane disappears during prophase
AIPMT Mains-2011
30. At metaphase, chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibres by their
A. Centromere
B. Satellites
C. Secondary constriction
D. Kinetochore
AIPMT Pre-2011
31. Select the correct option with respect to mitosis
A. Chromatids separate but remain in the center of the cell in anaphase
B. Chromatids start moving towards opposite poles in telophase
C. Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum are still visible at the end of prophase
D. Chromosomes move to the spindle equator and get aligned along equatorial plate in
metaphase
33. Which stages of cell division do the following figures A and B represent respectively?
A. Prophase – Anaphase
B. Metaphase- Telophase
C. Telophase – Metaphase
D. Late anaphase – Prophase
AIPMT-2009
34. Synapsis occurs between
A. Two homologous chromosomes
B. A male and a female gamete
C. mRNA and Ribosomes
D. spindle fibre and centromere
35. Given below is the schematic break-up of the phases/stages of the cell cycle?
Which one of the following is the correct indication of the stage/phase in the cell cycle?
A. A-Cytokinesis
B. B-Metaphase
C. C-Karyokinesis
D. D-Synthetic phase
1. C 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. D 7. A
8. C 9. A 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. C 14. A
15. B 16. C 17. C 18. B 19. B 20. D 21. A
22. A 23. B 24. D 25. A 26. A 27. B 28. C
29. A 30. D 31. D 32. B 33. D 34. A 35. D