THE CELL CYCLE

AND CELL DIVISION

I G N MAYUN
HISTOLOGY DEPARTEMENT
 THE CELL CYCLE
 Series of events within the cells
 The cells prepare to cell division
 This periode varies in time
 The cell cycle consist of : interphase and
mitosis
Figure 3.27 The Cell Life Cycle

Figure 3.27
THE MAJOR EVENTS OF THE CELL
CYCLE
INTERPHASE A long period ----- about 95 %
The cell increases in size and content
G 1 phase
S phase
G 2 phase
MITOSIS
* Begins at the last of interphase
* A shorter periode
* About 5 % of the cycle
* The cell divides its nucleus and cytoplasm
 G 1 phase

• The cells in normal function

• Minimal changes in the cells
• The periode of cell growth
• RNA synthesis
• The cell volume restored to normal
• The nucleoli reestablished
• The centrioles begin to duplicate
 INTERPHASE
• CYCLIN AND CDKs
• Plays the role to begin and advance through the cell cycle
• EARLY G 1 PHASE :
– Cyclin D is synthesized
– Binds to CDKs 4 and CDKs 6

– LATE G 1 PHASE
– Cyclin E is synthesized
– Binds CDKs 2

– In S phase cyclin A synthesized

– Binds CDK 2 and CDK 1
– Cyclin B binds CDK 1 -----the cell to leave G2 phase
 S phase

• DNA synthesis occurs during the S phase

• The genome is duplicated
• The cell contains twice the normal
complement of DNA
• Before S phase DNA in autosomal cells
diploid ( 2 n )  4 n
• Germ cells produce by meiosis -> haploid
• ---mount of DNA 1 n
 G 2 phase

• The shortest period of the cycle

• RNA and protein essential ----cell
division
• Energy for mitosis is stored
• DNA replication is analyzed
 CHECKPOINT

• The quality control mechanism

• To safeguard against early transition
• The meticulous completion of essential
events
- adequate cell growth
- correct DNA synthesis
- chromosome segregation
 THE CELL DIVISION
Two kinds of the cell division

1. MITOSIS : result in formation of two

identical cells
2. MEIOSIS : special type of cell division
in formation gametes
Meiosis divided into :
Meiosis I : Reductional division
Meiosis II :Equatorial division
 MITOSIS

• The end of the cell cycle

• It composed of 5 stage:
– Prophase
– Prometaphase
– Metaphase
– Anaphase
– Telophase
 PROPHASE

• DNA uncoiled, spread in cytoplas

• DNA replikasi (during S phase )
• DNA condense-- become visible
microscopically -chromatids joint at
centromere
 PROMETAPHASE

• Nucleolus disappear
• Nuclear envelope break down
• Microtubules attached to the
kinetochores----mitotic spindle and polar
microtubules
• Chromosomes begin move to equatorial
plate ---------- motor protein chromokinesin
 METAPHASE

• Chromosomes maximally condensed

• Lined up at equatorial plate
• Mitotic spindles microtubules attached at
kinetochore
• Sister chromatids aligns on the mitotic
spindle
 ANAPHASE

• The sister chromatids separate

• Begin to migrate to opposite poles
• The cohesion protein between the
chromatids disappear
• Cleavage furrow begins to form at
plasmalemma
Figure 3.29 Interphase, Mitosis,
and Cytokinesis

Figure 3.29a-d
Figure 3.29 Interphase, Mitosis,
and Cytokinesis

Figure 3.29e, f
 TELOPHASE
• Terminal phase of the mitosis
• Reconstruction of nucleus and nuclear
envelope
• Cleavage furrow continues to deepen
• The polar microtubules are surrounded by a
contractile ring
----actin and myosin filaments
This ring will contracts ---- separation
the cell
The separation of cytoplasm----
cytokinesis
 MEIOSIS
• Special type of the cell division
• Formation of gametes ( spermatozoa or
ova )
• Begins at the conclusion of interphase
• Amount of chromosomes become
haploid
 MEIOSIS
•• Divided
Divided into
into ::
## Meiosis
MeiosisII ((reductional
reductionaldivision
division))
--the
thepairs
pairsof
of chromosomes
chromosomesseparated
separated
-- reducing
reducingthe
the number
number from
from 2n
2n to
to1n
1n

## Meiosis
MeiosisIIII ((equatorial
equatorialdivision
division))
-- occurs
occurswithout
withoutDNA
DNAsynthesis
synthesis
-- proceeds
proceeds rapidly
rapidlythrough
through44phases
phases
-- to
toform
form 44daughter
daughtercells
cells---
--- haploid
haploid
 MEIOSIS I

• Prophase I
– Long time and subdivided into:
1 Leptotene ---chromosomes begin to condense
2 zygotene ---make synapsis
3 pachytene ---chromosomes become thicker
and shorter ---chiasmata are formed
4 diplotene---chromosomes begins to separate
5 diakinesis ---nucleolus disappear
 Differentiation
• Process of specialization
•Results from inactivation of particular genes

•Produces populations of cells with limited

capabilities
•Differentiated cells form tissues