CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

         This study utilized the descriptive survey method. The survey questionnaire
gathered from the data from respondents. The survey questionnaires gathered the data
from respondents. Experiences, direct observation, actual practice, environmental
concepts, comments, and reactions of respondents constituted the main source of data.
The information that was gathered serves as the basis of a proposed program for an
Environmentally Sustainable School Community Program. 

A pretest was given to the administrator/staff respondents to test functionality and

comprehension of the instrument. Copies of the survey questionnaires were personally
delivered and administered with assistance from school administrators. A cover letter to
seek permission to conduct the research, which included the nature and objectives of the
study, was approved by the Vice President of SLRC. A copy of the questionnaires was
attached to the cover letter for cursory perusal. The list of the students was obtained from
the Registrar's Office and the list of employees and administrators/staff is obtained from
the SLRC HRD Office. (Appendices D, E, G, and H were obtained from the Registrar's
Office).

Research Locale

The study was based at the San Lorenzo Ruiz College of Ormoc. For information,
Appendix A traces briefly the history of SLRC. The City of Ormoc, Leyte (Figure 3)
originated as a little pagan tribe with natives scattered from the seashore and over the
hills before the Spaniards came. The Ormoc City Profile 2006 from the Ormoc City
Planning & Development Office, Ormoc City, Leyte, Philippines estimated that the
bounding came about in the later part of the 16th century when Christianity was spread in
Leyte. Juan Pagpag, a Catholic priest from Palompon, Leyte founded the
settlement. Ormoc covers an area of 46430 hectares, and it is classified as a third-class
municipality. It is situated in the northwestern part of Leyte.

The San Lorenzo College of Ormoc is located in Ormoc City, Leyte (Appendices
B and C). Figure 4 captures some pictorial segments of the SLRC campus, Figure 5 gives
the map of the SLRC School Campus, and Figure 6 gives the Physical Features of
Ormoc.

Sampling Procedure

The sample size included in the study was 72 or 36% of the total number of the
SLRCian community who have stayed in SLRC for at least four years (Appendix I).
Table 1 consolidates the frequency and percentage of the respondents.

Table 1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondents (see Appendix

J).

Total No. of No. of

Category % %
Population frequency

College of Pharmacy
50
73 56 69
(BSPH 1, 2, and 3)

Employees and 22
58 44 31
Administrators

Total 131 100 72 100

Figure 3. PROVINCIAL DELINEATION MAP

LEYTE ISLAND
Figure 4. Segments of the San Lorenzo Ruiz College of Ormoc Campus
Figure 5. The SLRC School Campus
Physical Features of Ormoc

A. Boundaries

Ormoc City is situated in the northwestern part of Leyte. It is a coastal city

and on its west is the Ormoc Bay. It is bounded on the northwest by the towns of
Matag-ob and Merida, in the north by Kananga, in the northeast by the towns of
Jaro, Pastrana and Dagami, and in the south by the town of Albuera. High
mountain ranges, notably Mt. Mindwin, separate Ormoc from the eastern portion
of Leyte. 

The plains of the city usually referred to as the Ormoc Valley runs from
north-northeast to south-southeast. Numerous rivers and streams traverse these
plains thus supplying them with water vital for agricultural production. Among
the potable waterways are the Bao River in the north, Pagsangaan River in the
east, the Bagong-bong River in the south, the Panilahan River also in the south
and the Anilao and Maibasag Rivers which border the eastern and western flanks
of Ormoc City Proper. 

B. Location

The city is located at Lat. 11° 00' 26.59" N, long. 124° 36' 28.46" E, in an
enclave fronting the Ormoc Bay. This location serves to make the city an ideal
and popular jump off point for Cebu, the rest of the Visayas, and the northern
portion of Mindanao. It is situated 109 kilometers from Tacloban City, the capital
of Leyte and the eastern Visayas Region and about 62 nautical miles from Cebu
City. Thus, it has a great advantage over the nearby municipalities in terms of
commercial, transport and recreational facilities. It is a popular convergence point
for businessmen, traders, civic groups, and industrialists.

C. Land Area and Topography

Ormoc City has a total land area of 464.30 square kilometers (see
Appendix 1 for Land Area, Distance from City Proper and Elevation per
 Barangay). In terms of land area, it is the largest local government subdivision in
the province of Leyte. Approximately one-half of Ormoc is mountainous and
hilly. The largest mountain range is east of the city where the Tongonan Hot
Springs and Lake Danao are located. This mountain range reaches a peak of 1,000
meters in several places.

D. Climate

The city experiences intense rain period that usually occurs during the
months of June to February. 

Mean monthly temperature for the western section of Leyte range between
21.1 °C to 34 °C felt during the months of January and May.

E. Land Use

Agriculture is the dominant land use in the city followed by forest areas.
The following are the land area classification (in hectares):

1. Agricultural Areas : 26,298.2900 (56.64%)

2. Forest Areas : 15,034.8700 (32.38%)
3. Built-up Areas : 2,672.8000 (5.76%)
a. Urban Built-up Areas : 1,301.2209
b. Rural Built-up Areas : 1,641.5791
4. Special Land Uses : 2,424.0800 (5.22%)
a. Industrial : 755.0000
b. Airport : 52.0400
c. Mineral Areas : 162.0000
d. Open Grassland : 104.3400
e. PUD (Ormoc/Township) : 415.7000
f. Mangrove/Swamp : 935.0000
Brief History of Ormoc

Ormoc City is the pioneer city of Leyte. It is the first non-provincial capital city of
the Philippines.

Before the Portuguese navigator, Ferdinand Magellan, reached Leyte in 1521, a

handful of Malayan families lived in a small settlement called “OGMOK” - an old
Visayan term of lowland or depressed plain. “OGMOK” was also the name of a spring
located between the present barangays of Donghol and Mahayag. The name ORMOC,
evidently, is the variation of the original name and came into use with the coming of the
Spanish Conquistadores and the migration of people from the neighboring towns and
islands to settle in its fertile plains.

The primitive Malayans had well-developed trade and commerce with the
Chinese, Javans and Indonesians who frequented the islands in their junks, vintas and
sailboats. Pigafetta, the Spanish historian, mentioned “OGMOK” in his chronicles as one
place in Leyte where Magellan touched in search of food and water in March 1521.

On February 26,1834, Ormoc was separated from her mother town Palompon and
created into a separate and distinct municipality.

Ormoc became a city through Republic Act No. 179 fathered by Congressman
Domingo Veloso, which was approved on June 21,1947. The first President of the
Philippine Republic Manual A. Roxas proclaimed Ormoc a city on September 4, 1947.
By virtue of Presidential Proclamation No. 42, Ormoc was formally inaugurated as a city
on October 20,1947.

A flashflood on November 5,1991 brought death, destruction of crops and

damage in properties. The severity of the damage was found to be due to massive
deforestation/rapid forest denudation. In response, the government and the private sector
embarked on a concerted effort directed towards full-scale reforestation of the denuded
areas. In addition, Ormoc, through the assistance of the Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA), has commenced in the implementation of the Flood Mitigation Project to
address the flooding of the city center.

Ormoc has recently been chosen to host the Provincial Industrial Center. Pursuant
to this, the Local Government of Ormoc has sought to optimize this opportunity to propel
the growth of the local economy. The Local government intends to undertake the
establishment of universities and colleges, the provision of critical infrastructure, utilities,
facilities, and other such projects to demonstrate the present administration’s
commitment to the modernization and development of Ormoc.

Today, Ormoc City is a picture of steady progress and stability. With its
continuous modernization program, more investors are coming into the city, which
contributed to it being adjudged as the 2005 Most Business-Friendly City in the Visayas
by the prestigious Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry. And though the city
has embarked on modernization, it has also kept attuned its environmental protection
programs as evident in being a consistent Cleanest and Greenest City awardee in Region
VIII and one of the Cleanest and Greenest City in the country. This prestigious award is a
leading tribute to visualize Ormoc as a “beauty by the bay”, a wonderful place to visit
whether for business or pleasure.
Research Instrument

The study utilized the Environmental Conservation Audit (ECA) Part I

determined the profile of respondents, Part II dealt with the inventories of environmental
practices/indicators; Part III covered the assessment of the extent of implementation; Part
IV included the support and cooperation given by the administrators, employees, and
students; and Part V elicited the perceptions on environmental problems existing in the
school campus.

The instrument (Appendix F) was subjected to comments from environmentalists.

It underwent further revision after the proposal hearing. The final draft was used in the
gathering of data. The tabulation chart integrated in the data sheet was prepared to
systematize data consolidation and to facilitate the treatment of each set of information in
the questionnaire.

Data Collection and Management

Stratified proportional sampling was employed in the study. This strategy enables
one to determine to what extent each stratum in the population was represented (Sevilla
et. Al, 2001). The research sample was drawn from the population of College of
Pharmacy, SLRC, Ormoc City, Leyte (Appendix I) with three years’ residence, using the
following with a desired margin of error of 5% in statistics (Neter, Wasserman, and
Whitmore, (1993).

N
ŋ= 2
1+ N e

where:

N = size of population

ŋ = sample size

e = margin of error
 The sample size drawn from the population was determined using the following
formula:

ŋ
p= ,
N

where:

p = sample proportion

ŋ = desired number of populations

N = total number of populations

After the sample size was determined, the respondents from each group of
population was drawn using a simple random sampling.

1. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data using the following formula:
a. Mean

ΣX
X̄ =
N

where:

X̄ = Mean

Σ X = Summation of X

N = total number of cases

2. To translate verbal interpretation of the result of the self-assessment questionnaire

and perceptions regarding the support of administrators and cooperation of
respondents in the implementation of its ecological program, the five-point Likert
Scale (Downie and Heath, 1984) was used. Table 2 gives the measuring scale in
five gradations with 5 highest and 1 lowest value. Verbal interpretation ranges
from “Fully Implemented” or “Very Highly Satisfactory” down to “Not
Implemented” or Unsatisfactory”.
Table 2. Likert Scale Instrument to Translate Verbal Interpretation

Scale Verbal Interpretation

4.20-5.00 Fully Implemented/Very High Satisfactory

3.40-4.19 Highly Implemented/High Satisfactory

2.60-3.39 Moderately Implemented/Satisfactory

1.80-2.59 Slightly Implemented/Minimally Satisfactory

1.00-1.79 Not Implemented/Unsatisfactory

Figure 6. MAP OF ORMOC
Figure 7. ZONAL MAP OF ORMOC