Exponential and logarithmic functions

MHF4U
Ellias El Jeledi

1)
4
a) 2401 = 7
Using the definition of logs, rewrite this as:
𝑙𝑜𝑔7(2401) = 4

4
Therefore, the logarithmic form of the expression 2401 = 7 is 𝑙𝑜𝑔7(2401) = 4

b) 𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑐
Using the definition of logs, rewrite it as:
𝑎
𝑏 =𝑐

𝑎
Therefore, the exponential form of the expression 𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑐 is 𝑏 = 𝑐
2)
a) this expression represents a logarithmic equation where the base is not specified. By default,
the base should be 10.
𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1021
𝑥 = 1. 32221929
𝑥 = 1. 322

Therefore, x = 1.322

b) 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2210000
𝑥 = 2. 979687439
𝑥 ≃ 2. 98

So, 𝑥 ≃ 2. 98

𝑥
c) 2 = 23
Putting it into logarithmic form:
𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔223
𝑥 = 4. 5283561956
𝑥 ≃ 4. 528
Therefore, 𝑥 ≃ 4. 528

9
d) 𝑥 = 1024
Use the 9th root of 1024 to find x
9
𝑥 = 1024
𝑥 = 2. 160119478
𝑥 ≃ 2. 160

Based on that, 𝑥 = 2. 160

e) 5 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥25
5
𝑥 = 25
𝑥 = 1. 903653939
𝑥 ≃ 1. 904

Therefore, 𝑥 ≃ 1. 904

f) 3. 5 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔36𝑥
3.5
𝑥 = 36
𝑥 = 279936

Therefore, 𝑥 = 279936

3)
𝑏
a) We can rewrite the equation using the logarithm property 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑥 :
21
𝑚 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔11(11 )
𝑚 = 21𝑙𝑜𝑔11(11)

We can simplify since log b of b is 1.

𝑀 = 21

So, M = 21

𝑥
b) Using the rule of logarithms that states that 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 = 𝑥:
𝑏
𝑙𝑜𝑔4(57)
4 =𝑥
57
𝑙𝑜𝑔44 = 57
𝑥 = 57

Therefore, 𝑥 = 57
 𝑥
c) Using the property of logarithms that says 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑏 , we can rewrite the given
𝑥
equation: 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1001000 as 100 = 1000
3
Then simplify 1000 as 10
𝑥 3
100 = 10
𝑦
Now we can use the property of logarithms that says 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑥 is equal to 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑥 :
𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔100100 = 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔10010
Since 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑏 = 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔10010
Using the change of base formula:
3 𝑙𝑜𝑔1010
𝑥= 𝑙𝑜𝑔10100
3
𝑥= 2

3
Based on that, 𝑥 = 2

4)
a)
Take the logarithm of both sides with base 5:
11𝑥+23 7𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔5(5 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5(125 )
3
Rewrite 125 as 5 and simplify
3
11𝑥 + 23 = 7𝑥(𝑙𝑜𝑔5(5 ))
11𝑥 + 23 = 21𝑥(𝑙𝑜𝑔5(5)
11𝑥 + 23 = 21𝑥(1)
10𝑥 = 23
23
𝑥= 10
𝑥 = 2. 3

b) Using the logarithm with base 2 of both sides:

𝑛
𝑙𝑜𝑔2(2 ) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2123
Simplify
𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔2(2)) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2(123)
 𝑙𝑜𝑔2(123)
𝑛= 𝑙𝑜𝑔2(2)
6.942514505
𝑛= 1
𝑛 = 6. 942514505
𝑛≃7

Therefore, 𝑛 ≃ 7

𝑥
c) Take 3 as a common factor then simplify:
𝑥 5
3 (3 + 1) = 177876
𝑥 177876
3 = 5
3 +1
𝑥 177876
3 = 244
𝑥
3 = 729
Using 𝑙𝑜𝑔3:
𝑥(𝑙𝑜𝑔33) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3729
𝑥(1) = 6
𝑥=6

Therefore, 𝑥 = 6

5)
1
● 𝑎 =− 2
. Since a is negative, there will be a reflection in the x axis .
1
● Since a is negative, there will be a vertical compression by 2
1
● 𝑘 =− 7
. Since the magnitude of k is less than 1, there will be a horizontal
stretch by 7
● 𝑑 = 2. Since d is positive, the line will go to the rigyt by 2 units.
● 𝑐 = 9. Since c is positive, the line will go upwards by 9 units.

6)
● A vertical stretch by 4 units means that the coefficient of the logarithm (a) is 4.
● A reflection in the x-axis means that the logarithm’s (a) sign should be negative.
1 1
● A horizontal compression by 9
means that k equals 9
.
● An upwards movement by 11 units means that c equals 11.
● A 12 units movement to the left means that d equals 12.
Therefore, based on the general form of a transformed logarithmic function;
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝑘(𝑥 − 𝑑)] + 𝑐, the equation is going to be:
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑙𝑜𝑔[ 9 (𝑥 + 12) + 11

7)
Total depreciation = 54000 − 28497. 52
Total depreciation = 25502.48
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Annual depreciation rate = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
25502.48
Annual depreciation rate = 5
Annual depreciation rate = 5100. 50
To find it in percentage:
5100.5
𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = ( 54000
)100 = 9. 44537037
𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 9. 45%

Therefore, the annual depreciation rate of the car is 9.45% per year

8)
Using the equation; 𝑝𝐻 =− 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝐻 +):
𝑝𝐻 =− 𝑙𝑜𝑔(0. 02)
𝑝𝐻 = 1. 698970004
𝑝𝐻 ≃ 1. 7

So, the pH of a lemon is around 1.7

9)
𝐼
𝑀 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝐼0 )
𝑀1 = 6 and 𝑀2 = 2. 9
𝐼 𝐼
This means that 6 =𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝐼0 ) and 2. 9 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 𝐼0 )
6 𝐼
10 = 𝐼0
2.9 𝐼
10 = 𝐼0
By dividing the intensities:
6
10 3.1
2.9 = 10
10
In conclusion a 6.0 magnitude earthquake is 1259 times more intense than a 2.9
magnitude earthquake.
10) a)
𝑔(𝑥) = 8𝑙𝑜𝑔[2(𝑥)]
𝑔(𝑥) = 8[𝑙𝑜𝑔(2) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑔(𝑥) = 8 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 + 8 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
Given that log = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10:
𝑔(𝑥) = 2. 4082 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 (𝑥)
10 8
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1.3335(𝑥) + 2. 4082

Therefore, 𝑔(𝑥) = 8𝑙𝑜𝑔[2(𝑥)] in the form 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏(𝑥) + 𝑐 is

𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1.3335(𝑥) + 2. 4082

b)
𝑔(𝑥) = 8𝑙𝑜𝑔[2(𝑥)]
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥)1

10 8

𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1.3335(2𝑥)

Therefore, the equation 𝑔(𝑥) = 8𝑙𝑜𝑔[2(𝑥)] in the form 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏[𝑘(𝑥)] is

𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1.3335(2𝑥)

c)
𝑔(𝑥) = 8𝑙𝑜𝑔[2(𝑥)]
8
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(2𝑥)
8 8
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(2 )(𝑥 )
8
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(256)(𝑥 )
8
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(256𝑥 )

𝑚
Therefore, the equation 𝑔(𝑥) = 8𝑙𝑜𝑔[2(𝑥)] in the form 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝑘(𝑥 )]
11) by using technology:

By manual graphing:

Therefore, 𝑥1 = 0. 5445 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 = 1. 7744

12)
Logarithms are defined for all input values, hence the base must be positive for the
inverse function to exist. Since there is no "real" exponent that may produce negative
values for positive bases, the logarithmic function cannot be constructed for all values
of the input if the base is negative. Therefore, No matter what the exponent is, the value
produced by an exponential function is always positive.

13) Because calculating the logarithm of a negative number will result in an unreal root,
meaning that the number has no number we can use to find out the number.

14)
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 − 1) − 12(𝑥 − 2)
This is the only possible equation because if we put the conditions in an exponential
form, it will result in an unreal root (negative solution). Furthermore, plugging in other
numbers in the logarithmic form hasn’t resulted in a real number either, so this is the
only answer I found.

15)
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
Since 𝑥 = 𝑥 ✕𝑥
𝑥 2
5 𝑥 −2
= 2(6 ✕ 6 )
5
2
𝑥 𝑥
5 6
= 2( 2 )
5 6
2
𝑥 𝑥
5 6
= 2( 36
)
5
2
𝑥 𝑥
5 6
= 18
5
Take the logarithm of both sides:
2
𝑥 𝑥
5 6
𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 18
5
1

Since 5 =5 , 2

2
𝑥 𝑥
5 6
𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 18
2
5
 𝑎
Since 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏,
1 2
𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔5 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔18
𝑏
Since 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎,
1 2
𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 − 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔 5 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔6 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔18
2
𝑥(0. 699) − 0. 349 = 𝑥 (0. 778) − 1. 255
2
𝑥(0. 699)− 𝑥 (0. 778) =− 1. 255 + 0. 349
2
𝑥(0. 699)− 𝑥 (0. 778) =− 0. 906
2
Putting it into the form of a quadratic equation; 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
2
− 0. 778𝑥 + 0. 699𝑥 + 0. 906 = 0
2
−𝑏± 𝑏 −4𝑎𝑐
Then by using the quadratic formula 2𝑎
where
𝑎 =− 0. 778, 𝑏 = 0. 669, 𝑐 = 0. 906
2
−0.669+ (0.669) −4(−0.778)(0.906)
𝑥1 = 2(−0.778)
𝑥1 ≃ 1. 618
2
−0.669− (0.669) −4(−0.778)(0.906
𝑥2 = 2(−0.778)
𝑥2 ≃− 0. 72

Therefore, the values of x are -0.720 and 1.618

Small note: I changed the font size to make the powers more clear.

16)
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥−4(3𝑥 + 1) = 2
2
3𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 − 4)
2
3𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 16
2
0 = 𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 16 − 1
2
𝑥 − 11𝑥 + 15 = 0
Now, use the quadratic formula:
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 =− 11 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 15
2
−(11)+ (−11) −4(1)(15)
𝑥1 = 2(1)
𝑥1 ≃ 9. 405
2
−(11)− (−11) −4(1)(15)
𝑥2 = 2(1)
𝑥2 = 1. 594
However, 1.594 - 4 is negative and since the base of a logarithm can’t be negative, the
actual answer is the other value of x; 9.405.