Chapter 5 Worked Solutions

Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions
Solutions to Exercise 5A
1a 23 × 27 = 23 + 7 = 210
1b 𝑒4 × 𝑒3 = 𝑒4 + 3 = 𝑒7
1c 26 ÷ 22 = 26 − 2 = 24
1d 𝑒8 ÷ 𝑒5 = 𝑒8 − 5 = 𝑒3
1e (23 )4 = 23 × 4 = 212
1f (𝑒 5 )6 = 𝑒 5 × 6 = 𝑒 30
2a 𝑒 2𝑥 × 𝑒 5𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 = 𝑒 7𝑥
2b 𝑒 10𝑥 ÷ 𝑒 8𝑥 = 𝑒 10𝑥 − 8𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥
2c (𝑒 2𝑥 )5 = 𝑒 2𝑥 × 5 = 𝑒 10𝑥
2d 𝑒 2𝑥 × 𝑒 −7𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + (−7𝑥) = 𝑒 −5𝑥
2e 𝑒 𝑥 ÷ 𝑒 −4𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 − (−4𝑥) = 𝑒 5𝑥
2f (𝑒 −3𝑥 )4 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 × 4 = 𝑒 −12𝑥
3a 𝑒 2 ≑ 7.389
3b 𝑒 −3 ≑ 0.04979
© Cambridge University Press 2019 1

3c 𝑒 = 𝑒 1 ≑ 2.718
1
3d = 𝑒 −1 ≑ 0.3679
𝑒
1
3e √𝑒 = 𝑒 2 ≑ 1.649
1
1
3f = 𝑒 −2 ≑ 0.6065
√ 𝑒
4a 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦′′ = 𝑒 𝑥
4b The curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is always concave up, and is always increasing at an increasing

rate.
𝑑
5a Gradient at 𝑃(1, 𝑒) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 1
= 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 1
=𝑒
Tangent at 𝑃(1, 𝑒):
𝑦 − 𝑒 = 𝑒(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑥-intercept when 𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑥=0
𝑑
5b Gradient at 𝑄(0, 1) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 0
= 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 0
=1
Tangent at 𝑄(0, 1):
𝑦 − 1 = 1(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦 =𝑥+1

𝑥-intercept when 𝑦 = 0
0=𝑥+1
𝑥 = −1
1 𝑑
5c Gradient at 𝑄 (−1, 𝑒) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = −1
= 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = −1
1
=
𝑒
1
Tangent at 𝑄 (−1, ) :
𝑒
1 1
𝑦 − = (𝑥 − (−1))
𝑒 𝑒
1 1 1
𝑦− = 𝑥+
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
1 2
𝑦= 𝑥+
𝑒 𝑒
1
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)
𝑒
𝑥 − intercept when 𝑦 = 0
1
0 = (𝑥 + 2)
𝑒
𝑥 = −2
6a 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 1 − 1
𝑃 = (1, 𝑒 − 1)
𝑑𝑦
6b = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
When 𝑥 = 1, =𝑒
𝑑𝑥
6c Tangent at 𝑃(1, 𝑒 − 1):

𝑦 − (𝑒 − 1) = 𝑒(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒 + 𝑒 − 1
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 − 1
𝑒𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = 0
1
Normal at 𝑃(1, 𝑒 − 1) has gradient = −
e
1
𝑦 − (𝑒 − 1) = − (𝑥 − 1)
𝑒

𝑒𝑦 − 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 = −𝑥 + 1
𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 − 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 − 1 = 0
7a
Shift 𝑒 𝑥 up 1
7b
Shift 𝑒 𝑥 down 2
7c
1
Stretch 𝑒 𝑥 vertically with factor
3

7d
Stretch 𝑒 𝑥 horizontally with factor 2
8a
Shift 𝑒 −𝑥 down 1
8b
Reflect 𝑒 −𝑥 in 𝑥-axis

8c
1
Stretch 𝑒 −𝑥 horizontally with factor 2
1 1
9 It is a vertical dilation of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 with factor − 3 . Its equation is 𝑦 = − 3 𝑒 𝑥 .
10a (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)(𝑒 𝑥 − 1) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 1
= 𝑒 2𝑥 − 1
10b (𝑒 4𝑥 + 3)(𝑒 2𝑥 + 3) = 𝑒 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 4𝑥 + 3𝑒 2𝑥 + 9
= 𝑒 6𝑥 + 3𝑒 4𝑥 + 3𝑒 2𝑥 + 9
10c (𝑒 −3𝑥 − 2)𝑒 3𝑥 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑒 3𝑥

= 1 − 2𝑒 3𝑥
10d (𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )2 = (𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )(𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )

= 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑥
= 𝑒 −4𝑥 + 1 + 1 + 𝑒 4𝑥
= 𝑒 −4𝑥 + 2 + 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑒 4𝑥 +𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
11a = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
= 𝑒 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 − 2𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥

𝑒 2𝑥 −𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
11b = 𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑒 4𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 𝑒 3𝑥 − 4𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 10𝑥 +5𝑒 20𝑥 𝑒 10𝑥 5𝑒 20𝑥

11c = 𝑒 −10𝑥 + 𝑒 −10𝑥
𝑒 −10𝑥
= 𝑒 10𝑥 −(−10𝑥) + 5𝑒 20𝑥 −(−10𝑥)
= 𝑒 20𝑥 + 5𝑒 30𝑥
6𝑒 −𝑥 +9𝑒 −2𝑥 6𝑒 −𝑥 9𝑒 −2𝑥

11d = +
3𝑒 3𝑥 3𝑒 3𝑥 3𝑒 3𝑥
−𝑥 − 3𝑥
= 2𝑒 + 3𝑒 −2𝑥 − 3𝑥
= 2𝑒 −4𝑥 + 3𝑒 −5𝑥
12a 𝑦-intercept when 𝑥 = 0

𝑦 = 𝑒0
=1
𝑑
Tangent at (0,1) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 0
= 𝑒0
=1
12b Reflection in 𝑦-axis
12c −1
12d

12e Horizontal dilation with factor −1
13a 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 + 5
𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′′ = 𝑒 𝑥
13b 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥3
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑥 + 6𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = 𝑒 𝑥 + 6
𝑦 ′′′′ = 𝑒 𝑥
13c 𝑦 = 4𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 4𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 4𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′ = 4𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′′ = 4𝑒 𝑥
Here, the gradient equals the height.
13d 𝑦 = 5𝑒 𝑥 + 5𝑥 2
𝑦 ′ = 5𝑒 𝑥 + 10𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 5𝑒 𝑥 + 10
𝑦 ′′′ = 5𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′′′ = 5𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
14a = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
At 𝑥 = 0, gradient = 𝑒 0 = 1
Angle of inclination = tan−1 1 = 45˚
14b At 𝑥 = 1, gradient = 𝑒 1 = 𝑒
Angle of inclination = tan−1 𝑒 ≑ 69˚ 48′
14c At 𝑥 = −2, gradient = 𝑒 −2

Angle of inclination = tan−1 𝑒 −2 ≑ 7˚ 42′
14d At 𝑥 = 5, gradient = 𝑒 5
Angle of inclination = tan−1 𝑒 5 ≑ 89˚ 37′
15a 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 1 − 1 = 𝑒 − 1
𝑑𝑦
15b = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = 1, = 𝑒1 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑥
15c Tangent at 𝑃(1, 𝑒 − 1):

𝑦 − (𝑒 − 1) = 𝑒(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒 + 𝑒 − 1
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 − 1

1
16a Stretch horizontally with factor of .
2
16b Shift right 1 unit.
1
16c Stretch vertically with factor of .
2

16d Shift down 2 units.
17a As a translation, the transformation is shift left 2 units.
Alternatively, y  e 2 e x so it is a vertical dilation with factor of e2 .
17b As a dilation, the transformation is dilate vertically with factor of 2.
Alternatively, y  eloge 2 e x  e x  loge 2 so it is a shift left of log e 2 units.

Solutions to Exercise 5B
𝑑𝑦
1a = 7𝑒 7𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1b = 3 × 4𝑒 3𝑥 = 12𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1c = −5𝑒 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑦 1
1d = 3 × 6𝑒 3𝑥 = 2𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
1e = 7𝑒 −7𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
1f = −2 × − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2a = 𝑒 𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2b = 3𝑒 3𝑥+4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2c = 2𝑒 2𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2d = 4𝑒 4𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2e = −3𝑒 −3𝑥+4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2f = −2𝑒 −2𝑥−7
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
3a = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3b = 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
3c =
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
3d =
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦 2𝑒 2𝑥 3𝑒 3𝑥
3e = + = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 3
𝑑𝑦 4𝑒 4𝑥 5𝑒 5𝑥
3f = + = 𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑒 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥 4 5
4a 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+2𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4b 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥−𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4c 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥×2 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4d 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥×3 = 𝑒 6𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 6𝑒 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4e 𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑥−𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4f 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−2𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4g 𝑦 = 𝑒 0−3𝑥 = 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −3𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4h 𝑦 = 𝑒 0−5𝑥 = 𝑒 −5𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −5𝑒 −5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
5ai 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 (4) (𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥
5aii Successive derivatives alternate in signs. More precisely,

𝑒 −𝑥 , if 𝑛 is even,
𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥) = { −𝑥
−𝑒 , if 𝑛 is odd
5bi 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 4𝑒 2𝑥
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 8𝑒 2𝑥
𝑓 (4) (𝑥) = 16𝑒 2𝑥
5bii Each derivative is twice the previous one. More precisely
𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥) = 2𝑛 𝑒 2𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
6a (𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥+𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
6b (𝑒 −𝑥 (2𝑒 −𝑥 − 1)) = 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑒 −𝑥−𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= (2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= −4𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
6c (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2 = ((𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥
= (𝑒 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
6d (𝑒 𝑥 + 3)2 = ((𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 3𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥 + 9)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥
= (𝑒 + 6𝑒 𝑥 + 9)
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 6𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
6e (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2 = ((𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥
= (𝑒 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
6f (𝑒 𝑥 − 2)2 = ((𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 2𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥
= (𝑒 − 4𝑒 𝑥 + 4)
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 4𝑒 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
6g ((𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )) = 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥+𝑥 − (𝑒 −𝑥 )2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
6h ((𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝑒 −5𝑥 )(𝑒 5𝑥 − 𝑒 −5𝑥 )) = 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑒 5𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 5𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 𝑒 −5𝑥 + 5𝑥 − (𝑒 −5𝑥 )2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 10𝑥
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −10𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 10𝑒 10𝑥 + 10𝑒 −10𝑥
7a Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 2 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦
= 2 × 𝑒 2𝑥+1 = 2𝑒 2𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
7b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 2 2
= 2𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
7c Let 𝑢 = − 2 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
1 2 1 2
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑥 × 𝑒 −2𝑥 = −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
7d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 2 +1 2 +1
= 2𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
7e Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 2 2
= −2𝑥 × 𝑒 1−𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑒 1−𝑥
𝑑𝑥
7f Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 2 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 2 +2𝑥 2 +2𝑥
= (2𝑥 + 2) × 𝑒 𝑥 = 2(𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
7g Let 𝑢 = 6 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 2 2
= (1 − 2𝑥) × 𝑒 6+𝑥−𝑥 = (1 − 2𝑥)𝑒 6+𝑥−𝑥
𝑑𝑥
7h Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
1
Then 𝑦 = 2 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑥 − 2 and 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 2 −2𝑥+1 2 −2𝑥+1
= (6𝑥 − 2) × 2 𝑒 3𝑥 = (3𝑥 − 1)𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥

8a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)
8b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 −𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × −𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)
8c Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 × 1) + ((𝑥 − 1) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
8d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 3𝑥 − 4
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑒 3𝑥−4
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 3𝑥−4 × 1) + ((𝑥 + 1) × 3𝑒 3𝑥−4 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 3𝑥−4 (1 + 3(𝑥 + 1))
= 𝑒 3𝑥−4 (3𝑥 + 4)

8e Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 −𝑥 × 2𝑥) + (𝑥 2 × −𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
8f Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 2𝑥 × 2) + ((2𝑥 − 1) × 2𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 (1 + 2𝑥 − 1)
= 4𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
8g Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 5 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥) + ((𝑥 2 − 5) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 5)
8h Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 2𝑥 × 3𝑥 2 ) + (𝑥 3 × 2𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 (3 + 2𝑥)
9a Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 × 1)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥2

𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑥2
9b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 × 1) − (𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
=
𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥)
= 𝑒 2𝑥
1−𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥
9c Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 2 × 𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 )2
𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥4
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − 2)
= 𝑥4
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − 2)
= 𝑥3
9d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥) − (𝑥2 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
= 𝑒 2𝑥
2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
= 𝑒𝑥

9e Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 ((𝑥 + 1) × 𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 × 1)
= (𝑥+1)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1 − 1)
= (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑥𝑒 𝑥
= (𝑥 + 1)2
9f Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 × 1) − ((𝑥 + 1) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (1 − (𝑥 + 1))
= 𝑒 2𝑥
−𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥
9g Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 3 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒 2𝑥 × 1) − ((𝑥 − 3) × 2𝑒 2𝑥 )
= (𝑒 2𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 (1 − (2𝑥 − 6))
= 𝑒 4𝑥
7 −2 𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥
9h Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 × −2𝑥) − ((1−𝑥2 ) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (−2𝑥 − (1 − 𝑥2 ))
= 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1
= 𝑒𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
10a ((𝑒 𝑥 + 1)(𝑒 𝑥 + 2)) = 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥 + 2)
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
10b ((𝑒 2𝑥 + 3)(𝑒 2𝑥 − 2)) = 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑒 2𝑥 )2 − 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝑒 2𝑥 − 6)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 4𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 − 6)
= 4𝑒 4𝑥 + 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
10c ((𝑒 −𝑥 + 2)(𝑒 −𝑥 + 4)) = ((𝑒 −𝑥 )2 + 4𝑒 −𝑥 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 8)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 −2𝑥 + 6𝑒 −𝑥 + 8)
= −2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 6𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
10d ((𝑒 −3𝑥 − 1)(𝑒 −3𝑥 − 5)) = 𝑑𝑥 ((𝑒 −3𝑥 )2 − 5𝑒 −3𝑥 − 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 5)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 −6𝑥 − 6𝑒 −3𝑥 + 5)
= −6𝑒 −6𝑥 + 18𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
10e ((𝑒 2𝑥 + 1)(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥+𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
= 3𝑒 3𝑥 + 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
10f ((𝑒 3𝑥 − 1)(𝑒 −𝑥 + 4)) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 4𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 4)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 4)
= 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 12𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥

11a Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑒 𝑥
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢5
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑢4
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑒 𝑥 × 5(1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )4 = −5𝑒 𝑥 (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )4
𝑑𝑥
11b Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 4𝑥 − 9
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢4
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑒 4𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑢3
𝑑𝑦
= 4𝑒 4𝑥 × 4(𝑒 4𝑥 − 9)3 = 16𝑒 4𝑥 (𝑒 4𝑥 − 9)3
𝑑𝑥
11c Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 1
1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence = 𝑒 𝑥 and =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑢2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑒𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 × − (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2 = − (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2
𝑑𝑥
11d Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 4
1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢2 = 𝑢−2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 2
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑒 3𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑢3
𝑑𝑦 2 6𝑒 3𝑥
= 3𝑒 3𝑥 × − (𝑒 3𝑥 + 4)3 = − (𝑒 3𝑥 + 4)3
𝑑𝑥
12a Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 5 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦
= 5 × 𝑒 5𝑥 = 5𝑦
𝑑𝑥

12b Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥
Then 𝑦 = 3𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 2 and 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦
= 2 × 3𝑒 2𝑥 = 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥
12c Let 𝑢 = −4𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −4 and 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦
= −4 × 5𝑒 −4𝑥 = −4𝑦
𝑑𝑥
12d Let 𝑢 = −3𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −3 and 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑦
= −3 × 2𝑒 −3𝑥 = −3𝑦
𝑑𝑥
13a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑒 2𝑥+1

𝑓 ′ (0) = 2𝑒
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 × 2𝑒 2𝑥+1 = 4𝑒 2𝑥+1
𝑓 ′′ (0) = 4𝑒
13b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −3𝑒 −3𝑥

𝑓 ′ (1) = −3𝑒 −3
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −3 × −3𝑒 −3𝑥 = 9𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (1) = 9𝑒 −3

13c Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑒 −𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × −𝑒 −𝑥 ) = (1 − 𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (2) = −𝑒 −2
Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −1 and 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (𝑒 −𝑥 × −1) + ((1 − 𝑥) × −𝑒 −𝑥 )
= (−1 − (1 − 𝑥))𝑒 −𝑥
= (𝑥 − 2)𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (2) = 0
13d Let 𝑢 = −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −2𝑥 × 𝑒 −𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (0) = 0
2
Let 𝑢 = −2𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 2
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −2 and 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
2 2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (𝑒 −𝑥 × −2) + (−2𝑥 × −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 )
2 2
= −2𝑒 −𝑥 + (4𝑥 2 × 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2
= 𝑒 −𝑥 (4𝑥 2 − 2)
𝑓 ′′ (0) = −2𝑒 0 (1 − 0) = −2
𝑑𝑦
14a = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
14b = −𝑘𝑒 −𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
14c = 𝐴𝑘𝑒 𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
14d = −𝐵𝑙𝑒 −𝑙𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
14e = 𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑥+𝑞
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
14f = 𝐶𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑥+𝑞
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑥 −𝑞𝑒 −𝑞𝑥
14g =
𝑑𝑥 𝑟
𝑑𝑦
14h = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑝𝑥
𝑑𝑥
15a Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢3
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑢2
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 × 3(𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2 = 3𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2
𝑑𝑥
15b Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢4
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑢3
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) × 4(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )3 = 4(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )3
𝑑𝑥
15c Let 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 1 + 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 1 + 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 1 + 𝑥 × 2𝑥) + ((1 + 𝑥 2 ) × 𝑒 1 + 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 1 + 𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2 )
= 𝑒 1 + 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)2
15d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 − 1

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 2𝑥 – 1 × (2𝑥 − 1)) + ((𝑥 2 − 𝑥) × 2𝑒 2𝑥 – 1 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥 – 1 (2𝑥 − 1 + 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥)
= 𝑒 2𝑥 – 1 (2𝑥 2 − 1)
15e Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 ((𝑒 𝑥 + 1) × 𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2
𝑒𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2
15f Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 1

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 ((𝑒 𝑥 − 1) × 𝑒 𝑥 ) − ((𝑒 𝑥 + 1) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2
𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 − 1 − (𝑒 𝑥 + 1))
= (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2
−2𝑒 𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2

𝑑 1
16a 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 0 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
= −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑
16b 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥−𝑥 )
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 0 )
= 𝑒𝑥
𝑑
16c 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥 )
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
= −4𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑
16d 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑒 −4𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 4𝑥 )
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑒 −4𝑥 + 𝑒 −3𝑥 )
= −12𝑒 −4𝑥 − 3𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑
16e 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑥 − 3𝑒 4𝑥−𝑥 )
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 0 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 3𝑒 3𝑥 )
= 𝑒 𝑥 − 9𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑
16f 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥−2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥−2𝑥 + 𝑒 0−2𝑥 )
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 0 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
= −2𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑒 −2𝑥

17a y  ex
1
x
ye 2
1 1x
y  e 2
2
1 x
y'  e
2
17b y  3 ex
1
x
ye 3
1 13 x

y  e
3
13 x
y'  e
3
1
17c y
ex
1
 x
ye 2
1 -1x
y¢ = - e 2
2
1
y  
2 ex
1
17d y
3
ex
1
 x
ye 3
1 -1x
y¢ = - e 3
3

1
y  
33 ex
17e ye x
d f  x 1 1 1
Using e  e f  x  f   x  with f  x   x and f   x   x 2  we obtain:
dx 2 2 x
1
y  e x
2 x
17f y  e x
d f  x 1 1 1
Using e  e f  x  f   x  with f  x    x and f   x    x 2   we
dx 2 2 x
obtain:
1
y   e x
2 x
1
17g y  ex
d f  x 1 1
Using e  e f  x  f   x  with f  x   and f   x    2 we obtain:
dx x x
1 1x
y   e
x2
1

17h ye x
d f  x 1 1
Using e  e f  x  f   x  with f  x    and f   x   2 we obtain:
dx x x
1  1x
y  2 e
x

1
x
17i ye x
d f  x 1 1
Using e  e f  x  f   x  with f  x   x  and f   x   1  2 we obtain:
dx x x
 1  x 1
y   1  2  e x
 x 
y  ee
x
17j
d f  x
Using e  e f  x  f   x  with f  x   e x and f   x   e x we obtain:
dx
y  e x e e  e x  e
x x
e x  e x e x  e x
18a cosh x  and sinh x 
2 2
d e x  e x
LHS : cosh x   sinh x
dx 2
RHS  sinh x
d
LHS  RHS and so cosh x  sinh x
dx
d e x  e x
LHS : sinh x   cosh x
dx 2
RHS  cosh x
d
LHS  RHS and so sinh x  cosh x
dx
e x  e x
18b Let y  cosh x  .
2
e x  e x e x  e x
y  and y 
2 2
e x  e x e x  e x
LHS : y  and RHS : y 
2 2

e x  e x
LHS  RHS and so y  cosh x  satisfies y  y
2
e x  e x
Let y  sinh x  .
2
e x  e x e x  e x
y  and y 
2 2
e x  e x e x  e x
LHS : y  and RHS : y 
2 2
e x  e x
LHS  RHS and so y  sinh x  satisfies y  y
2
18c Given cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1 .

2 2
æ e x + e- x ö æ e x - e- x ö
LHS = ç -
è 2 ÷ø çè 2 ÷ø
= ((
1 2x
4
) (
e + 2 + e-2 x - e2 x - 2 + e-2 x ))
= ( 4)
1
4
=1
= RHS
LHS  RHS and so cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1
19a i Given y  2e3 x
LHS : y  6e3 x
RHS : 3 y  3  2e3 x  6e3 x
LHS  RHS and so y  2e3 x is a solution of y  3 y

19a ii Given y  2e3 x
y  6e3 x and y   18e3 x
LHS:
y  9 y  18e3 x  9  2e3 x

 18e3 x  18e3 x
0
 RHS
LHS  RHS and so y  2e3 x is a solution of y  9 y  0
1
19b y  e3 x  4
2
dy 3
LHS :   e3 x
dx 2
1  3
RHS : 3  y  4   3  e 3 x  4  4    e 3 x
2  2
1 dy
LHS  RHS and so y  e3 x  4 is a solution of  3  y  4 
2 dx
19c i y  e x
Substituting y  e  x , y  e  x and y   e  x into y  2 y  y  0 we obtain:
LHS  e x  2e  x  e  x
0
 RHS
LHS  RHS and so y  e  x is a solution of y  2 y  y  0
19c ii y  xe  x
Applying the product rule on y  xe  x :
Let u  x and v  e  x .
Then u  1 and v  e x .

y  vu  uv
 e  x  1  x  e  x
 e x  xe x
Differentiating again (including use of the product rule) we obtain:
y  e x   e x  xe x 

 2e x  xe x
Substituting y  xe  x , y  e  x  xe  x and y  2e  x  xe  x into y  2 y  y  0 we

obtain:
LHS  2e  x  xe  x  2  e  x  xe  x   xe  x
  2  2  e  x   x  2 x  x  e  x
0
 RHS
LHS  RHS and so y  xe  x is a solution of y  2 y  y  0
20a Given y  e  x is a solution of y  3 y  10 y  0 .
Substituting y   e x and y   2 e x into y  3 y  10 y  0 we obtain:
 2e x  3e x  10e x  0

Taking out e x as a common factor we obtain:
e x   2  3  10   0
e x  0 and so  2  3  10  0
   5   2  0
So   5 or   2 .
20b Given y  e  x is a solution of y  y  y  0 .
Substituting y   e x and y   2 e x into y  y  y  0 we obtain:
 2 e x   e x  e x  0
Taking out e x as a common factor we obtain:

e x   2    1  0
e x  0 and so  2    1  0
1  12  4 1  1 1  5
 
2 2
So   
1
2
  1

1  5 or    1  5 .
2


Solutions to Exercise 5C
1
1
1a When 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 2(2) – 1
= 𝑒0
=1
𝑑𝑦
1b = 2𝑒 2𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥
1
1
Gradient of tangent at 𝐴 (2 , 1) = 2𝑒 2(2)−1 = 2
1
1c 𝑦 − 1 = 2 (𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 + 1
𝑦 = 2𝑥
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 × 0 = 0
Hence, it passes through 𝑂.
1
1
2a When 𝑥 = − 3 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 3(− 3) + 1
= 𝑒0
=1
1
𝑅 (− 3 , 1)
𝑑𝑦
2b = 3𝑒 3𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
1
1
Gradient of tangent at 𝑅 (− 3 , 1) = 3𝑒 3(−3)−1 = 3
1 1
2c Gradient of normal at 𝑅 (− 3 , 1) = − 3

1 1
2d 𝑦 − 1 = − 3 (𝑥 − (− 3))
1 1
𝑦 − 1 = −3𝑥 − 9
9𝑦 − 9 = −3𝑥 − 1
3𝑥 + 9𝑥 − 8 = 0
𝑑𝑦
3a = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Gradient of tangent at 𝑃(−1, 𝑒) = −𝑒 −(−1) = −𝑒
1
3b Gradient of normal at 𝑃(−1, 𝑒) =
𝑒
1
3c 𝑦 − 𝑒 = 𝑒 (𝑥 − (−1))
𝑒𝑦 − 𝑒 2 = 𝑥 + 1
𝑥 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒 2 + 1 = 0
3d When 𝑦 = 0,
𝑥 − 0 + 𝑒2 + 1 = 0
𝑥 = −𝑒 2 − 1
When 𝑥 = 0,
0 − 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒 2 + 1 = 0
𝑒𝑦 = 𝑒 2 + 1
1
𝑦 =𝑒+𝑒
1 1
3e Area = 2 ((0 − (−𝑒 2 − 1)) × (𝑒 + 𝑒))
1 1
= 2 ((𝑒 2 + 1) × (𝑒 + 𝑒))
1 1
= 2 (𝑒 3 + 𝑒 + 𝑒 + 𝑒)

1 1
= 2 (𝑒 3 + 2𝑒 + 𝑒)
𝑑𝑦
4a = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Gradient of tangent at 𝐵(0, 1) = 𝑒 0 = 1
4b 𝑦 − 1 = 1(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦 =𝑥+1
At 𝑥-axis, 𝑦 = 0
0=𝑥+1
𝑥 = −1
Hence, tangent meets 𝑥-axis at 𝐹(−1, 0)
𝑑𝑦
4c = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Gradient of tangent at 𝐵(0, 1) = −𝑒 0 = −1
4d 𝑦 − 1 = −1(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1
At 𝑥-axis, 𝑦 = 0
0 = −𝑥 + 1
𝑥=1
Hence, tangent meets 𝑥-axis at 𝐺(1, 0)
4e

4f Isosceles right triangle

1
Area = 2 ((1 − (−1)) × 1)
1
= 2 (2 × 1)
=1
𝑑𝑦
5a = 1 − 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
When 𝑥 = 1, gradient of tangent = 1 − 𝑒
5b When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑒
𝑦 − (1 − 𝑒) = (1 − 𝑒)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 − (1 − 𝑒) = 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 − (1 − 𝑒)
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 − 0 × 𝑒 = 0 so the tangent passes through the origin.
6a 𝑦′ = 1 − 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = −𝑒 𝑥
6b 𝑒 𝑥 will always be positive for all 𝑥

So 𝑦 ′′ = −𝑒 𝑥 will always be negative for all 𝑥
6c Stationary points when:

𝑦′ = 0
1 − 𝑒𝑥 = 0
𝑒𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 − 𝑒 0 = −1
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′′ = −𝑒 0 = −1
Maximum turning point at (0, −1)

6d
Range: 𝑦 ≤ −1
6e
7a Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 × −1) + ((1 − 𝑥) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (−1 + 1 − 𝑥)
= −𝑥𝑒 𝑥
7b When 𝑥 = −1, gradient of tangent = −(−1)𝑒 −1 = 𝑒 −1
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = (1 − (−1))𝑒 −1 = 2𝑒 −1
𝑦 − 2𝑒 −1 = 𝑒 −1 (𝑥 − (−1))
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −1 + 𝑒 −1 + 2𝑒 −1
= 𝑒 −1 (𝑥 + 3)
7c At 𝑥-intercept, 𝑦 = 0,
0 = 𝑒 −1 (𝑥 + 3)
𝑥 = −3

8a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 −𝑥 × 1) + ((𝑥 + 1) × −𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −𝑥 (1 − (𝑥 + 1))
= −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
When 𝑥 = −1, gradient of tangent = −(−1)𝑒 −(−1) = 𝑒

When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = (−1 + 1)𝑒 −𝑥 = 0
𝑦 − 0 = 𝑒(𝑥 − (−1))
𝑦 = 𝑒(𝑥 + 1)
8b At 𝑥-intercept, 𝑦 = 0,
0 = 𝑒(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥+1=0
𝑥 = −1
At 𝑦-intercept, 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 = 𝑒(0 + 1)
𝑦=𝑒
1
8c Area = 2 ((0 − (−1)) × 𝑒)
1
= 2 (𝑒)
𝑒
=2
9a 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑒 3𝑥−6
𝑦 ′′ = 3 × 3𝑒 3𝑥−6 = 9𝑒 3𝑥−6
9b 3𝑒 3𝑥−6 and 9𝑒 3𝑥−6 are always positive.

9c Gradient = 3
3𝑒 3𝑥−6 = 3
𝑒 3𝑥−6 = 1
3𝑥 − 6 = 0
𝑥=2
When 𝑥 = 2,
𝑦 = 𝑒 (3 × 2) – 6
= 𝑒0
=1
9d At 𝑦-intercept, 𝑥 = 0,
Gradient of tangent = 3𝑒 0 − 6 = 3𝑒 −6
𝑒6
Gradient of normal = − 3
10a Let 𝑢 = −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2 2
= −2𝑥 × 𝑒 −𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2
10b When 𝑥 = 1, gradient of tangent = −2𝑒 −(1) = −2𝑒 −1
1 𝑒
Gradient of normal = =
2𝑒 −1 2
2
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −(1) = 𝑒 −1
𝑒
𝑦 − 𝑒 −1 = 2 (𝑥 − 1)
2𝑦 − 2𝑒 −1 = 𝑒(𝑥 − 1)
2𝑦 − 2𝑒 −1 = 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒
𝑒𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑒 −1 − 𝑒 = 0

10c At 𝑥-intercept, 𝑦 = 0,
𝑒𝑥 − 2(0) + 2𝑒 −1 − 𝑒 = 0
𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒 − 2𝑒 −1
𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑒 −2
𝑑𝑦
11a = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Gradient of tangent at origin (0, 0) = 𝑒 −0 = 1

𝑦 − 0 = 1(𝑥 − 0)
𝑦=𝑥
11b 𝑦 = −𝑥
11c Asymptote of 𝑦 = −𝑒 −𝑥 is 𝑦 = 0
Hence, asymptote of 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 is 𝑦 = 1
11d
1
11e Area = 2 ((1 − (−1)) × 1)
1
= 2 (2 × 1)
=1

𝑑𝑦
12a = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Gradient of tangent at 𝑇(𝑡, 𝑒 𝑡 ) = 𝑒 𝑡
12b 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑥 − 𝑡)
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑥 − 𝑡 + 1)
At 𝑥-intercept, 𝑦 = 0,
0 = 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑥 − 𝑡 + 1)
𝑥−𝑡+1 =0
𝑥 =𝑡−1
12c The 𝑥-intercept of each tangent to 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is 1 unit left of the 𝑥-value of the point
of contact.
13a
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40
𝑦 3.6945 29.6826 2202.6466 24258259.77 5.8846 × 1015
13b
𝑥 −2 −5 −10 −20 −40
𝑦 −0.2707 −0.0337 −0.000454 −0.000000041 −1.6993 × 10−16
lim 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝑥→−∞
13c
𝑥 −2 −5 −10 −20 −40
𝑦 −3.6945 −29.6826 −2202.6466 −24258259.77 −5.8846 × 1015

13d
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40
𝑦 0.2707 0.0337 0.000454 0.000000041 1.6993 × 10−16
lim 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 = 0
𝑥→∞
14a
𝑥 −1 0 1
𝑦 −𝑒 −1 0 𝑒
sign − 0 +
There is a zero at 𝑥 = 0, it is positive for 𝑥 > 0 and negative for 𝑥 < 0.

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ −𝑓(𝑥)
Therefore, it is neither even nor odd.
14b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑦 ′ = (𝑒 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 1 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑦 ′′ = ((1 + 𝑥) × 𝑒 𝑥 ) + (𝑒 𝑥 × 1)
= (1 + 𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥
= (2 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
14c Stationary point is when 𝑦 ′ = 0

0 = 𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)
1+𝑥 =0
𝑥 = −1

Therefore, only one stationary point.

When 𝑥 = −1
𝑦 ′′ = (2 + (−1))𝑒 −1
= 𝑒 −1 > 0
Minimum turning point at 𝑥 = −1
14d Point of inflection is when 𝑦 ′′ = 0

0 = (2 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
2+𝑥 =0
𝑥 = −2
When 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = −2𝑒 −2.
14e
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40
𝑒𝑥 7.3891 148.4132 22026.4658 485165195.4 2.3539 × 1017
As 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑒 𝑥 → ∞
Hence, their product 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 → ∞.
Since (1 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 > 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 and (2 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 > 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 , these must also tend towards ∞.
Hence 𝑦, 𝑦′ and 𝑦 ′′ must all tend towards ∞.
14f
Range: 𝑦 ≥ −𝑒 −1

14g
15a To show that the function is even, we must show:

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥) for all 𝑥,
1 2 1
(−𝑥)2
𝑒 −2 𝑥 = 𝑒 −2
1 2
= 𝑒 −2 𝑥
1 2
𝑒 −2𝑥 > 0 for all 𝑥,
Hence, it is always positive
1
15b Let 𝑢 = − 2 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢
1 2 1 2
𝑦 ′ = −𝑥 × 𝑒 −2𝑥 = −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
Let 𝑢 = −𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −1 and 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2 1 2
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑒 −2𝑥 × −1) + (−𝑥 × −𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 )
1 2 1 2
= −𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
= (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑒 −2𝑥

15c Turning point is when

𝑦′ = 0
1 2
−𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0
1 2
Since 𝑒 −2𝑥 > 0 for all 𝑥,
𝑥=0
Hence, turning point at the 𝑦-intercept.
When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 ′′ = (0 − 1)𝑒 0
= −1 < 0
Hence, it is a maximum turning point
15d Inflection point is when

𝑦 ′′ = 0
1 2
(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑒 −2𝑥
1 2
Since 𝑒 −2𝑥 > 0 for all 𝑥,
𝑥2 − 1 = 0
𝑥 = ±1
1 2 1
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2(1 ) = 𝑒 −2
1 2 1
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2((−1) ) = 𝑒 −2
15e
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40
𝑦 0.1353 0.00000373 −1.929 × 10−22 1.3839 × 10−87 0
Hence 𝑦 → 0 as 𝑥 → ∞.
Since 𝑦 is an even function, that is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−𝑥), 𝑦 → 0 as 𝑥 → −∞.

15f
Range = 0 < 𝑦 ≤ 1
15g
16a When 𝑦 = 0,
0 = (1 − 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥
1−𝑥 =0
𝑥=1
𝑥 0 1 2
𝑦 1 0 −𝑒 2
sign + 0 −
16b Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑒 𝑥 × −1) + ((1 − 𝑥) × 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (−1 + 1 − 𝑥)
= −𝑥𝑒 𝑥

Let 𝑢 = −𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑦 ′ = (𝑒 𝑥 × −1) + (−𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
= 𝑒 𝑥 (−1 − 𝑥)
= −(𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥
16c When 𝑦′ = 0,
−𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 = 0, which is the 𝑦-intercept.
When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 ′′ = −(0 + 1)𝑒 0
= −1 < 0
Therefore, there is a maximum turning point at the 𝑦-intercept.
Inflection point is when 𝑦 ′′ = 0,
0 = −(𝑥 + 1)𝑒 𝑥
𝑥+1=0
𝑥 = −1
When 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = (1 − (−1))𝑒 −1 = 2𝑒 −1
Therefore, point of inflection at (−1, 2𝑒 −1 ).
16d
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40
−𝑥𝑒 𝑥 −14.7781 −742.0658 −220264.6579 −9703303908 −9.4154 × 1018
As 𝑥 → ∞, −𝑥𝑒 𝑥 → −∞
Hence 𝑦 ′ tends towards −∞. To show that 𝑦 tends towards −∞:
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1.
By substitution, 𝑦 = −𝑢𝑒 𝑢+1
= 𝑒 × −𝑢𝑒 𝑢

As 𝑥 tends to ∞, so does 𝑢.
Hence −𝑢𝑒 𝑢 → −∞.
Since 𝑦 is a constant positive multiple of −𝑢𝑒 𝑢 , it must also tend towards −∞.
To show that 𝑦 ′′ also tends towards −∞:
Let 𝑣 = 𝑥 + 1.
By substitution, 𝑦 ′′ = −𝑣𝑒 𝑣−1
= −𝑣𝑒 𝑣 𝑒 −1
As 𝑥 tends to ∞, so does 𝑣.
Hence −𝑣𝑒 𝑣 → −∞.
Since 𝑦 is a constant positive multiple of −𝑣𝑒 𝑣 , it must also tend towards −∞.
16e
Range: 𝑦 ≤ 1
e x  e x
17a Given cosh x  .
2
Algebraically, a function f  x  is even if f   x   f  x  for all x in the domain.
Replacing x with  x we obtain:
e  x  e   x 
cosh   x  
2
x
e  ex

2
 cosh x
So y  cosh x is an even function.

e x  0 and e x  0
e x  e x
Hence  0 and so y  cosh x is always positive.
2
dy e x  e  x
17b 
dx 2
dy
Find the value of x such that  0.
dx
e x  e x
 0  e2 x  1  0
2
e2 x  1
2 x  log e 1
x0
There is a stationary point at x  0 , which corresponds to there being a
stationary point at the y - intercept.
dy e x  e  x
17c Given  .
dx 2
d 2 y e x  e x

dx 2 2
e x  0 and e x  0
e x  e x d2y d2y
Hence  0 and so  0 i.e. is always positive.
2 dx 2 dx 2
Hence cosh x is always concave up.

e x  e x e x e x
17d Consider y    .
2 2 2
ex e x
As x   ,   and 0.
2 2
So as x   , y   .
17e
18a y  x 2e x
Applying the product rule on y  x 2 e  x :
Let u  x 2 and v  e  x .
Then u  2 x and v  e x .

y  vu   uv
 2 xe  x  x 2e  x
 xe  x  2  x 
So y  x  2  x  e x .
Differentiating again (including use of the product rule) we obtain:
Let u  xe x and v  2  x .
Then u  e x  xe x and v  1.

y  vu  uv

  e x  xe x   2  x   xe  x
 2e x  xe x  2 xe x  x 2e  x  xe  x
 e x  x 2  4 x  2 
So y   2  4 x  x 2  e  x .
18b There are stationary points where y  0 .
x  2  x  e x  0  x  0, 2 noting that e x  0 for all real values of x
So there are stationary points at x  0 and x  2 .

x 1 0 1 2 3
y 3e 0 e1 0 3e 3
slope \  /  \
When x  0 , y  0 and when x  2 , y  4e 2 .
Hence  0, 0  is a minimum turning point and  2, 4e2  is a maximum turning

point.
18c i So y   2  4 x  x 2  e  x .
y  0  x 2  4 x  2  0 noting that e x  0 for all real values of x .
x2  4x  2  0
4  4   4  1 2
2
x
2
42 2

2
 2 2
So there are inflection points at x  2  2 and x  2  2 .

18c ii
x 0 2 2 1 2 2 4
f   x  2 0 e 1
0 2e4
concavity up down up
18d The range is y  0 .

Solutions to Exercise 5D
Let 𝐶 be a constant.
1
1a ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
1
1b ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1 1
1
1c ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶 = 3𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
1 1 1
1
1d ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
10
1e ∫ 10𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶 = 5𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
12
1f ∫ 12𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶 = 4𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
1
2a ∫ 𝑒 4𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥 = 4 𝑒 4𝑥+5 + 𝐶
1
2b ∫ 𝑒 4𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 = 4 𝑒 4𝑥−2 + 𝐶
6
2c ∫ 6𝑒 3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑒 3𝑥+2 + 𝐶 = 2𝑒 3𝑥+2 + 𝐶
4
2d ∫ 4𝑒 4𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 = 4 𝑒(4𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶 = 𝑒 4𝑥+3 + 𝐶
1
2e ∫ 𝑒 7−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑒 7−2𝑥 + 𝐶

1
1 1
2f ∫ 2 𝑒 1−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 3 𝑒 1−3𝑥 + 𝐶 = − 6 𝑒 1−3𝑥 + 𝐶
2
1
3a ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= 𝑒1 − 𝑒 0
=𝑒−1
2
3b ∫1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]12
= 𝑒2 − 𝑒
3
3c ∫−1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]3−1
= −𝑒 −(3) − (−𝑒 −(−1) )
= 𝑒 − 𝑒 −3
0
3d ∫−2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]0−2
= −𝑒 0 − (−𝑒 −(−2) )
= 𝑒2 − 1
2 1 2
3e ∫0 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [2 𝑒 2𝑥 ]
0
1 1
= 2 𝑒 2(2) − 2 𝑒 0
1
= 2 (𝑒 4 − 1)
1 1 1
3f ∫−1 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [3 𝑒 3𝑥 ]
−1
1 1
= 3 𝑒 3 − 3 𝑒 −3
1
= 3 (𝑒 3 − 𝑒 −3 )

2 20 −5𝑥 2
3g ∫−1 20𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [− 5
𝑒 ]
−1
= −4𝑒 −5(2) − (−4𝑒 −5(−1) )
= 4(𝑒 5 − 𝑒 −10 )
1 8 1
3h ∫−3 8𝑒 −4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [− 4 𝑒 −4𝑥 ]
−3
= −2𝑒 −4(1) − (−2𝑒 −4(−3) )
= −2(𝑒 −4 − 𝑒 12 )
= 2(𝑒 12 − 𝑒 −4 )
3 9 3
3i ∫−1 9𝑒 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [6 𝑒 6𝑥 ]
−1
3 3
= 2 𝑒 6(3) − 2 𝑒 6(−1)
3
= 2 (𝑒 18 − 𝑒 −6 )
2
4a ∫0 𝑒 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥−1 ]20
= 𝑒 2−1 − 𝑒 0−1
= 𝑒 − 𝑒 −1
1 1 1
4b ∫−1 𝑒 2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = [2 𝑒 2𝑥+1 ]
−1
1 1
= 𝑒 2(1)+1 − 𝑒 2(−1)+1
2 2
1
= 2 (𝑒 3 − 𝑒 −1 )
0 1 0
4c ∫−2 𝑒 4𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥 = [4 𝑒 4𝑥−3 ]
−2
1 1
= 4 𝑒 4(0)−3 − 4 𝑒 4(−2)−3
1
= 4 (𝑒 −3 − 𝑒 −11 )

−1 1 −1
4d ∫−2 𝑒 3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 = [3 𝑒 3𝑥+2 ]
−2
1 1
= 3 𝑒 3(−1)+2 − 3 𝑒 3(−2)+2
1
= 3 (𝑒 −1 − 𝑒 −4 )
1 1
3−2𝑥 1 2
4e 2
∫ 𝑒
1 𝑑𝑥 = [− 2 𝑒 3−2𝑥 ] 1
−2 −
2
1 1
1 1
= − 2 𝑒 3−2(2) − (− 2 𝑒 3−2(−2) )
1
= − 2 (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 4 )
𝑒2
=− (1 − 𝑒 2 )
2
𝑒2
= (𝑒 2 − 1)
2
1 1
2+3𝑥 1 3
4f 3
∫ 𝑒1 𝑑𝑥 = [3 𝑒 2+3𝑥 ] 1
− −
3 3
1 1
1 1
= 3 𝑒 2+3(3) − 3 𝑒 2+3(−3)
1
= 3 (𝑒 3 − 𝑒)
𝑒
= 3 (𝑒 2 − 1)
2 6 2
4g ∫1 6𝑒 3𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = [3 𝑒 3𝑥+1 ]
1
= 2𝑒 3(2)+1 − 2𝑒 3(1)+1
= 2(𝑒 7 − 𝑒 4 )
= 2𝑒 4 (𝑒 3 − 1)

3 12 3
4h ∫2 12𝑒 4𝑥−5 𝑑𝑥 = [ 4 𝑒 4𝑥−5 ]
2
= 3𝑒 4(3)−5 − 3𝑒 4(2)−5
= 3(𝑒 7 − 𝑒 3 )
= 3𝑒 3 (𝑒 4 − 1)
2 12 2
4i ∫1 12𝑒 8−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [− 3
𝑒 8−3𝑥 ]
1
= −4𝑒 8−3(2) − (−4𝑒 8−3(1) )
= −4(𝑒 2 − 𝑒 5 )
= −4𝑒 2 (1 − 𝑒 3 )
= 4𝑒 2 (𝑒 3 − 1)
1
5a = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
1
5b = 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
1
∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
1
5c = 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥
1
∫ 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 3 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
5d − 𝑒 3𝑥 = −3𝑒 −3𝑥
3
∫ −3𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − (− 3) 𝑒 −3𝑥 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐶
6
5e = 6𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
6
∫ 6𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 = −3𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶

8
5f = 8𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 −2𝑥
8
∫ 8𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑒 2𝑥 = 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
6a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
6b 𝑓(0) = −2
1
𝑒 2(0) + 𝐶 = −2
2
1
+ 𝐶 = −2
2
1
𝐶 = −2
2
1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 2
1 1 1 1
6c 𝑓(1) = 2 𝑒 2(1) − 2 2 = 2 𝑒 2 − 2 2
1 1 1 1
𝑓(2) = 2 𝑒 2(2) − 2 2 = 2 𝑒 4 − 2 2
7a 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 1 + 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑓(0) = 1
0 + 2𝑒 0 + 𝐶 = 1
2+𝐶 =1
𝐶 = −1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 − 1
𝑓(1) = 1 + 2𝑒 − 1 = 2𝑒

7b 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 1 − 3𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 − 3𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑓(0) = −1
0 − 3𝑒 0 + 𝐶 = −1
𝐶 − 3 = −1
𝐶=2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3𝑒 𝑥 + 2
𝑓(1) = 1 − 3𝑒 + 2 = 3 − 3𝑒
7c 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 2 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑓(0) = 0
2(0) − 𝑒 0 + 𝐶 = 0
𝐶−1=0
𝐶=1
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 1
𝑓(1) = 2 − 𝑒 −1 + 1 = 3 − 𝑒 −1
7d 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 4 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑓(0) = 2
4(0) + 𝑒 0 + 𝐶 = 2
1+𝐶 =2
𝐶=1
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 + 1
𝑓(1) = 4 + 𝑒 −1 + 1 = 5 + 𝑒 −1

7e 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥−1 + 𝐶
1
𝑓 (2) = 3
1
1
𝑒 2(2)−1 + 𝐶 = 3
2
1
𝑒0 + 𝐶 = 3
2
5
𝐶=2
1 5
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑒 2𝑥−1 + 2
1 5 1 5
𝑓(1) = 2 𝑒 2(1)−1 + 2 = 2 𝑒 + 2
7f 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 1−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= − 3 𝑒 1−3𝑥 + 𝐶
1 2
𝑓( ) =
3 3
1
1 2
− 3 𝑒 1−3(3) + 𝐶 = 3
1 2
− 3 𝑒0 + 𝐶 = 3
𝐶=1
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 3 𝑒 1−3𝑥
1 1
𝑓(1) = 1 − 3 𝑒 1−3(1) = 1 − 3 𝑒 −2
1
7g 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
1
1
= 1 𝑒 2𝑥+1 + 𝐶
2
1
= 2𝑒 2𝑥+1 + 𝐶
𝑓(−2) = −4
1
(−2)+1
2𝑒 2 + 𝐶 = −4

2𝑒 0 + 𝐶 = −4
𝐶 = −6
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑒 2𝑥+1 − 6
1 3
(1)+1
𝑓(1) = 2𝑒 2 − 6 = 2𝑒 2 − 6
1
7h 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥
1
1
= 1 𝑒 3𝑥+2 + 𝐶
3
1
= 3𝑒 3𝑥+2 + 𝐶
𝑓(−6) = 2
1
(−6)+2
3𝑒 3 +𝐶 =2
3𝑒 0 + 𝐶 = 2
𝐶 = −1
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑒 3𝑥+2 − 1
1 7
(1)+2
𝑓(1) = 3𝑒 3 − 1 = 3𝑒 3 − 1
8a ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
8b ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
8c ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 (2𝑒 −𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
= − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − (−𝑒 −𝑥 )
= 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶

8d ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
8e ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + 3)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 3𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥 + 9 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 + 6𝑒 𝑥 + 9 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 6𝑒 𝑥 + 9𝑥 + 𝐶
8f ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
8g ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 − 2)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 2𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 − 4𝑒 𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 4𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶
8h ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥+𝑥 − (𝑒 −𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 2 𝑒 2𝑥 − (− 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 )
1
= 2 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 𝐶
8i ∫ (𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝑒 −5𝑥 )(𝑒 5𝑥 − 𝑒 −5𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 5𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 5𝑥−5𝑥 + 𝑒 −5𝑥+5𝑥 − (𝑒 −5𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 10𝑥 − 𝑒 −10𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 10 𝑒 10𝑥 − (− 10 𝑒 −10𝑥 )
1
= 10 (𝑒 10𝑥 + 𝑒 −10𝑥 ) + 𝐶

1
9a ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑒 2𝑥+𝑏 + 𝐶
1
9b ∫ 𝑒 7𝑥+𝑞 𝑑𝑥 = 7 𝑒 7𝑥+𝑞 + 𝐶
1
9c ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥−𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑒 3𝑥−𝑘 + 𝐶
1
9d ∫ 𝑒 6𝑥−𝜆 𝑑𝑥 = 6 𝑒 6𝑥−𝜆 + 𝐶
1
9e ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+3 + 𝐶
𝑎
1
9f ∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠 𝑒 𝑠𝑥+1 + 𝐶
1
9g ∫ 𝑒 𝑚𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥−2 + 𝐶
𝑚
1
9h ∫ 𝑒 𝑘𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑒 𝑘𝑥−1 + 𝐶
𝑝
9i ∫ 𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑥+𝑞 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑝 𝑒 𝑝𝑥+𝑞 + 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝑝𝑥+𝑞 + 𝐶
𝑚
9j ∫ 𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑥+𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑚 𝑒 𝑚𝑥+𝑘 + 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥+𝑘 + 𝐶
𝐴
9k ∫ 𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑥−𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠 𝑒 𝑠𝑥−𝑡 + 𝐶
𝐵
9l ∫ 𝐵𝑒 𝑘𝑥−ℓ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 𝑒 𝑘𝑥−ℓ + 𝐶
1
10a = 𝑒 −(𝑥−1) = 𝑒 1−𝑥
𝑒 𝑥−1

∫ 𝑒 1−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 1−𝑥 + 𝐶
1
10b = 𝑒 −(3𝑥−1) = 𝑒 1−3𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥−1
1
∫ 𝑒 1−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 3 𝑒 1−3𝑥 + 𝐶
1
10c = 𝑒 −(2𝑥+5) = 𝑒 −2𝑥−5
𝑒 2𝑥+5
1
∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥−5 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥−5 + 𝐶
4
10d 𝑒 2𝑥−1
= 4𝑒 −(2𝑥−1) = 4𝑒 1−2𝑥
4
∫ 4𝑒 1−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑒 1−2𝑥 = −2𝑒 1−2𝑥 + 𝐶
10
10e = 10𝑒 −(2−5𝑥) = 10𝑒 5𝑥−2
𝑒 2−5𝑥
10
∫ 10𝑒 5𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 5𝑥−2 = 2𝑒 5𝑥−2 + 𝐶
5
12
10f = 12𝑒 −(3𝑥−5) = 12𝑒 5−3𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥−5
12
∫ 12𝑒 5−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 5−3𝑥 = −4𝑒 5−3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
𝑒 𝑥 +1 1
11a ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥
= ∫ 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑒 2𝑥 +1 1
11b ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑒 𝑥 −1 1
11c ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥−2𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= −𝑒 −𝑥 − (− 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 𝐶
1
= 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑒 𝑥 −3 3
11d ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥−3𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 3𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 3
= − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − (− 3 𝑒 −3𝑥 ) + 𝐶
1
= 𝑒 −3𝑥 − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
2𝑒 2𝑥 −3𝑒 𝑥
11e ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑒 2𝑥−4𝑥 − 3𝑒 𝑥−4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 4𝑥
= ∫ 2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 3𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 3
= − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − (− 3 𝑒 −3𝑥 ) + 𝐶
= 𝑒 −3𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
2𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 2𝑥
11f ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑒 𝑥−3𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 3𝑥
= ∫ 2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
= − 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝐶
= 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
12a 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥−1 + 𝐶

When 𝑥 = 1,
𝑦=1
𝑒 1−1 + 𝐶 = 1
𝑒0 + 𝐶 = 1

𝐶=0
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−1
At 𝑦-intercept, 𝑥 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑒 0−1 = 𝑒 −1
12b 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 2−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 2−𝑥 + 𝐶

When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦=1
−𝑒 2−0 + 𝐶 = 1
−𝑒 2 + 𝐶 = 1
𝐶 = 1 + 𝑒2
𝑦 = 𝑒 2 + 1 − 𝑒 2−𝑥
Horizontal asymptote: 𝑦 = 𝑒 2 + 1
1
12c 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒 + 𝐶
𝑓(−1) = −1
1
𝑒 −1 − 𝑒 + 𝐶 = −1
𝑒 −1 − 𝑒 −1 + 𝐶 = −1
𝐶 = −1
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 − 1
0
𝑓(0) = 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 − 1
=0
12d 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 − (−𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝐶
= 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑓(0) = 0
𝑒0 + 𝑒0 + 𝐶 = 0
𝐶 = −2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2
1 1
13a ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 (2𝑒 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 1
= [2 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]
0
= (𝑒 2(1) − 𝑒) − (𝑒 0 − 𝑒 0 )
= 𝑒2 − 𝑒
1 1
13b ∫−1(𝑒 𝑥 + 2)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1(𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫−1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑒 𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= [ 𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥]
2 −1
1 1
= (2 𝑒 2(1) + 4𝑒 + 4) − (2 𝑒 2(−1) + 4𝑒 −1 − 4)
1 1
= 2 𝑒 2 + 4𝑒 − 2 𝑒 −2 − 4𝑒 −1 + 8
1 1
13c ∫0 (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)(𝑒 −𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑒 𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫0 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= [𝑒 𝑥 − (−𝑒 −𝑥 )]10
= (𝑒 + 𝑒 −1 ) − (𝑒 0 + 𝑒 0 )
= 𝑒 + 𝑒 −1 − 2

1 1
13d ∫−1(𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )(𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1(𝑒 2𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 2𝑥−𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥+2𝑥 − (𝑒 −𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫−1 𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
= [4 𝑒 4𝑥 − (− 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) ]
−1
1 1 1 1
= (4 𝑒 4 + 2 𝑒 −2 ) − (4 𝑒 4(−1) + 2 𝑒 −2(−1) )
1 1 1 1
= 4 𝑒 4 + 2 𝑒 −2 − 4 𝑒 −4 − 2 𝑒 2
1 𝑒 3𝑥 +𝑒 𝑥 1
13e ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑒 3𝑥−2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
1
= ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= [𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 )]10
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −1 ) − (𝑒 0 − 𝑒 0 )
= 𝑒 − 𝑒 −1
1 𝑒 𝑥 −1 1 1
13f ∫−1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥−2𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
1
= ∫−1 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= [−𝑒 −𝑥 − (− 2 𝑒 −2𝑥 )]
−1
1 1
= (2 𝑒 −2(1) − 𝑒 −1 ) − (2 𝑒 −2(−1) − 𝑒 −(−1) )
1 1
= 2 𝑒 −2 − 𝑒 −1 − 2 𝑒 2 + 𝑒
3
14a i Let y  e x
2
.
Applying the chain rule:
Let u  x 2  3 and so y  eu .
du dy
Hence  2 x and  eu .
dx du

dy dy du
 
dx du dx
3
 2 xe x
2
dy
 2 xe x 3 .
2
So
dx
14a ii From part (a) (i),

dx
 
d x2 3
e  2 xe x 3 .
2
Reversing this to give a primitive we obtain:
 2 xe
x2 3 3
dx  e x C
2
 2 x 3
14b i Let y  e x
2
.
Let u  x 2  2 x  3 and so y  eu .
du dy
Hence  2  x  1 and  eu .
dx du
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
 2  x  1 e x  2 x 3
2
dy
 2  x  1 e x 2 x 3 .
2
So
dx
14b ii From part b i,

dx
e 
d x2  2 x 3

 2  x  1 e x  2 x 3 .
2

1 1 2
 2  x  1 e x  2 x 3 dx  e x  2 x 3  C
2
2 2

 4 x 1
14c i Let y  e3 x
2
.
Let u  3x 2  4 x  1 and so y  eu .
du dy
Hence  2  3x  2  and  eu .
dx du
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
 2  3 x  2  e3 x  4 x 1
2
dy
 2  3x  2  e3 x  4 x 1 .
2
So
dx
14c ii From part c i,

dx
e 
d 3 x2  4 x 1

 2  3x  2  e3 x  4 x 1 .
2

1 1 2
 2  3x  2  e3 x  4 x 1 dx  e3 x  4 x 1  C
2
2 2
14d i Let y  e x .
3
Let u  x3 and so y  eu .
du dy
Hence  3x 2 and  eu .
dx du
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
 3x 2e x
3
dy
 3x 2e x .
3
So
dx

14d ii From part d i,

dx
 
d x3
e  3x 2e x .
3

0
1 1  x3  0
3 1
3 x 2 x3
e dx  e
3   1

3
e  e 
1 0 1
 1  e 1 
1
3
1
15a Given  dx .
e 
x 2
1
 dx   e2 x dx
e x 2
1 ax b
Using  eax b dx  e  C for some constant C we obtain:
a
1
e
2 x
dx   e2 x  C
2
1
15b Given  dx .
e 
x 3
1
 dx   e3 x dx
e x 3
1 ax b
a
1
e
3 x
dx   e3 x  C
3

15c Given  e x dx .
1
x
 e x dx   e 2 dx
1 ax b
a
1 1
x x
 e 2 dx  2e 2  C

3
15d Given e x dx .
1
x
 e dx   e dx
3 x 3
1 ax b
a
1 1
x x
e 3
dx  3e  C 3
1
15e Given  ex
dx .
1
1  x
 ex
dx   e 2
dx
1 ax b
a
1 1
 x  x
e 2
dx  2e 2
C
1
15f Given  3
ex
dx .
1
1  x
 3
ex
dx   e 3
dx
1 ax b
a

1 1
 x  x
e 3
dx  3e 3
C
16a i Given y  xe x  e x .
Applying the product rule on

d
dx
 xe x  :
Let u  x and v  e x .
Then u  1 and v  e x .
d
 uv   vu  uv
dx
 e x 1  x  e x
 xe x  e x
y  xe x  e x 
d x
dx
e 
 xe x  e x  e x
 xe x
So y   xe x .
16a ii From part a i,

d
dx
 xe x  e x   xe x .

2
 xe dx   xe
2
x x
 e x 
0
0
 2e 2  e 2   0  1
 e2  1
2
 xe dx  e 1 .
x 2
So
0

16b i Given y  xe  x  e  x .

d
dx
 xe x  :
Let u  x and v  e  x .
Then u  1 and v  e x .
d
 uv   vu  uv
dx
 e x 1  x  e x
 e x  xe  x
y  e x  xe x 
d x
dx
e 
 e x  xe x  e x
  xe x
So y   xe  x .
16b ii From part b i,

d
dx
 xe x  e x    xe x .

0
   xe x dx    xe  x  e  x 
0
2
2
 0  1   2e2  e2 
 1  e2
0
 xe
x
So dx   1  e 2 .
2
e x  e x 1
x
3
 x
17a  ex
dx   e e
2 2
dx
1 ax b
a
1 3 1
x  x x 2 3x
 e 2 e 2
dx  2e 2  e 2  C
3

e x  e x 1
x 2 3x
So  ex
dx  2e 2  e 2  C .
3
e x + e- x 2
x
4
- x
17b ò 3
ex
dx = ò e 3 +e 3
dx
1 ax b
a
2 4
x - x 3 2x 3 -4x
ò e 3 +e 3
dx = e 3 - e 3 + C
2 4
e x  e x 3 23 x 3  43 x
So  3
ex
dx  e  e  C .
2 4
Given f  x   xe  x .
2
18a
If the function is odd, then f   x    f  x  .
f x  x e
  x 
2
  xe  x
2
  xe  x 2

  f  x
Hence the function is odd.
18b The graph has point symmetry in the origin.

2 0
 xe x dx   xe x dx  0 .
2 2
So
0  2
 xe x dx  0 .
2
Hence
 2

Solutions to Exercise 5E
1
1a i ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= 𝑒1 − 𝑒 0
=𝑒−1
≑ 1.72
0
1a ii ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]0−1
= 𝑒 0 − 𝑒 −1
= 1 − 𝑒 −1
≑ 0.63
0
1a iii ∫−2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]0−2
= 𝑒 0 − 𝑒 −2
= 1 − 𝑒 −2
≑ 0.86
0
1a iv ∫−3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]0−3
= 𝑒 0 − 𝑒 −3
= 1 − 𝑒 −3
≑ 0.95
1
1b ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 1.72
0
1c i ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 0.63
0
1c ii ∫−2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 0.86

0
1ciii ∫−3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≑ 0.95
1d The total area is exactly 1.
0
2a ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]0−1
= 𝑒 0 − 𝑒 −1
= 1 − 𝑒 −1
3
2b ∫1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]13
= 𝑒 3 − 𝑒1
= 𝑒(𝑒 2 − 1)
1
2c ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]1−1
= 𝑒 − 𝑒 −1
1
2d ∫−2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]1−2
= 𝑒 − 𝑒 −2
3 1 3
3a i ∫0 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [2 𝑒 2𝑥 ]
0
1 1
= 2 𝑒 2(3) − 2 𝑒 0
1 1
= 2 𝑒6 − 2
≑ 201.2
0
3a ii ∫−3 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 2𝑥 ]0−3
1 1
= 2 𝑒 0 − 2 𝑒 2(−3)
1 1
= 2 − 2 𝑒 −6

≑ 0.4988
1
3b i ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
= −𝑒 −1 − (−𝑒 0 )
= 1 − 𝑒 −1
≑ 0.6321
0
3b ii ∫−1 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]0−1
= −𝑒 0 − (−𝑒 −(−1) )
=𝑒−1
≑ 1.718
3
3 1𝑥 1 1
𝑥
3c i ∫0 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥 = [ 1 𝑒 ] 3
3 0
1 3
= [3𝑒 3𝑥 ]
0
1
(3)
= 3𝑒 3 − 3𝑒 0
= 3𝑒 − 3
≑ 5.155
0
0 1𝑥 1 1
𝑥
3c ii ∫−3 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥 = [ 1 𝑒 ] 3
3 −3
1 0
= [3𝑒 3𝑥 ]
−3
1
(−3)
= 3𝑒 0 − 3𝑒 3
= 3 − 3𝑒 −1
≑ 1.896

2
4a ∫0 𝑒 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥+1 ]20
= 𝑒 2+1 − 𝑒 0+1
= 𝑒3 − 𝑒
= 𝑒(𝑒 2 − 1)
0
4b ∫−2 𝑒 𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥+3 ]0−2
= 𝑒 0+3 − 𝑒 −2+3
= 𝑒3 − 𝑒
= 𝑒(𝑒 2 − 1)
1 1 1
4c ∫0 𝑒 2𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = [2 𝑒 2𝑥−1 ]
0
1 1
= 2 𝑒 2(1)−1 − 2 𝑒 0−1
1 1
= 2 𝑒 − 2 𝑒 −1
1
= 2 (𝑒 − 𝑒 −1 )
2 1 2
4d ∫1 𝑒 3𝑥−5 𝑑𝑥 = [3 𝑒 3𝑥−5 ]
1
1 1
= 3 𝑒 3(2)−5 − 3 𝑒 3−5
1 1
= 3 𝑒 − 3 𝑒 −2
1
= (𝑒 − 𝑒 −2 )
3
1
4e ∫−1 𝑒 −𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥+1 ]1−1
= −𝑒 −1+1 − (−𝑒 −(−1)+1 )
= 𝑒2 − 𝑒0
= 𝑒2 − 1

−1 1 −1
4f ∫−2 𝑒 −2𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = [− 2 𝑒 −2𝑥−1 ]
−2
1 1
= − 2 𝑒 −2(−1)−1 − (− 2 𝑒 −2(−2)−1 )
1 1
= 2 𝑒3 − 2 𝑒
1
= 2 𝑒(𝑒 2 − 1)
3
3 1𝑥+2 1 1
𝑥+2
4g ∫0 𝑒 3 𝑑𝑥 = [ 1 𝑒 3 ]
3 0
1 3
= [3𝑒 3𝑥+2 ]
0
1
(3)+2
= 3𝑒 3 − 3𝑒 0+2
= 3𝑒 3 − 3𝑒 2
= 3𝑒 2 (𝑒 − 1)
2
2 1𝑥−1 1 1
𝑥−1
4h ∫−2 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 = [ 1 𝑒 2 ]
2 −2
1 2
= [2𝑒 2𝑥−1 ]
−2
1 1
(2)−1 (−2)−1
= 2𝑒 2 − 2𝑒 2
= 2𝑒 0 − 2𝑒 −2
= 2(1 − 𝑒 −2 )
2
5a ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]20
= 𝑒2 − 𝑒0
= 𝑒2 − 1

2
2 1𝑥 1 1
𝑥
5b ∫−1 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 = [ 1 𝑒 ] 2
2 −1
1 2
= [2𝑒 2𝑥 ]
−1
1 1
(2) (−1)
= 2𝑒 2 − 2𝑒 2
1
= 2𝑒 − 2𝑒 −2
1
= 2 (𝑒 − 𝑒 −2 )
1
5c ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
= −𝑒 −1 − (−𝑒 0 )
= 1 − 𝑒 −1
2
2 −1 𝑥 1 − 𝑥
1
5d ∫−1 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 = [− 1 𝑒 2 ]
2 −1
1 2
= [−2𝑒 −2𝑥 ]
−1
1 1
(2) (−1)
= −2𝑒 −2 − (−2𝑒 −2 )
1
= 2𝑒 2 − 2𝑒 −1
1
= 2 (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −1 )
2
6a ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥]20
= (−𝑒 −2 + 2) − (−𝑒 0 + 0)
= 2 − 𝑒 −2 + 1
= 3 − 𝑒 −2
≑ 2.865

0
6b ∫−1 1 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]0−1
= (0 − 𝑒 0 ) − (−1 − 𝑒 −1 )
= −1 + 1 + 𝑒 −1
= 𝑒 −1
≑ 0.3679
2
6c ∫−2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ]2−2
= (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 ) − (𝑒 −2 − 𝑒 −(−2) )
= 𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 − 𝑒 −2 + 𝑒 2
= 2𝑒 2 − 2𝑒 −2
= 2(𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −2 )
≑ 14.51
3 1 3
6d ∫−3 𝑥 2 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [3 𝑥 3 + 𝑒 𝑥 ]
−3
1 1
= (3 (3)3 + 𝑒 3 ) − (3 (−3)3 + 𝑒 −3 )
= 9 + 𝑒 3 + 9 − 𝑒 −3
= 18 + 𝑒 3 − 𝑒 −3
≑ 38.04
2
7a ∫0 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ]20
= (2 + 𝑒 −2 ) − (0 + 𝑒 0 )
= 2 + 𝑒 −2 − 0 − 1
= 1 + 𝑒 −2
1
7b ∫0 𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= (𝑒 − 𝑒) − (0 − 𝑒 0 )
=1

0
7c ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥]0−1
= (𝑒 0 − 0) − (𝑒 −1 − (−1))
= 1 − 𝑒 −1 − 1
= −𝑒 −1
Area = 𝑒 −1
2
7d ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥]20
= (−𝑒 −2 − 2(2)) − (−𝑒 0 − 0)
= −𝑒 −2 − 4 + 1
= −𝑒 −2 − 3
Area = 3 + 𝑒 −2
0
7e ∫−1 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒]0−1
= (−𝑒 0 − 0) − (−𝑒 −(−1) − (−1)𝑒)
= −1 + 𝑒 − 𝑒
= −1
Area = 1
2
7f ∫−1 3 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [3𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ]2−1
= (3(2) + 𝑒 −2 ) − (3(−1) + 𝑒 −(−1) )

= 6 + 𝑒 −2 + 3 − 𝑒
= 9 + 𝑒 −2 − 𝑒
1 1 1
8a ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 ]
0
1
= (𝑒 − 1 − ) − (𝑒 0 − 0 − 0)
2
1
= 𝑒−1−2−1

1
=𝑒−2
2
1 1 1
8b ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 ]
0
1
= (𝑒 − 1 + 2) − (𝑒 0 − 0 + 0)
1
= 𝑒−1+2−1
1
=𝑒−1
2
9a The region is symmetric, so the area is twice the area in the first quadrant.
1
9b 2∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2[−𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
= 2(−𝑒 −1 − (−𝑒 0 ))
= 2(1 − 𝑒 −1 )

2
= 2−𝑒
10a The region is symmetric, so the area is twice the area in the first quadrant.
1
10b 2 ∫0 𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2[𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= 2((𝑒 − 𝑒) − (0 − 𝑒 0 ))
= 2(1)
=2
11a To show that 𝑦 is an odd function, we must show that 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −(−𝑥)
= 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥
= −(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
= −𝑓(𝑥)
11b 0
11c The region is symmetric, so the area is twice the area in the first quadrant.
3
11d 2∫0 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2[𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ]30
= 2((𝑒 3 + 𝑒 −3 ) − (𝑒 0 + 𝑒 0 ))
= 2(𝑒 3 + 𝑒 −3 − 1 − 1)
= 2(𝑒 3 + 𝑒 −3 − 2)
12a For 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 : when 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = (−1)2 = 1

For 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+1 : when 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 −1+1 = 𝑒 0 = 1
So the two curves intersect at (−1, 1).

12b
0 1 0
12c ∫−1 𝑒 𝑥+1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥+1 − 3 𝑥 3 ]
−1
1
= (𝑒 − 0) − (𝑒 −1+1 − 3 (−1)3 )
1
= 𝑒 − 𝑒0 − 3
1
= 𝑒 −13
13a For 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 :
when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 = 1 and when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 1 = 𝑒
For 𝑦 = (𝑒 − 1)𝑥 + 1:
when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 + 1 = 1 and when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = (𝑒 − 1) + 1 = 𝑒
So the two curves intersect at (0, 1) and (1, 𝑒).
13b

1 𝑒−1 1
∫0 (𝑒 − 1)𝑥 + 1 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ 2
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥]
0
𝑒−1
=( + 1 − 𝑒) − (0 + 0 − 𝑒 0 )
2
𝑒−1
= −𝑒+2
2
3−𝑒
= 2
1
= 2 (3 − 𝑒)
14
𝑒2
2 1 2
∫0 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 ]
0
1
= (𝑒 2 − 2 (2)2 ) − (𝑒 0 − 0)
= 𝑒2 − 2 − 1
= 𝑒2 − 3
1
15a ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= 𝑒1 − 𝑒 0
=𝑒−1
≑ 1.7183

1 1
1 𝑒 0 +𝑒 2 1 𝑒 2 +𝑒 1
15b Area = 2 ( ) + 2( )
2 2
1
1
= 4 (1 + 2𝑒 2 + 𝑒)
≑ 1.7539
15c The trapezoidal rule approximation is greater. The curve is concave up, so all the
chords are above the curve.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑒 0 +𝑒 −(1) 𝑒 −(1) +𝑒 −(2) 𝑒 −(2) +𝑒 −(3) 𝑒 −(3) +𝑒 −(4)
16a Area = + + +
2 2 2 2
1+𝑒 −1 𝑒 −1 +𝑒 −4 𝑒 −4 +𝑒 −9 𝑒 −9 +𝑒 −16
= + + +
2 2 2 2
1
= 2 (1 + 2𝑒 −1 + 2𝑒 −4 + 2𝑒 −9 + 𝑒 −16 )
1 𝑒 −16
= 2 + 𝑒 −1 + 𝑒 −4 + 𝑒 −9 + 2
≑ 0.8863
1 1 1 1
1 3 3 1 1 5 5 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 𝑒 1 +𝑒 2 1 𝑒 2 +𝑒 2 1 𝑒 2 +𝑒 2 1 𝑒 2 +𝑒 3
16b Area = 2 ( ) + 2( )+ 2( )+ 2( )
2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1
1
= 4 (𝑒 1 + 2𝑒 3 + 2𝑒 2 + 2𝑒 5 + 𝑒 3 )
≑ 3.5726
 e dx  e
0
17a i x x
  1  e N
N
N
0 
17a ii As N  , e N  0 and so lim   e x dx   1 .
n 
N 
N
e dx   e  x   e  N   1  1  e  N
x N
17b i
0
0

N 
17b ii As N  , e  N  0 and so lim   e  x dx   1 .
n 
0 
Let y  e x .
2
18a
Let u   x 2 and so y  eu .
du dy
Hence  2 x and  eu .
dx du
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
 2 xe  x
2
dy
 2 xe x .
2
So
dx
From above,
dx
 
d  x2
e  2 xe x .
2

1 1 2
  2 xe x dx   e x
2
2 2
2
 1 2  1 1 1
2
1
 xe
 x2
18b dx    e  x    e 4       e 4
0  2 0 2  2 2 2
1 1 4
So from x  0 to x  2 , the area is  e square units.
2 2
1 1 
The function is odd, so the area (not signed) from x  2 to x  2 is 2   e 4 
2 2 
4
square units i.e. 1  e square units.

Solutions to Exercise 5F
1a 2.303
1b −2.303
1c 11.72
1d −12.02
1e 3.912
1f −3.912
2a log e 𝑒 3 = 3
2b log e 𝑒 −1 = −1
1
2c log e 𝑒 2 = log 𝑒 𝑒 −2 = −2
1
1
2d log 𝑒 √𝑒 = log 𝑒 𝑒 2 = 2
2e 𝑒 ln 5 = 𝑒 log𝑒 5 = 5
2f 𝑒 ln 0.05 = 𝑒 log𝑒 0.05 = 0.05
2g 𝑒 ln 1 = 𝑒 log𝑒 1 = 1

2h 𝑒 ln 𝑒 = 𝑒 log𝑒 𝑒 = 𝑒
3a log 𝑒 1 = 0
3b 1 = 𝑒0
log 𝑒 1 = log 𝑒 𝑒 0 = 0
3c log 𝑒 𝑒 = 1
3d 𝑒 = 𝑒1
log 𝑒 𝑒 = log 𝑒 𝑒 1 = 1
4a log 𝑒 𝑥 = 6
4b 𝑥 = 𝑒 −2
4c 𝑒 𝑥 = 24
1
4d 𝑥 = log 𝑒 3
log 7
5a log 2 7 = log𝑒 2 ≑ 2.807
𝑒
log 25
5b log10 25 = log𝑒 10 ≑ 1.398
𝑒
log𝑒 0.04
5c log 3 0.04 = ≑ −2.930
log𝑒 3

6a Reflection in 𝑦 = 𝑥, which reflects lines with gradient 1 to lines of gradient 1. The

tangent to 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 at its 𝑦-intercept has gradient 1, so its reflection also has
gradient 1.
6b Reflection in the 𝑦-axis, which is also horizontal dilation with factor −1.
6c
7a Shift 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 up 1

7b Shift 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 down 2
7c Stretch 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 horizontally with factor 2

1
7d Stretch 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 vertically with factor 3
8a Shift 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (−𝑥) down 1.

8b Reflect 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (−𝑥) in the 𝑥-axis.
8c Stretch 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (−𝑥) vertically with factor 3.
1
9 It is a horizontal dilation of 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (−𝑥) with factor 2.
Its equation is 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (−2𝑥).

10a 4𝑥 − 9 × 2𝑥 + 14 = 0
(22 )𝑥 − 9 × 2𝑥 + 14 = 0
(2𝑥 )2 − 9 × 2𝑥 + 14 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 9𝑢 + 14 = 0
(𝑢 − 2)(𝑢 − 7) = 0
𝑢 = 2, 7
2𝑥 = 2,7
For 2𝑥 = 2
𝑥=1
For 2𝑥 = 7
𝑥 = log 2 7
10b 32𝑥 − 8 × 3𝑥 − 9 = 0
(3𝑥 )2 − 8 × 3𝑥 − 9 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 8𝑢 − 9 = 0
(𝑢 + 1)(𝑢 − 9) = 0
𝑢 = −1, 9
3𝑥 = −1, 9
For 3𝑥 = 9
𝑥=2
For 3𝑥 = −1 there are no solutions
10c i 25𝑥 − 26 × 5𝑥 + 25 = 0
(52 )𝑥 − 26 × 5𝑥 + 25 = 0
(5𝑥 )2 − 26 × 2𝑥 + 25 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 26𝑢 + 25 = 0

(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 25) = 0
𝑢 = 1, 25
5𝑥 = 1, 25
For 5𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
For 5𝑥 = 25
𝑥=2
10c ii 9𝑥 − 5 × 3𝑥 + 4 = 0
(32 )𝑥 − 5 × 3𝑥 + 4 = 0
(3𝑥 )2 − 5 × 3𝑥 + 4 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 5𝑢 + 4 = 0
(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 4) = 0
𝑢 = 1, 4
3𝑥 = 1, 4
For 3𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
For 3𝑥 = 4
𝑥 = log 3 4
10c iii 32𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 20 = 0

(3𝑥 )2 − 3𝑥 − 20 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 𝑢 − 20 = 0
(𝑢 + 4)(𝑢 − 5) = 0
𝑢 = −4, 5
3𝑥 = −4, 5

For 3𝑥 = −4 there are no solutions

For 3𝑥 = 5
𝑥 = log 3 5
10c iv 72𝑥 + 7𝑥 + 1 = 0
(7𝑥 )2 + 7𝑥 + 1 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 7𝑥 ,
𝑢2 + 𝑢 + 1 = 0
The quadratic has no solutions because △= 1 − 4(1)(1) = −3 < 0
10c v 35𝑥 = 9𝑥+3

35𝑥 = (32 )𝑥+3
35𝑥 = 32𝑥+6
5𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 6
3𝑥 = 6
𝑥=2
10c vi 4𝑥 − 3 × 2𝑥+1 + 23 = 0
(22 )𝑥 − 3 × 2𝑥 × 2 + 8 = 0
(2𝑥 )2 − 6 × 2𝑥 + 8 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 6𝑢 + 8 = 0
(𝑢 − 2)(𝑢 − 4) = 0
𝑢 = 2, 4
2𝑥 = 2, 4
For 2𝑥 = 2
𝑥=1
For 2𝑥 = 4
𝑥=2

11a 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = 0
(𝑒 2 )𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = 0
(𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 2𝑢 + 1 = 0
(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 1) = 0
𝑢=1
𝑒𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
11b 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 6 = 0
(𝑒 2 )𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 6 = 0
(𝑒 𝑥 )2 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 6 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑢2 + 𝑢 − 6 = 0
(𝑢 + 3)(𝑢 − 2) = 0
𝑢 = −3, 2
𝑒 𝑥 = −3, 2
For 𝑒 𝑥 = −3 there are no solutions
For 𝑒 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 = log 𝑒 2
11c 𝑒 4𝑥 − 10𝑒 2𝑥 + 9 = 0
(𝑒 2 )2𝑥 − 10𝑒 2𝑥 + 9 = 0
(𝑒 2𝑥 )2 − 10𝑒 2𝑥 + 9 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 10𝑢 + 9 = 0
(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 9) = 0
𝑢 = 1, 9

𝑒 2𝑥 = 1, 9
For 𝑒 2𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
For 𝑒 2𝑥 = 9
(𝑒 𝑥 )2 = 32
𝑒 𝑥 = ±3
𝑥 = log 𝑒 3 as 𝑒 𝑥 = −3 has no solutions.
11d 𝑒 4𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0
(𝑒 2 )2𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0
(𝑒 2𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 .
𝑢2 − 𝑢 = 0
𝑢(𝑢 − 1) = 0
𝑢 = 0, 1
𝑒 2𝑥 = 0, 1
For 𝑒 2𝑥 = 0 there are no solutions
For 𝑒 2𝑥 = 1
𝑥=0
12a (log 𝑒 𝑥)2 − 5 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 4 = 0

Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥,
𝑢2 − 5𝑢 + 4 = 0
(𝑢 − 1)(𝑢 − 4) = 0
𝑢 = 1, 4
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 1, 4
For log 𝑒 𝑥 = 1
𝑥=𝑒

𝑥 = 𝑒4
12b (log 𝑒 𝑥)2 = 3 log 𝑒 𝑥

Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥,
𝑢2 = 3𝑢
𝑢2 − 3𝑢 = 0
𝑢(𝑢 − 3) = 0
𝑢 = 0, 3
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0, 3
𝑥=1
𝑥 = 𝑒3
13a i log 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 = 𝑒
13a ii log 𝑒 (log 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 ) = log 𝑒 𝑒 = 1
13a iii log 𝑒 (log 𝑒 (log 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 )) = log 𝑒 1 = 0
13b i ln 5 + ln 4 = ln(5 × 4) = ln 20
13b ii ln 30 − log 𝑒 6 = ln(30 ÷ 6) = ln 5
13b iii ln 12 − ln 15 + ln 10 = ln(12 ÷ 15 × 10) = ln 8

14a 24 x  7  22 x  12  0
Let u  22 x and so u  4 x .
2 
2x 2
 7  22 x  12  0
u 2  7u  12  0
 u  3 u  4   0
u  3, 4
So 4 x  3 or 4x  4 .
Hence x  log 4 3  0.792 or x  1 .
14b 100 x  10 x  1  0
Let u  10 x .
102 x  10x  1  0  10 x   10 x  1  0

2
u2  u 1  0
1  1  4 1 1
u
2
1 5

2
1 5
So 10 x  .
2
1 5 1 5
log10 does not exist because is negative
2 2
1 5
Hence x  log10  0.209 .
2

2x x
1 1
14c    7     10  0
5 5
x
1
Let u    .
5
2
  1 x  1
x
     7     10  0
 5   5
u 2  7u  10  0
 u  2  u  5  0
u  2,5
x x
1 1
So    2 or    5 .
5 5
Hence x  1 or x  log 1 2  0.431 .

5
1
15a Stretch horizontally with factor .
2
15b Shift right 1.

1
15c Stretch vertically with factor .
2
15d Shift down 2.
1
16a As a dilation, the transformation is stretch horizontally with factor .
5
Alternatively, y  log e x  log e 5 , so it is a shift up log e 5 .
16b As a translation, the transformation is shift up 2.
Alternatively, y  loge x  loge e2  loge e2 x so it is a horizontal dilation with factor

e2 .

Solutions to Exercise 5G
𝑑𝑦 1
1a = 𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
1b = 𝑥−3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3
1c = 3𝑥+4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
1d = 2𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4
1e = − −4𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3
1f = − −3𝑥+4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 2
1g = − −2𝑥−7 = 2𝑥+7
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
1h = 3 (2𝑥+4)
𝑑𝑥
6
= 2𝑥+4
3
= 𝑥+2
𝑑𝑦 3 15
1i = 5 (3𝑥−2) = 3𝑥−2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 1
2a = 2𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5 1
2b = 5𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 3 1
2c = 3𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 7 1
2d = 7𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 7 4
2e = 4 (7𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5 3
2f = 3 (5𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 6 4
2g 𝑑𝑥
= 4 (6𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 9 3
2h = 3 (9𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
3a = 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 3+1 = 4
𝑑𝑦 2
3b = 2𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2 2
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 2(3)−1 = 5
𝑑𝑦 2
3c =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥−5
𝑑𝑦 2
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 2(3)−5 = 2
𝑑𝑦 4
3d = 4𝑥+3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 4 4
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 4(3)+3 = 15

𝑑𝑦 1 5
3e = 5 (𝑥+1) = 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5 5
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 3+1 = 4
𝑑𝑦 2 12
3f = 6 (2𝑥+9) = 2𝑥+9
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 12
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 2(3)+9
12
= 15
4
=5
𝑑 1
4a (2 + log 𝑒 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1
4b (5 − log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 1)) = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1
𝑑 1 4
4c (𝑥 + 4 log 𝑒 𝑥) = 1 + 4 ( ) = 1 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1 3
4d (2𝑥 4 + 1 + 3 log 𝑒 𝑥) = 2(4𝑥 3 ) + 3 ( ) = 8𝑥 3 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 2 2
4e (ln(2𝑥 − 1) + 3𝑥 2 ) = + 3(2𝑥) = 2𝑥−1 + 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥−1
𝑑 5
4f (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 4 + ln(5𝑥 − 7)) = 3𝑥 2 − 3 +
𝑑𝑥 5𝑥−7
5a 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 3 = 3 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 3
= 3 (𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

5b 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 = 2 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 2
= 2 (𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
5c 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 −3 = −3 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 3
= −3 (𝑥) = − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
5d 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 −2 = −2 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 −2
= −2 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
5e 𝑦 = ln √𝑥
1
= ln 𝑥 2
1
= 2 ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= ( )=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 2𝑥
5f 𝑦 = ln √𝑥 + 1
1
= ln(𝑥 + 1)2
1
= 2 ln(𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= 2 (𝑥+1) = 2(𝑥+1)
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 2 1
6a = 1 =𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2
1
𝑑𝑦 3 1
6b = 1 =𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
3
1
𝑑𝑦 5 3
6c = 3( ) = 𝑥1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
5

1
𝑑𝑦 2 6
6d = −6 ( ) = − 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2
1
𝑑𝑦 7 1
6e =1+ 1 =1+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
7
1
𝑑𝑦 2) 1
6f = 4(3𝑥 − 1
5
= 12𝑥 2 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
5
7a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1
Then 𝑦 = ln 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 2𝑥
= 2𝑥 × 𝑥 2 +1 = 𝑥 2 +1
𝑑𝑥
7b Let 𝑢 = 2 − 𝑥 2
Then 𝑦 = ln 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 2𝑥
= −2𝑥 × 2−𝑥 2 = − 2−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
7c Let 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑒 𝑥
Then 𝑦 = ln 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑒𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 × 1+𝑒 𝑥 = 1+𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥+3
8a log 𝑒 (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2) = 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2(3𝑥 2 ) 6𝑥 2
8b log 𝑒 (1 + 2𝑥 3 ) = = 1+2𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 1+2𝑥 3

𝑑 𝑒𝑥
8c ln(𝑒 𝑥 − 2) = 𝑒 𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2𝑥+1
8d (𝑥 + 3 − ln(𝑥 2 + 𝑥)) = 1 −
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑥
𝑑 3𝑥 2 −1
8e (𝑥 2 + ln(𝑥 3 − 𝑥)) = 2𝑥 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 −𝑥
𝑑 2(2𝑥)−3
8f (4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + ln(2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1)) = 4(3𝑥 2 ) − 5(2𝑥) +
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 −3𝑥+1
4𝑥 − 3
= 12𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 +
2𝑥 2− 3𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑦 1
9a =𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
At 𝑥 = 1, gradient = 1 = 1
Angle of inclination = tan−1 1 = 45˚
1
9b At 𝑥 = 3, gradient = 3
1
Angle of inclination = tan−1 3 ≑ 18˚ 26′
1 1
9c At 𝑥 = 2, gradient = 1 =2
2
1
9d At 𝑥 = 4, gradient = 4
1
1
The graph of 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 with the four tangents at 𝑥 = 1, 3, 2 and 4 is shown below.

10a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑥) = log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
10b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 1)

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 2
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥+1
𝑑𝑦 2 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= (log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 1) × 1) + (𝑥 × 2𝑥+1) = log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 1) + 2𝑥+1
10c Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
𝑑𝑦 1 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × 2) + ((2𝑥 + 1) × 𝑥) = 2log 𝑒 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
10d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × 4𝑥 3 ) + (𝑥 4 × 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥 3 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 3

= 𝑥 3 (4 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
10e Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 3 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 3)

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥+3
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 3) × 1) + ((𝑥 + 3) × 𝑥+3)
𝑑𝑥
= log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 3) + 1
10f Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 7)

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 2
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥+7
𝑑𝑦 2
= (log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 7) × 1) + ((𝑥 − 1) × 2𝑥+7)
𝑑𝑥
2(𝑥−1)
= log 𝑒 (2𝑥 + 7) + 2𝑥+7
10g Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 ) + (𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑒 𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥)
10h Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × −𝑒 −𝑥 ) + (𝑒 −𝑥 × 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑥 − log 𝑒 𝑥)
11a Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 1

1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 × ) − (log𝑒 𝑥 × 1)
𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
1−log𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥2
11b Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 2 × ) − (log𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥)
𝑥
= (𝑥 2 )2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥−2𝑥 log𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥4
1−2 log𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥3
11c Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
1
𝑑𝑦 (log𝑒 𝑥 × 1) − (𝑥 × )
𝑥
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
log𝑒 𝑥 − 1
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
11d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 (log𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥) − (𝑥 2 × )
𝑥
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 log𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑥(2 log𝑒 𝑥 − 1)
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2

11e Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 × ) − (log𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑒 𝑥 ( − log𝑒 𝑥)
𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑥 )2
1
( − log𝑒 𝑥)
𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥
(1 − 𝑥 log𝑒 𝑥)
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
11f Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 (log𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 ) − (𝑒 𝑥 × )
𝑥
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑒 𝑥 (log𝑒 𝑥 – )
𝑥
= (log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 log𝑒 𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑥(log𝑒 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
12a = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 5 + log 𝑒 𝑥 3 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 5 + 3 log e 𝑥)
3
=𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
12b = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 3 + log 𝑒 𝑥 4 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 3 + 4 log e 𝑥)
4
=𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
12c 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥 3 )

𝑑 1
= 𝑑𝑥 (3 log e 𝑥)
1
= 3𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
12d = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥 4 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1
= 𝑑𝑥 (4 log e 𝑥)
1
= 4𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
12e = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 3 − log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
= −𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
12f = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 2 − log 𝑒 5 − log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
= −𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
12g = 𝑑𝑥 (2 ln(2 − 𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 2 (− 2−𝑥)
1
= 2𝑥−4
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1
12h = 𝑑𝑥 (2 ln(5𝑥 + 2))
𝑑𝑥
1 5
= 2 (5𝑥+2)
5
= 10𝑥+4

1
13a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥−1
1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = − (𝑥−1)2
1 1
𝑓 ′ (3) = 3−1 = 2
1 1
𝑓 ′′ (3) = − (3−1)2 = − 4
2
13b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
2𝑥+1
Let 𝑢 = 2 and 𝑣 = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 0 and 𝑑𝑥 = 2
((2𝑥+1) × 0) − (2 ×2)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (2𝑥+1)2
4
= − (2x+1)2
2
𝑓 ′ (0) = = 2
1
4
𝑓 ′′ (3) = − (0+1)2 = −4
𝑑
13c 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 2 log 𝑥
2
=𝑥
2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = − 𝑥 2
2
𝑓 ′ (2) = = 1
2
2 1
𝑓 ′′ (2) = − 22 = − 2
13d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (log 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑥) = log 𝑥 + 1

1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑒) = log 𝑒 + 1
= 1+1
=2
1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑒) = 𝑒
14a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
𝑑𝑦 1
= ((log 𝑒 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑥)) − 1
𝑑𝑥
= log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 − 1
= log 𝑒 𝑥
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝑥=1
14b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= (log 𝑒 𝑥 × 2𝑥) + (𝑥 2 × 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥
= 𝑥(2 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1)
𝑥(2 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = 0 which is not a valid solution as log 𝑒 0 is undefined.
2 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = 0
1
log 𝑒 𝑥 = − 2
1
𝑥 = 𝑒 −2

14c Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑣
Then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑥 = 1
1
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 × ) − (log𝑒 𝑥 × 1)
𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
1−log𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥2
1−log𝑒 𝑥
=0
𝑥2
1 − log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 1
𝑥=𝑒
14d Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥

Then 𝑦 = 𝑢2
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 2 log𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥 × 2 log 𝑒 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2 log𝑒 𝑥
=0
𝑥
2 log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
𝑥=1
14e Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥

Then 𝑦 = 𝑢4
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑢3
𝑑𝑦 1 4(log𝑒 𝑥)3
= 𝑥 × 4(log 𝑒 𝑥)3 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
4(log𝑒 𝑥)3
=0
𝑥
4(log 𝑒 𝑥)3 = 0
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0

𝑥=1
14f Let 𝑢 = 1 + log 𝑒 𝑥

1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑦 1
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑢2
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= 𝑥 × − (1+log 2
= − 𝑥(1+log 2
, which is never zero.
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥)
14g Let 𝑢 = 2 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 3

Then 𝑦 = 𝑢4
𝑑𝑢 2 𝑑𝑦
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑢3
𝑑𝑦 2 8(2 log𝑒 𝑥−3)3

= 𝑥 × 4(2 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 3)3 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
8(2 log𝑒 𝑥−3)3

=0
𝑥
8(2 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 3)3 = 0

2 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 3 = 0
3
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 2
3
𝑥 = 𝑒2
14h Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥

1
Then 𝑦 = 𝑢
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑢2
𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= 𝑥 × − (log = − 𝑥(log , which is never zero.
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥)2 𝑒 𝑥)
2
14i Let 𝑢 = log 𝑒 𝑥

Then 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑢
Hence 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢

𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
= 𝑥 × log = 𝑥 log , which is never zero.
𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
15a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = ln 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 1
𝑑𝑦 1
= (ln 𝑥 × 1) + (𝑥 × 𝑥) = ln 𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑥 + 1 = 0
ln 𝑥 = −1
𝑥 = 𝑒 −1
When 𝑥 = 𝑒 −1 ,
𝑦 = 𝑒 −1 ln 𝑒 −1
= 𝑒 −1 (−1)
= −𝑒 −1
1 1
Point where tangent is horizontal = (𝑒 −1 , −𝑒 −1 ) = (𝑒 , − 𝑒)
𝑑𝑦 1 1
15b = − 𝑥2 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 1
− 𝑥2 = 0
𝑥
1 1
= 𝑥2
𝑥
1
1=𝑥
𝑥=1
When 𝑥 = 1,
1
𝑦 = 1 + ln 1
=1
Point where tangent is horizontal = (1, 1)

x
16a y
ln x
x
Applying the quotient rule on y  :
ln x
Let u  x and v  ln x .
1
Then u  1 and v  .
x
vu   uv
y 
v2
1
ln x   x   
 x
 ln x 
2
ln x  1

 ln x 
2
ln x  1
So y  .
 ln x 
2
2
x dy  y   y 
16b Need to show that y  is a solution of    
ln x dx  x   x 
ln x  1
LHS : y 
 ln x 
2
2
x  x 
 y  y   2
RHS :       ln x   ln x 
x x x  x 
 
1 1
 
ln x  ln x 2
ln x  1

 ln x 
2
 LHS
2
x dy  y   y 
LHS  RHS and so y  is a solution of    
ln x dx  x   x 

17a y  log e  x  2  x  1
loge  x  2  x  1  log e  x  2   log e  x  1
dy 1 1
So   .
dx x  2 x  1
17b y  log e  x  5 3x  4 
log e  x  5 3x  4   log e  x  5  log e  3x  4 
dy 1 3
So   .
dx x  5 3x  4
1 x
17c y  ln
1 x
1 x
ln  ln 1  x   ln 1  x 
1 x
dy 1 1
So   .
dx 1  x 1  x
3x  1
17d y  ln
x2
3x  1
ln  ln  3x  1  ln  x  2 
x2
dy 3 1
So   .
dx 3x  1 x  2
 x  4
2
17e y  log e
3x  1
 x  4
2
log e  2 ln  x  4   ln  3 x  1
3x  1
dy 2 3
So   .
dx x  4 3x  1

17f y  log e x x  1
1
log e x x  1  log e x  log e  x  1
2
dy 1 1
So   .
dx x 2  x  1
18a y  loge 2x
y  x log e 2
So y  log e 2 .
18b y  loge e x
yx
So y  1 .
18c y  loge x x
y  x log e x
Applying the product rule on y  x log e x :
Let u  x and v  log e x .
1
x
y  vu   uv
1
  log e x 1   x   
x
 1  log e x
So y  1  log e x .
 log e x, for x  0
19a log e x  
log e   x  , for x  0

19b
19c For x  0 , log e x  log e x .
d 1
So log e x  .
dx x
For x  0 , log e x  log e   x  .
d 1 1
Using the standard form, log e   x     .
dx x x
19d x  0 was excluded in this discussion because log e 0 is undefined.
In fact, log e x   as x  0 , so x  0 is an asymptote.

Solutions to Exercise 5H
1a
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
=
𝑥
1b The gradient of the tangent at point 𝑃(𝑒, 1) is the derivative of the function
𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥) = 𝑥, the gradient of the tangent at point 𝑃(𝑒, 1) is 𝑒
1c As the gradient of the tangent is constant, it is a straight line. By employing the

1
formula for a straight line: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 𝑒
1
𝑦 = 𝑥+𝑐
𝑒
Since this line passes through point 𝑃(𝑒, 1),
1
1= (𝑒) + 𝑐
𝑒
𝑐 = 1−1= 0
1
The equation for the gradient is 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
1
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒 (0) = 0. Therefore the tangent passes through the origin (0,0)
2a The gradient of the tangent at point 𝑄(1,0) is the derivative of the function
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥) = 𝑥, the gradient of the tangent at point 𝑄(1,0) is 1 = 1
2b As the gradient of the tangent is constant, it is a straight line. By employing the

formula for a straight line: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 1
𝑦 =𝑥+𝑐
Since this line passes through point 𝑄(1,0),

0 = 1(1) + 𝑐
𝑐 = 0 − 1 = −1
The equation for the gradient is 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = (0) − 1 = −1. Therefore the tangent passes through the point 𝐴(0,0)
1
3a The gradient of the tangent at point 𝑅(𝑒 , −1) is the derivative of the function
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥) = 𝑥, the gradient of the tangent at point 𝑅(𝑒 , −1) is 1 =𝑒
𝑒
3b As the gradient of the tangent is constant, it is a straight line. By employing the

formula for a straight line: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 𝑒
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐
1
Since this line passes through point 𝑅(𝑒 , −1),
1
−1 = 𝑒 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑒
𝑐 = −1 − 1 = −2
The equation for the gradient is 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 − 2
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒(0) − 2 = −2. Therefore the tangent passes through the point
𝐵(0, −2)
4a The gradient of the tangent at point 𝐴(1,0) is the derivative of the function
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 1 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥) = 𝑥, the gradient of the tangent at point 𝐴(1,0) is 1 = 1
1
4b As the gradient of the tangent is 1, the gradient of the normal is − 𝑚 = −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡
4c The equation of the normal is

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = −1
and passes through the point 𝐴(1,0).

∴ 0 = −1(1) + 𝑐
𝑐=1
The equation of the normal is, therefore, 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = −(0) + 1 = 1
The 𝑦-intercept is 1.
5a 𝑦 = 4 log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 4
The gradient of the tangent at any point is 𝑑𝑥 (4 log 𝑒 𝑥) = 𝑥
4
The gradient of the tangent at 𝑄(1,0) is 1 = 4
The equation of the tangent is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 4

At 𝑄(1,0), 0 = 4(1) + 𝑐
𝑐 = −4
The equation of the tangent is therefore 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 4
1 1
The gradient of the normal to the tangent is − =−
𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 4
1
The equation of the normal is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = − 4
1
At 𝑄(1,0), 0 = − 4 (1) + 𝑐
1
𝑐=
4
1 1
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = − 4 𝑥 + 4.
5b 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 + 3
𝑑 1
The gradient of the tangent at any point is 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥 + 3) = 𝑥
1
The gradient of the tangent at 𝑅(1,3) is 1 = 1

At 𝑅(1,3), 3 = 1(1) + 𝑐
𝑐=2
The equation of the tangent is therefore 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2.

1
The gradient of the normal to the tangent is − 𝑚 = −1
The equation of the normal is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = −1

At 𝑅(1,3), 3 = −1(1) + 𝑐
𝑐=4
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 4.
5c 𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 2
𝑑 2
The gradient of the tangent at any point is 𝑑𝑥 (2 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 2) = 𝑥
2
The gradient of the tangent at 𝑆(1, −2) is 1 = 2

At 𝑆(1, −2), −2 = 2(1) + 𝑐
𝑐 = −4
1 1
The gradient of the normal to the tangent is − 𝑚 = −2
1
The equation of the normal is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = − 2
1
At 𝑆(1, −2), −2 = − 2 (1) + 𝑐
1
𝑐 = −1
2
1 1
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 − 1 2.
5d 𝑦 = 1 − 3 log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 3
The gradient of the tangent at any point is 𝑑𝑥 (1 − 3 log 𝑒 𝑥) = − 𝑥
3
The gradient of the tangent at 𝑇(1,1) is − 1 = −3
The equation of the tangent is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = −3

At 𝑇(1,1), 1 = −3(1) + 𝑐
𝑐=4

The equation of the tangent is therefore 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 4

1 1
The gradient of the normal to the tangent is − 𝑚 =3
tangent
1
The equation of the normal is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 3
1
At 𝑇(1,1), 1 = 3 (1) + 𝑐
2
𝑐=
3
1 2
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 + 3.
6a Let 𝑥 = 1
𝑦 = log 𝑒 (3(1) − 2) = 0
Therefore the point 𝑃(1,0) lies on the curve.
𝑑
6b The gradient of the tangent at any point is 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 (3𝑥 − 2))
𝑑 1 𝑑 3
By chain rule, 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 (3𝑥 − 2)) = 3𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑥 − 2) = 3𝑥−2
At 𝑃(1,0), 𝑥 = 1
3
Therefore the gradient of the tangent at 𝑃(1,0) is 3(1)−2 = 3
1 1
The gradient of the normal at 𝑃(1,0) is − 𝑚 = − 3.
tangent
6c Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 3

At 𝑃(1,0), 0 = 3(1) + 𝑐
𝑐 = −3
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3(0) − 3 = −3
The 𝑦-intercept is −3
1
Let the equation of the normal be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = − 3
1
At 𝑃(1,0), 0 = − 3 (1) + 𝑐

1
𝑐=
3
1 1
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 + 3
1 1 1
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = − 3 𝑥 + 3 = 3
1
The 𝑦-intercept is 3.
1
6d A triangle is created with the points (0, −3), (0, 3), and (1,0)
1 1
The base of the triangle is therefore (3 − (−3)) = 3 3
The altitude of the triangle is therefore 1

1 1 5
The area of the triangle is therefore 2 (3 3) (1) = 3 square units

𝑥
7a The gradient of the tangent at any point to 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 − 2 + 1 is
𝑑 𝑥 1 1
(ln 𝑥 − + 1) = −
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 2
1 1 1
At 𝑥 = 1, the gradient of the tangent is 1 − 2 = 2.
1 1
7b At 𝑥 = 1, the curve 𝑦 = ln 1 − 2 + 1 = 2
1
The tangent at 𝑥 = 1 passes through the point (1, 2)
1
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = 2
1 1
At 𝑥 = 1, the tangent resolves to 2 = 2 (1) + 𝑐
𝑐=0
1
Therefore, the equation of the tangent is 𝑦 = 2 𝑥
1
Let 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 2 (0) = 0
Therefore, the tangent passes through the origin.
8a The gradient of the tangent at any point to 𝑦 = (2 − 𝑥) ln 𝑥 is

𝑑
((2 − 𝑥) ln 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
By the product rule,
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
((2 − 𝑥) ln 𝑥 ) = ln 𝑥 ( (2 − 𝑥)) + (2 − 𝑥) (ln 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2−𝑥
= − ln 𝑥 +
𝑥
2−(2)
At 𝑥 = 2, the gradient of the tangent is − ln(2) + (2)
= − ln 2
At 𝑥 = 2, the curve 𝑦 = (2 − (2)) ln(2) = 0
The tangent at 𝑥 = 2 passes through the point (2,0)

Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 = − ln 2
At 𝑥 = 2, the tangent resolves to 0 = −2 ln 2 + 𝑐

𝑐 = 2 ln 2
Therefore, the equation of the tangent is 𝑦 = −𝑥 ln 2 + 2 ln 2 = − ln 2 (𝑥 − 2).
8b At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = − ln 2 ((0) − 2)
𝑦 = 2 ln 2
The 𝑦-intercept is 2 ln 2.
9a The equation 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 is defined for all values of 𝑥 > 0.

𝑑 1
(log 𝑒 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1
9b The gradient of every tangent to 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 is the derivative, which from 9(a) is 𝑥.
As the domain of the equation 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑥 > 0 i.e. all positive values, the
gradient of every tangent is also positive.
1
9c The gradient of the normal to the tangent is − 𝑚 = −𝑥. As the domain of the
tangent
equation 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑥 > 0 i.e. all positive values, the gradient of every normal is
negative.

9d
The graph above shows a typical tangent (red) and a typical normal (blue). All
tangents will be positive, while all normal will be negative.
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
9e 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 −1 ) = −𝑥 −2 = − 𝑥 2
This describes the rate of change of the gradient of the tangents. Due to the
1
domain, 𝑥 > 0, the value of − 𝑥 2 is always negative. There will be no inflection
points, and the curve is always concave down.
1
10a 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥. 𝑦′ describes the gradient of any tangent to 𝑦.
1 1
∴ if 𝑦 ′ = 2 , 𝑥 = 2, and 𝑦 = log 𝑒 2. The tangent of gradient 2 occurs at point
(2, log 𝑒 2).
1
Let 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 be the equation of the tangent, 𝑚 = 2
1
At (2, log 𝑒 2), log 𝑒 2 = 2 (2) + 𝑐
𝑐 = log 𝑒 2 − 1

1
The equation of the tangent is therefore 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 + log 𝑒 2 − 1
1
The gradient of the normal to the tangent at (2, log 𝑒 2) is − 𝑚 = −2
tangent
Let 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 be the equation of the normal, 𝑚 = −2

At (2, log 𝑒 2), log 𝑒 2 = −2(2) + 𝑐
𝑐 = log 𝑒 2 + 4
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + log 𝑒 2 + 4.
1
10b 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥, 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥. 𝑦′ describes the gradient of any tangent to 𝑦.
1 1
∴ if 𝑦 ′ = 2, 𝑥 = 2, and 𝑦 = log 𝑒 2 = − log 𝑒 2. The tangent of gradient 2 occurs at
1
point (2 , − log 𝑒 2).
Let 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 be the equation of the tangent, 𝑚 = 2

1 1
At (2 , − log 𝑒 2), − log 𝑒 2 = 2 (2) + 𝑐
𝑐 = − log 𝑒 2 − 1
The equation of the tangent is therefore 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − log 𝑒 2 − 1
1 1 1
The gradient of the normal to the tangent at (2 , − log 𝑒 2) is − 𝑚 = −2
1
Let 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 be the equation of the normal, 𝑚 = − 2
1 1 1
At (2 , − log 𝑒 2), − log 𝑒 2 = − 2 (2) + 𝑐
1
𝑐 = − log 𝑒 2 +
4
1 1
The equation of the normal is therefore 𝑦 = − 𝑥 − log 𝑒 2 + .
2 4

1
11a The diagram shows the tangent 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 and the graph 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎 for some 0 < 𝑎 < 𝑒. As 𝑎 traverses from 0 to 𝑒, the tangent becomes less
steep, and as the tangents are straight lines, they will intersect the 𝑦-axis at
various points where 𝑦 < 0.
Let 𝑥 = 𝑏 for some 𝑒 < 𝑏 < ∞. As 𝑏 increases from 𝑒, the tangent becomes less
steep, and as the tangents are straight lines, they will intersect the 𝑦-axis at
various points where 𝑦 > 0.
Therefore, only the tangent at (𝑒, 1) passes through the origin.
11b
Observe the points below the curve. Because the curve is convex everywhere,
there are no tangents that can possibly intersect any point that lies below the
curve.
Observe the points above the curve, located within the domain 𝑥 > 0. Any point
above the curve in this domain can be intersected by 2 tangents.
Any point located outside of the domain, i.e. 𝑥 ≤ 0, is intersected by 1 tangent.
Any point located on the curve is intersected by only one tangent.

12a The domain is 𝑥 > 0. As the domain is not symmetric about the 𝑦-axis, the function
is neither odd or even.
𝑑 1
12b 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − log 𝑒 𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥
𝑑 ′ 1
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑦 ) = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1
12c As the domain is 𝑥 > 0, 𝑥 2 is necessarily positive. As 𝑦′′ is always positive, the
function is concave up for all values of 𝑥 in its domain.
12d The minimum turning point is when 𝑦 ′ = 0

1
1− =0
𝑥
𝑥=1
𝑦 = (1) − log 𝑒 (1) = 1
The minimum turning point is therefore at (1, 1).
12e
The range for 𝑦 = 𝑥 − log 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑦 ≥ 1

12f Let 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑥 − log 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑦) = log 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥

Since 𝑓(𝑦) = −𝑔(𝑦), the transformation is a reflection about the 𝑥-axis.
1
13a The domain of 𝑦 = 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 is 𝑥 > 0
𝑑 1 1 1 −1+𝑥 𝑥−1
13b 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + ln 𝑥) = − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = =
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥−1 𝑑 1 𝑑 1
𝑦 ′′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 ′ ) = 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) × 𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 2 ) × (𝑥 − 1) by the product rule.
1 2 𝑥 + 2 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 2
+ (− 3 ) (𝑥 − 1) = = 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥
13c Minimum is located at 𝑦 ′ = 0,

𝑥−1
=0
𝑥2
𝑥=1
1
𝑦= + ln 1 = 1
1
Therefore the minimum is at (1,1)
Inflection is located at 𝑦 ′′ = 0,

2−𝑥
=0
𝑥3
𝑥=2
1
𝑦= + ln 2
2
1
Therefore the inflection point is located at (2, 2 + ln 2).
13d The range is 𝑦 ≥ 1.
log𝑒 𝑥
14a 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑥 2 5 10 20 40 4000
𝑦 0.347 0.322 0.230 0.150 0.092 0.002
log𝑒 𝑥
Based on this trend, lim = 0.
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
14b 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑥 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 5 10 20 40 4000
𝑦 −0.347 −0.322 −0.230 −0.150 −0.092 −0.002

Based on this trend, lim+ 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0.

𝑥→0
15a The domain for 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑥 > 0

When 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0
∴𝑥=1
The 𝑥-intercept is (1, 0).
𝑑 𝑑
15b 𝑦 ′ = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥) × log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 × 𝑑𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥) by the product rule.
1
𝑦 ′ = log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 ( )
𝑥
𝑦 ′ = log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
𝑑 1
𝑦 ′′ = (log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
15c As the domain is 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦′′ is always positive. As such, there are no inflection
points. A minimum is when 𝑦 ′ = 0
𝑦 ′ = log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 = 0
log 𝑒 𝑥 = −1
1
log 𝑒 =1
𝑥
1
=𝑒
𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑒 −1
𝑦 = 𝑒 −1 log 𝑒 𝑒 −1 = −𝑒 −1
The minimum is at (𝑒 −1 , −𝑒 −1 ).

15d
The range is 𝑦 ≥ −𝑒 −1.
16a y  x log e x  x
The domain is x  0 .
The x - intercept occurs when y  0 .
x  log e x  1  0
log e x  1  0  x  e
So the x - intercept is  e,0  .
16b
x 1 e e2
y 1 0 e2
sign  0 
16c y  x log e x  x
Applying the product rule on y  x log e x :

1
x
d
 uv   vu  uv
dx
1
  log e x 1   x   
 x
 1  log e x
d
y  1  log e x   x
dx
 1  log e x  1
So y  log e x .
1
And so y  .
x
16d y  log e x
There are stationary points where y  0 .
log e x  0  x  1
So there is a stationary point at x  1 .
1
x 1 e
2
y 0.693... 0 1
slope \  /
When x  1 , y  1 .
Hence 1, 1 is a minimum turning point.
1
16e y  for x  0 tells us that the curve is concave up throughout its domain.
x

16f Given that y  0 as x  0 and the tangent approaches vertical as x  0 .
The range is y  1 .
17a y  log e 1  x 2 
1  x 2  0 for all real values of x
So the domain is all real values of x .
17b Algebraically, a function f  x  is even if f   x   f  x  for all x in the domain.
Replacing x with  x we obtain:
 
y  log e 1    x   log e 1  x 2 
2
So y  log e 1  x 2  is an even function.
17c log e 1  x 2   0  1  x 2  1
Hence the function is zero at x  0 , and is positive otherwise because the logs of
numbers greater than 1 are positive.
17d y  log e 1  x 2 
Let u  1  x 2 and so y  log e u .
du dy 1
Hence  2 x and  .
dx du u

dy dy du
 
dx du dx
2x

1  x2
dy 2x
So  .
dx 1  x 2
dy 2x
Applying the quotient rule on  :
dx 1  x 2
Let u  2 x and v  1  x 2 .
Then u  2 and v  2 x .
vu   uv
y 
v2
2 1  x 2    2 x  2 x 

1  x  2 2
2  2 x2  4 x2

1  x 2 2
2  2x2

1  x 
2 2
2 1  x 2 
So y   .
1  x 2 
2
17e There are stationary points where y  0 .
2x  0  x  0
x 1 0 1
y 1 0 1
slope \  /
When x  0 , y  0 .

So  0, 0  is a minimum turning point.
2 1  x 2 
17f y  
1  x 
2 2
There are points of inflection where y  0 .
y  0  2 1  x 2   0
Solving 2 1  x 2   0 for x we obtain x  1 .
So there are points of inflection at x  1 .

x 2 1 0 1 2
6 6
y   0 2 0 
25 25
concavity down up down
So the points of inflection are  1, log e 2  .
17g
The range is y  0 .

y   ln x 
2
18a
Solving  ln x   0 for x we obtain x  1 .

2
18b
So the function is zero at x  1 , and is positive otherwise because squares cannot

be negative.
18c Applying the chain rule:
Let u  ln x and so y  u 2 .
du 1 dy
Hence  and  2u .
dx x du
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
2
 ln x
x
2
So y  ln x .
x
2
Applying the product rule on y  ln x :
x
2
Let u  and v  ln x .
x
2 1
Then u   2
and v  .
x x
y  vu   uv
2 2 1
 2
 ln x  
x x x
2
 1  ln x 
x2
2 1  ln x 
So y  .
x2

2 1  ln x 
18d y 
x2
y  0  2 1  ln x   0
Solving 2 1  ln x   0 for x we obtain x  e .
So there is a point of inflection at x  e .

x 2 e 3
y  0.153... 0 0.021...
concavity up down
So the point of inflection is  e,1 .
2
18e y  ln x
x
2ln x  0  x  1
1
x 1 e
e
2
y 2e 0
e
slope \  /
When x  1 , y  0 .
So 1, 0  is a minimum turning point.

The range is y  0 .
log e x
19a y
x
log e x
19b Applying the quotient rule on y  :
x
Let u  log e x and v  x .
1
Then u  and v  1 .
x
vu   uv
y 
v2
1
x   1 log e x
 x
x2
1  log e x

x2
1  log e x
So y  .
x2
1  log e x
Applying the quotient rule on y  :
x2
Let u  1  log e x and v  x 2 .
1
Then u   and v  2 x .
x

vu   uv
y 
v2
 x 2    1x   2 x 1  log e x 


 x2 
2
 x  2 x  2 x log e x

x4
x  2 log e x  3

x4
2 log e x  3
  x  0
x3
2log e x  3
So y  .
x3
1  log e x
19c y 
x2
1  log e x  0  x  e
So there is a stationary point at x  e .

x 2 e 3
y 0.076... 0 0.010...
slope /  \
When x  e , y  e 1 .
 
So e, e 1 is a maximum turning point.
2log e x  3
19d y 
x3
y  0  2 log e x  3  0

3
Solving 2 log e x  3  0 for x we obtain x  e 2 .
3
So there is a point of inflection at x  e 2 .
3
x e e 2 e2
y  e3 0 e6
concavity down up
3
3
log e e 2 3  32
When x  e , y 
2
3
 e .
2
2
e
3 3
3
So the point of inflection is (𝑒 2 , 2 𝑒 −2 ).
19e Given y  0 as x   and that y   as x  0 .
The range is y  e 1 .
20a y  log e x
dy 1

dx x
1
So the tangent at A  a, log e a  has gradient .
a
1
The tangent is y  log e a   x  a .
a
Multiplying both sides by a and rearranging we obtain:

a  y  log e a   x  a
ay  a log e a  x  a
x  ay  a  a log e a
So the tangent is x  ay  a 1  log e a  .
20b Suppose the tangent at 𝑥 = 𝑎 passes through the origin.

Substituting 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 into the equation for the tangent gives:
0 − 𝑎 × 0 = 𝑎(1 − log 𝑒 𝑎)
0 = 𝑎(1 − log 𝑒 𝑎)
1 − log 𝑒 𝑎 = 0
log 𝑒 𝑎 = 1
𝑎=𝑒
So  e,1 is the only point on y  log e x where the tangent passes through the
origin.

Solutions to Exercise 5I
1a
2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1
= 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
1b
5
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1
= 5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 5 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
1c
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
1
= log |𝑥| + 𝐶
2 𝑒
1d
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥
1
= log |𝑥| + 𝐶
3 𝑒

1e
4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥
4 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
5 𝑥
4
= log |𝑥| + 𝐶
5 𝑒
1f
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
3 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
3
= log |𝑥| + 𝐶
2 𝑒
2a
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 + 1
1
= log |4𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
4 𝑒
2b
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 − 3
1
= log |5𝑥 − 3| + 𝐶
5 𝑒
2c
6
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3𝑥 + 2
6
= log |3𝑥 + 2| + 𝐶
3 𝑒

= 2 log 𝑒 |3𝑥 + 2| + 𝐶
2d
15
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 + 1
15
= log 𝑒 |5𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
5
= 3 log 𝑒 |5𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2e
4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 + 3
4
= log |4𝑥 + 3| + 𝐶
4 𝑒
= log 𝑒 |4𝑥 + 3| + 𝐶
2f
𝑑𝑥
∫
3−𝑥
1
= log |3 − 𝑥| + 𝐶
−1 𝑒
= − log 𝑒 |3 − 𝑥| + 𝐶
2g
𝑑𝑥
∫
7 − 2𝑥
1
= log |7 − 2𝑥| + 𝐶
−2 𝑒
1
= − log 𝑒 |7 − 2𝑥| + 𝐶
2

2h
4
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 − 1
4
= log |5𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
5 𝑒
2i
12
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 − 3𝑥
12
= log |1 − 3𝑥| + 𝐶
−3 𝑒
= −4 log 𝑒 |1 − 3𝑥| + 𝐶
3a
5
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [log e |𝑥|]15
= log e 5 − log e 1
= log e 5
3b
3
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [log e |𝑥|]13
= log e 3
3c
−2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
−8 𝑥
= [log e |𝑥|]−2
−8

= log e |−2| − log e |−8|

2
= log e
8
1
= log e
4
= − log e 4
= − log e 22
= −2 log e 2
3d
9
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [log e |𝑥|]9−3
−3 𝑥
This definite integral is meaningless, as it passes over an asymptote at 𝑥 = 0,

1
over which the function 𝑥 is undefined.
3e
4
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝑥
4
1
= [ log e |2𝑥|]
2 1
1 1
2 2
1
= (log e 4)
2
1
= log e 42
= log e 2

3f
−5
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
−15 5𝑥
−5
1
= [ log e |5𝑥|]
5 −15
1 1
= log e |−25| − log e |−75|
5 5
1
= (log e 25 − log e 75)
5
1 25
= (log e )
5 75
1 1
= log e
5 3
1
= log 3−1
5 e
1
= − log e 3
5
4a
1
𝑑𝑥
∫
0 𝑥+1
= [log e |𝑥 + 1|]10
Check for asymptote.
𝑥+1=0
𝑥 = −1, outside of range of limits.
[log e |𝑥 + 1|]10
= log e |1 + 1| − log e |0 + 1|
= log e 2
≑ 0.6931

4b
−5
𝑑𝑥
∫
−7 𝑥+2
= [log e |𝑥 + 2|]−5
−7

𝑥+2=0
𝑥 = −2, outside of range of limits.
[log e |𝑥 + 2|]−5
−7
= log e |−5 + 2| − log e |−7 + 2|

≑ −0.5108
4c
18
𝑑𝑥
∫ = [log e |𝑥 − 2|]18
4
4 𝑥−2
𝑥−2=0
𝑥 = 2, outside of range of limits.
[log e |𝑥 − 2|]18
4
= log e |18 − 2| − log e |4 − 2|

= log 𝑒 8
= 3 log 𝑒 2
≑ 2.079

4d
3
𝑑𝑥
∫
1 3𝑥 − 1
3
1
= [ log e |3𝑥 − 1|]
3 1

3𝑥 − 1 = 0
1
3
1
[ log e |3𝑥 − 1|]
3 1
1 1
= log e |3(3) − 1| − log e |3(1) − 1|
3 3
1
= (log e 8 − log e 2)
3
1
= log 4
3 𝑒
1
= log 22
3 𝑒
2
= log 2
3 𝑒
≑ 0.4621
4e
−2
𝑑𝑥
∫
−5 2𝑥 + 3
−2
1
= [ log e |2𝑥 + 3|]
2 −5

2𝑥 + 3 = 0
3 1
𝑥 = − 2 = −1 2, outside of range of limits.
−2
1
[ log e |2𝑥 + 3|]
2 −5

1 1
= log e |2(−2) + 3| − log e |2(−5) + 3|
2 2
1
= (log e 1 − log e 7)
2
1 1
= log 𝑒
2 7
1
= log 7−1
2 𝑒
1
= − log 𝑒 7
2
≑ −0.9730
4f
2
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 5 − 2𝑥
2
3
= [− log e |5 − 2𝑥|]
2 1

5 − 2𝑥 = 0
5 1
𝑥 = 2 = 2 2, outside of range of limits.
2
3
[− log e |5 − 2𝑥|]
2 1
3 3
= − log e |5 − 2(2)| − (− log e |5 − 2(1)|)
2 2
3
= − (log e 1 − log e 3)
2
3
= log 3
2 𝑒
≑ 1.648

4g
1
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
−1 7 − 3𝑥
1
3
= [− log e |7 − 3𝑥|]
3 −1

7 − 3𝑥 = 0
7 1
𝑥 = 3 = 2 3, outside of range of limits.
1
3
[− log e |7 − 3𝑥|]
3 −1
= − log e |7 − 3(1)| − (− log e |7 − 3(−1)|)

= −(log e 4 − log e 10)
4
= − log 𝑒
10
5 −1
= − log 𝑒 ( )
2
5
= log 𝑒
2
≑ 0.9163
4h
4
6
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 4𝑥 − 1
4
6
= [ log e |4𝑥 − 1|]
4 1

4𝑥 − 1 = 0
1
4
6
[ log e |4𝑥 − 1|]
4 1

6 6
= log e |4(4) − 1| − log e |4(1) − 1|
4 4
6
= (log e 15 − log e 3)
4
3 15
= log 𝑒
2 3
3
= log 5
2 𝑒
≑ 2.414
4i
11
5
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 2𝑥 − 11
11
5
= [ log e |2𝑥 − 11|]
2 0

2𝑥 − 11 = 0
11 1
𝑥= = 5 2, the integral is meaningless because it runs across an asymptote at
2
1
𝑥 = 52
5a
𝑒
𝑑𝑥
∫
1 𝑥
= [log e |𝑥|]1𝑒
= log e |𝑒| − log e |1|
= log 𝑒 𝑒
=1

5b
𝑒2
𝑑𝑥
∫
1 𝑥
2
= log e |𝑒 2 | − log e |1|
= 2 log 𝑒 𝑒
=2
5c
𝑒4
𝑑𝑥
∫
1 𝑥
4
= log e |𝑒 4 | − log e |1|
= 4 log 𝑒 𝑒
=4
5d
𝑒
𝑑𝑥
∫ = [log e |𝑥|]𝑒√𝑒
√𝑒 𝑥
1
= log e |𝑒| − log e |𝑒 2 |
1
= 1 log 𝑒 𝑒 − log 𝑒 𝑒
2
1
=
2
6a
𝑥+1 𝑥 1 1
= + =1+
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
The primitive of the function above is

1
∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
6b
𝑥+3 𝑥 3 1 3
= + = +
5𝑥 5𝑥 5𝑥 5 5𝑥
1 3 𝑥 3
∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥 = + log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
5 5𝑥 5 5
6c
2−𝑥 2 𝑥 2 1
= − = −
3𝑥 3𝑥 3𝑥 3𝑥 3
2 1 2 𝑥
∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑥| − + 𝐶
3𝑥 3 3 3
6d
1 − 8𝑥 1 8𝑥 1 8
= − = −
9𝑥 9𝑥 9𝑥 9𝑥 9
1 8 1 8
∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑥| − 𝑥 + 𝐶
9𝑥 9 9 9
6e
3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3𝑥 2 2𝑥 2
2
= 2 − 2 = 3−
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2
∫ 3 − 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥

6f
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 4 2𝑥 2 𝑥 4 4
= + − = 2𝑥 + 1 −
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
4
∫ (2𝑥 + 1 − ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 4 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
6g
3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 3 4𝑥 1 4 1
= + − = 3𝑥 + −
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2
4 1 3 1
∫ (3𝑥 + − 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 4 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥
6h
𝑥4 − 𝑥 + 2 𝑥4 𝑥 2 1 2
2
= 2 − 2 + 2 = 𝑥2 − + 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 2 𝑥3 2
∫ (𝑥 2 − + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = − log 𝑒 |𝑥| − + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑥
7a
𝑑 2
(𝑥 − 9) = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator.
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 9
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑥 2 − 9| + 𝐶
𝑥2 −9

7b
𝑑
(3𝑥 2 + 𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
6𝑥 + 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |3𝑥 2 + 𝑥| + 𝐶
3𝑥 2 + 𝑥
7c
𝑑 2
(𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3) = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
2𝑥 + 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3| + 𝐶
𝑥2 +𝑥−3
7d
𝑑
(2 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 ) = 5 − 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
5 − 6𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |2 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 | + 𝐶
2 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 2

7e
𝑑 2
(𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 1) = 2𝑥 + 6 = 2(𝑥 + 3)
𝑑𝑥
1
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator, subjected to a factor of 2
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥+3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 6𝑥 − 1
1 2𝑥 + 6
= ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 1
1
= log |𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
2 𝑒
7f
𝑑
(12𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑥 2 ) = 12 − 4𝑥 = 4(3 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
1
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator, subjected to a factor of 4
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
3−𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
12𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑥 2
1 4(3 − 𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 12𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑥 2
1
= log |12𝑥 − 3 − 2𝑥 2 | + 𝐶
4 𝑒
7g
𝑑
(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator

Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑒 𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |1 + 𝑒 𝑥 | + 𝐶
1 + 𝑒𝑥
7h
𝑑
(1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator, subjected to a factor of −1
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑒 −𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
−𝑒 −𝑥
= −∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
= − log 𝑒 |1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 | + 𝐶
7i
𝑑 𝑥
(𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥
The numerator is a derivative of the denominator
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 | + 𝐶
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
The absolute value signs are not required because the answers to part g-i are
always positive, therefore are not affected by the absolute value signs.

8a
2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 +
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
Since 𝑓(1) = 1,
1 + 2 log 𝑒 |1| + 𝐶 = 1
𝐶=0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥|
𝑓(2) = 2 + 2 log 𝑒 |2|
8b
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 +
3𝑥
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
3
Since 𝑓(1) = 2,
1
(1)2 + log 𝑒 |1| + 𝐶 = 2
3
𝐶=1
1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 1
3
1 1
𝑓(2) = (2)2 + log 𝑒 |2| + 1 = 5 + log e 2
3 3
8c
5
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3 +
2𝑥 − 1
5
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + log 𝑒 |2𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
2
Since 𝑓(1) = 0,
5
3(1) + log 𝑒 |2(1) − 1| + 𝐶 = 0
2
𝐶 = −3

5
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + log 𝑒 |2𝑥 − 1| − 3
2
5 5
𝑓(2) = 3(2) + log 𝑒 |2(2) − 1| − 3 = 3 + log 𝑒 3
2 2
8d
15
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 +
3𝑥 + 2
15
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + log 𝑒 |3𝑥 + 2| + 𝐶
3
Since 𝑓(1) = 5 log 𝑒 5,
2(1)3 + 5 log 𝑒 |3(1) + 2| + 𝐶 = 5 log 𝑒 5
𝐶 = −2
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 5 log 𝑒 |3𝑥 + 2| − 2
𝑓(2) = 2(2)3 + 5 log 𝑒 |3(2) + 2| − 2 = 14 + 5 log 𝑒 8
1
9a 𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥
1
𝑦 = log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
4
Since 𝑥 = 𝑒 2 , 𝑦 = 1
1
1 = log 𝑒 𝑒 2 + 𝐶
4
1 1
𝐶 = 1 − (2) log 𝑒 𝑒 =
4 2
1 1
𝑦 = log 𝑒 |𝑥| +
4 2
When 𝑦 = 0,
1 1
log 𝑒 |𝑥| + = 0
4 2
1 1
log 𝑒 |𝑥| = −
4 2
log 𝑒 |𝑥| = −2
|𝑥| = 𝑒 −2

The curve meets the 𝑥-axis on the right-hand side of the origin at 𝑥 = 𝑒 −2
2
9b 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥+1
𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
1 = 2 log 𝑒 (0 + 1) + 𝐶
𝐶 = 1 − 2 log 𝑒 1 = 1
𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥 + 1| + 1
2𝑥+5
9c 𝑦′ =
𝑥 2 +5𝑥+4
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4
𝑢′ = 2𝑥 + 5
The numerator for 𝑦′ is the derivative of its denominator.
𝑢′
𝑦=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
𝑦 = log 𝑒 |𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4| + 𝐶
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
1 = log 𝑒 |(1)2 + 5(1) + 4| + 𝐶
𝐶 = 1 − log 𝑒 10
𝑦 = log 𝑒 |𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4| + 1 − log 𝑒 10
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 4
= log 𝑒 | |+1
10
𝑦(0)
(0)2 + 5(0) + 4
= log 𝑒 | |+1
10
4
= log 𝑒 +1
10
2
or log 𝑒 5 + 1

(2+𝑥) 2
9d 𝑦′ = =𝑥+1
𝑥
𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝑥 + 𝐶
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
1 = 2 log 𝑒 |1| + 1 + 𝐶
𝐶=0
𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 2,
𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 |2| + 2 = log 𝑒 4 + 2
1
9e 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − + 𝐶1
𝑥
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓′(𝑥) = 0
1
0 = − + 𝐶1
1
𝐶1 = 1
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − + 1
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = − log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝑥 + 𝐶2
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
3 = − log 𝑒 1 + 1 + 𝐶2
𝐶2 = 2
𝑓(𝑥) = − log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝑥 + 2
𝑓(𝑒) = − log 𝑒 𝑒 + 𝑒 + 2 = −1 + 𝑒 + 2 = 𝑒 + 1
10a
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |2𝑥 + 𝑏| + 𝐶
2𝑥 + 𝑏 2

10b
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |3𝑥 − 𝑘| + 𝐶
3𝑥 − 𝑘 3
10c
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑎𝑥 + 3| + 𝐶
𝑎𝑥 + 3 𝑎
10d
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑚𝑥 − 2| + 𝐶
𝑚𝑥 − 2 𝑚
10e
𝑝 𝑝
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞| + 𝐶 = log 𝑒 |𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞| + 𝐶
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑝
10f
𝐴 𝐴
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑠𝑥 − 𝑡| + 𝐶
𝑠𝑥 − 𝑡 𝑠
11a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 5
𝑢′ = 3𝑥 2
𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
3𝑥 2
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑥 3 − 5| + 𝐶
𝑥 −5
11b Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 − 5
𝑢′ = 4𝑥 3 + 1
𝑢′
𝑢

4𝑥 3 + 1
∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 |𝑥 4 + 𝑥 − 5| + 𝐶
𝑥 +𝑥−5
11c Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2
𝑢′ = 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥
𝑢′
𝑢
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥
∫ 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − 6𝑥 2
1 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2
1
= log |𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 2 | + 𝐶
4 𝑒
11d Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 8
𝑢′ = 20𝑥 3 − 14𝑥
𝑢′
𝑢
10𝑥 3 − 7𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 8
1 20𝑥 3 − 14𝑥
= ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥
2 5𝑥 − 7𝑥 2 + 8
1
= log |5𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 8| + 𝐶
2 𝑒
11e Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥
𝑢′ = 3𝑥 2 − 1
𝑢′
𝑢
3
3𝑥 2 − 1
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 −𝑥
= [log 𝑒 |𝑥 3 − 𝑥|]32

= log 𝑒 |33 − 3| − log 𝑒 |23 − 2|

= log 𝑒 |24| − log 𝑒 |6|
= log 𝑒 4
= 2 log 𝑒 2
11f Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
𝑢′ = 2𝑥 + 2
𝑢′
𝑢
2𝑒
2𝑥 + 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
= [log 𝑒 |𝑥 2 + 2𝑥|]2𝑒
𝑒
= log 𝑒 |4𝑒 2 + 4𝑒| − log 𝑒 |𝑒 2 + 2𝑒|

4𝑒 2 + 4𝑒
= log 𝑒 ( 2 )
𝑒 + 2𝑒
4(𝑒 + 1)
= log 𝑒
𝑒+2
𝑥 2 +𝑥+1 𝑥2 𝑥 1 1
12a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = = +𝑥+𝑥 =𝑥+1+𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑥2
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑥 + log 𝑒 |𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥 2
(1)2 1
𝑓(1) = + (1) + log 𝑒 (1) + 𝐶 = 1
2 2
1 1
𝐶 =1 −1− =0
2 2
𝑥2
𝑓(𝑥) = + 𝑥 + log 𝑒 |𝑥|
2

12b
′ (𝑥)
2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 4
𝑔 =
𝑥2
2𝑥 3 3𝑥 4
= − 2− 2
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥
3 4
= 2𝑥 − −
𝑥 𝑥2
3 4
𝑔(𝑥) = ∫ (2𝑥 − − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥2
4
= 𝑥 2 − 3 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + +𝐶
𝑥
4
𝑔(2) = (2)2 − 3 log 𝑒 |2| + + 𝐶 = −3 log 𝑒 2
2
𝐶 = −2 − 4 = −6
4
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3 log 𝑒 |𝑥| + −6
𝑥
13
2
 1   2 2 1 
e e
1  x  x 2  dx  1  x  x  x 4  dx
e
 2 2 1  1 3 1 
e
1  x  x  x 4  dx   3 x  2 ln x  3x3 1
1 1  1 1
  e3  2  e 3     0  
3 3  3 3
1 1
 e3  2  e 3
3 3
2
 1
e
So   x   dx   e3  e 3   2 .
1
1
x 3
14a y  x log e x  x
d
Applying the product rule on  x log e x  :
dx

1
x
d
 uv   vu  uv
dx
1
  log e x 1   x   
 x
 log e x  1
d
y  log e x  1   x
dx
 log e x  1  1
 log e x
d
14b i From part (a),  x log e x  x   log e x .
dx
 log e x dx  x log e x  x  C for some constant C
14b ii Reversing this to give a primitive we obtain:

e
 log x dx   x log e x  x 
e
e e
e
 1

 e  e   e  log e e 2  e 
 
e
 e
2
e

2
e
e
So  log e x dx 
2
.
e

15a y  2 x 2 loge x  x 2

d
dx
 2 x 2 log e x  :
Let u  2 x 2 and v  log e x .
1
Then u  4 x and v  .
x
d
 uv   vu  uv
dx
1
  log e x  4 x    2 x 2   
x
 4 x log e x  2 x
y  4 x log e x  2 x 
d 2
dx
x 
 4 x log e x  2 x  2 x
 4 x log e x
So y  4 x log e x .
15b From part (a),

d
dx
 2 x 2 log e x  x 2   4 x log e x .
4 x log e x dx   2 x 2 log e x  x 2 
1 1
4  4
1 2 1
So  x log e x dx 
2
x log e x  x 2 + 𝐶
4
2
1 2 1 2
2
15c e x log e x dx   2 x log e x  4 x  e

1 1 
  2 log e 2  1   e 2  e 2 
2 4 
1
 2 log e 2  1  e 2
4

2
e2
So  x loge x dx  2 loge 2  1 
e
4
.
Let y   log e x  .
2
16a
Let u  log e x and so y  u 2 .
du 1 dy
Hence  and  2u .
dx x du
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
2
 log e x
x
dy 2 log e x
So  .
dx x
16b From part a,

d
dx
 
 log e x  
2 2 log e x
x
.

e
1 2
e
1 2 log x
2  x e dx   2  log e x   e
e
2
1 1 1
   
2 2 2
1 1
 
2 8
3

8
e
log e x 3
So  x
dx  .
8
e

17 Let y  ln  ln x  .

Let u  ln x and so y  ln u .
du 1 dy 1
Hence  and  .
dx x du u
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
1

x ln x
dy 1
So  .
dx x ln x
From above,
d
dx
 ln  ln x   
1
x ln x
.

1
 x ln x dx  ln  ln x   C for some constant C
18 The key to all this is that log e 5 x  log e 5  log e x and so log e x and log e 5 x
differ only by a constant log e 5 .
1
Thus C2  C1  log e 5 .
5
As C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants, it does not matter at all.
In particular, in a definite integral, adding a constant does not change the answer
because it cancels out when we take F  b   F  a  .
a
1
19a i Given  x dx  5 and a  0 .
1
a
1
 x dx  ln x 
a
1
1
 ln a
ln a  5  a  e5

So a  e5 .
e
1
19a ii  x dx  5 and a  0
a
e
1
a x   a
e
dx   ln x 
 1  ln a
1  ln a  5
ln a  4
a  e4
So a  e 4 .
1
1
19b i  x dx  2 and a  0
a
1
1 1
 x dx  ln x 
a
a
  ln a
 ln a  2
ln a  2
a  e2
a  e2
So a  e2 as a  0 .
a
1
19b ii  x dx  2 and a  0
e
a
1
 x dx  ln x 
a
e
e
 ln a  ln e
 ln a  1

ln a  1  2
ln a  1
a  e 1
a   e 1
So a  e1 as a  0 .
20a  x a2
1
2  
dx  log e x  x 2  a 2  C for some constant C
 
1 1
dx  log e x  x 2  1 
1

0 x 1
2   0

 log e 1  2 
 
1
1
So 
0 x2  1
dx  log e 1  2 .
1
20b  x a2 2
dx  log e x  x 2  a 2  C for some constant C
8 8
dx  log e x  x 2  16 
1

4 x  16
2   4

 log e 8  4 3  log e 4 
8 4 3
 log e
4

 log e 2  3 
 
8
1
So 
4 x  16
2
dx  log e 2  3 .

Solutions to Exercise 5J
1a
𝑒
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]1𝑒
= ln 𝑒 − ln 1
= 1−0
= 1 square unit
1b
Based on the diagram above, the 100 square mark occurs at approximately 2.7.
2a i The area between the curve is calculated as the definite integral.

𝑒
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]1𝑒

= ln 𝑒 − ln 1
= 1 square unit
2a ii
5
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]15
= ln 5 − ln 1
= ln 5 square units
≑ 1.609 square units
2b i The area between the curve is calculated as the definite integral.

𝑒2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥
2
= [ln|𝑥|]𝑒𝑒
= ln 𝑒 2 − ln 𝑒
= 2−1
= 1 square unit
2b ii
8
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]82
= ln 8 − ln 2
= ln 4
= 2 ln 2 square units

2b iii
𝑒2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
2
= [ln|𝑥|]1𝑒
= ln 𝑒 2 − ln 1
= 2−0
= 2 square units
2b iv
25
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]125
= ln 25 − ln 1
3a
2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]12
= ln 2 − ln 1
= ln 2 square units
3b
3
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]32
= (ln 3 − ln 2) square units

3c
1
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
3
= [ln|𝑥|]11
3
1
= ln 1 − ln
3
= 0 − (− ln 3)
= ln 3 square units
3d
2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
2
= [ln|𝑥|]21
2
1
= ln 2 − ln
2
= ln 2 − (− ln 2)
4a i
5
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 2𝑥 + 1
5
1
= [ ln|2𝑥 + 1|]
2 2
1 1
= ln|2(5) + 1| − ln|2(2) + 1|
2 2
1
= 2 (ln 11 − ln 5) square units

4a ii
4
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝑥 + 1
4
1
= [ ln|2𝑥 + 1|]
2 1
1 1
= ln|2(4) + 1| − ln|2(1) + 1|
2 2
1
= (ln 9 − ln 3)
2
1 9
= (ln )
2 3
1
4b i
1
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 3𝑥 + 2
1
1
= [ ln|3𝑥 + 2|]
3 0
1 1
= ln|3(1) + 2| − ln|3(0) + 2|
3 3
1
= 3 (ln 5 − ln 2) square units
4b ii
6
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 3𝑥 + 2
6
1
= [ ln|3𝑥 + 2|]
3 0
1 1
= ln|3(6) + 2| − ln|3(0) + 2|
3 3

1
= (ln 20 − ln 2)
3
1 20
= (ln )
3 2
1
4c i
4
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 2𝑥 − 5
4
1
= [ ln|2𝑥 − 5|]
2 3
1 1
= ln|2(4) − 5| − ln|2(3) − 5|
2 2
1
= (ln 3 − ln 1)
2
1
4c ii
16
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
4 2𝑥 − 5
16
1
= [ ln|2𝑥 − 5|]
2 4
1 1
= ln|2(16) − 5| − ln|2(4) − 5|
2 2
1
= (ln 27 − ln 3)
2
1 27
= ln
2 3
1
= ln 9
2

1
= ln 32
2
= ln 3 square units
4d i
𝑒 3 +1
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥−1
3 +1
= [3 ln|𝑥 − 1|]𝑒2
= 3 ln|(𝑒 3 + 1) − 1| − 3 ln|(2) − 1|
= 3(ln 𝑒 3 − ln 1)
= 9 ln 𝑒
= 9 square units
4d ii
12
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥−1
= [3 ln|𝑥 − 1|]12
3
= 3 ln|(12) − 1| − 3 ln|(3) − 1|
= 3(ln 11 − ln 2) square units
5a
2
1
∫ ( + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥| + 𝑥]12
= (ln|2| + 2) − (ln|1| + 1)
= (ln 2 + 1) square units

5b
2
1
∫ + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
2
2
𝑥2
= [ln|𝑥| + ]
2 1
2
1 2
2 2
1 (2)
= (ln|2| + ) − (ln | | + )
2 2 2
1
= ln 2 + 2 + ln 2 −
8
15
= (2 ln 2 + ) square units
8
5c
3
1
∫ + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
3
𝑥3
= [ln|𝑥| + ]
3 1
33 13
= (ln|3| + ) − (ln|1| + )
3 3
27 1
= ln 3 + −
3 3
2
= (ln 3 + 8 3) square units
6a
3
3
∫ 3 − 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [3𝑥 − 3 ln|𝑥|]13
= (3(3) − 3 ln|3|) − (3(1) − 3 ln|1|)
= 9 − 3 ln 3 − 3 + 0
= (6 − 3 ln 3) square units

6b
3
1
∫ 2 − 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [2𝑥 − ln|𝑥|]13
= (2(3) − ln|3|) − (2(1) − ln|1|)
= 6 − ln 3 − 2 + 0
= (4 − ln 3) square units
7a
4 4
2 1
∫ (2 − ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 1 2
4
2 𝑥 1
= ∫ (2 − − + ) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 2 2
4
5 2 𝑥
= ∫ ( − − ) 𝑑𝑥
1 2 𝑥 2
4
5𝑥 𝑥2
= [ − 2 ln|𝑥| − ]
2 4 1
5(4) (4)2 5(1) (1)2

=( − 2 ln|4| − )−( − 2 ln|1| − )
2 4 2 4
5 1
= 10 − 2 ln 4 − 4 − +0+
2 4
15
= ( 4 − 2 ln 4) square units
7b
5−𝑥
Rearrange 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5 = 0 to become 𝑦 = 2
4 4
5−𝑥 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 2 1 𝑥
4
5 𝑥 2
= ∫ ( − − ) 𝑑𝑥
1 2 2 𝑥

4
5𝑥 𝑥 2
= [ − − 2 ln|𝑥|]
2 4 1
5(4) (4)2 5(1) (1)2

=( − − 2 ln|4|) − ( − − 2 ln|1|)
2 4 2 4
5 1
= 10 − 4 − 2 ln 4 − + +0
2 4
15
= ( 4 − 2 ln 4) square units
8a
8b
8
4
∫ 1 − 𝑑𝑥
4 𝑥
= [𝑥 − 4 ln|𝑥|]84
= (8 − 4 ln|8|) − (4 − 4 ln|4|)
= 4 − 4 × 3 ln 2 + 4 × 2 ln 2
= 4 − 12 ln 2 + 8 ln 2
= 4 − 4 ln 2
= 4(1 − ln 2) square units

9a
2
2
∫ (2 − (2 − )) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
2
2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [2 ln|𝑥|]12
= (2 ln|2|) − (2 ln|1|)
9b
0
1
∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑥+2
= [𝑥 − ln|𝑥 + 2|]0−1
= (0 − ln|0 + 2|) − ((−1) − ln|(−1) + 2|)
= 0 − ln 2 + 1 + ln 1
10a
4
1
∫ (0 − (− )) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]14
= (ln|4|) − (ln|1|)
= ln 4 − ln 1
= ln 4 square units
10b
3
3
∫ (0 − ( − 3)) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [3𝑥 − 3 ln|𝑥|]13
= (3(3) − 3 ln|3|) − (3(1) − 3 ln|1|)

= 9 − 3 ln 3 − 3 − 3 ln 1
11a
1 2
1 1
∫ ( − 1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (0 − ( − 1)) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑥
1
2
= [ln|𝑥| − 𝑥]11 + [𝑥 − ln|𝑥|]12

2
1 1
= [(ln|1| − 1) − (ln | | − )] + [(2 − ln|2|) − (1 − ln|1|)]
2 2
1 1
= 0 − 1 − ln + + 2 − ln 2 − 1 + ln 1
2 2
1
= 0 − 1 + + 2 − 1 + ln 2 − ln 2 + ln 1
2
1
= 2 square units
11b
2 3
2 2
∫ 0 − 1 + 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 − 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 2 𝑥
= [2 ln|𝑥| − 𝑥]12 + [𝑥 − 2 ln|𝑥|]32

= [(2 ln|2| − 2) − (2 ln|1| − 1)] + [(3 − 2 ln|3|) − (2 − 2 ln|2|)]
= 2 ln 2 − 2 − 2 ln 1 + 1 + 3 − 2 ln 3 − 2 + 2 ln 2
= 1 − 2 + 3 − 2 + 2 ln 2 − 2 ln 1 − 2 ln 3 + 2 ln 2
= 2 ln 4 − 2 ln 3
4

12a First, solve the equations simultaneously to determine the intersection point.
1
𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4 − 3𝑥
1
= 4 − 3𝑥
𝑥
1 = 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0
(3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
1
𝑥= ,𝑥 = 1
3
1 1
When 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1 =3
3
1
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 = 1
1
The intersection points are (3 , 3) , (1,1)
12b Given that there are only two intersection points, we only need to determine
1
which curve lies above the other, pick a value of 𝑥ϵ (3 , 1) between the points of
intersection.
2 1
Try 𝑥 = 3, let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 4 − 3𝑥
2 3 2 2
𝑓( ) = ,𝑔( ) = 4 − 3( ) = 2
3 2 3 3
2 2
As 𝑔 (3) > 𝑓 (3) the line 𝑔(𝑥) lies above 𝑓(𝑥)
The integral required to determine the area between the curves is

1
1
∫ 4 − 3𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
3
1
3 2
= [4𝑥 − 𝑥 − ln|𝑥|]1
2
3
3 2
1 3 1 2 1
= (4(1) − (1) − ln|1|) − (4 ( ) − ( ) − ln | |)
2 3 2 3 3
3 4 1 1
= 4− − 0 − + + ln
2 3 6 3

4
13a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑢′ = 2𝑥
𝑢′
13b Given the standard form ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
2
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥2 + 1
1 2 2𝑥
= ∫ 2
2 0 𝑥 +1
2
1
= [ ln|𝑥 2 + 1|]
2 0
1 1
= ( ln|(2)2 + 1|) − ( ln|(0)2 + 1|)
2 2
1 1
= ln 5 − ln 1
2 2
1
14a Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
𝑢′ = 2𝑥 + 2
𝑢′
14b Given the standard form ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
1
𝑥+1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 3
1 1 2𝑥 + 2
= ∫
2 0 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
1
1 2
= [ ln|𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3|]
2 0
1 1
= ( ln|(1)2 + 2(1) + 3|) − ( ln|(0)2 + 2(0) + 3|)
2 2

1 1
= ln 6 − ln 3
2 2
1
15a
15b The appropriate integral is a sum of integrals from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 1 and from 𝑥 = 1

to 𝑥 = 𝑒.
1 𝑒
1
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 𝑥
1
𝑥2
= [ ] + [ln|𝑥|]1𝑒
2 0
12 02
= ( − ) + (ln|𝑒| − ln|1|)
2 2
1
= +1
2
1
= 1 2 square units

16a
2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]12
= (ln|2|) − (ln|1|)
= ln 2
≑ 0.693
16b Two trapezoids are formed.

1
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = =1
1
3 1 2
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = , 𝑦 = =
2 3 3
2
1
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 =
2
Dimensions of trapezoid 1:
𝑎1 = 𝑦(1) = 1
3 2
𝑏1 = 𝑦 ( ) =
2 3
3 1
ℎ1 = −1=
2 2
1 1 2 1 5
Area of trapezoid 1, 𝐴1 = 2 (𝑎1 + 𝑏1 )(ℎ1 ) = 2 (1 + 3) (2) = 12
3 2
𝑎2 = 𝑦 ( ) =
2 3
1
𝑏2 = 𝑦(2) =
2
3 1
ℎ2 = 2 − =
2 2
1 1 2 1 1 7
5 7 17
Total area, 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 12 + 24 = 24 ≑ 0.708

17a
3
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= [ln|𝑥|]13
= ln 3 − ln 1
= ln 3
≑ 1.0986
17b Two equal subintervals between 1 and 3,

1
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = =1
1
1
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 =
2
1
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 =
3
𝑎1 = 𝑦(1) = 1
1
𝑏1 = 𝑦(2) =
2
ℎ1 = 2 − 1 = 1
1 1 1 3
1
𝑎2 = 𝑦(2) =
2
1
𝑏2 = 𝑦(3) =
3
ℎ2 = 3 − 2 = 1
1 1 1 1 5
3 5 7
Total area, 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 4 + 12 = 6 ≑ 1.1667

18 Four subintervals require 5 function values between 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5

𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = ln 1 = 0
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = ln 2
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = ln 3
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = ln 4 = 2 ln 2
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = ln 5
𝑎1 = 𝑦(1) = 0
𝑏1 = 𝑦(2) = ln 2
ℎ1 = 2 − 1 = 1
1 1 1
Area of trapezoid 1, 𝐴1 = 2 (𝑎1 + 𝑏1 )(ℎ1 ) = 2 (0 + ln 2)(1) = 2 ln 2
𝑎2 = 𝑦(2) = ln 2
𝑏2 = 𝑦(3) = ln 3
ℎ2 = 3 − 2 = 1
1 1 1
Area of trapezoid 1, 𝐴2 = 2 (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )(ℎ2 ) = 2 (ln 2 + ln 3)(1) = 2 ln 6
𝑎3 = 𝑦(3) = ln 3
𝑏3 = 𝑦(4) = ln 4
ℎ3 = 4 − 3 = 1
1 1 1
𝑎4 = 𝑦(4) = ln 4
𝑏4 = 𝑦(5) = ln 5
ℎ4 = 5 − 4 = 1
1 1 1
Total area of trapezoids, 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 + 𝐴4

1 1 1 1
= ln 2 + ln 6 + ln 12 + ln 20
2 2 2 2
1
= (ln(2 × 6 × 12 × 20))
2
1
= ln 2880
2
19a
19b To calculate this area we need to express x in terms of y and integrate with
respect to y .
y  loge x  x  e y
1
 e dy  e
y 1
y

0
0
 e 1
So the required area is  e  1 u2.

19c To calculate this area we subtract the area found in part b, from the area of a
rectangle of length e and width 1 .
1
 e 1   e y dy  e  e y  0
1
 e   e  1
1
So the required area is 1 square unit.
20a Consider the curves y  6e  x and y  e x  1 .
The x - coordinate of the intersection point of these two curves satisfies the
equation e x  1  6e x .
Multiplying both sides by e x we obtain e2 x  e x  6 .
Let u  e x and given that e2x   e x  :

2
e 
x 2
 ex  6  0
So u 2  u  6  0 .
20b u2  u  6  0
 u  3 u  2   0
u  2,3
So e x  2 or e x  3 .
log e  2  does not exist
Hence x  ln 3 .
Substituting x  ln 3 into y  e x  1 we obtain y  2 .

20c
−1
ln 3
20d The area of the shaded region is given Area    top curve  bottom curve  dx .
0
  6e   e  1  dx  6e
ln 3
ln 3
x x x
 e x  x 
0
0
  2  3  ln 3   6  1  0 
 2  ln 3
So the area of the shaded region is  2  ln 3 square units.
1
1 
21a The required area is given by   x  1 dx .
e
1
1  1
  x  1 dx  ln x  x 
e
e
  0  1  1  e 
e2
So the required area is  e  2  square units.
21b In this region the sign of 𝑦 is negative so

−𝑒 −1 1
the required area is given by − ∫−1 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥.
−𝑒 −1 1
∫−1 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

−1
= [ln|𝑥| + 𝑥]−𝑒
−1
= (ln 𝑒 −1 − 𝑒 −1 ) − (ln 1 − 1)
= −1 − 𝑒 −1 − 0 + 1
= −𝑒 −1
So the required area is e 1 square units.
21c The required area is given by  e  2  + e 1 or  e  2  e1  square units.

Solutions to Exercise 5K
1a
log 𝑒 3
log 2 3 = ≑ 1.58
log 𝑒 2
Since log 2 3 ≑ 1.58, 21.58 ≑ 2.99, which approximates to 3
1b
log 𝑒 10
log 2 10 = ≑ 3.32
log 𝑒 2
1c
log 𝑒 26
log 5 26 = ≑ 2.02
log 𝑒 5
1d
log 𝑒 0.0047
log 3 0.0047 = ≑ −4.88
log 𝑒 3
Since log 3 0.0047 ≑ −4.88, 3−4.88 ≑ 0.004695, which approximates to 0.0047
2a
log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = log 2 𝑥 =
log 𝑒 2
1
Since log is a constant,
𝑒2
𝑑 1
𝑦′ = (log 𝑒 𝑥) ×
𝑑𝑥 log 𝑒 2
1 1
= ×
𝑥 log 𝑒 2

1
=
𝑥 log 𝑒 2
2b
log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = log10 𝑥 =
log 𝑒 10
1
𝑒 10
𝑑 1
𝑦′ = (log 𝑒 𝑥) ×
𝑑𝑥 log 𝑒 10
1 1
= ×
𝑥 log 𝑒 10
1
=
𝑥 log 𝑒 10
2c
3 log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = 3 log 5 𝑥 =
log 𝑒 5
3
𝑒5
𝑑 3
𝑦′ = (log 𝑒 𝑥) ×
𝑑𝑥 log 𝑒 5
1 3
= ×
𝑥 log 𝑒 5
3
=
𝑥 log 𝑒 5
𝑑 1
3a Standard form 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 log
𝑒𝑎
𝑦 = log 3 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 3

𝑑 1
3b Standard form 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 log
𝑒𝑎
𝑦 = log 7 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 7
𝑑 1
3c Standard form 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 log
𝑒𝑎
𝑦 = 5 log 6 𝑥
𝑑
𝑦′ = 5 log 6 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
5
=
𝑥 log 𝑒 6
4a 𝑦 = 3𝑥
𝑥
= (𝑒 log𝑒 3 )
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3
𝑑
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 (𝑥 log 𝑒 3) by the chain rule
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 log 𝑒 3
= 3𝑥 log 𝑒 3
4b 𝑦 = 4𝑥
𝑥
= (𝑒 log𝑒 4 )
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 4𝑥 log 𝑒 4

4c 𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑥
= (𝑒 log𝑒 2 )
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑥 log 𝑒 2
5a Standard form:
𝑑 𝑥
𝑎 = 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 10𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 10𝑥 log 𝑒 10
5b Standard form:
𝑑 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 8𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 8𝑥 log 𝑒 8
5c Standard form:
𝑑 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 3 × 5𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 3(5𝑥 log 𝑒 5)
6a
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
Integrate by substitution.
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 2 , 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑒 2 so 𝑑𝑢 = log 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
log 𝑒 2
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
log 𝑒 2
1
= × 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 2
𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 2
2𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 2
6b
𝑑𝑢
1
log 𝑒 6
1
log 𝑒 6
1
= × 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 6
𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 6
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 6
6𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 6

6c
𝑑𝑢
1
log 𝑒 7
1
log 𝑒 7
1
= × 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 7
𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 7
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 7
7𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 7
6d
𝑑𝑢
1
log 𝑒 3
1
log 𝑒 3
1
= × 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 3

𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 3
3𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 3
7a Standard form:
𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
log 𝑒 𝑎
1
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
2𝑥 1
=[ ]
log 𝑒 2 0
21 20
= −
log 𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2
2−1
=
log 𝑒 2
1
=
log 𝑒 2
≑ 1.443
7b Standard form:
𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
log 𝑒 𝑎
1
∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
3𝑥 1
=[ ]
log 𝑒 3 0
31 30
= −
3−1
=
log 𝑒 3

2
=
log 𝑒 3
≑ 1.820
7c Standard form:
𝑥
𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
log 𝑒 𝑎
1
∫ 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1
5𝑥 1
=[ ]
log 𝑒 5 −1
51 5−1
= −
1
5−
= 5
log 𝑒 5
24
= 5
log 𝑒 5
24
=
5 log 𝑒 5
≑ 2.982
7d Standard form:
𝑥
𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
log 𝑒 𝑎
2
∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
4𝑥 2
=[ ]
log 𝑒 4 0
42 40
= −

16 − 1
=
log 𝑒 4
15
=
log 𝑒 4
≑ 10.82
8a
1 1
𝑥 1 2 4
4 2
log 2 2−2 log 2 2−1
log 2 𝑥 log 2 1 = 0 log 2 2 = 1 log 2 22 = 2
= −2 = −1
log 𝑒 2−2 log 𝑒 2−1 log 𝑒 22
log 𝑒 2
log 𝑒 𝑥 = −2 log 𝑒 2 = −1 log 𝑒 2 log 𝑒 1 = 0 = 2 log 𝑒 2
= 0.69
= −1.39 = −0.69 = 1.39
1 1
log 4 4−2 log 4 42
log 4 4−1
1 1 log 4 4
log 4 𝑥 = − log 4 4 = − log 4 4 log 4 1 = 0 = log 4 4
2 2 =1
= −1 1 1
=− =
2 2
8b

9a 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 2
1
The tangent of the gradient to the curve at 𝑥 = 1 is 𝑦 ′ = log 2.
𝑒
1
9b Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = log
𝑒2
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = log 2 1 = 0
The tangent passes through the point (1, 0).
1
𝑓(1) = +𝑏 =0
log 𝑒 2
1
𝑏=−
log 𝑒 2
𝑥 1 1
Equation of tangent, 𝑓(𝑥) = log − log = log (𝑥 − 1)
𝑒2 𝑒2 𝑒2
9c i 𝑦 = log 3 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 3
1
𝑒
1
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = log 3.
𝑒
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = log 3 1 = 0
1
𝑓(1) = +𝑏 =0
log 𝑒 3
1
𝑏=−
log 𝑒 3
𝑥 1 1
𝑒3 𝑒3 𝑒3

9c ii 𝑦 = log 5 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 5
1
𝑒
1
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = log 5.
𝑒
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = log 5 1 = 0
1
𝑓(1) = +𝑏 =0
log 𝑒 5
1
𝑏=−
log 𝑒 5
𝑥 1 1
𝑒 5 𝑒 5 𝑒5
10a
3
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
2𝑥 3
=[ ]
log 𝑒 2 1
23 21
= −
8−2
=
log 𝑒 2
6
=
log 𝑒 2
≑ 8.6562

10b
1
∫ 3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
−1
1
3𝑥
=[ + 𝑥]
log 𝑒 3 −1
31 3−1
=( + 1) − ( − 1)
1
3−3
= +2
log 𝑒 3
8
= +2
3 log 𝑒 3
≑ 4.4273
10c
2
∫ (10𝑥 − 10𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
2
10𝑥 2
=[ − 5𝑥 ]
log 𝑒 10 0
102 2
100
=( − 5(2) ) − ( − 5(0)2 )
100 − 1
= − 20
log 𝑒 10
99
= − 20
log 𝑒 10
≑ 22.9952
11a
log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦 = log10 𝑥 =
log 𝑒 10
1 𝑑
𝑦′ = log 𝑒 𝑥
log 𝑒 10 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 10
At (10, 1),
1
𝑦′ =
10 log 𝑒 10
1
11b Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 10 log
𝑒 10

10
𝑦= +𝑏 =1
10 log 𝑒 10
10 1
𝑏 = 1− =1−
10 log 𝑒 10 log 𝑒 10
𝑥 1
Equation of tangent, 𝑦 = 10 log + 1 − log
𝑒 10 𝑒 10
Rearranging gives:
𝑥 1
+1− −𝑦 =0
𝑥 − 10𝑦 log 𝑒 10 + 10 log 𝑒 10 − 10 = 0
11c The tangent has a gradient of 1 when 𝑦 ′ = 1

1
=1
𝑥 log 𝑒 10
1
𝑥=
log 𝑒 10
12a For 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥

1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 2
1
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = log 2 3 , 𝑦 ′ = 3 log
𝑒2
1
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 3 log
𝑒2

3
log 2 3 = +𝑏
3 log 𝑒 2
1 log 𝑒 3 − 1
𝑏 = log 2 3 − =
Equation of tangent to 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 3 is
𝑥 log 𝑒 3 − 1
𝑦= +
1 𝑥
𝑦= ( + log 𝑒 3 − 1)
log 𝑒 2 3
For 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥
1
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = log 𝑒 3 , 𝑦 ′ = 3
1
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 3
3
log 𝑒 3 = +𝑏
3
𝑏 = log 𝑒 3 − 1
Equation of tangent to 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 3 is
𝑥
𝑦= + log 𝑒 3 − 1
3
For 𝑦 = log 4 𝑥
1
𝑦′ =
𝑥 log 𝑒 4
1
At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = log 4 3 , 𝑦 ′ = 3 log
𝑒4
1
Let the equation of the tangent be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 3 log
𝑒4
3
log 4 3 = +𝑏
3 log 𝑒 4
1 log 𝑒 3 − 1
𝑏 = log 4 3 − =
Equation of tangent to 𝑦 = log 4 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 3 is

𝑥 log 𝑒 3 − 1
𝑦= +
1 𝑥
𝑦= ( + log 𝑒 3 − 1)
log 𝑒 4 3
12b Check when 𝑦 = 0 for each curve.

1 𝑥
For 𝑦 = log (3 + log 𝑒 3 − 1),
𝑒2
1 𝑥
0= ( + log 𝑒 3 − 1)
log 𝑒 2 3
𝑥 = 3 − 3 log 𝑒 3
𝑥
For 𝑦 = 3 + log 𝑒 3 − 1,
𝑥
0= + log 𝑒 3 − 1
3
𝑥 = 3 − 3 log 𝑒 3
1 𝑥
For 𝑦 = log ( + log 𝑒 3 − 1),
𝑒 4 3
1 𝑥
0= ( + log 𝑒 3 − 1)
log 𝑒 4 3
𝑥 = 3 − 3 log 𝑒 3
All derived tangents above meet at (3 − 3 log 𝑒 3 , 0).
13a At 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 = 20 = 1
𝑦 = 1 + 2(0) − (0)2 = 1
At 𝑥 = 1,
𝑦 = 21 = 2
𝑦 = 1 + 2(1) − 12 = 2
Therefore, both 𝑦 = 2𝑥 and 𝑦 = 1 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 intersect at points 𝐴(0, 1) and 𝐵(1, 2).

13b
The area shaded is defined by the definite integral:

1
∫ (1 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
2
𝑥3 2𝑥
= [𝑥 + 𝑥 − − ]
3 log 𝑒 2 0
13 21 03 20
= (1 + 12 − − ) − (0 + 02 − − )
3 log 𝑒 2 3 log 𝑒 2
1 2 1
= (1 + 1 − − ) − (− )
2 1
= (1 − ) square units
3 log 𝑒 2
14 𝑥-intercept, 𝑦 = 0 = 8 − 2𝑥
2𝑥 = 8
𝑥 = log 2 8
𝑥 = log 2 23 = 3
𝑦-intercept, 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 = 8 − 20 = 7
Intercepts are: (0, 7), (3, 0)
The area under the curve bounded by the coordinate axes is

3
∫ (8 − 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
2𝑥 3
= [8𝑥 − ]
log 𝑒 2 0
23 20
= (8(3) − ) − (8(0) − )
8 1
= 24 − +
7
= (24 − ) square units
log 𝑒 2
15a
15b
1
∫ (3 − 3𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
3𝑥 1
= [3𝑥 − ]
log 𝑒 3 0
31 30
= (3(1) − ) − (3(0) − )
3 1
= 3− +

2
= (3 − log 3) square units
𝑒
16a First find the 𝑦-intercept.

At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 40 = 1, 𝑦 = 0 + 1 = 1
1
1 1 1 1 1
At 𝑥 = − 2, 𝑦 = 4−2 = 1 = 2, 𝑦 = − 2 + 1 = 2
42
1 1
Both 𝑦 = 4𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 intersect at 𝑦-intercept (0, 1) and the point (− , ).
2 2
1
16b Determine which of the curves lies above the other, between the interval [− 2 , 0]
1
Choose 𝑥 = − 4,
1 1 1
𝑦 = 4 −4 = 1 = ≑ 0.7071
44 √2
1 3
𝑦 = − + 1 = = 0.75 > 0.7071
4 4
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 is located above 𝑦 = 4𝑥 over the interval of (− 2 , 0).
The integral which defines the area of the enclosed region is:
0
∫ (𝑥 + 1 − 4𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
−
2
0
16c ∫−1(𝑥 + 1 − 4𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
0
𝑥2 4𝑥
=[ +𝑥− ]
2 log 𝑒 4 −1
2
1 2 −
1
0 2
4 (− ) 1 0
4 2
= ( +0− ) − ( 2 + (− ) − )
2 log 𝑒 4 2 2 log 𝑒 4
1 1 1 1
=− − + +
log 𝑒 4 8 2 2 log 𝑒 4

3 1
= −
8 2 log 𝑒 4
17a y  log 3 x
dy 1

dx x log e 3
1
So the tangent at A  e,log3 e  has gradient .
e log e 3
log e e 1
Using change of base, log 3 e   .
log e 3 log e 3
1 1
The tangent is y    x  e .
log e 3 e log e 3
x 1 1
y  
e log e 3 log e 3 log e 3
x

e log e 3
1
This tangent has gradient and passes through the origin.
e log e 3
17b y  log 5 x
dy 1

dx x log e 5
1
So the tangent at A  e,log5 e  has gradient .
e log e 5
log e e 1
Using change of base, log 5 e   .
log e 5 log e 5
1 1
log e 5 e log e 5

x 1 1
y  
e log e 5 log e 5 log e 5
x

e log e 5
1
e log e 5
17c y  log a x
dy 1

dx x log e a
1
So the tangent at A  e,log a e  has gradient .
e log e a
log e e 1
Using change of base, log a e   .
log e a log e a
1 1
log e a e log e a
x 1 1
y  
e log e a log e a log e a
x

e log e a
1
e log e a
18a Let y  x log e x  x .
d
Applying the product rule on  x log e x  :
dx
1
x

d
 uv   vu  uv
dx
1
  log e x 1   x   
 x
 log e x  1
d
y  log e x  1   x
dx
 log e x  1  1
 log e x
d
From above,  x log e x  x   log e x .
dx
 log e x dx  x log e x  x  C for some constant C
18b  log e x dx  x log e x  x  C for some constant C .
log e x log e x
Using log a x  , we obtain log10 x  .
log e a log e 10
10 10
log e x
 log10 x dx  
1 1
log e 10
dx
1
  x log e x  x 1
10
log e 10

1
log e 10
10 log e 10  10   0  1 
9
 10 
log e 10
10
9
So  log
1
10 x dx  10 
log e 10
.

19a i y  log 3 x
d m
Using log a  mx  b   with a  3, m  1 and b  0 we
dx  mx  b  loge a
d 1
obtain log 3 x  .
dx x log e 3
1
So y  .
x log e 3
19a ii y  log 7  2 x  3
d m
Using log a  mx  b   with a  7, m  2 and b  3 we
d 2
obtain log 7  2 x  3  .
dx  2 x  3 log e 7
2
So y  .
 2 x  3 log e 7
19a iii y  5log 6  4  9 x 
d m
Using log a  mx  b   with a  6, m  9 and b  4 we
d 45
obtain 5  log 6  4  9 x    .
dx  4  9 x  loge 6
45
So y   .
 4  9 x  loge 6
19b i y  10 x
d mx b
Using a  ma mx b log e a with a  10, m  1 and b  0 we
dx
d x
obtain 10  10 x log e 10 .
dx

So y  10x loge 10 .
19b ii y  84 x 3
d mx b
Using a  ma mx b log e a with a  8, m  4 and b  3 we
dx
d 4 x 3
obtain 8  4  84 x 3 log e 8 .
dx
So y  4  84 x3 loge 8 .
19b iii y  3  527 x
d mx b
Using a  ma mx b log e a with a  5, m  7 and b  2 we
dx
d 27 x
obtain 3  5  3  7  527 x log e 5 .
dx
So y  21 527 x loge 5 .
a mx b
19c i Using  a mx b dx   C with a  3, m  5 and b  0 we obtain:
m log e a
35 x
 3 dx   C for some constant C .
5x
5log e 3
a mx b
19c ii Using  a mx b dx   C with a  6, m  2 and b  7 we obtain:
m log e a
62 x  7
 6 dx 
2 x7
 C for some constant C .
2 log e 6

a mx b
19c iii Using  a mx b dx   C with a  7, m  9 and b  4 we obtain:
m log e a
5  79  4 x
 5  7 dx  
94 x
 C for some constant C .
9 log e 7

Solutions to Chapter review

1a
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 is the reflection of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 about the 𝑦-axis.

The 𝑦-intercepts are identical, when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 = 𝑒 −0 = 1.
Observe 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑦 ′ = −𝑒 −𝑥 . At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = −1 (gradient of the tangent).
The equation of the tangent of 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = −1
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 1 = −0 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 1
∴ 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1
Observe 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 . At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = 1 (gradient of the tangent).
The equation of the tangent of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 1
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 1 = 𝑥 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 1
∴𝑦 =𝑥+1
The tangents meet at right angles.

1b
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is the reflection of 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥, as they are
inverse functions.
The 𝑦-intercept occurs on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , as 𝑥 = 0 is only within the domain of
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 . At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 = 1.
The 𝑥-intercept occurs on the curve 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥, as 𝑦 = 0 is outside of the range of
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 . At 𝑦 = 0, log 𝑒 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1.
Observe 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥 . At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = 1 (gradient of the tangent).
The equation of the tangent of 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 1
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 ⇒ 1 = 0 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 1
∴𝑦 =𝑥+1
1
Observe 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥. At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 ′ = 1 (gradient of the tangent).
The equation of the tangent of 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 1

At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 0 = 1 + 𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = −1
∴𝑦 =𝑥−1
The tangents have the same gradients but different intercepts, indicating they are
parallel in the same plane.
2a 𝑒 4 = 54.60 (use your calculator)
2b 𝑒 = 2.718 (use your calculator)

3
2c 𝑒 −2 = 0.2231 (use your calculator)
2d log 𝑒 2 = 0.6931 (use your calculator with the “ln” function)
1
1 log𝑒
2
2e log10 2 = log = −0.3010 (use your calculator with the “ln” function)
𝑒 10
log𝑒 0.03
2f log 2 0.03 = = −5.059 (use your calculator with the “ln” function)
log𝑒 2
log𝑒 586
2g log1.05 586 = = 130.6 (use your calculator with the “ln” function)
log𝑒 1.05
24
3 log𝑒 (log𝑒 24−log𝑒 7)
7
2h log 8 3 7 = = = 0.5925(use your calculator with the “ln”
log𝑒 8 log𝑒 8
function)
3a 3𝑥 = 14
𝑥 = log 3 14
log 𝑒 14
=
log 𝑒 3
≑ 2.402
3b 2𝑥 = 51
𝑥 = log 2 51
log 𝑒 51
=
log 𝑒 2
≑ 5.672

3c 4𝑥 = 1345
𝑥 = log 4 1345
log 𝑒 1345
=
log 𝑒 4
≑ 5.197
3d 5𝑥 = 132
𝑥 = log 5 132
log 𝑒 132
=
log 𝑒 5
≑ 3.034
4a 𝑒 2𝑥 × 𝑒 3𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥+3𝑥 = 𝑒 5𝑥
4b 𝑒 7𝑥 ÷ 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 7𝑥−𝑥 = 𝑒 6𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 1
4c = 𝑒 2𝑥−6𝑥 = 𝑒 −4𝑥 = 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑒 6𝑥
4d (𝑒 3𝑥 )3 = 𝑒 9𝑥
5a 9𝑥 − 7 × 3𝑥 − 18 = 0
𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 9 − 7 × 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 − 18 = 0
𝑒 2𝑥 log𝑒 3 − 7𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 − 18 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3
𝑢2 − 7𝑢 − 18 = 0
(𝑢 − 9)(𝑢 + 2) = 0
∴ 𝑢 = 9, 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = −2
𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 = 9 or 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 3 = −2
3𝑥 = 9 or 3𝑥 = −2

3𝑥 = 32 or 𝑥 = log 3 −2
As log 3 −2 is undefined, 𝑥 = 2.
5b 𝑒 2𝑥 − 11𝑒 𝑥 + 28 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑢2 − 11𝑢 + 28 = 0
(𝑢 − 7)(𝑢 − 4) = 0
∴ 𝑢 = 7, or 𝑢 = 4
𝑒 𝑥 = 7, or 𝑒 𝑥 = 4
𝑥 = log 𝑒 7 or 𝑥 = log 𝑒 4
6a
The range of the function 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is 𝑦 > 0.

6b
The range of the function 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 is 𝑦 > 0.
6c
The range of the function 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 is 𝑦 > 1.
6d
The range of the function 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1 is 𝑦 > −1.

7a i 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−3 is a translation of 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 3 units to the right.
7a ii 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−3 = 𝑒 𝑥+(−3) = 𝑒 −3 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦
= 𝑒𝑥
𝑒 −3
This statement implies that 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−3 is dilated by a factor of 𝑒 −3 . As the 𝑦-value is
transformed, the dilation is vertical.
𝑥
7b i 𝑦 = log 𝑒 3𝑥 = log 𝑒 1
3
1
This statement implies that 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 is dilated by a factor of 3. As the 𝑥-value is
transformed, the dilation is horizontal.
7b ii 𝑦 = log 𝑒 3𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥 + log 𝑒 3

This statement implies that 𝑦 = log 𝑒 3𝑥 is a translation of 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 by log 𝑒 3
units upwards (𝑦- intercept increases by log 𝑒 3 units).
𝑒2
3

8a 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑 𝑥
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
8b 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ), 𝑢 = 3𝑥, =3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (3) = 3𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
8c 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥+3
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ), 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 3, =2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (2) = 2𝑒 2𝑥+3
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
8d 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ), 𝑢 = −𝑥, = −1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (−1) = −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
8e 𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ), 𝑢 = −3𝑥, = −3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (−3) = −3𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

8f 𝑦 = 3𝑒 2𝑥+5
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (3𝑒 𝑢 ), 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 5, =2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (3𝑒 𝑢 ) = 3𝑒 𝑢 (2) = 6𝑒 2𝑥+5
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
8g 𝑦 = 4𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 1
𝑦′ = (4𝑒 𝑢 ), 𝑢 = 𝑥, =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 1 1
𝑦′ = (4𝑒 𝑢 ) = 4𝑒 𝑢 ( ) = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 2
2
8h 𝑦 = 3 𝑒 6𝑥−5
𝑑 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = ( 𝑒 ) , 𝑢 = 6𝑥 − 5, =6
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2 𝑢
𝑦′ = ( 𝑒 ) = 𝑒 (6) = 4𝑒 6𝑥−5
𝑑𝑢 3 𝑑𝑥 3
9a 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 × 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥+2𝑥 = 𝑒 5𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 5𝑒 5𝑥
𝑒 7𝑥
9b 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 7𝑥−3𝑥 = 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 4𝑒 4𝑥

𝑒𝑥
9c 𝑦 = 𝑒 4𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−4𝑥 = 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −3𝑒 −3𝑥
9d 𝑦 = (𝑒 −2𝑥 )3
𝑦 = 𝑒 −6𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −6𝑒 −6𝑥
3
10a 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑢 (3𝑥 2 )
3
= 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
2 −3𝑥
10b 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑢 (2𝑥 − 3)
2 −3𝑥
= (2𝑥 − 3)𝑒 𝑥
10c 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
By product rule,
𝑑 𝑑 2𝑥
𝑦′ = (𝑥)𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
Consider 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 ), let 𝑢 = 2𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
By chain rule,
𝑑 2𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(𝑒 ) = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (2) = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥(2𝑒 2𝑥 )
= 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
= 𝑒 2𝑥 (1 + 2𝑥)
10d 𝑦 = (𝑒 2𝑥 + 1)3
𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑
Let 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 1) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
Consider 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 ), let 𝑢 = 2𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
By chain rule,
𝑑𝑣 𝑑 2𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= (𝑒 ) = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (2) = 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
By chain rule,
𝑑 3 𝑑𝑣
𝑦′ = (𝑣 )
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑣 2 (2𝑒 2𝑥 )
= 6𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 + 1)2
𝑒 3𝑥
10e 𝑦 = 𝑥
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 3𝑥 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑒 3𝑥

Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 1
By quotient rule,
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦=
𝑔(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑦′ = 2
(𝑔(𝑥))

′
(𝑥)(3𝑒 3𝑥 ) − 𝑒 3𝑥 (1)
𝑦 =
(𝑥)2
3𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 3𝑥
=
𝑥2
𝑒 3𝑥
= (3𝑥 − 1)
𝑥2
2
10f 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
By product rule,
𝑑 2 𝑥2 𝑑 𝑥2
𝑦′ = (𝑥 )𝑒 + 𝑥 2 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑑𝑢
Consider 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ), let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑥2 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2
(𝑒 ) = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 (2𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 𝑥2 𝑑 𝑥2
𝑦′ = (𝑥 )𝑒 + 𝑥 2 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
= 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
2
= 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 2 )
10g 𝑦 = (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )5
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 −𝑥
= (𝑒 ) − (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑢5 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 5𝑢4 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
= 5(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )4 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )

𝑒 2𝑥
10h 𝑦 = 2𝑥+1
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥 , 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑒 2𝑥

Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 2
By quotient rule,
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑦=
𝑔(𝑥)
′
𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)
𝑦 = 2
(𝑔(𝑥))
(2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑒 2𝑥 ) − (𝑒 2𝑥 )(2)
=
(2𝑥 + 1)2
𝑒 2𝑥 (4𝑥 + 2 − 2)
=
(2𝑥 + 1)2
4𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
=
(2𝑥 + 1)2
11a 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥+1
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑢 )(2)
= 2𝑒 2𝑥+1
𝑑 2𝑥+1
𝑦 ′′ = 2 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦 ′′ = 2 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 2(𝑒 𝑢 )(2)
= 4𝑒 2𝑥+1

2 +1
11b 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
By chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= (𝑒 𝑢 )(2𝑥)
2 +1
= 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 2
𝑦 ′′ = 2 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 +1 )
𝑑𝑥
By product rule,
𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑥 2 +1
𝑦 ′′ = 2 [ (𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 +1 + 𝑥 (𝑒 )]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 2 +1 2 +1
Given that 𝑑𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 from above by the chain rule,
2 +1 2 +1
𝑦 ′′ = 2[(1)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥(2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 )]
2 +1 2 +1
= 2𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
2 +1
= 2𝑒 𝑥 (1 + 2𝑥 2 )
12 Gradient of the tangent of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 2

𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥
Let 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 2
Let the equation of the tangent be of the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 𝑒 2
𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 𝑒 2
𝑒 2 = 2𝑒 2 + 𝑏
𝑏 = 𝑒 2 − 2𝑒 2 = −𝑒 2
The equation of the tangent of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 2 is
𝑦 = 𝑒 2 (𝑥 − 1)
The 𝑥-intercept is when 𝑦 = 0,
0 = 𝑒 2 (𝑥 − 1) ⇒ 𝑥 = 1
The 𝑦-intercept is when 𝑥 = 0,

𝑦 = 𝑒 2 (0 − 1) = −𝑒 2
13a First, find the gradient of the tangent of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 at 𝑥 = 0.
𝑦 ′ = −3𝑒 −3𝑥
At 𝑥 = 0,
𝑦 ′ = −3
1 1
The gradient of the normal is − =
𝑦′ 3
13b 𝑦 ′′ = (−3)(−3𝑒 −3𝑥 )

= 9𝑒 −3𝑥
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′′ = 9. As this is a positive value, the curve is concave up.
14a 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) − (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 − 1
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑒 ) − (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥
14b A stationary point is determined when 𝑦 ′ = 0

𝑒𝑥 − 1 = 0
𝑒𝑥 = 1
𝑥 = ln 1
𝑥=0
At 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑒 0 − 0 = 1
The stationary point is at (0,1)
14c The concavity of the curve is determined by the second derivative, 𝑦 ′′

First, we have to determine the domain of the original equation, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥

The equation of 𝑦 is defined for all real values of 𝑥

Therefore, 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑒 𝑥 is defined for all real values of 𝑥.
For all values of 𝑥, the range of 𝑦 ′′ is in the interval (0, ∞)
As such, 𝑦 ′′ > 0 ∀ 𝑥
The curve is always concave up.
14d Since we have determined that a stationary point exists at (0,1) and the curve is
concave up for all values of 𝑥, we can infer that the stationary point (0,1) is a local
minimum.
We can therefore, infer the range of 𝑦 ≥ 1
15 The stationary point 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 is when 𝑦 ′ = 0

By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑑 −2𝑥
𝑦′ = (𝑥)𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥)
When 𝑦 ′ = 0,
𝑒 −2𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥) = 0
⇒ 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0 or 1 − 2𝑥 = 0
As the range of 𝑒 𝑢 does not include 0 for any value of 𝑢,
1 − 2𝑥 = 0
1
𝑥=
2

1
1 1 1 1
At 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = (2) 𝑒 −2(2) = 2 𝑒 −1 = 2𝑒
1 1
The stationary point is therefore at (2 , ).
2𝑒
To determine the nature of the stationary point, the second derivative 𝑦′′ should
be determined.
By the chain rule,
𝑑 −2𝑥 𝑑
𝑦 ′′ = (𝑒 ) (1 − 2𝑥) + 𝑒 −2𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −2𝑒 −2𝑥 (1 − 2𝑥) + 𝑒 −2𝑥 (−2)
= −2𝑒 −2𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2𝑒 −2𝑥
= 4𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 − 4𝑒 −2𝑥
= 4𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
1
At 𝑥 = 2,
1 1 2
𝑦 ′′ = 4𝑒 −2(2) ( − 1) = −2𝑒 −1 = − < 0
2 𝑒
As this is a negative value, the curve is concave down at the stationary point.
The stationary point is therefore a maximum turning point.
16a
∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥, 𝑢′ = 5
1
∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 5𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5
1
5
1
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
5
1
= 𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐶
5

16b
∫ 10𝑒 2−5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 2 − 5𝑥, 𝑢′ = −5
∫ 10𝑒 2−5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 2(−5)𝑒 2−5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= − ∫ 2𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= −2𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
= −2𝑒 2−5𝑥 + 𝐶
16c
1
1 1
Let 𝑢 = 5 𝑥, 𝑢′ = 5
1 1 1
∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5
= 5 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= 5𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
1
= 5𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐶
16d
∫ 3𝑒 5𝑥−4 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 − 4, 𝑢′ = 5
1
∫ 3𝑒 5𝑥−4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3(5)𝑒 5𝑥−4 𝑑𝑥
5
3
5
3
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
5
3
= 𝑒 5𝑥−4 + 𝐶
5

17a
2
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑒 𝑥 ]20
0
= 𝑒2 − 𝑒0
= 𝑒2 − 1
17b
1
0
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥, 𝑢′ = 2
1
1 1 2𝑥
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑒 𝑑𝑥
0 2 0
1 2 𝑢
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑢
2 0
1
= [𝑒 𝑢 ]20
2
1
= (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 0 )
2
1
= (𝑒 2 − 1)
2
17c
0
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1
Applying the standard form:

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 + 𝐶,
𝑎
0
∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]0−1
−1
= −𝑒 0 − (−𝑒1 )
= 𝑒1 − 𝑒 0
=𝑒−1

17d
0
∫ 𝑒 3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥
2
−
3

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
0 0
1
∫ 𝑒 3𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑒 3𝑥+2 ] 2
−
2 3 −
3 3
1 1
= 𝑒2 − 𝑒0
3 3
1 2
= (𝑒 − 1)
3
17e
1
2
∫ 𝑒 3−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1 1
2 1 2
∫ 𝑒 3−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [− 𝑒 3−2𝑥 ]
0 2 0
1 3−2(1) 1
= (− 𝑒 2 ) − (− 𝑒 3−2(0) )
2 2
1 2 1 3
= (− 𝑒 ) − (− 𝑒 )
2 2
1 3 1 2
= 𝑒 − 𝑒
2 2
1 2
= 𝑒 (𝑒 − 1)
2
17f
2 1
∫ 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
2 1 1 2
∫ 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [4𝑒 2𝑥 ]
0 0
1 1
(2) (0)
= (4𝑒 2 ) − (4𝑒 2 )
= 4𝑒 − 4
= 4(𝑒 − 1)
1
18a Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥 = 𝑒 −5𝑥

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1
∫ 𝑒 −5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 −5𝑥 + 𝐶
5
18b Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 × 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 4𝑥
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1 4𝑥
∫ 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 +𝐶
4
6
18c Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 = 6𝑒 −3𝑥

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
∫ 6𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐶
18d Let 𝑦 = (𝑒 3𝑥 )2 = 𝑒 6𝑥
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎

1 6𝑥
∫ 𝑒 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 +𝐶
6
𝑒 3𝑥
18e Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 5𝑥 = 𝑒 −2𝑥

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1
∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
𝑒 3𝑥 +1
18f Let 𝑦 = = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1
∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
18g Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥
1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1
∫(𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
3
18h Let 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )2 = 1 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1
= ∫(1 + 2𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶
2

19a By applying the standard form:

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1
∫ (1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
0
= (1 − 𝑒 −1 ) − (0 − 𝑒 −0 )
1
= (1 − ) + 1
𝑒
1
=2−
𝑒
19b By applying the standard form:

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
2 2
1 2𝑥 𝑥 2
∫ (𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑒 + ]
0 2 2 0
1 2(2) (2)2 1 2(0) (0)2
=( 𝑒 + )−( 𝑒 + )
2 2 2 2
1 1
= ( 𝑒 4 + 2) − ( )
2 2
1 4
= (𝑒 + 3)
2
19c By applying the standard form:

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1 1
2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑒𝑥 0
= [−2𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
= (−2𝑒 −1 ) − (−2𝑒 0 )
= (−2𝑒 −1 ) − (−2)
= 2 − 2𝑒 −1

19d By applying the standard form:

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1 1
3 3
3𝑥 (1 −3𝑥 )
∫ 𝑒 −𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 0 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 0
1
3
= ∫ (𝑒 3𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
0
1
1 3
= [ 𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑥]
3 0
1 3(1) 1 1
= ( 𝑒 3 − ( )) − ( 𝑒 3(0) − (0))
3 3 3
1 1 1
=( 𝑒− )−( )
3 3 3
1
= (𝑒 − 2)
3
19e By applying the standard form:

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1 1
𝑒 2𝑥 + 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑒𝑥 0
= [𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
= (𝑒 1 − 𝑒 −1 ) − (𝑒 0 − 𝑒 −0 )
1
= (𝑒 − ) − (1 − 1)
𝑒
1
=𝑒−
𝑒
19f By applying the standard form:

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1 1
∫ (𝑒 𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
0 0
1
1 2𝑥 𝑥
= [ 𝑒 + 2𝑒 + 𝑥]
2 0
1 2(1) 1
=( 𝑒 + 2𝑒 (1) + 1) − ( 𝑒 2(0) + 2𝑒 (0) + 0)
2 2

1 1
= ( 𝑒 2 + 2𝑒 + 1) − − 2
2 2
1 2 3
= 𝑒 + 2𝑒 −
2 2
1 2
= (𝑒 + 4𝑒 − 3)
2
20 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
Given 𝑓(0) = 3,
𝑓(0) = 𝑒 0 + 𝑒 −0 − 0 + 𝐶
3= 1+1+𝐶
𝐶=1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1
𝑓(1) = 𝑒 1 + 𝑒 −1 − 1 + 1
= 𝑒+𝑒 −1
3
21a Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 (3𝑥 2 )
=𝑒
3
= 3𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
21b
1
2 𝑥3
1 1 2 𝑥3
∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
0 3 0
1 3 1
= [𝑒 𝑥 ]0
3
1 3 3
= [𝑒 1 − 𝑒 0 ]
3
1
= (𝑒 − 1)
3

22a The area under the curve can be expressed by the following integral:
1
0
By applying the standard form:

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1
0
1 2𝑥 1
=[ 𝑒 ]
2 0
1 2(1) 1 2(0)
= 𝑒 − 𝑒
2 2
1 2
= (𝑒 − 1)
2
22b The area under the curve can be expressed by the following integral:
1
∫ 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
1
∫ 1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
= [𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ]10
= (1 + 𝑒 −1 ) − (0 + 𝑒 −0 )
1
= 1+ −1
𝑒
1
=
𝑒

23a The area of the shaded region can be expressed by the following integral:
0 0
∫ −(𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1 −1

1 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑎
0
∫ 1 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1
1 2𝑥 0
= [𝑥 − 𝑒 ]
2 −1
1 1
= (0 − 𝑒 2(0) ) − (−1 − 𝑒 2(−1) )
2 2
1 1
= − + 1 + 𝑒 −2
2 2
1
= (1 + 𝑒 −2 ) square units
2
23b The area of the shaded region can be expressed by the following integral:
1 1
𝑒−1 2
∫ (𝑒 − 1)𝑥 − (𝑒 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 = [ 𝑥
𝑥 − 𝑒 + 𝑥]
0 2 0
𝑒−1 𝑒−1
=( (1)2 − 𝑒 1 + 1) − ( (0)2 − 𝑒 0 + 0)
2 2
𝑒−1
= −𝑒+1+1
2
𝑒 1
= − −𝑒+2
2 2
3 𝑒
= −
2 2
1
= (3 − 𝑒) square units
2
24a The vertical asymptote is the 𝑦-axis, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 0.

24b The vertical asymptote is the 𝑦-axis, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 0.
24c The vertical asymptote is the line 𝑥 = 1, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 1.

24d The vertical asymptote is the line 𝑥 = −3, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > −3.
25a The vertical asymptote is the 𝑦-axis, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 0.
25b The vertical asymptote is the 𝑦-axis, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 < 0.

25c The vertical asymptote is the line 𝑥 = 2, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 2.
24d The vertical asymptote is the line 𝑦-axis, as the domain of the function is 𝑥 > 0.
26a 𝑒 log 𝑒 𝑒 = 𝑒 × 1
=𝑒
26b log 𝑒 𝑒 3 = 3 log 𝑒 𝑒

=3×1
=3

26c
1
ln ( ) = ln 𝑒 −1
𝑒
= − ln 𝑒
= −1
26d
1
2𝑒 ln √𝑒 = 2𝑒 ln 𝑒 2
1
= 2𝑒 ( ) ln 𝑒
2
=𝑒×1
=𝑒
27a Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥

1
𝑦′ =
𝑥
27b Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 2𝑥

2 1
𝑦′ = ==
2𝑥 𝑥
27c Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (𝑥 + 4)

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 4, 𝑑𝑥 = 1
By the chain rule,

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = log 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
= ×1
𝑢
1
=
𝑥+4
27d Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 (2𝑥 − 5)

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 5, 𝑑𝑥 = 2

By the chain rule,

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = log 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
= ×2
𝑢
2
=
2𝑥 − 5
27e Let 𝑦 = 2 log 𝑒 (5𝑥 − 1)

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 − 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 5
By the chain rule,

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = 2 log 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
2
= ×5
𝑢
10
=
5𝑥 − 1
27f Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 + log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑥) + (log e 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 1+
𝑥
27g Let 𝑦 = ln(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2)

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 5
By the chain rule,

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (ln 𝑢)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
= (2𝑥 − 5)
𝑢
2𝑥 − 5
= 2
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2

27h Let 𝑦 = ln(1 + 3𝑥 5 )

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 1 + 3𝑥 5 , 𝑑𝑥 = 15𝑥 4
By the chain rule,

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (ln 𝑢)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1 4
= (15𝑥 )
𝑢
15𝑥 4
=
1 + 3𝑥 5
27i Let 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 3 + ln(𝑥 2 − 2)

𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥
By the chain rule,

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (4𝑥 2 ) − (8𝑥 3 ) + (ln 𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1
= 8𝑥 − 24𝑥 2 + (2𝑥)
𝑢
2𝑥
= 8𝑥 − 24𝑥 2 + 2
𝑥 −2
28a Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 3

𝑦 = 3 log 𝑒 𝑥
3
𝑦′ =
𝑥
28b Let 𝑦 = log 𝑒 √𝑥

1
𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥 2
1
= log 𝑒 𝑥
2
1
𝑦′ =
2𝑥

28c Let 𝑦 = ln 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)

𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + ln(𝑥 + 2)
1 1
𝑦′ = +
𝑥 𝑥+2
𝑥
28d Let 𝑦 = ln 𝑥−1
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 − ln(𝑥 − 1)
1 1
𝑦′ = −
𝑥 𝑥−1
29a Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑥) log 𝑥 + 𝑥 (log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= log 𝑥 + 1
29b Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 log 𝑥

𝑑 𝑥 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) log 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑒𝑥
= 𝑒 log 𝑥 +
𝑥
1
= 𝑒 𝑥 (log 𝑥 + )
𝑥
𝑥
29c Let 𝑦 = ln 𝑥
By the quotient rule,

𝑑 𝑑
ln 𝑥 (𝑥) − 𝑥 (ln 𝑥)
𝑦′ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(ln 𝑥)2
𝑥
(ln 𝑥 − 𝑥)
=
(ln 𝑥)2
ln 𝑥−1
= (ln 𝑥)2

ln 𝑥
29d Let 𝑦 = 𝑥2

𝑑 𝑑 2
𝑥2 (ln 𝑥) − ln 𝑥 (𝑥 )
𝑦′ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 )2
𝑥2
− ln 𝑥 × 2𝑥
= 𝑥
𝑥4
𝑥 − 2𝑥 ln 𝑥
=
𝑥4
1 − 2 ln 𝑥
=
𝑥3
30 𝑦 = 3 log 𝑒 𝑥 + 4
3
The gradient of the tangent at any point is 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥
At (1, 4), 𝑥 = 1
3
𝑦′ = =3
1
Let the equation of the tangent at point (1, 4) be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑚 = 3
At (1, 4), 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 4
4 = 3(1) + 𝑏
𝑏=1
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 1
31a 𝑦 = 𝑥 − log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑥) − (log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 1−
𝑥
𝑥 1
= −
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥−1
=
𝑥

31b The turning point is located when the gradient of the graph reaches 0, which is
𝑦′ = 0
𝑥−1
=0⇒𝑥=1
𝑥
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 − log 𝑒 1
𝑦=1
To determine if the turning point is a local minimum or maximum, the concavity of
the graph must be determined by finding 𝑦′′
𝑑 𝑥−1
𝑦 ′′ = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑥 − 1) −
𝑥 (𝑥)(𝑥 − 1)
′′
𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
(𝑥
𝑥(1) − 1 × − 1)
=
𝑥2
𝑥−𝑥+1
=
𝑥2
1
= 2
𝑥
At 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 ′′ = 1 > 0
The second derivative of the function is positive, indicating that the curve is
concave up at the point (1, 1).
Therefore, it can be concluded that the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 − log 𝑒 𝑥 has a minimum
turning point at point (1, 1).
32a
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
32b
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥

32c
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
5 𝑥
1
= ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
5
32d
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+7
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 7, 𝑑𝑥 = 1
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑥+7 𝑢
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
= ln|𝑥 + 7| + 𝐶
32e
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 1, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 − 1
1 2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑢
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 𝑢
1
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1
= ln|2𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
2

32f
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 − 3𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2 − 3𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = −3
1 1 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ − 𝑑𝑥
2 − 3𝑥 3 2 − 3𝑥
1 1
= − ∫ 𝑑𝑢
3 𝑢
1
= − ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
3
1
= − ln|2 − 3𝑥| + 𝐶
3
32g
2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 + 9
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 9, 𝑑𝑥 = 2
2 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2𝑥 + 9 𝑢
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
= ln|2𝑥 + 9| + 𝐶
32h
8
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 − 4𝑥
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 1 − 4𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 = −4
8 2(−4)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑢
1 − 4𝑥 1 − 4𝑥
2
= − ∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢
= −2 ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
= −2 ln|1 − 4𝑥| + 𝐶

33a
1
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ln|𝑥 + 2|]10
0 𝑥+2
= ln(1 + 2) − ln(0 + 2)
= ln 3 − ln 2
3
= ln
2
33b
4 4
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ ln|4𝑥 − 3|]
1 4𝑥 − 3 4 1
1 1
= ln|4(4) − 3| − ln|4(1) − 3|
4 4
1
= (ln 13 − ln 1)
4
1
= ln 13
4
33c
𝑒
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ln|𝑥|]1𝑒
1 𝑥
= ln 𝑒 − ln 1
= 1−0
=1
33d
𝑒3
1 3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ln|𝑥|]𝑒𝑒 2
𝑒2 𝑥
= ln 𝑒 3 − ln 𝑒 2
= 3 ln 𝑒 − 2 ln 𝑒
=3−2
=1

34a By applying the standard form:

𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log e |𝑢| + 𝐶,
𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 4, 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
2𝑥
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = log e |𝑥 2 + 4| + 𝐶
𝑥 +4
Since 𝑥 2 + 4 is always greater than zero, the absolute value can be ignored.
2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log e (𝑥 2 + 4) + 𝐶
𝑥2 + 4
34b By applying the standard form:

𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log e |𝑢| + 𝐶,
𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 7, 𝑢′ = 3𝑥 2 − 5
3𝑥 2 − 5
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = log e |𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 7| + 𝐶
𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 7
34c By applying the standard form:

𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log e |𝑢| + 𝐶,
𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 3, 𝑢′ = 2𝑥
𝑥 1 2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 −3 2 𝑥 −3
1
= log e |𝑥 2 − 3| + 𝐶
2
34d By applying the standard form:

𝑢′
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log e |𝑢| + 𝐶,
𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥, 𝑢′ = 4𝑥 3 − 4
𝑥3 − 1 1 4𝑥 3 − 4
∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 − 4𝑥 4 𝑥 − 4𝑥

1
= log 𝑒 |𝑥 4 − 4𝑥| + 𝐶
4
35 The integral that describes the area of the bounded region is as follows
4
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ln|𝑥|]42
2 𝑥
= ln|4| − ln|2|
4
= ln
2
= ln 2 square units
5
36a 𝑦1 = 𝑥
𝑦2 = 6 − 𝑥
Let 𝑦1 = 𝑦2
5
= 6−𝑥
𝑥
5 = 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5 = 0
(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
∴ 𝑥 = 5 or 𝑥 = 1
5
Let 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 = 5
5
Let 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 5 = 1
The points of intersection are (1 ,5) and (5 ,1).

5
36b The graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑥 (red curve) and 𝑦 = 6 − 𝑥 (purple line) are shown below.
The area of the enclosed region is evaluated by the following integral.

5 5
5 𝑥2
∫ 6 − 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 = [6𝑥 − − 5 ln|𝑥|]
1 𝑥 2 1
52 12
= (6(5) − − 5 ln|5|) − (6(1) − − 5 ln|1|)
2 2
25 1
= 30 − − 5 ln 5 − 6 +
2 2
37a Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑥
𝑦′ = (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
37b Let 𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 log𝑒 2 = 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 2, 𝑢′ = log 𝑒 2
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑢 (log 𝑒 2)
𝑥
= 𝑒 log𝑒 2 log 𝑒 2

= 2𝑥 log 𝑒 2
37c Let 𝑦 = 3𝑥
𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 3𝑥 log 𝑒 3
37d Let 𝑦 = 5𝑥
𝑥
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 5𝑥 log 𝑒 5
38a
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
38b
𝑥
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 2 , 𝑢′ = log 𝑒 2

1
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 log 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
log 𝑒 2
1
log 𝑒 2
1
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 2
1
= 𝑒 𝑥 log𝑒 2 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 2
2𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 2
38c
𝑥

1
log 𝑒 3
1
log 𝑒 3
1
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 3
1
log 𝑒 3
3𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 3
38d
𝑥

1
log 𝑒 5
1
log 𝑒 5
1
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
log 𝑒 5
1
log 𝑒 5

5𝑥
= +𝐶
log 𝑒 5
39a Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑦′ = (𝑥) log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 (log 𝑒 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= log 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 ( )
𝑥
= log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1
∫ log 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(log 𝑒 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
=𝑦−𝑥+𝐶
= 𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
39b Let 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥
𝑦′ = (𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑦 ′ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶

39c Consider each term individually:

𝑒
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ln|𝑥|]1𝑒
1 𝑥
= ln 𝑒 − ln 1
= 1−0
=1
From 39a,
𝑒
∫ log 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= [𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥]1𝑒
= ((𝑒) log 𝑒 𝑒 − 𝑒) − (log 𝑒 1 − 1)

= 𝑒−𝑒−0+1
=1
From 39b,
1
∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
= [𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]10
= ( 𝑒1 − 𝑒1) − ( 0 − 𝑒 0)
= 𝑒0
=1
40a 𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑥
The gradient of the graph at any point is the first derivative, 𝑦′
By the chain rule,
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑦′ = (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 2𝑥 log 𝑒 2
At 𝐴(3, 8), 𝑦 ′ = 23 log 𝑒 2

𝑦 ′ = 8 log 𝑒 2
40b 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥
log 𝑒 𝑥
𝑦=
log 𝑒 2
The gradient of the graph at any point is the first derivative, 𝑦′
1 𝑑
𝑦′ = (log 𝑒 𝑥)
log 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= ( )
log 𝑒 2 𝑥
1
=
𝑥 log 𝑒 2
At 𝐵(8, 3),
1
𝑦′ =
8 log 𝑒 2

40c
The graph 𝑦 = 2𝑥 (red curve) is a reflection of 𝑦 = log 2 𝑥 (blue curve) about

𝑦 = 𝑥 (green line). Given that 𝐴(3, 8) is a reflection of 𝐵(8, 3) about 𝑦 = 𝑥, the
gradients of those points are by definition reciprocal (the rise and runs are
switched).
41a
3 3 3
𝑥
0 0 0

3
0
3
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 log 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
log 𝑒 2 0
3 log𝑒 2
1
log 𝑒 2 0
1
= [𝑒 𝑢 ]30 log𝑒 2
log 𝑒 2
1
= [𝑒 3 log𝑒 2 − 𝑒 0 log𝑒 2 ]
log 𝑒 2
1
= [23 − 20 ]
log 𝑒 2

(8 − 1)
=
log 𝑒 2
7
=
log 𝑒 2
0 0 0
𝑥
−3 −3 −3

0
−3
0
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 log 𝑒 2 𝑑𝑥
log 𝑒 2 −3
0
1
log 𝑒 2 −3 log𝑒 2
1
= [𝑒 𝑢 ]0−3 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 2
log 𝑒 2
1
= [𝑒 0 log𝑒 2 − 𝑒 −3 log𝑒 2 ]
log 𝑒 2
1
= [20 − 2−3 ]
log 𝑒 2
1
1−8
=
log 𝑒 2
7
=
8 log 𝑒 2
41b The region in the first integral is 8 times larger than the first because the area is
equivalent to a vertical dilation by a factor of 8. If the graph is inspected such that
𝑦
𝑦 = 2𝑥 is dilated vertically by a factor of 8, (draw the graph 8 = 2𝑥 ), it is
equivalent to a translation to the left of the same graph (𝑦 = 2𝑥+3 ). Therefore,
the region of the first integral is simply transformed by a vertical dilation of 8
and translated 3 units to the right to be the region of the second integral.

Chapter 5 Worked Solutions

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Chapter 5 worked solutions – The exponential and logarithmic functions

2d 𝑒 2𝑥 × 𝑒 −7𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + (−7𝑥) = 𝑒 −5𝑥

2f (𝑒 −3𝑥 )4 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 × 4 = 𝑒 −12𝑥

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4b The curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is always concave up, and is always increasing at an increasing

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6c Tangent at 𝑃(1, 𝑒 − 1):

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Stretch 𝑒 𝑥 horizontally with factor 2

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10c (𝑒 −3𝑥 − 2)𝑒 3𝑥 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑒 3𝑥

10d (𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )2 = (𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )(𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )

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𝑒 10𝑥 +5𝑒 20𝑥 𝑒 10𝑥 5𝑒 20𝑥

6𝑒 −𝑥 +9𝑒 −2𝑥 6𝑒 −𝑥 9𝑒 −2𝑥

12a 𝑦-intercept when 𝑥 = 0

12b Reflection in 𝑦-axis

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12e Horizontal dilation with factor −1

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14c At 𝑥 = −2, gradient = 𝑒 −2

15c Tangent at 𝑃(1, 𝑒 − 1):

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16b Shift right 1 unit.

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16d Shift down 2 units.

17a As a translation, the transformation is shift left 2 units.

Alternatively, y  e 2 e x so it is a vertical dilation with factor of e2 .

17b As a dilation, the transformation is dilate vertically with factor of 2.

Alternatively, y  eloge 2 e x  e x  loge 2 so it is a shift left of log e 2 units.

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5aii Successive derivatives alternate in signs. More precisely,

𝑓 (4) (𝑥) = 16𝑒 2𝑥

5bii Each derivative is twice the previous one. More precisely

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= 𝑒 3𝑥−4 (1 + 3(𝑥 + 1))

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= −6𝑒 −6𝑥 + 18𝑒 3𝑥

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12c Let 𝑢 = −4𝑥

12d Let 𝑢 = −3𝑥

13a 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑒 2𝑥+1

13b 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −3𝑒 −3𝑥

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13c Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = (𝑒 −𝑥 × −1) + ((1 − 𝑥) × −𝑒 −𝑥 )

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15c Let 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥 2 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 1 + 𝑥

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15d Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 − 1

15e Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1

15f Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 − 1

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= −12𝑒 −4𝑥 − 3𝑒 −3𝑥