= Electrical Circuit Week III

Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all voltages
around a closed path (or loop) is zero.

∑ =
=

oltage is the polarity of the terminal encountered first as we tra

+
oltage is the polarity of the terminal encountered fi

+ v2 – + v3 –
oltage is the polarity of the terminal encountered first as we

v−1 +
–
+ + + −– v4
+
e terminal is met first; hence, w
− + + + – − + e terminal first; hence, −
v5
e terminal is met first; hence, we ha +
Figure 2.19 e terminal first; hence, −
− + + − + =

− + + − + =

− + + = +

+ + = +
 =
= + −

a
+ =
+ V
– 1
a
+ a
Vab + V +
– 2+
– V1
V + V = V + V –V
– ab a – S 1 2 3
V
V+ab 3 + V +
– 2
Chapter 2 Basic–Laws –
b b + V = V + V –V
– V ab – S 1 2 3
(a) + V3 (b)
Figure 2.20 – –
b b
= + −
(a) (b)
Figure 2.20
=
or the circuit in Fig. 2.21(a), find v v v

a
 (a) (b)
Figure 2.20
Example 2.5 or the circuit in Fig. 2.21(a), find v v v

or the circuit in Fig. 2.21(a), find v v v

2Ω 2
2 Ω
+ 2v1Ω– +
+ v1 – + v1 – –
– –
+ v2 +
20VV + vv2 2 ΩΩ
33 20 V +
20 V – +
3 Ω 20 –– i
++ – i

(a) (b)
Figure 2.21 (a) (b
Figure 2.21
Solution:
To find v v
flows through the loop as shown in Fig. 2.21(b).

Solution:
v = v =v −
To find v
flows through the loop as sho
− + v − v =

v = v =−
− + + = = ⇒ =
in Eq. (2.5.1) finally gives
= = −
− +v −v =
 Figure 2.22
Example 2.6

i 4Ω 2vo 4Ω 2vo
+ – + –

– i –
12 V + 4V 12 V + 4V
– + – +
6Ω 6Ω
+ vo – + vo –

(a) (b)
Figure 2.23

Solution:

− + + v − + =

v =−

− + − = ⇒ =−

=
42 Chapter 2 Basic Laws

Example 2.7 Find current io and voltage vo in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.25.

Solution:
a Applying KCL to node a, we obtain
io
+ 3 + 0.5io = io ⇒ io = 6 A
0.5io vo 4 Ω 3A
– For the 4-Ω resistor, Ohm’s law gives

vo = 4io = 24 V
Figure 2.25
For Example 2.7.

Practice Problem 2.7 Find vo and io in the circuit of Fig. 2.26.

 – + + – + – +
+ v2 3Ω v3 30 V + Loop v2 3 Ω Loop 2 v3
– i1 6Ω i3 1 6Ω
8Ω – 1
i3 i
a – – a – –
i2
Example 2.8 Find currents
+ v and– voltages in the circuit shown in Fig. 2.27(a).
1 i2
(b)
+ + + +
v2 3Ω (a) v 3 6Ω i1 30i V +
–
Loop 1 v2 3 Ω Loop(b)
i1
2
i3
v3 6Ω
– – 8Ω 3 – 8Ω –
e 2.27 a a
ample 2.8.
Solution: + v1 – i2 + v1 – i2
Solution:
We apply Ohm’s law+ and Kirchhoff’s
+ laws. By+ Ohm’s law,
+
(a) We apply Ohm’s law and(b)Kirchhoff’s laws. By Ohm’s law,
30 V +– v2 3 Ω v3 6 Ω 30 V + Loop 1 v 2 3 Ω Loop 2 v 3 6 Ω
–
v– 1 = 8i1 ,– v2 = 3i2, v3– = 6i3 – (2.8.1)
v1 = 8i1, v2 = 3i2, v3 = 6i3
Solution:
Since the voltageSinceand current of each resistor
the voltage and current of are
eachrelated
resistorbyareOhm’s
related b
We apply
law as shown, we areOhm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws. By Ohm’s law,
(a) really
law looking
as shown, we arefor three
really things:
looking(b) for(v 1, v2things:
three , v3) or(v
(i11,,vi22,,vi33)).or
At node Figure
a, KCL2.27 gives
At nodev1a,=KCL
8i1, gives
v2 = 3i2, v3 = 6i3 (2.8.1)
For Example 2.8.
Since the voltage and i1 −current
i2 − i3of=each i01 −resistor
i2 − i3 are= related
0 (2.8.2)
by Ohm’s
Solution:
law as shown, we are really looking for three things: (v1, v2, v3) or (i1, i2, i3).
Applying We applyto
Ohm’s law 1andasKirchhoff’s laws. By Ohm’s law,
Applying
At KVL
node a,toKCL 1 asKVL
loopgives in Fig.loop
2.27(b),in Fig. 2.27(b),
i − i v1−= 8ii1−30
, = v02+= v3i12, + vv23 ==
6i3 0 (2.8.1)
(2.8.2)
−30 + v + v = 0
1 2
1
3
2
 2.5 Series Resistors and Voltage Division
2.5 Series Resistors and Voltage Division

− + + =
− + + =
− + + =
−
=
−
= −
=
− + = ⇒ =

− + = ⇒ =
− + = ⇒ =

= ⇒ =

= ⇒ =
= ⇒ =
−
− − =

= − −
− −− − = =

= =
= = = = =
 44 v1 i2 v3
+
10 V + v2 –
flo –
–
8Ω + 6V
Series Resistors and Voltage Division
Answer: = = = = = =
= = Figure 2.28
i a R1 R2 i Req
a

flo + v1 – + v2 – + v –
v + v +
2.5= = Series− Resistors
+ + = and Voltage Division
– –

b i R1
b R2
a
Figure 2.29 Figure 2.30
− + + = = + = + + v1 – + v2 –

v +
–

= + = +
F
flo
= b
Figure 2.29
=
= = Resistors in series behave as a single
resistor whose resistance is equal to
the sum of the resistances of the
individual resistors.

− + + =
 The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected in series
is the sum of the individual resistances.
= =
ngle + +
al to
e = + +⋯+ =∑
=

= =
+ +

=
+ +⋯+

Voltage Divider

=
+ +⋯+
 =
+ +⋯
.6 Parallel Resistors and Current Division
2.6
Chapter 2 Basic Laws
Parallel Resistors and Current Di
2.6 Parallel Resistors and Current Division
i 46 Node a Chapter 2 2.6
Basic Laws Parallel Resistors
in 
i1 i i2 = =Node a
in  in 
R1 R2 = + + + ⋯ += =
i
1 i2

v + = = = + + +⋯+
– R1 R2 = =
Node b
= = = =
e 2.31
0 ii2 = i = +
Node b =
i2 = i = +
=0
R2Figure 2.31
i1 = 0 = =
= = +
= R+1 = ( R2 +
=0
)= = =
+
= +
= + = ( + )=
(a)
= + = =
i
i2 = 0
+ +
= = = + = ( +
i + +
i2 = 0
i1 = i Current division
R2 = ∞
R2 = ∞
= + = + =
R1
 = = ( )= .

Practice Problem 2.12

Ω Ω
i1
12 Ω
Answer: = = =
+ v1 – =
6Ω
i2
+
30 V +– 10 Ω v2 40 Ω
–

Figure 2.43

Example 2.13
(b) 
 = = = .

+
+ =

2.45, find: (a) Practice Problem 2.13

Ω Ω

3 kΩ

+ +
9 kΩ v1 30 mA 15 kΩ v2 60 kΩ
– –

Figure 2.45

Answer:
 Wye-Delta Transformations R1

R2 R3
52 Chapter 2 Basic Laws
R4
R1 vs +
–
n be simplified by using three-terminal equi 1 3
R1 R2
R1 R2 R1 5 R6 3
R2 R3
Π
R4
vs +
– Figure
R3 2.46 R3
lectrical filters, and matching netw
2 4 2 4
R5 R6
(a) (b)
Figure 2.46 Figure 2.47

Rc
1 3

Rb Ra Delta to Wye Conversion

2 4 where the circuit contains a delta configuration.

(a)
c
= + + = +
3 + ++
= + = +
= + = + ++
= + = + +
+ +
Ra Delta to Wye Conversion −
− = −+
− = + −
ons 53 − =
++ + +
4 where the circuit contains a delta configuration.
) ork and find the equi
Rc =
c a b == ++ ++
R2 + +
3 R1
Δ Π
n
Ra ==
= ++ ++
Rb Ra + +
= +
4 R3
) Δ) = ∥( + )
== + +
= + +
= Δ) + +
Δ c +
Figure 2.49 = + =
+ +
Δ

+
= + =
 + +

=
+ +
Wye to Delta Conversion
53

Rc
+ +
a
R2
b =
R1

+ +
Rb Ra =
R3

+ +
=
c
Figure 2.49
Δ
 b a b
54 Chapter 2 Basic Laws
25 Ω
5Ω 7.5 Ω
Example 2.14 R1 Δ R2
10 Ω 15 Ω
Rb Ra Rc
a b a b
25 Ω R3 3Ω
5Ω 7.5 Ω
R1 R2
10 Ω 15 Ω
c Rb Ra c
R3 3 Ω

(a) (b)
c c
re 2.50
Δ
(a) (b)
Figure 2.50
Solution: Δ

Solution:
= = × = = Ω
+ + + +
= = × = = Ω
+ + + +
= = × = . Ω
+ + ×
= = = . Ω
+ +
= = × = Ω
+ + = = × = Ω
+ +
 Ω,2.7 Ω, ∥ Ω×Transformations
=+ × = Ω
+ + Wye-Delta × + + ×
55 a
= =
Example 2.15
= Ω = Ω =
find
Ω
i
= = Ω a a 4
it to find current
a
ormations Find Rab and i + 55
= + + + = × + × + × d
= = Solution:
= . Ω 12.5 Ω 10 Ω
12.5 Ω 2.273 Ω
nd 17.5 Ω a 5Ω
i
=a = Ω+ a Define. The120
problem
V +
is cclearly defined. Please
30 Ω
note, this part nor
+ – n
= = 70=Ω Ω 30 Ω 7.292 Ω
c
the circuit and finding + + oltage21
source, we end up 
= the v = Ω =
35 . Ω 15 Ω 20 Ω Ω
5612.5 Ω
15 Ω 10 Ω Δ, Chapter 2 Basic Laws 15 Ω
56 10.5 Ω Chapter 2 Basic Laws
+ 5Ω +
a wye-delta + = c = 30 Ω= to the
Ω problem. wnbin Fig. 2.53(b). Hence, b we find
120 V transformation as the nfirst solution b
– b b
Figure 2.52 wn in Fig. 2.53(b). Hence, we find
Δ,
∥20 Ω= (a) × = Ω (b) × (
15 Ω + = + ∥ = . +
= Ω
Figure 2.53 Δ ×
= + ∥ = . +
= Ω
. ∥ = × = Ω
Ω, Ω, × Ω +
oblem. b ∥ b= = Ω
+
Figure= 2.52Ω = Ω∥ = = × Ω = = = =
× + = Ω .
. ∥ = Ω = =
a =
+ .
4.545 Ω
a+ + × ×
+ × + Ω×
= =∥ =
+
= a
d
12.5 Ω
aluate the final solution. 2.273 Ω Ω 1.8182 Ω
17.5 Ω 4.545 30 Ω
= a
= Ω a aluate the final solution.
70 Ω
+
c +
30 Ω 7.292 Ω
cd n

= 12.5 Ω 35=Ω = . Ω Ω Ω
212.273 1.8182 Ω 30 Ω
15 Ω 17.5 Ω a = Ω = Ω, 15 Ω= Ω. 20 Ω
10.5 Ω
70 Ω 30 Ω 7.292 Ω = Ω c= Ω, = n Ω.
b+ + b b
= 15 Ω
35 Ω = = Ω 21 Ω
15 Ω 20 Ω
(a) 10.5 Ω (b) × . (c)
= = = . Ω
Figure 2.53 Δ, + b+ + ×. . +
b b = = . = Ω
(a) (b)
+ + +(c) + .
Figure 2.53 = = × . = . Ω
. . × .
 Methods of 3.4 Mesh Analysi

v v Analysis
v

Answer:v =
3.2 v =−
Nodal Analysis v = 3.2
No great work is ever done in a hurry. To develop a great scientific dis
Nodal analysis is also known as the
node-voltage method.

3.4 Mesh Analysis

Enhancing Your Career finding

Career in Electronics
 3.2 Nodal Analysis

Steps to Determine Node Voltages:

3.2 Nodal Analysis 81 v v
v − −

3.2 Nodal Analysis − 81

Voltages:
v v
e Node Voltages:
v v
− −
(a) (b)
− The first step in nodal analysis is selecting a node as the
Figure 3.1

(b) ground, (c) chas

(a) (b) (c)
selecting a node as the
Figure 3.1
(a) (b) (c)
analysis is selecting a node as the
Figure 3.1
(b) ground, (c) chassis ground. The number of no
(b) ground, (c) chassis ground.
equal to the num
Fig.  v= equations that we
 0
equal to the number of independent
equations that we will derive. (a)
=
KCL: Kirchhoff =Current
+ +
+ + Law
Fig.  (a) v=
I2
I2 v v I2
are defined
+ = i2 R2
v1
+ = 1 R2 2 i2 R2 i2
v1 v2 i1

+ + i1 I1 i3 R1
I1 v1 R1 v2 R3 I1 R1 R3
ays flo – –
0

urrent flows from a higher potential to a lower potential in a resistor. (b)

Figure 3.2
(a) (b)
potential to a lower potential in a resistor.
I2 Figure 3.2
= + +
v −v
= i2 i2
v1 R2 v2
v −v
= i1 i3
+ =
I1 R1 R3
 Fig. 3.2(b),
Fig. 3.2(b), v −
v v −v =
Fig. 3.2(b), = v= − + + v
v −
== = = vv G=1/R (Mho)
v −v v −v v
= vv −−v v + = = v −v
== = = v v− −
vv
v −−
= = vv − = v
= = = vv
= + v + v −v
+ v −v = v
−
v vv
vvv v v−−
== = + + + ++
− v v−−v v v v −
+ +v − v= = v
+ =

v v
== ++ v v+ + v v−−v v
se
= + v + v −v
++ v v−−v v = = vv
+ v −v = v

][ ] [
−− −−

[
−−
+ −
+
v
v
=
−
] −
v v
v Gunakan
v v v aturan Cramer
use
use v v
 + = + ⇒ + = + − +
2Ω 6Ω 10 A
v v
Analysis 83
Example 3.1 v − v + = + v
KCL : Jumlah
(a)
arus simpul sama dengan nol
− v + v =
5A 5A

Example 3.1 v v
Solution:
i =5 1 i1 = 5
4Ω 2
i2
4Ω v2
i4 = 10
■ METHOD 11 Solution: v1
i3 i2 i
5
v = ⇒ v =
2Ω 6Ω 10 A 2Ω 6Ω 10 A
v =

v − = ⇒ v = =
Ω Ω
■ METHOD 2 (b)
(a) v v3.3
v v
Figure

5 A−[ −
][ ] [ ]
v
v = (b) circuit for analysis.
v −v v −
= + ⇒ = +
i1 = 5
i2
Δ= [− −
]= i1 = 5
−
i4 = 10
=
= + ⇒ =
v −v
+
v −
v 4v Ω v2

ǀ ǀ
v1 3.2 Nodal Analysis
− = v −v + v
Δ i2 i = +
vi3= = 5 =
Δ Δ

ǀ ǀ
5A
2Ω 6Ω 10 A
v =
Δ
=
−
=
+
=
v −v = = v −v + v
Δ Δ
4Ω
1
v −v v −
+ = + ⇒ + = +
2Ω 6Ω
v − v (b) v
= = =− = =
Figure 3.3
v v − v + = + v
= = =
(b) circuitis for analysis.
negative shows that the current flows in the direction (a)
− v + v =
5A
Practice Problem 3.1
 v v v vv v i1 = 5
i2
i1 = 5i1 = 5

4 Ω i2 i2
i1 = 5
− [
i1 = 5i1 = 5
i4 = 10 i = 10 i4 = 10
−
][ ]v
v =
■ METHOD 1■ METHOD 1 4v2Ω 4 Ω v2 v24
■ METHOD 1 v1 v1 v1

v = = v =v ⇒
v ⇒ = ⇒v = v =
2Ω
i3

2Ω 2Ω
i3
i2 ii3

6Ω
5 i2 i i2 i5
Δ= 5
− [
6 Ω 6 Ω 10 A
−
]=
10 A10 A
v = v = v = v v

■ METHOD
v −

2
=v − v⇒
■ METHOD 2
■ METHOD 2
−
= =v ⇒
= ⇒
=v = v == =

v =
(b)
Δ
=
Δ(b) (b) Δ
ǀ −
ǀ =

ǀ ǀ
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.3
− [=−
−v
v ]
= [
[ − ][ [ ] [ ] [ v] ] [ ]
−v −
v ]=[ ]
v
Δ
(b) circuit for analysis.
(b) circuit(b) circuit v =
for analysis.
for analysis. =
−
=
Δ Δ

Δ=[ Δ−= [ = −
]− ]
Δ = [ −
− =
=
−
] =
− =
− =
− v v

ǀ ǀ
v v v v
−

v =
Δ v =
= ǀ Δ ǀ
− Δ
v =
= Δ
=
= Δ
ǀ + Δ=
=
=+
− +
=
=
= =
v −v
=−
Δ ΔΔ
ǀ ǀ
ǀ ǀǀ ǀ
Δ − + v
Δv = Δ
− = =+ = = =
Δ v−= = + Δ= =
v = = Δ = Δ =
Δ Δ is negative shows that th

v −v v
= =
v −v = − v = =
= v −v = =− v = =
= = =−
=
=v =
= =
Answer: v = 30 v =−
v
= v = =
= is negative
= =shows that the current flows in the direction
is negative shows that the current flows in the direction
is negative shows that the current flows in the direction
 Chapter 3 Methods of Analysis
v − v −v =
4Ω 4Ω
84 Chapter 3 Methods of Analysis
v −v v −v v −
=v −
+v v ⇒
−v v − = i1 + i1
= +
ix
2Ω ⇒ 2 8Ω= + 2Ω v2
i2
8Ω
i2
Example 3.2 1 3 v1 v3
Solution: 3A ix ix i3
Solution:
4Ω 4Ω
3A 4Ω 2ix 3A 4Ω 2ix
1 5Ω4Ω 2 4Ω

ix 0 i1 i1
7A i2 i2
ix 2Ω 2 8Ω i1 i2 2 Ωi2 vi12 8Ω
14 A 24ΩΩ 521Ω 8Ω 7A 2Ω v2v1 8Ω v3
v −v v −vv1 3 v3
1 = + ⇒ = 3 +
3 A i ix v −v v − v i3
3A = ix(a)+ ⇒
ix 3= + ix (b)
Figure
4 Ω 3.5 2ix
3A
3A
4Ω 2ix 3A
2ix 3A
4Ω 2ix4 Ω
Figure 3.4 v − v −v =
0 0 v − v −v =
Chapter 3 Methods of Analysis
Chapter 3 = Methods of⇒ v −v
Analysis v −v v −
+ = +
v −v v −v v −
(a) = + ⇒ = − +v (b)
+ v −v =
(a) (b) 3.2 Nodal Analysis

Figure 3.5 Figure 3.5

4Ω Solution: 4Ω
v −v v −v v −v
Solution: 4Ω + =4Ω ⇒ + =
i1 i1 v −v = ⇒ v = v = v =
i2 i2
2 8Ω 2Ω v2 8Ω
3 ix v1 v3 i1 i1
i i2
2Ω 2 8Ω 2Ω v2 2 8 Ω
7A 3A i3 v1 v
ix ix v = v − v =v v−− vv += −v
1 3
v 3 == −
74 A
Ω 2ix v −4vΩ −vv + v2i3x −
v − A v =
ix − v + ix v −i3v =
= +3A ⇒ = +
3A 4Ω v −2ivx v 3−
A v
v v =
4Ω v = v 2i=x −
0 = + ⇒ = + v v
v −■v METHOD
v −v v v−−
v v v −v v −v
v − v −v =+
0 = ⇒ + ■ + ⇒ 21 =
= METHOD + =
(3.21)

[ ][v ] [ ]
(a) (b)
− − v
−v v v−−
vv(a)− v v= v − (b)
− v− − vv ==
= + ⇒ = +
Figure 3.5 v − v +v = v − v + v−=
v −v v −v v − v −v = =
= + ⇒ = +
v v v 4 Ωv Δ Δ Δ
4Ω v v v = v = v =
Δ Δ Δ
− v + v −v = (3.22)
■ METHOD 1 ■ i2METHOD Δ Δ Δ −Δv + v = ⇒ v = v
4 Ω i2 1 − v + v −v =
i1 i1
2 4 Ω8 Ω 2Ω v2 8Ω
3 v1 v3
v −v v −v v −v 3 matrix, we repeat the first two rows and cross multiply.
+ = 3 A⇒ ix i+i i3 = v i− v = i i1v − v =
1x
Ω 8Ω 2Ω 2 8Ω 2 v − v v −v v −v − −
 Δ Δ Δ Δ

ǀǀ ǀǀ ǀ
we repeat
3 matrix, we repeat vthe
the Δ two
first Δ and cross
twov rows
rows crossΔmultiply.
=first = and v = multiply.
Δ Δ Δ
3 matrix, we repeat the first two rows and cross multiply.

ǀǀ ǀ ǀ
Δ Δ Δ Δ −− −−
−
− −
− −−− − −−

ǀ ǀ ǀ
Δ=
Δ = the
− −first two
− == cross multiply.
− and −−−
− −
3 matrix, we repeat rows
−
Δ= − − − = −− − −− −− ++
−
− −
−
− ++
− − − − − − −− −−+ −−
Δ= − − −= − − − ++
− − +
=
= − −− + + + +− −− −−
− − ==− ++
− − − +
= − + + −
− − = +

ǀǀ ǀ ǀǀ ǀ
= − + + − − =
−
− −
−
− − −
−
Δ = −
−−− − == ++ ++ −− −− −− ==
Δ = −
− − − − − − +
− += + + − − − =
Δ =− − − −
−+ +
+ = + + − − − =
− − − −− − ++

ǀǀ ǀ ǀǀ ǀ
− −−
− − −+ +
+
− − ++
−
−
−
− −
−
− −
Δ = − − − − == ++ −− −− −− ++ ==
Δ = Δ =− − − +
− += = ++ −− − − − − ++ = =
− − −− −− −+ ++
−
−
− − +
− − ++
− −

ǀǀ ǀ
−
−− − + ++

ǀǀ
86
− + Chapter 3 Methods of Analysis
−
−−
−
−−−
Δ Δ= =− −
−− ==
= + ++ + ++
− −
Thus,
− we −− =−−
− find
− − ==−−
−− − −
− −− ++
+
Δ = = + + − − − =Δ− Δ
− − − − ++
+ v = = = v = = =
− −− − − + + Δ Δ
− −−
− + + + Δ
− + v = =− =−
Δ
 Δ Δ
v = = = v = = =
Δ Δ
Δ
v = =− =−
Δ

■ METHOD 3
tion (3.2.6) can be written as
−
= ⇒ =

v v v

>> = − − − − −
>> = ʹ
>> =

=
−
v = v = v =−

lem 3.2 Find the voltages at the three nonreference nodes in the circuit of Fig. 
KCL at supernode

KVL Equation:
 KCL:

(1)

KVL :
(2)
 (KCL: supernode 1-2)

i1

(loop 1)

i2

(Loop 2)
! " = $
" = ! %& $
KV Loop 1:

KVL loop 2:

R11 R12

R21 R22
Loop 1: 15. −10 5
'( =
15i1-10i2=-10+15 −10. 20 )* 10
Loop 2:
-10i1+20i2 = 10
 KVL mesh 1:

22i1-10i2-12i3=24 (1)

KVL mesh 2:
10(i2-i1)+24i2+4(i2-i3)=0
(2)
-10i1+38i2-4i3= 0

KVL mesh 3

22. −10. −12 )1 24

−10. 38. −4 )2 = 0 (3)
−1. −1 2 )3 0
 KVL loop 1:
50!" + 20 !" − !' + 80 !" − !) = 30
150!" − 20!' − 80!) = 30

-20
-20

-80

Tentukan matrix [i]. ???

 150 -20 0 -80 0 30
-20 65 -30 -15 0 0
R= 0 -30 50 0 -20
V= -12
-80 -15 0 95 0 20
0 0 -20 0 80 -20

0.01734475 0.01327623 0.00885082 0.016702355 0.00221271

0.01327623 0.03361884 0.02241256 0.016488223 0.00560314
R-1= 0.00885082 0.02241256 0.03716393 0.010992148 0.00929098
0.01670236 0.01648822 0.01099215 0.027194861 0.00274804
0.00221271 0.00560314 0.00929098 0.002748037 0.01482275

! = # $% &

0.70392577
0.34703783
i= -0.1464192
0.85810136
-0.2866048
 KVL
KCL
G V =. I